From: Simeon Maltchev <smaltchev@yahoo.com>
Newsgroups: sci.crypt.research
Subject: [Long] Description of the SCOP stream cipher
Date: 8 Dec 1997 03:35:06 GMT

THE SCOP STREAM CIPHER
 
by Simeon V. Maltchev
     Peter T. Antonov
 
 
ABSTRACT
 
This paper describes a software-efficient encryption algorithm
named SCOP. SCOP is a stream cipher specially designed for
optimal software performance on the Intel Pentium processor. The
computational cost of SCOP on this processor is 1.5 clock cycles
per byte of text. The cipher is designed around one key-dependent
S-box, one part of which dynamically changes during the encryption
process and the other part is static. The cipher works in internal-
feedback mode (IFB). The keystream consist of 32-bit words and is
generated independently from the encrypted message.
 
Key words -- Cryptography, Encryption, Fast encryption, Intel
Pentium Processor, Software encryption, Stream cipher.
 
 
INTRODUCTION
 
In the last few years the software-optimized cryptography is a
subject of active investigations. In 1991 Merkle described the
advantages of the  encryption functions designed for software
implementation and he proposed a suite of three software-efficient
algorithms (two block ciphers named Khufu and Khafre, and a one-
way hash function named Snefru) [3].
 
In this paper we will discuss the software-efficient stream ciphers.
Such algorithms are SEAL [4], designed by Rogaway and
Coppersmith, RC4 [5] designed by Rivest, WAKE [5] designed by
Wheeler.
 
The advent of the Pentium processor established new rules for
designing encryption algorithms. Some of them are discussed in [6].
In [1] and [6] is shown that carefully coded implementations of some
of the encryption algorithms, designed without Pentium in mind, are
able to exploit his superscalar architecture almost to its maximum.
 
As it is shown above SCOP is specially designed to run on Pentium,
but he also can run very fast on other 32-bit processors. SCOP is
also designed to meet the following criteria:
 
  * Work in IFB mode -- the keystream is generated independently
    from the encrypted message.
 
  * Compactness -- SCOP can run in less than 2.5 Kbytes of memory.
 
  * Simplicity of software implementation -- SCOP uses only simple
    operations like addition and subtraction modulus 2**32 (** ->
    power) and table lookup.
 
  * Variable security -- SCOP is a variable-key-size algorithm, with a
    key size up to 384 bits.
 
SCOP is optimized for applications in which the key does not
change very often, e.g. a crypto-channel between two machines or a
file encryption/decryption program.
 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE ALGORITHM
 
SCOP is a stream cipher working in IFB mode and uses a variable
size key. The keystream consist of 32-bit words and is independent
from the encrypted message. The algorithm has two parts: key
expansion and data encryption. The first one converts the key,
which is up to 48 bytes long, into an array of 1540 bytes.
 
The main operation used in the cipher is arithmetical addition of 32-
bit words. The additional operations are 4 table lookups, which are
performed for every word to be encrypted.
 
SCOP uses one 32-bit S-box (named V) with 384 entries, two 8-bit
indexes i and j, and three 32-bit temporary variables T1, T2 and T3.
The S-box V is conventionally divided into two parts: the first 128 32-
bit words of V form the first part which is static, and the next 256 32-
bit word of V form the second part which changes during the
encryption process. The index j addresses only the variable part,
while index i addresses the static part and the first half of the
changing part (the first 128 32-bit words of the changing part).
 
The S-box V is initialized with the first 1536 bytes of the expanded
key. The next three bytes of the expanded key are used to initialize
the indexes i and j, and the temporary variable T3 (the higher 24 bits
of T3 are initialized to 0). The usage of the last one byte of the
expanded key is a bit special: just the lower 7 bits of it are used.
They index a word into the static part of the S-box V. This word is
made to be odd without regard whether it is odd before that or not.
 
The 32-bit keystream word K is generated by the following steps:
 
1.  T1 = V[128 + j]
2.  j    = (j + T3) mod 256
3.  T2 = V[128 + j]
4.  T3 = V[128 + j] + V[i]
5.  V[128 + j] = T3
6.  i    = (i + 1) mod 256
7.  j    = (j + T2) mod 256
8.  K  = T1 + T2
 
K is added to the plaintext word to produce the ciphertext word or is
subtracted from the ciphertext word to produce the plaintext word.
 
 
Key Expansion
 
The main goal of the cipher design was the data encryption part of
the algorithm. On the preprocessing of the key to the array less
attention was paid. The array has no special properties and can be
regarded as an array of random numbers. For completeness,
definition of the key expansion part of the algorithm is given in
Appendix A.
 
 
DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF THE ALGORITHM
 
The main idea of the SCOP design is to use one or more S-boxes,
which are generated depending on the key and change dynamically
during the encryption process, in a manner, which can not be
determined from the generated keystream (IFB mode). The goal is
to make difficult to determine the internal state of the cipher and to
prevent crypto-attacks designed for fixed and static S-boxes.
 
To achieve high performance, the number of operations necessary
to implement the above idea must be minimized. Variants with one
or two S-boxes, as well as with one or two index variables are
considered.
 
Algorithm is designed with respect to the following security
requirements:
 
1.  Every word from the S-box which changes during the
encryption, has to be changed in a way, which can not be
determined from the generated keystream (IFB mode).
 
2.  Having in mind, that the i-th word (Ki) of the keystream is
function of a part of the i-th internal state (pISi) of the
keystream generator, then the pISi must be changed
immediately after computing the value of Ki.
 
3.  The change in the values of the indexes of the S-box words,
that form the keystream, must be done in a way, which can
not be determined from the generated keystream, and the
values of these indexes must not form short cycles.
 
4.  An internal state of the keystream generator after which it is
possible to generate only such numbers, the n-th bit of
which is always 0 or always 1 (in particular, only even or only
odd numbers), must be impossible to happen.
 
These security requirements of the algorithm will be explained
below.
 
Some performance-related design principles of the algorithm are
given:
 
1.  Use of only simple operations. In the cipher are used
instructions only from the following types:
 mov reg, reg; mov mem, reg; mov reg, mem;
 add reg, reg; add reg, imm;
 sub reg, reg; sub reg, imm;
 
2.  The width of S-box word is equal to the width of processor
register. The width of indexes is chosen to be 8 bits having
in mind that the general-purpose registers EAX, EBX, ECX,
EDX give direct access to their lower 8 bits: AL, BL, CL, DL.
 
3.  An additional effect from using some of the registers AL, BL,
CL, DL for storing of the indexes is the simplified realization
of steps 2, 6 and 7 of algorithm, i.e. these steps are coded
with only one addition instruction (the mask instruction AND
is not necessary).
 
4.  The instruction sequence considered with regard to the
Pentiums abilities for concurrent instructions execution. As
will be shown below SCOP uses 100 % of those abilities.
 
 
EXPALANATION OF THE SECURITY REQUIRMENTS OF THE ALGORITHM
 
We believe that security requirements 1, 2 and the first part of
requirement 3 are general security requirements, which must be
implemented by all ciphers which uses variable S-box and work in
IFB mode.
 
The last part of security requirement 3 is fairly complex. It is of
critical importance for the cipher security, because the forming of
short cycles by the values of the indexes will cause the forming of
such cycles by the values of the generated keystream words. It is
hard to give a mathematical proof that the values of the indexes will
not form short cycles. Design heuristics will be explained.
 
One of the most important points of the algorithm is whether it is
secure if none of the indexes is altered through a constant
(regarding that when encrypting each plaintext word, in the
processor registers the values of T1, T2, S-box word indexed by i,
T3, i and j are loaded or calculated, then the new values of the
indexes can be formed as a function of some of these values). Two
basic variants of the algorithm are considered.
 
In the first variant only one entirely changing S-box (named V) is
used. In this variant there is one simple internal state of the
keystream generator after which it is possible to generate only
zeros: i = j = 0 and V[0] = 0. This seems to be a common problem
for all algorithms with similar design. Because of this problem this
variant of the algorithm should be discarded as not secure.
 
In the second variant of the algorithm two S-boxes are used. The
first S-box is entirely static (named C) and the second S-box is
entirely changing (named V). Index i is used for addressing words
only in the static S-box, and index j - only in the variable S-box. The
goal of the static S-box C is that it is possible to be guaranteed in
the key expansion part of the algorithm that C[0] # 0, which can be
used to solve the above problem.
 
It can be ascertained that it is possible to come to a cycle, not only
when C[0] = 0, but also when in C there are words the lower 8 bits of
which are zeros. To avoid these cycles there should not be such
words in C. In principle this is not difficult to be guaranteed by the
key expansion part of the algorithm, but the further investigations
showed that similar cycles are possible when the lower 8 bits of
certain words in C are a power of 2, e.g. 128. The absence of such
words can also be guaranteed by the key expansion part of the
algorithm, but on the whole this variant of the algorithm does not
seem to be very reliable.
 
Depending on the above problems is made the decision one of the
indexes to be altered through a constant. In the presented algorithm
the value of the constant is chosen to be 1, but it is quite possible to
choose any other number, which is a 255 divisor, e.g. 3, 5, 15, 17, ...,
51, 85, 255 (the index is 8 bit wide, so 255 = 2**8 - 1).
 
 
The security requirement 4 is not widely used principle of the design
of ciphers which use changing S-box, but we consider it is most
important for the cipher security.
 
The decision, that one of the indexes will be altered through a
constant makes the static S-box needless. So we can consider the
following working variant of the algorithm:
 
V - variable 32-bit S-box with 256 entries
i, j - 8-bit indexes
 
1.  T1 = V[j]
2.  j    = (j + T3) mod 256
3.  T2 = V[j]
4.  T3 = V[j] + V[i]
5.  V[j] = T3
6.  i    = (i + 1) mod 256
7.  j    = (j + T2) mod 256
8.  K  = T1 + T2
 
The critical step of this variant of the algorithm is step 4. Depending
on whether the addends which take part in it are even or odd, the
following cases are possible:
 
N:      V[j]           V[i]              T3
--------------------------------------------
1.      even    +       even    =       even
2.      odd     +       even    =       odd
3.      even    +       odd     =       odd
4.      odd     +       odd     =       even
 
The first two cases are not interesting, because in them the
proportion between the even and the odd numbers in the S-box
does not change. This is not true for the last two cases. In the third
case in the S-box appears a new odd number, in the fourth - a new
even number.
 
The disappearing of the even numbers from the keystream is not
possible, because even if in a certain moment there are only odd
numbers in the S-box, the next generated keystream word, as well
as the next number to appear in the S-box (word T3) will be even.
 
The disappearing of the odd numbers from the keystream is
possible yet. If in a certain moment there are only even numbers in
the S-box, no odd keystream word will be generated any more. The
happening of such internal state is quite possible: only one odd
number is left in the S-box, and it is the word T2 for the current
encryption iteration, and i is equal to j. Then this number will be
added to itself and an even number will take its place.
 
Note that the solving of the problem with the disappearing of the
odd numbers from the S-box and respectively from the keystream,
will fully satisfy security requirement 4, because when two odd
numbers are added (arithmetical addition), there is a carry from the
lowest bits (these at position 0) to the next higher bits (these at
position 1), which means that the 1s can not disappear from position
1, and by analogy, the same is true for the bits at position 2, 3, 4,
..., 30, 31.
 
The main conclusion that can be drawn is that the variants of the
algorithm, in which only one variable S-box is used, are not quite
reliable, because of the possibility of the disappearing of the odd
numbers in the generated keystream. Here is implied that the
change of the S-box is such that a new number, probably not
present in the S-box, is created and a certain number in the S-box is
replaced with it. If the change consists only in the transposition of
the numbers in the S-box, the problem does not exist. Unfortunately
such a technique of alteration through transposition is not quite
applicable for generators that create keystream of 32-bit words,
because it should be possible for each 32-bit value to appear in it,
i.e. the S-box should consist of 2**32 32-bit words (16 GB).
 
An adequate solution for the problem is to use two S-boxes, just as
it is described above at the discussion of security requirement 3. To
prevent the disappearing of the odd numbers from the S-box and
respectively from the keystream it is enough to have at least one
odd number in the static S-box. This can be easily guaranteed by
the key expansion part of the encryption algorithm.
 
A potential problem of such a variant of the algorithm, compared to
the variant with only one variable S-box is that the word, which will
be added to V[j] (T2) in step 4 will be the same after each 256
encryption iterations, because C is static and the value of index i
changes in a cycle with period 256. This is probably not a serious
flaw, because after 256 iterations the word that will be T2 for the
current iteration will have with high probability different index and
different value.
 
This flaw can be partially compensated if two S-boxes are used,
which partially overlap, or in other words, one S-box which is
conventionally divided into two parts: the first part is static, the
second one changes during the encryption process. One of the
indexes addresses only the variable part (this is index j in our case),
while the other index addresses the static part and the first portion
of the changing part (this is index i in our case).
 
In this case the algorithm works in two different modes, as two
different algorithms: when index i addresses the static part, the
algorithm works as in the case with two separate S-boxes, and when
it addresses the variable part - as in the case with one variable S-
box. To prevent the disappearing of the odd numbers from the
keystream, it is enough to have at least one odd number in the static
part of the S-box, which can be easily guaranteed by the key
expansion part of the encryption algorithm.
 
When the static part of the S-box is of length 128 words, the
algorithm performs the same number of iterations in its two different
modes. But it is quite possible to choose a length different from 128.
The minimum allowed length is of 1 word, the value of which should
be odd.
 
 
Note that it is impossible zeros or ones that disappear from any bit-
position of the values of index j, because the value of j is addition
function of words of the S-box. This has direct relationship to the
problem with the forming of short cycles by the values of this index.
 
The security requirement 4, which is fully satisfied, and the
technique used for that, are some of the main features of the
presented in this paper encryption algorithm.
 
 
PERFORMANCE
 
The inner loop of SCOP can be coded with 15 instructions on every
32-bit processor, which has at least 6 registers and which has
instructions for: moving data from memory to register and from
register to memory;  adding and subtracting of two registers; adding
register with immediate value and subtracting immediate value from
register; mask register with immediate value (AND instruction). If the
processor has registers (at least 4) which give direct access to their
lower 8 bits, like AL for EAX, the three mask instructions become
needless and the algorithm can be coded with 12 instructions. Note
that these 12 instructions include two instructions for reading and
writing from/to processing plaintext/ ciphertext stream and one
instruction for combining plaintext with keystream. These 12
instructions can be executed for at least 6 clocks on Pentium, which
is fully achieved. There are no AGI stalls, imperfect pairs or
problems with loop-unrolling (of course, there will be performance
penalty when the encrypting buffer or the internal table of SCOP are
out of on-chip cache). This means that SCOP encrypts data at 1.5
Pentium clocks per byte. So we can say that SCOP uses 100% of
the Pentiums abilities for concurrent instructions execution.
 
According to the performance times of SEAL [4] and RC4 [5]
presented in [6], SCOP is about 2.5 times faster than SEAL and
about 4.5 times faster than RC4. Having in mind, that there is no
matter on which kind of Pentium processor SCOP is running (i.e.
Pentium without MMX, Pentium with MMX, Pentium Pro or Pentium
II) we can say that this is the other main feature of the presented in
this paper encryption algorithm.
 
 
CONCLUDING REMARKS
 
It is easy to modify SCOP to get a cipher optimized for 64-bit
architectures. The inner table would be twice as wide. This would
nearly double the ciphers speed. It is also interesting to implement
the cipher using the new advantages of the Intels MMX technology.
It is unclear whether security would be impacted in these cases.
 
One thing that the presented paper shows is that it is possible to
build a secure software-optimized cipher which is not closed, i.e. it
can run on a wide class of processors, but which also take the full
advantages of some particular hardware technology.
 
 
LEGAL ISSUES
 
The SCOP encryption algorithm may be used for any legal purpose
without payment of royalties to the author. The SCOP encryption
algorithm is the same as the encryption algorithm presented in [2]
with little changes in the key expansion part of the algorithm.
 
 
REFERENCES
 
1. A. Bosselaers, R. Govaerts, J. Vandewalle, Fast hashing on the
   Pentium,
   ftp://ftp.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/COSIC/bosselae/pentium.ps.gz
 
2. S. Maltchev, Analysis and software implementation of encryption
   methods for communications protection, Master's Thesis at the
   Technical University of Varna, Bulgaria, Summer 1997. Language:
   Bulgarian.
 
3. R. Merkle, Fast software encryption functions,
   ftp://rpub.cl.msu.edu/pub/crypt/docs/merkle-khufu-khafre-snefru.txt
 
4. P. Rogaway and D. Coppersmith, A software-optimized encryption
   algorithm, http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/papers/seal.ps
 
5. B. Schneier, Applied Cryptography, Second Edition: Protocols,
   Algorithms, and Source Code in C, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.
 
6. B. Schneier and D. Whiting, Fast software encryption: Designing
   encryption algorithms for optimal software speed on the Intel Pentium
   processor, http://www.counterpane.com/fast_software_encryption.ps.zip
 
 
APPENDIX A
 
The key expansion part of the algorithm is based on one-way hash
function GP8.
 
Description of GP8:
 
GP8 consists of 8 polynoms of type:
 
Y = a*X**4 + b*X**3 + c*X**2 + d*X + 1, where:
 
- a, b, c and d are 8-bit numbers;
- X is 16-bit number;
- Y is 32-bit number.
 
Let us denote the first polynom with P0, the second with P1 and so
on, the eight with P7.
 
The hash value generated by GP8 is 128-bit and is computed in the
way described below. The eight 16-bit X values form the "internal
state" of the function, which is also a 128-bit number.
 
First, the key is expanded to 384 bits (48 bytes), using the algorithm
given below. The first 32 bytes of them are used for determining of
all 32 polynom coefficients and the next 16 bytes determine the initial
8 16-bit X values, i.e. the initial internal state of the function. The
output of the i-th polynom (32-bit Yi) is regarded as two 16-bit
numbers, where the lower 16 bits form the i-th 1/8 part of the
generated by GP8 hash value, and the higher 16 bits form 1/8 part of
the internal state which will be used by the function to generate the
next hash value, i.e. the input X for the polynom No. (i + 1) mod 8.
 
The initial expansion of the key to 48 bytes is done by the following
algorithm:
 
If k is the length of the key in bytes (k < 48), the i-th byte Pi
(k <= i <= 48) is calculated:
 
P[i] = P[i - k] + P[i - k + 1]
 
Next the zero bytes are removed, if there are such bytes in the first
32 bytes of these 48 bytes. To do this all bytes from the first to the
32-th byte are processed, and the first encountered 0 is replaced
with 1, the second one with 2, etc.
 
The key expansion algorithm is:
 
1. Initially 8 hash values are generated which are not used.
 
2. Then 8 hash values are generated (128 bytes). After that 1 hash
value is generated that is not used. These two steps are repeated 12
times and 1536 bytes are generated at all.
 
3. Finally, 1 hash value is generated from which only the 4 higher
bytes are used.
 
Totally 117 calls to GP8 are needed during the key expansion.
 
 
*********************************************************************
* Simeon V. Maltchev                                                *
* E-Mail: smaltchev@yahoo.com                                       *
* PGP-Fingerprint: 77 EA 58 22 D4 68 28 41  E6 CB B8 44 F6 CD FA 90 *
*********************************************************************
 
*********************************************************************
* Peter T. Antonov                                                  *
* E-Mail: antonovp@tu-varna.bg                                      *
*********************************************************************
 
 
SOURCES
 
/* Demo program of SCOP */
 
/* The original implimentation of data encryption part of SCOP (
   functions encrypt/decrypt) is in Intel Assembler. Following are
   given a partially optimized C versions of these functions.
 
   SCOP is tested with MSVC 4.1 and 5.0, and with gcc 2.7.x.
   Please be careful with Borland's 32-bit C compiler. Read the
   comment in the encrypt/decrypt functions. */
 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
 
#define MESSAGE_WORDS 1024
 
typedef struct {
  unsigned long v[384];
  unsigned char i;
  unsigned char j;
  unsigned char t3;
} st_key;
 
typedef struct {
  unsigned char coef[8][4];
  unsigned long x[4];
} st_gp8;
 
st_key kt;
st_gp8 int_state;
unsigned long buf[MESSAGE_WORDS];
 
static void gp8 (unsigned long *out);
 
static void
expand_key (unsigned char *in, unsigned in_size)
{
  unsigned i;
  unsigned char *p;
  unsigned char counter;
 
  assert (in_size >= 2 && in_size <= 48);
 
  p = (unsigned char *) &int_state;
 
  for (i = 0; i < in_size; i++)
    p[i] = in[i];
 
  for (i = in_size; i < 48; i++)
    p[i] =(unsigned char) (p[i - in_size] + p[i - in_size + 1]);
 
  counter = 1;
  for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
    {
      if (p[i] == 0)
        p[i] = counter++;
    }
}
 
void
init_key (unsigned char *in, unsigned in_size)
{
  unsigned long odd;
  unsigned long t[4];
  int i, j;
 
  expand_key (in, in_size);
 
  for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
    gp8 (t);
 
  for (i = 0; i < 12; i++)
    {
      for (j = 0; j < 8; j++)
        gp8 (kt.v + i * 32 + j * 4);
 
      gp8 (t);
    }
 
  gp8 (t);
  kt.i  = (unsigned char) (t[3] >> 24);
  kt.j  = (unsigned char) (t[3] >> 16);
  kt.t3 = (unsigned char) (t[3] >> 8);
 
  odd = t[3] & 0x7f;
  kt.v[odd] |= 1;
}
 
/* partially optimized version */
static void
gp8 (unsigned long *out)
{
  unsigned long y1, y2, x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4;
  unsigned long newx[4];
  int i, i2;
 
  for (i = 0; i < 8; i += 2)
    {
      i2 = i >> 1;
 
      x_1 = int_state.x[i2] >> 16;
      x_2 = x_1 * x_1;
      x_3 = x_2 * x_1;
      x_4 = x_3 * x_1;
 
      y1 = int_state.coef[i][0] * x_4 +
           int_state.coef[i][1] * x_3 +
           int_state.coef[i][2] * x_2 +
           int_state.coef[i][3] * x_1 + 1;
 
      x_1 = int_state.x[i2] & 0xffffL;
      x_2 = x_1 * x_1;
      x_3 = x_2 * x_1;
      x_4 = x_3 * x_1;
 
      y2 = int_state.coef[i + 1][0] * x_4 +
           int_state.coef[i + 1][1] * x_3 +
           int_state.coef[i + 1][2] * x_2 +
           int_state.coef[i + 1][3] * x_1 + 1;
 
      out[i2]  = (y1 << 16) | (y2 & 0xffffL);
      newx[i2] = (y1 & 0xffff0000L) | (y2 >> 16);
    }
 
  int_state.x[0] = (newx[0] >> 16) | (newx[3] << 16);
  int_state.x[1] = (newx[0] << 16) | (newx[1] >> 16);
  int_state.x[2] = (newx[1] << 16) | (newx[2] >> 16);
  int_state.x[3] = (newx[2] << 16) | (newx[3] >> 16);
}
 
/* partially optimized version */
void
encrypt (unsigned long *buf, int buflen, st_key *skey)
{
  unsigned char i, j;
  unsigned long t1, t2, t3;
  unsigned long k, t;
  unsigned long *word, *v;
 
  i  = skey->i;
  j  = skey->j;
  t3 = skey->t3;
  v  = skey->v;
  word = buf;
  while (word < buf + buflen)
    {
      t1 = v[128 + j];
      j += t3;
      t  = v[i];
      t2 = v[128 + j];
 
      /* If you want to compile with Borland's 32-bit C compiler using
         optimizations, change the line below to:
         i = (i + 1) & 255; */
      i++;
 
      t3 = t2 + t;
      v[128 + j] = t3;
      j += t2;
      k  = t1 + t2;
 
      *word++ += k;
    }
}
 
/* partially optimized version */
void
decrypt (unsigned long *buf, int buflen, st_key *skey)
{
  unsigned char i, j;
  unsigned long t1, t2, t3;
  unsigned long k, t;
  unsigned long *word, *v;
 
  i  = skey->i;
  j  = skey->j;
  t3 = skey->t3;
  v  = skey->v;
  word = buf;
  while (word < buf + buflen)
    {
      t1 = v[128 + j];
      j += t3;
      t  = v[i];
      t2 = v[128 + j];
 
      /* If you want to compile with Borland's 32-bit C compiler using
         optimizations, change the line below to:
         i = (i + 1) & 255; */
      i++;
 
      t3 = t2 + t;
      v[128 + j] = t3;
      j += t2;
      k  = t1 + t2;
 
      *word++ -= k;
    }
}
 
void
main (void)
{
  unsigned char key[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15};
 
  unsigned long t;
  int i, flag;
 
  printf ("1\n");
  init_key (key, sizeof (key));
 
  printf ("2\n");
  for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_WORDS; i++)
    buf[i] = 0L;
 
  printf ("3\n");
  encrypt (buf, MESSAGE_WORDS, &kt);
 
  printf ("4\n");
  t = 0L;
  for(i = 0; i < MESSAGE_WORDS; i++)
    t ^= buf[i];
 
  printf ("XOR of buf is %08lx.\n",t);
 
  init_key (key, sizeof (key));
  decrypt (buf, MESSAGE_WORDS, &kt);
 
  flag = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < MESSAGE_WORDS; i++)
    {
      if (buf[i] != 0L)
        flag = 1;
    }
 
  if (flag)
    printf ("Decrypt failed.\n");
  else
    printf ("Decrypt succeeded.\n");
}
