EMBOSS: distmat

| distmat

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## Function

Create a distance matrix from a multiple sequence alignment

## Description

distmat calculates the evolutionary distance between every pair of sequences in a multiple sequence alignment. A variety of methods to estimate distance may be selected, and differ in how they correct the observed substitution rates to more accurately reflect the true evolutionary distance. An output file containing a distance matrix for the set of sequences is written. The distances are expressed in terms of the number of substitutions per 100 bases or amino acids.

## Algorithm

For more divergent sequences, the probability of there being multiple substitutions at an alignment site increases. The distance will then be misestimate the true evolutionary distance between the sequences. A number of methods are available in distmat to correct the observed substitution rate to more accurately reflect the true evolutionary distance.

### Uncorrected distances

This method does not make any corrections for multiple substitutions. Therefore, the score will be an underestimate of the distance between the sequences. This will not be less significant for highly similar sets of sequences.

    S = m/(npos + gaps*gap_penalty)                                  (1)

    m 	    - score of matches (1 for an exact match, a fraction for partial
    	      matches and 0 for no match)
    npos	    - number of positions included in m
    gaps        - number of gaps in the sequences
    gap_penalty - the score given to a gapped position

    D = uncorrected distance = p-distance = 1-S          (2)

The score of match includes all exact matches. For nucleotides, if the flag "-ambiguous" is used then partial matches are included in the score. For example, a match of M (A or C) with A will increment m by 0.5 (0.5*1.0). Gaps are not included in the calculation unless a non zero value is given with "-gapweight". It should be noted that end gaps and internal gaps will be weighted by the same amount. So it is recommended that this be used with "-sbegin"and "-send" to specify the start and end of the region to calculate the distance from.

## Multiple Substitution correction algorithms

### Jukes-Cantor

This can be used for nucleotide and protein sequences.

    distance = -b ln (1-D/b)

    D - uncorrected distance
    b - constant. b= 3/4 for nucleotides and 19/20 for proteins.

Partial matches and gap positions can be taken into account in the calculation of D, by setting the "-ambiguous" and "-gapweight" flags (see "uncorrected distance" method).

Reference:
"Phylogenetic Inference", Swofford, Olsen, Waddell, and Hillis, in Molecular Systematics, 2nd ed., Sinauer Ass., Inc., 1996, Ch. 11.

### Tajima-Nei

This method is only for nucleotide sequences. It uses the same equation as Jukes-Cantor, but the b-parameter is not constant. Also, only exact matches are considered in the calculation of the match score and gap positions are ignored.

    A = 1, T = 2, C = 3, G = 4

    b = 0.5(1.- Sum(i=A,G)(fraction[i]^2  + D^2/h)

    h = Sum(i=A,C)Sum(k=T,G) (0.5 * pair_frequency[i,k]^2/(fraction[i]*fraction[k]))

    distance = -b ln(1.-D/b)

    pair_frequency[i,k]   - frequency of the i and k base pair at sites in
    			the alignement of the pair of sequences.
    fraction[i]           - average content of the base i in both sequences

Reference:
F. Tajima and M. Nei, Mol. Biol. Evol. 1984, 1, 269.

### Kimura Two-Parameter distance

This method is only for nucleotide sequences. This uses the principle that transition substitutions (purine-purine and pyrimidine-purine) are more likely than transversion substitutions (purine-pyprimidine). Purine being the nucleic acid constituent of A and G, and pyrimidine being the nucleic acid derivative of the bases C, T and U. Gaps are ignored and abiguous symbols other than R (purine) and Y (pyrimidine) are ingnored.

    P = transitions/npos
    Q = transversions/npos

    npos - number of positions scored

    distance = -0.5 ln[ (1-2P-Q)*sqrt(1-2Q)]

Reference:
M. kimura, J. Mol. Evol. 1980, 16, 111.

### Tamura

This method is only for nucleotide sequences. This method uses transition and transversion rates and takes into account the deviation of GC content from the expected value of 50 %. Gap and ambiguous positions are ignored.

    P = transitions/npos
    Q = transversions/npos

    npos - number of positions scored

    GC1 = GC fraction in sequence 1
    GC2 = GC fraction in sequence 2
    C = GC1 + GC2 - 2*GC1*GC2

    distance = -C ln(1-P/C-Q) - 0.5(1-C) ln(1-2Q)

Reference:
K. Tamura, Mol. Biol. Evol. 1992, 9, 678.

### Jin-Nei Gamma distance

This method applies to nucleotides only. This again uses transition and transversion rates. As with the Kimura two parameter method, gaps and ambiguous symbols other than R and Y are not oncluded in the score. The shape parameter, i.e. "a", is the square of the inverse of the coefficient of variation of the average substitution,

    L = average substituition = transition_rate + 2 * transversion_rate
    a = (average L)^2/(variance of L)

    P = transitions/npos
    Q = transversions/npos

    npos - number of positions scored

    distance = 0.5 * a ((1-2P-Q)^(-1/a) + 0.5 (1-2Q)^(-1/a) -3/2)

It is suggested [Jin et al.], in general, that the distance be calculated with an a-value of 1. However, the user can specify their own value, using the "-parametera" option, or calculate for each pair of sequence, using "-calculatea".

Reference:
L. Jin and M. Nei, Mol. Biol. Evol. 1990, 7, 82.

### Kimura Protein distance

This method is used for proteins only. Gaps are ignored and only exact matches and ambiguity codes contribute to the match score.

    S = m/npos

    m  - exact match
    npos - number of positions scored

    D = 1-S
    distance = -ln(1 - D - 0.2D^2)

Reference:
M. Kimura, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Camb. Uni. Press, Camb., 1983.

## Usage

Here is a sample session with distmat

    % distmat pax.align
    Create a distance matrix from a multiple sequence alignment
    Multiple substitution correction methods for proteins
             0 : Uncorrected
             1 : Jukes-Cantor
             2 : Kimura Protein
    Method to use [0]: 2
    Phylip distance matrix output file [pax.distmat]:

Go to the input files for this example
Go to the output files for this example

## Command line arguments

    Create a distance matrix from a multiple sequence alignment
    Version: EMBOSS:6.5.6.0

       Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers (* if not always prompted):
      [-sequence]          seqset     File containing a sequence alignment.
    *  -nucmethod          menu       [0] Multiple substitution correction methods
                                      for nucleotides. (Values: 0 (Uncorrected);
                                      1 (Jukes-Cantor); 2 (Kimura); 3 (Tamura); 4
                                      (Tajima-Nei); 5 (Jin-Nei Gamma))
    *  -protmethod         menu       [0] Multiple substitution correction methods
                                      for proteins. (Values: 0 (Uncorrected); 1
                                      (Jukes-Cantor); 2 (Kimura Protein))
      [-outfile]           outfile    [*.distmat] Phylip distance matrix output
                                      file

       Additional (Optional) qualifiers (* if not always prompted):
    *  -ambiguous          boolean    [N] Option to use the ambiguous codes in the
                                      calculation of the Jukes-Cantor method or
                                      if the sequences are proteins.
    *  -gapweight          float      [0.] Option to weight gaps in the
                                      uncorrected (nucleotide) and Jukes-Cantor
                                      distance methods. (Any numeric value)
    *  -position           integer    [123] Choose base positions to analyse in
                                      each codon i.e. 123 (all bases), 12 (the
                                      first two bases), 1, 2, or 3 individual
                                      bases. (Any integer value)
    *  -calculatea         boolean    [N] This will force the calculation of
                                      parameter 'a' in the Jin-Nei Gamma distance
                                      calculation, otherwise the default is 1.0
                                      (see -parametera option).
    *  -parametera         float      [1.0] User defined parameter 'a' to be use
                                      in the Jin-Nei Gamma distance calculation.
                                      The suggested value to be used is 1.0 (Jin
                                      et al.) and this is the default. (Any
                                      numeric value)

       Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers: (none)
       Associated qualifiers:

       "-sequence" associated qualifiers
       -sbegin1            integer    Start of each sequence to be used
       -send1              integer    End of each sequence to be used
       -sreverse1          boolean    Reverse (if DNA)
       -sask1              boolean    Ask for begin/end/reverse
       -snucleotide1       boolean    Sequence is nucleotide
       -sprotein1          boolean    Sequence is protein
       -slower1            boolean    Make lower case
       -supper1            boolean    Make upper case
       -scircular1         boolean    Sequence is circular
       -sformat1           string     Input sequence format
       -iquery1            string     Input query fields or ID list
       -ioffset1           integer    Input start position offset
       -sdbname1           string     Database name
       -sid1               string     Entryname
       -ufo1               string     UFO features
       -fformat1           string     Features format
       -fopenfile1         string     Features file name

       "-outfile" associated qualifiers
       -odirectory2        string     Output directory

       General qualifiers:
       -auto               boolean    Turn off prompts
       -stdout             boolean    Write first file to standard output
       -filter             boolean    Read first file from standard input, write
                                      first file to standard output
       -options            boolean    Prompt for standard and additional values
       -debug              boolean    Write debug output to program.dbg
       -verbose            boolean    Report some/full command line options
       -help               boolean    Report command line options and exit. More
                                      information on associated and general
                                      qualifiers can be found with -help -verbose
       -warning            boolean    Report warnings
       -error              boolean    Report errors
       -fatal              boolean    Report fatal errors
       -die                boolean    Report dying program messages
       -version            boolean    Report version number and exit

Qualifier | Type | Description | Allowed values | Default
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers
[-sequence] (Parameter 1) | seqset | File containing a sequence alignment. | Readable set of sequences | Required
-nucmethod | list | Multiple substitution correction methods for nucleotides. |
0 | (Uncorrected)
1 | (Jukes-Cantor)
2 | (Kimura)
3 | (Tamura)
4 | (Tajima-Nei)
5 | (Jin-Nei Gamma)
| 0
-protmethod | list | Multiple substitution correction methods for proteins. |
0 | (Uncorrected)
1 | (Jukes-Cantor)
2 | (Kimura Protein)
| 0
[-outfile] (Parameter 2) | outfile | Phylip distance matrix output file | Output file | <*>.distmat
Additional (Optional) qualifiers
-ambiguous | boolean | Option to use the ambiguous codes in the calculation of the Jukes-Cantor method or if the sequences are proteins. | Boolean value Yes/No | No
-gapweight | float | Option to weight gaps in the uncorrected (nucleotide) and Jukes-Cantor distance methods. | Any numeric value | 0.
-position | integer | Choose base positions to analyse in each codon i.e. 123 (all bases), 12 (the first two bases), 1, 2, or 3 individual bases. | Any integer value | 123
-calculatea | boolean | This will force the calculation of parameter 'a' in the Jin-Nei Gamma distance calculation, otherwise the default is 1.0 (see -parametera option). | Boolean value Yes/No | No
-parametera | float | User defined parameter 'a' to be use in the Jin-Nei Gamma distance calculation. The suggested value to be used is 1.0 (Jin et al.) and this is the default. | Any numeric value | 1.0
Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers
(none)
Associated qualifiers
"-sequence" associated seqset qualifiers
-sbegin1 -sbegin_sequence | integer | Start of each sequence to be used | Any integer value | 0
-send1 -send_sequence | integer | End of each sequence to be used | Any integer value | 0
-sreverse1 -sreverse_sequence | boolean | Reverse (if DNA) | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-sask1 -sask_sequence | boolean | Ask for begin/end/reverse | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-snucleotide1 -snucleotide_sequence | boolean | Sequence is nucleotide | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-sprotein1 -sprotein_sequence | boolean | Sequence is protein | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-slower1 -slower_sequence | boolean | Make lower case | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-supper1 -supper_sequence | boolean | Make upper case | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-scircular1 -scircular_sequence | boolean | Sequence is circular | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-sformat1 -sformat_sequence | string | Input sequence format | Any string |
-iquery1 -iquery_sequence | string | Input query fields or ID list | Any string |
-ioffset1 -ioffset_sequence | integer | Input start position offset | Any integer value | 0
-sdbname1 -sdbname_sequence | string | Database name | Any string |
-sid1 -sid_sequence | string | Entryname | Any string |
-ufo1 -ufo_sequence | string | UFO features | Any string |
-fformat1 -fformat_sequence | string | Features format | Any string |
-fopenfile1 -fopenfile_sequence | string | Features file name | Any string |
"-outfile" associated outfile qualifiers
-odirectory2 -odirectory_outfile | string | Output directory | Any string |
General qualifiers
-auto | boolean | Turn off prompts | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-stdout | boolean | Write first file to standard output | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-filter | boolean | Read first file from standard input, write first file to standard output | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-options | boolean | Prompt for standard and additional values | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-debug | boolean | Write debug output to program.dbg | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-verbose | boolean | Report some/full command line options | Boolean value Yes/No | Y
-help | boolean | Report command line options and exit. More information on associated and general qualifiers can be found with -help -verbose | Boolean value Yes/No | N
-warning | boolean | Report warnings | Boolean value Yes/No | Y
-error | boolean | Report errors | Boolean value Yes/No | Y
-fatal | boolean | Report fatal errors | Boolean value Yes/No | Y
-die | boolean | Report dying program messages | Boolean value Yes/No | Y
-version | boolean | Report version number and exit | Boolean value Yes/No | N

## Input file format

It reads in a normal multiple sequence alignment file.

The quality of the alignment is of paramount importance in obtaining meaningful information from this analysis.

### Input files for usage example

### File: pax.align

    PileUp

       MSF:  603  Type: P    Check:  9004   ..

     Name: PAX4_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:  6594  Weight:  11.2
     Name: PAX6_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:  7176  Weight:  9.1
     Name: PAX3_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:  7760  Weight:  9.5
     Name: PAX7_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:  4677  Weight:  13.7
     Name: PAX1_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:  9671  Weight:  8.7
     Name: PAX9_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:   565  Weight:  12.0
     Name: PAX2_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:  9553  Weight:  8.7
     Name: PAX5_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:   448  Weight:  11.2
     Name: PX8A_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:  6763  Weight:  7.5
     Name: PX8D_HUMAN oo  Len:  603  Check:  5797  Weight:  7.9

    //

    PAX4_HUMAN      .......... .......... .........M HQDGISSMNQ LGGLFVNGRP
    PAX6_HUMAN      .......... .......... .......... MQNSHSGVNQ LGGVFVNGRP
    PAX3_HUMAN      MTTLAGAVPR MMRPGPGQNY PRSGFPLEVS TPLGQGRVNQ LGGVFINGRP
    PAX7_HUMAN      MAALPGTVPR MMRPAPGQNY PRTGFPLEVS TPLGQGRVNQ LGGVFINGRP
    PAX1_HUMAN      .......... .......... .......... MEQTYGEVNQ LGGVFVNGRP
    PAX9_HUMAN      .......... .......... .......... MEPAFGEVNQ LGGVFVNGRP
    PAX2_HUMAN      .......... ........MD MHCKADPFSA MHPGHGGVNQ LGGVFVNGRP
    PAX5_HUMAN      .......... ........MD LEKNYPTPRT SRTGHGGVNQ LGGVFVNGRP
    PX8A_HUMAN      .......... .......... .....MPHNS IRSGHGGLNQ LGGAFVNGRP
    PX8D_HUMAN      .......... .......... .....MPHNS IRSGHGGLNQ LGGAFVNGRP

    PAX4_HUMAN      LPLDTRQQIV RLAVSGMRPC DISRILKVSN GCVSKILGRY YRTGVLEPKG
    PAX6_HUMAN      LPDSTRQKIV ELAHSGARPC DISRILQVSN GCVSKILGRY YETGSIRPRA
    PAX3_HUMAN      LPNHIRHKIV EMAHHGIRPC VISRQLRVSH GCVSKILCRY QETGSIRPGA
    PAX7_HUMAN      LPNHIRHKIV EMAHHGIRPC VISRQLRVSH GCVSKILCRY QETGSIRPGA
    PAX1_HUMAN      LPNAIRLRIV ELAQLGIRPC DISRQLRVSH GCVSKILARY NETGSILPGA
    PAX9_HUMAN      LPNAIRLRIV ELAQLGIRPC DISRQLRVSH GCVSKILARY NETGSILPGA
    PAX2_HUMAN      LPDVVRQRIV ELAHQGVRPC DISRQLRVSH GCVSKILGRY YETGSIKPGV
    PAX5_HUMAN      LPDVVRQRIV ELAHQGVRPC DISRQLRVSH GCVSKILGRY YETGSIKPGV
    PX8A_HUMAN      LPEVVRQRIV DLAHQGVRPC DISRQLRVSH GCVSKILGRY YETGSIRPGV
    PX8D_HUMAN      LPEVVRQRIV DLAHQGVRPC DISRQLRVSH GCVSKILGRY YETGSIRPGV

    PAX4_HUMAN      IGGSKPR.LA TPPVVARIAQ LKGECPALFA WEIQRQLCAE GLCTQDKTPS
    PAX6_HUMAN      IGGSKPR.VA TPEVVSKIAQ YKRECPSIFA WEIRDRLLSE GVCTNDNIPS
    PAX3_HUMAN      IGGSKPKQVT TPDVEKKIEE YKRENPGMFS WEIRDKLLKD AVCDRNTVPS
    PAX7_HUMAN      IGGSKPRQVA TPDVEKKIEE YKRENPGMFS WEIRDRLLKD GHCDRSTVPS
    PAX1_HUMAN      IGGSKPR.VT TPNVVKHIRD YKQGDPGIFA WEIRDRLLAD GVCDKYNVPS

      [Part of this file has been deleted for brevity]

    PX8A_HUMAN      VSSSSSTPSS LSSSAFLDLQ QVGSGVPPFN AFPHAASVYG QFTGQALLSG
    PX8D_HUMAN      ....KSAPGS RPS....... .....MP... .FPMLPPCTG SSRARPSSQG

    PAX4_HUMAN      .......... .......... .....ERCLS DTPPKACLKP CWDCGSFLLP
    PAX6_HUMAN      .......... .......... .SFTMANNLP MQPPVPSQTS SYSCMLPTSP
    PAX3_HUMAN      NGL.SPQVM. .......... GLLTNHGGVP HQPQTDYALS PLTGGLEPTT
    PAX7_HUMAN      NGL.SPQVM. .......... SILGNPSAVP PQPQADFSIS PLHGGLDSAT
    PAX1_HUMAN      .......... .......... GAGVAVHGGE LAAAMTFKHR EGTDRKPP..
    PAX9_HUMAN      .......... .......... ......HNCD IPASLAFKGM QAARE.....
    PAX2_HUMAN      .......... .......... GSYPTSTLAG MVPGSEFSGN PYSHPQYTAY
    PAX5_HUMAN      .......... .......... GSYSAPTLTG MVPGSEFSGS PYSHPQYSSY
    PX8A_HUMAN      REMVGPTLPG YPPHIPTSGQ GSYASSAIAG MVAGSEYSGN AYGHTPYSSY
    PX8D_HUMAN      ERWWGPRCP. .......... DTHPTSPPAD RAAMPPLPSQ AWWQEVN...

    PAX4_HUMAN      VIAPSCVDVA WP.CLDASLA HHLIGGAGKA TPTHFS.... ..........
    PAX6_HUMAN      SVNGRSYDTY TPPHMQTHMN SQPMGTSGTT STGLISPGVS VPVQVPGSEP
    PAX3_HUMAN      TVSASCSQRL DHMKSLDSLP TSQSYCPPTY STTGYSMDPV TGYQYGQYGQ
    PAX7_HUMAN      SISASCSQRA DSIKPGDSLP TSQAYCPPTY STTGYSVDPV AGYQYGQYGQ
    PAX1_HUMAN      ..SSGSKAPD ALSSLH.... ....GLPIPA STS....... ..........
    PAX9_HUMAN      ..GSHSVTAS AL........ .......... .......... ..........
    PAX2_HUMAN      NEAWRFSNPA LLSSPYYYSA APR.SAPAAR AAAYDRH... ..........
    PAX5_HUMAN      NDSWRFPNPG LLGSPYYYSA AARGAAPPAA ATAYDRH... ..........
    PX8A_HUMAN      SEAWGFPNSS LLSSPYYYSS TSRPSAPPTT ATAFDHL... ..........
    PX8D_HUMAN      ..TLAMPMAT PPTPP..... TARPGASPTP AC........ ..........

    PAX4_HUMAN      .....HWP.. .......... .......... .......... ..........
    PAX6_HUMAN      DMS.QYWPRL Q......... .......... .......... ..........
    PAX3_HUMAN      S...KPWTF. .......... .......... .......... ..........
    PAX7_HUMAN      SECLVPWASP VPIPSPTPRA SCLFMESYKV VSGWGMSISQ MEKLKSSQME
    PAX1_HUMAN      .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
    PAX9_HUMAN      .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
    PAX2_HUMAN      .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
    PAX5_HUMAN      .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
    PX8A_HUMAN      .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
    PX8D_HUMAN      .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........

    PAX4_HUMAN      ...
    PAX6_HUMAN      ...
    PAX3_HUMAN      ...
    PAX7_HUMAN      QFT
    PAX1_HUMAN      ...
    PAX9_HUMAN      ...
    PAX2_HUMAN      ...
    PAX5_HUMAN      ...
    PX8A_HUMAN      ...
    PX8D_HUMAN      ...

## Output file format

The output from the program is a file containing a matrix of the calculated distances between each of the input aligned sequences. The distances are expressed in terms of the number of substitutions per 100 bases or amino acids.

### Output files for usage example

### File: pax.distmat

    Distance Matrix
    ---------------

    Using the Kimura correction method
    Gap weighting is 0.000000

    	    1	    2	    3	    4	    5	    6	    7	    8	    9	    10
    	  0.00	 96.15	137.48	128.72	161.14	160.37	157.55	154.23	164.32	152.68		PAX4_HUMAN 1
    		  0.00	111.86	109.96	156.25	149.70	143.75	135.71	150.60	146.87		PAX6_HUMAN 2
    			  0.00	 26.21	131.54	143.54	162.95	151.39	163.56	159.78		PAX3_HUMAN 3
    				  0.00	145.45	138.76	158.79	149.96	167.26	161.82		PAX7_HUMAN 4
    					  0.00	 44.29	120.84	123.00	131.69	130.22		PAX1_HUMAN 5
    						  0.00	123.56	130.21	131.64	130.17		PAX9_HUMAN 6
    							  0.00	 36.43	 53.12	 64.32		PAX2_HUMAN 7
    								  0.00	 60.88	 73.82		PAX5_HUMAN 8
    									  0.00	 20.37		PX8A_HUMAN 9
    										  0.00		PX8D_HUMAN 10

## Data files

None.

## Notes

The input sequences must of course be aligned before running this program. The quality of the alignment is of paramount importance in obtaining meaningful information from this analysis.

For nucleotides, the `-position` flag selects base positions to analyse in each codon, i.e. 123 (all bases), 12 (the first two bases), 1, 2, or 3 individual bases.

## References

See the following for details of the methods used:

1. "Phylogenetic Inference", Swofford, Olsen, Waddell, and Hillis, in Molecular Systematics, 2nd ed., Sinauer Ass., Inc., 1996, Ch. 11.
2. F. Tajima and M. Nei, Mol. Biol. Evol. 1984, 1, 269.
3. M. Kimura, J. Mol. Evol. 1980, 16, 111.
4. K. Tamura, Mol. Biol. Evol. 1992, 9, 678.
5. L. Jin and M. Nei, Mol. Biol. Evol. 1990, 7, 82.
6. M. Kimura, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Camb. Uni. Press, Camb., 1983.

## Warnings

The quality of the alignment is of paramount importance in obtaining meaningful information from this analysis.

## Diagnostic Error Messages

None.

## Exit status

It always exits with status 0.

## Known bugs

None.

## See also

Program name | Description
--- | ---

## Author(s)

Tim Carver formerly at:
MRC Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics Research Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SB, UK

Please report all bugs to the EMBOSS bug team (emboss-bug © emboss.open-bio.org) not to the original author.

## History

Written (March 2001) - Tim Carver

## Target users

This program is intended to be used by everyone and everything, from naive users to embedded scripts.

## Comments

None