source: relations.py

# Serializer relations

> Bad programmers worry about the code.
> Good programmers worry about data structures and their relationships.
>
> &mdash; [Linus Torvalds][cite]


Relational fields are used to represent model relationships.  They can be applied to `ForeignKey`, `ManyToManyField` and `OneToOneField` relationships, as well as to reverse relationships, and custom relationships such as `GenericForeignKey`.

---

**Note:** The relational fields are declared in `relations.py`, but by convention you should import them from the `serializers` module, using `from rest_framework import serializers` and refer to fields as `serializers.<FieldName>`.

---

#### Inspecting relationships.

When using the `ModelSerializer` class, serializer fields and relationships will be automatically generated for you. Inspecting these automatically generated fields can be a useful tool for determining how to customize the relationship style.

To do so, open the Django shell, using `python manage.py shell`, then import the serializer class, instantiate it, and print the object representation…

    >>> from myapp.serializers import AccountSerializer
    >>> serializer = AccountSerializer()
    >>> print repr(serializer)  # Or `print(repr(serializer))` in Python 3.x.
    AccountSerializer():
        id = IntegerField(label='ID', read_only=True)
        name = CharField(allow_blank=True, max_length=100, required=False)
        owner = PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=User.objects.all())

# API Reference

In order to explain the various types of relational fields, we'll use a couple of simple models for our examples.  Our models will be for music albums, and the tracks listed on each album.

    class Album(models.Model):
        album_name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
        artist = models.CharField(max_length=100)

    class Track(models.Model):
        album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks')
        order = models.IntegerField()
        title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
        duration = models.IntegerField()

        class Meta:
            unique_together = ('album', 'order')
            ordering = ['order']

        def __unicode__(self):
            return '%d: %s' % (self.order, self.title)

## StringRelatedField

`StringRelatedField` may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its `__unicode__` method.

For example, the following serializer.

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        tracks = serializers.StringRelatedField(many=True)

        class Meta:
            model = Album
            fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')

Would serialize to the following representation.

    {
        'album_name': 'Things We Lost In The Fire',
        'artist': 'Low',
        'tracks': [
            '1: Sunflower',
            '2: Whitetail',
            '3: Dinosaur Act',
            ...
        ]
    }

This field is read only.

**Arguments**:

* `many` - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to `True`.

## PrimaryKeyRelatedField

`PrimaryKeyRelatedField` may be used to represent the target of the relationship using its primary key.

For example, the following serializer:

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        tracks = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, read_only=True)

        class Meta:
            model = Album
            fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')

Would serialize to a representation like this:

    {
        'album_name': 'The Roots',
        'artist': 'Undun',
        'tracks': [
            89,
            90,
            91,
            ...
        ]
    }

By default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the `read_only` flag.

**Arguments**:

* `queryset` - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set `read_only=True`.
* `many` - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to `True`.
* `allow_null` - If set to `True`, the field will accept values of `None` or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to `False`.
* `pk_field` - Set to a field to control serialization/deserialization of the primary key's value. For example, `pk_field=UUIDField(format='hex')` would serialize a UUID primary key into its compact hex representation.


## HyperlinkedRelatedField

`HyperlinkedRelatedField` may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a hyperlink.

For example, the following serializer:

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        tracks = serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField(
            many=True,
            read_only=True,
            view_name='track-detail'
        )

        class Meta:
            model = Album
            fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')

Would serialize to a representation like this:

    {
        'album_name': 'Graceland',
        'artist': 'Paul Simon',
        'tracks': [
            'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/45/',
            'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/46/',
            'http://www.example.com/api/tracks/47/',
            ...
        ]
    }

By default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the `read_only` flag.

---

**Note**: This field is designed for objects that map to a URL that accepts a single URL keyword argument, as set using the `lookup_field` and `lookup_url_kwarg` arguments.

This is suitable for URLs that contain a single primary key or slug argument as part of the URL.

If you require more complex hyperlinked representation you'll need to customize the field, as described in the [custom hyperlinked fields](#custom-hyperlinked-fields) section, below.

---

**Arguments**:

* `view_name` - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using [the standard router classes][routers] this will be a string with the format `<modelname>-detail`. **required**.
* `queryset` - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set `read_only=True`.
* `many` - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to `True`.
* `allow_null` - If set to `True`, the field will accept values of `None` or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to `False`.
* `lookup_field` - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is `'pk'`.
* `lookup_url_kwarg` - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as `lookup_field`.
* `format` - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the `format` argument.

## SlugRelatedField

`SlugRelatedField` may be used to represent the target of the relationship using a field on the target.

For example, the following serializer:

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        tracks = serializers.SlugRelatedField(
            many=True,
            read_only=True,
            slug_field='title'
         )

        class Meta:
            model = Album
            fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')

Would serialize to a representation like this:

    {
        'album_name': 'Dear John',
        'artist': 'Loney Dear',
        'tracks': [
            'Airport Surroundings',
            'Everything Turns to You',
            'I Was Only Going Out',
            ...
        ]
    }

By default this field is read-write, although you can change this behavior using the `read_only` flag.

When using `SlugRelatedField` as a read-write field, you will normally want to ensure that the slug field corresponds to a model field with `unique=True`.

**Arguments**:

* `slug_field` - The field on the target that should be used to represent it.  This should be a field that uniquely identifies any given instance.  For example, `username`.  **required**
* `queryset` - The queryset used for model instance lookups when validating the field input. Relationships must either set a queryset explicitly, or set `read_only=True`.
* `many` - If applied to a to-many relationship, you should set this argument to `True`.
* `allow_null` - If set to `True`, the field will accept values of `None` or the empty string for nullable relationships. Defaults to `False`.

## HyperlinkedIdentityField

This field can be applied as an identity relationship, such as the `'url'` field on  a HyperlinkedModelSerializer.  It can also be used for an attribute on the object.  For example, the following serializer:

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        track_listing = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='track-list')

        class Meta:
            model = Album
            fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'track_listing')

Would serialize to a representation like this:

    {
        'album_name': 'The Eraser',
        'artist': 'Thom Yorke',
        'track_listing': 'http://www.example.com/api/track_list/12/',
    }

This field is always read-only.

**Arguments**:

* `view_name` - The view name that should be used as the target of the relationship.  If you're using [the standard router classes][routers] this will be a string with the format `<model_name>-detail`.  **required**.
* `lookup_field` - The field on the target that should be used for the lookup.  Should correspond to a URL keyword argument on the referenced view.  Default is `'pk'`.
* `lookup_url_kwarg` - The name of the keyword argument defined in the URL conf that corresponds to the lookup field. Defaults to using the same value as `lookup_field`.
* `format` - If using format suffixes, hyperlinked fields will use the same format suffix for the target unless overridden by using the `format` argument.

---

# Nested relationships

Nested relationships can be expressed by using serializers as fields.

If the field is used to represent a to-many relationship, you should add the `many=True` flag to the serializer field.

## Example

For example, the following serializer:

    class TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = Track
            fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True, read_only=True)

        class Meta:
            model = Album
            fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')

Would serialize to a nested representation like this:

    >>> album = Album.objects.create(album_name="The Grey Album", artist='Danger Mouse')
    >>> Track.objects.create(album=album, order=1, title='Public Service Announcement', duration=245)
    <Track: Track object>
    >>> Track.objects.create(album=album, order=2, title='What More Can I Say', duration=264)
    <Track: Track object>
    >>> Track.objects.create(album=album, order=3, title='Encore', duration=159)
    <Track: Track object>
    >>> serializer = AlbumSerializer(instance=album)
    >>> serializer.data
    {
        'album_name': 'The Grey Album',
        'artist': 'Danger Mouse',
        'tracks': [
            {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},
            {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},
            {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},
            ...
        ],
    }

# Writable nested serializers

By default nested serializers are read-only. If you want to support write-operations to a nested serializer field you'll need to create `create()` and/or `update()` methods in order to explicitly specify how the child relationships should be saved.

    class TrackSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = Track
            fields = ('order', 'title', 'duration')

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        tracks = TrackSerializer(many=True)

        class Meta:
            model = Album
            fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')

        def create(self, validated_data):
            tracks_data = validated_data.pop('tracks')
            album = Album.objects.create(**validated_data)
            for track_data in tracks_data:
                Track.objects.create(album=album, **track_data)
            return album

    >>> data = {
        'album_name': 'The Grey Album',
        'artist': 'Danger Mouse',
        'tracks': [
            {'order': 1, 'title': 'Public Service Announcement', 'duration': 245},
            {'order': 2, 'title': 'What More Can I Say', 'duration': 264},
            {'order': 3, 'title': 'Encore', 'duration': 159},
        ],
    }
    >>> serializer = AlbumSerializer(data=data)
    >>> serializer.is_valid()
    True
    >>> serializer.save()
    <Album: Album object>

# Custom relational fields

To implement a custom relational field, you should override `RelatedField`, and implement the `.to_representation(self, value)` method. This method takes the target of the field as the `value` argument, and should return the representation that should be used to serialize the target. The `value` argument will typically be a model instance.

If you want to implement a read-write relational field, you must also implement the `.to_internal_value(self, data)` method.

## Example

For example, we could define a relational field to serialize a track to a custom string representation, using its ordering, title, and duration.

    import time

    class TrackListingField(serializers.RelatedField):
        def to_representation(self, value):
            duration = time.strftime('%M:%S', time.gmtime(value.duration))
            return 'Track %d: %s (%s)' % (value.order, value.name, duration)

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        tracks = TrackListingField(many=True)

        class Meta:
            model = Album
            fields = ('album_name', 'artist', 'tracks')

This custom field would then serialize to the following representation.

    {
        'album_name': 'Sometimes I Wish We Were an Eagle',
        'artist': 'Bill Callahan',
        'tracks': [
            'Track 1: Jim Cain (04:39)',
            'Track 2: Eid Ma Clack Shaw (04:19)',
            'Track 3: The Wind and the Dove (04:34)',
            ...
        ]
    }

---

# Custom hyperlinked fields

In some cases you may need to customize the behavior of a hyperlinked field, in order to represent URLs that require more than a single lookup field.

You can achieve this by overriding `HyperlinkedRelatedField`. There are two methods that may be overridden:

**get_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format)**

The `get_url` method is used to map the object instance to its URL representation.

May raise a `NoReverseMatch` if the `view_name` and `lookup_field`
attributes are not configured to correctly match the URL conf.

**get_object(self, queryset, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs)**

If you want to support a writable hyperlinked field then you'll also want to override `get_object`, in order to map incoming URLs back to the object they represent. For read-only hyperlinked fields there is no need to override this method.

The return value of this method should the object that corresponds to the matched URL conf arguments.

May raise an `ObjectDoesNotExist` exception.

## Example

Say we have a URL for a customer object that takes two keyword arguments, like so:

    /api/<organization_slug>/customers/<customer_pk>/

This cannot be represented with the default implementation, which accepts only a single lookup field.

In this case we'd need to override `HyperlinkedRelatedField` to get the behavior we want:

    from rest_framework import serializers
    from rest_framework.reverse import reverse

    class CustomerHyperlink(serializers.HyperlinkedRelatedField):
        # We define these as class attributes, so we don't need to pass them as arguments.
        view_name = 'customer-detail'
        queryset = Customer.objects.all()

        def get_url(self, obj, view_name, request, format):
            url_kwargs = {
                'organization_slug': obj.organization.slug,
                'customer_pk': obj.pk
            }
            return reverse(view_name, kwargs=url_kwargs, request=request, format=format)

        def get_object(self, view_name, view_args, view_kwargs):
            lookup_kwargs = {
               'organization__slug': view_kwargs['organization_slug'],
               'pk': view_kwargs['customer_pk']
            }
            return self.get_queryset().get(**lookup_kwargs)

Note that if you wanted to use this style together with the generic views then you'd also need to override `.get_object` on the view in order to get the correct lookup behavior.

Generally we recommend a flat style for API representations where possible, but the nested URL style can also be reasonable when used in moderation.

---

# Further notes

## The `queryset` argument

The `queryset` argument is only ever required for *writable* relationship field, in which case it is used for performing the model instance lookup, that maps from the primitive user input, into a model instance.

In version 2.x a serializer class could *sometimes* automatically determine the `queryset` argument *if* a `ModelSerializer` class was being used.

This behavior is now replaced with *always* using an explicit `queryset` argument for writable relational fields.

Doing so reduces the amount of hidden 'magic' that `ModelSerializer` provides, makes the behavior of the field more clear, and ensures that it is trivial to move between using the `ModelSerializer` shortcut, or using fully explicit `Serializer` classes.

## Customizing the HTML display

The built-in `__str__` method of the model will be used to generate string representations of the objects used to populate the `choices` property. These choices are used to populate select HTML inputs in the browsable API.

To provide customized representations for such inputs, override `display_value()` of a `RelatedField` subclass. This method will receive a model object, and should return a string suitable for representing it. For example:

    class TrackPrimaryKeyRelatedField(serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField):
        def display_value(self, instance):
            return 'Track: %s' % (instance.title)

## Select field cutoffs

When rendered in the browsable API relational fields will default to only displaying a maximum of 1000 selectable items. If more items are present then a disabled option with "More than 1000 items…" will be displayed.

This behavior is intended to prevent a template from being unable to render in an acceptable timespan due to a very large number of relationships being displayed.

There are two keyword arguments you can use to control this behavior:

- `html_cutoff` - If set this will be the maximum number of choices that will be displayed by a HTML select drop down. Set to `None` to disable any limiting. Defaults to `1000`.
- `html_cutoff_text` - If set this will display a textual indicator if the maximum number of items have been cutoff in an HTML select drop down. Defaults to `"More than {count} items…"`

In cases where the cutoff is being enforced you may want to instead use a plain input field in the HTML form. You can do so using the `style` keyword argument. For example:

    assigned_to = serializers.SlugRelatedField(
       queryset=User.objects.all(),
       slug field='username',
       style={'base_template': 'input.html'}
    )

## Reverse relations

Note that reverse relationships are not automatically included by the `ModelSerializer` and `HyperlinkedModelSerializer` classes.  To include a reverse relationship, you must explicitly add it to the fields list.  For example:

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            fields = ('tracks', ...)

You'll normally want to ensure that you've set an appropriate `related_name` argument on the relationship, that you can use as the field name.  For example:

    class Track(models.Model):
        album = models.ForeignKey(Album, related_name='tracks')
        ...

If you have not set a related name for the reverse relationship, you'll need to use the automatically generated related name in the `fields` argument.  For example:

    class AlbumSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            fields = ('track_set', ...)

See the Django documentation on [reverse relationships][reverse-relationships] for more details.

## Generic relationships

If you want to serialize a generic foreign key, you need to define a custom field, to determine explicitly how you want serialize the targets of the relationship.

For example, given the following model for a tag, which has a generic relationship with other arbitrary models:

    class TaggedItem(models.Model):
        """
        Tags arbitrary model instances using a generic relation.

        See: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/contrib/contenttypes/
        """
        tag_name = models.SlugField()
        content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType)
        object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
        tagged_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')

        def __unicode__(self):
            return self.tag_name

And the following two models, which may be have associated tags:

    class Bookmark(models.Model):
        """
        A bookmark consists of a URL, and 0 or more descriptive tags.
        """
        url = models.URLField()
        tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)


    class Note(models.Model):
        """
        A note consists of some text, and 0 or more descriptive tags.
        """
        text = models.CharField(max_length=1000)
        tags = GenericRelation(TaggedItem)

We could define a custom field that could be used to serialize tagged instances, using the type of each instance to determine how it should be serialized.

    class TaggedObjectRelatedField(serializers.RelatedField):
        """
        A custom field to use for the `tagged_object` generic relationship.
        """

        def to_representation(self, value):
            """
            Serialize tagged objects to a simple textual representation.
            """
            if isinstance(value, Bookmark):
                return 'Bookmark: ' + value.url
            elif isinstance(value, Note):
                return 'Note: ' + value.text
            raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')

If you need the target of the relationship to have a nested representation, you can use the required serializers inside the `.to_representation()` method:

        def to_representation(self, value):
            """
            Serialize bookmark instances using a bookmark serializer,
            and note instances using a note serializer.
            """
            if isinstance(value, Bookmark):
                serializer = BookmarkSerializer(value)
            elif isinstance(value, Note):
                serializer = NoteSerializer(value)
            else:
                raise Exception('Unexpected type of tagged object')

            return serializer.data

Note that reverse generic keys, expressed using the `GenericRelation` field, can be serialized using the regular relational field types, since the type of the target in the relationship is always known.

For more information see [the Django documentation on generic relations][generic-relations].

## ManyToManyFields with a Through Model

By default, relational fields that target a ``ManyToManyField`` with a
``through`` model specified are set to read-only.

If you explicitly specify a relational field pointing to a
``ManyToManyField`` with a through model, be sure to set ``read_only``
to ``True``.

---

# Third Party Packages

The following third party packages are also available.

## DRF Nested Routers

The [drf-nested-routers package][drf-nested-routers] provides routers and relationship fields for working with nested resources.

[cite]: http://lwn.net/Articles/193245/
[reverse-relationships]: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/db/queries/#following-relationships-backward
[routers]: http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/routers#defaultrouter
[generic-relations]: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/contrib/contenttypes/#id1
[2.2-announcement]: ../topics/2.2-announcement.md
[drf-nested-routers]: https://github.com/alanjds/drf-nested-routers
