BASH(1)                     General Commands Manual                    BASH(1)



NAME
       bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell

SYNOPSIS
       bash [options] [command_string | file]

COPYRIGHT
       Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2020 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.

DESCRIPTION
       Bash  is  an  sh-compatible  command language interpreter that executes
       commands read from the standard input or from a file.  Bash also incor-
       porates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh).

       Bash  is  intended  to  be a conformant implementation of the Shell and
       Utilities portion  of  the  IEEE  POSIX  specification  (IEEE  Standard
       1003.1).  Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.

OPTIONS
       All of the single-character shell options documented in the description
       of the set builtin command, including -o, can be used as  options  when
       the  shell  is invoked.  In addition, bash interprets the following op-
       tions when it is invoked:

       -c        If the -c option is present, then commands are read from  the
                 first non-option argument command_string.  If there are argu-
                 ments after the command_string, the  first  argument  is  as-
                 signed  to $0 and any remaining arguments are assigned to the
                 positional parameters.  The assignment to $0 sets the name of
                 the shell, which is used in warning and error messages.
       -i        If the -i option is present, the shell is interactive.
       -l        Make bash act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
                 INVOCATION below).
       -r        If the -r option is present,  the  shell  becomes  restricted
                 (see RESTRICTED SHELL below).
       -s        If  the -s option is present, or if no arguments remain after
                 option processing, then commands are read from  the  standard
                 input.   This  option  allows the positional parameters to be
                 set when invoking an interactive shell or when reading  input
                 through a pipe.
       -D        A  list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $ is printed
                 on the standard output.  These are the strings that are  sub-
                 ject to language translation when the current locale is not C
                 or POSIX.  This implies the -n option; no  commands  will  be
                 executed.
       [-+]O [shopt_option]
                 shopt_option  is  one  of  the  shell options accepted by the
                 shopt  builtin  (see  SHELL  BUILTIN  COMMANDS  below).    If
                 shopt_option is present, -O sets the value of that option; +O
                 unsets it.  If shopt_option is not supplied,  the  names  and
                 values  of the shell options accepted by shopt are printed on
                 the standard output.  If the invocation  option  is  +O,  the
                 output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
       --        A  --  signals the end of options and disables further option
                 processing.  Any arguments after the -- are treated as  file-
                 names and arguments.  An argument of - is equivalent to --.

       Bash  also  interprets  a number of multi-character options.  These op-
       tions must appear on the command line before the  single-character  op-
       tions to be recognized.

       --debugger
              Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
              starts.  Turns on extended debugging mode (see  the  description
              of the extdebug option to the shopt builtin below).
       --dump-po-strings
              Equivalent  to -D, but the output is in the GNU gettext po (por-
              table object) file format.
       --dump-strings
              Equivalent to -D.
       --help Display a usage message on standard  output  and  exit  success-
              fully.
       --init-file file
       --rcfile file
              Execute commands from file instead of the standard personal ini-
              tialization file ~/.bashrc if the shell is interactive (see  IN-
              VOCATION below).

       --login
              Equivalent to -l.

       --noediting
              Do  not  use the GNU readline library to read command lines when
              the shell is interactive.

       --noprofile
              Do not read either the system-wide startup file /etc/profile  or
              any   of  the  personal  initialization  files  ~/.bash_profile,
              ~/.bash_login, or ~/.profile.   By  default,  bash  reads  these
              files  when  it  is invoked as a login shell (see INVOCATION be-
              low).

       --norc Do  not  read  and  execute  the  personal  initialization  file
              ~/.bashrc if the shell is interactive.  This option is on by de-
              fault if the shell is invoked as sh.

       --posix
              Change the behavior of bash where the default operation  differs
              from the POSIX standard to match the standard (posix mode).  See
              SEE ALSO below for a reference to a document  that  details  how
              posix mode affects bash's behavior.

       --restricted
              The shell becomes restricted (see RESTRICTED SHELL below).

       --verbose
              Equivalent to -v.

       --version
              Show  version information for this instance of bash on the stan-
              dard output and exit successfully.

ARGUMENTS
       If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the -c nor the
       -s  option  has  been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the
       name of a file containing shell commands.  If bash is invoked  in  this
       fashion,  $0 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame-
       ters are set to the remaining arguments.  Bash reads and executes  com-
       mands  from this file, then exits.  Bash's exit status is the exit sta-
       tus of the last command executed in the script.  If no commands are ex-
       ecuted,  the  exit  status  is 0.  An attempt is first made to open the
       file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then the shell
       searches the directories in PATH for the script.

INVOCATION
       A  login shell is one whose first character of argument zero is a -, or
       one started with the --login option.

       An interactive shell is one started without non-option  arguments  (un-
       less  -s  is  specified) and without the -c option whose standard input
       and error are both connected to terminals (as determined by isatty(3)),
       or  one  started  with  the -i option.  PS1 is set and $- includes i if
       bash is interactive, allowing a shell script or a startup file to  test
       this state.

       The  following paragraphs describe how bash executes its startup files.
       If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bash  reports  an  error.
       Tildes  are expanded in filenames as described below under Tilde Expan-
       sion in the EXPANSION section.

       When bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a  non-inter-
       active  shell with the --login option, it first reads and executes com-
       mands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists.   After  reading
       that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile,
       in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one  that
       exists  and  is  readable.  The --noprofile option may be used when the
       shell is started to inhibit this behavior.

       When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell
       executes  the  exit  builtin  command, bash reads and executes commands
       from the file ~/.bash_logout, if it exists.

       When an interactive shell that is not a login shell  is  started,  bash
       reads  and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists.  This
       may be inhibited by using the --norc option.  The --rcfile file  option
       will  force  bash  to  read  and  execute commands from file instead of
       ~/.bashrc.

       When bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for  ex-
       ample,  it  looks for the variable BASH_ENV in the environment, expands
       its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the  name
       of  a  file to read and execute.  Bash behaves as if the following com-
       mand were executed:
              if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
       but the value of the PATH variable is not used to search for the  file-
       name.

       If  bash is invoked with the name sh, it tries to mimic the startup be-
       havior of historical versions of sh as closely as possible, while  con-
       forming  to the POSIX standard as well.  When invoked as an interactive
       login shell, or a non-interactive shell with  the  --login  option,  it
       first  attempts  to  read  and  execute  commands from /etc/profile and
       ~/.profile, in that order.  The --noprofile option may be used  to  in-
       hibit  this  behavior.   When  invoked as an interactive shell with the
       name sh, bash looks for the variable ENV, expands its value  if  it  is
       defined,  and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and
       execute.  Since a shell invoked as sh does not attempt to read and exe-
       cute  commands from any other startup files, the --rcfile option has no
       effect.  A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sh does not  at-
       tempt to read any other startup files.  When invoked as sh, bash enters
       posix mode after the startup files are read.

       When bash is started in posix mode, as with the  --posix  command  line
       option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files.  In this mode,
       interactive shells expand the ENV variable and commands  are  read  and
       executed  from  the  file  whose  name is the expanded value.  No other
       startup files are read.

       Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
       connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
       daemon, usually rshd, or the secure shell daemon sshd.  If bash  deter-
       mines  it  is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands
       from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists and is readable.  It  will  not  do
       this  if  invoked as sh.  The --norc option may be used to inhibit this
       behavior, and the --rcfile option may be used to force another file  to
       be  read,  but  neither  rshd  nor sshd generally invoke the shell with
       those options or allow them to be specified.

       If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
       the real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, no startup
       files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
       the  SHELLOPTS, BASHOPTS, CDPATH, and GLOBIGNORE variables, if they ap-
       pear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is  set
       to  the  real user id.  If the -p option is supplied at invocation, the
       startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset.

DEFINITIONS
       The following definitions are used throughout the rest  of  this  docu-
       ment.
       blank  A space or tab.
       word   A  sequence  of  characters  considered  as a single unit by the
              shell.  Also known as a token.
       name   A word consisting only of  alphanumeric  characters  and  under-
              scores,  and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under-
              score.  Also referred to as an identifier.
       metacharacter
              A character that, when unquoted, separates words.   One  of  the
              following:
              |  & ; ( ) < > space tab newline
       control operator
              A token that performs a control function.  It is one of the fol-
              lowing symbols:
              || & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& <newline>

RESERVED WORDS
       Reserved words are words that have a special meaning to the shell.  The
       following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the
       first word of a command (see SHELL GRAMMAR below), the third word of  a
       case  or  select command (only in is valid), or the third word of a for
       command (only in and do are valid):

       ! case  coproc  do done elif else esac fi for  function  if  in  select
       then until while { } time [[ ]]

SHELL GRAMMAR
   Simple Commands
       A  simple  command  is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol-
       lowed by blank-separated words and redirections, and  terminated  by  a
       control operator.  The first word specifies the command to be executed,
       and is passed as argument zero.  The remaining words are passed as  ar-
       guments to the invoked command.

       The  return  value  of a simple command is its exit status, or 128+n if
       the command is terminated by signal n.

   Pipelines
       A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated  by  one  of
       the control operators | or |&.  The format for a pipeline is:

              [time [-p]] [ ! ] command [ [|||&] command2 ... ]

       The  standard output of command is connected via a pipe to the standard
       input of command2.  This connection is performed  before  any  redirec-
       tions specified by the command (see REDIRECTION below).  If |& is used,
       command's standard error, in addition to its standard output,  is  con-
       nected  to  command2's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand
       for 2>&1 |.  This implicit redirection of the  standard  error  to  the
       standard  output  is  performed after any redirections specified by the
       command.

       The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command,
       unless  the  pipefail  option  is enabled.  If pipefail is enabled, the
       pipeline's return status is the value of the last  (rightmost)  command
       to  exit  with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success-
       fully.  If the reserved word !  precedes a pipeline, the exit status of
       that  pipeline  is the logical negation of the exit status as described
       above.  The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline  to  terminate
       before returning a value.

       If  the  time reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as
       user and system time consumed by its execution are  reported  when  the
       pipeline  terminates.   The -p option changes the output format to that
       specified by POSIX.  When the shell is in posix mode, it does not  rec-
       ognize  time  as  a  reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'.
       The TIMEFORMAT variable may be set to a format  string  that  specifies
       how  the timing information should be displayed; see the description of
       TIMEFORMAT under Shell Variables below.

       When the shell is in posix mode, time may be followed by a newline.  In
       this  case,  the shell displays the total user and system time consumed
       by the shell and its children.  The TIMEFORMAT variable may be used  to
       specify the format of the time information.

       Each  command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in
       a subshell).  See COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT for a description of  a
       subshell  environment.   If  the  lastpipe  option is enabled using the
       shopt builtin (see the description of shopt below), the last element of
       a pipeline may be run by the shell process.

   Lists
       A  list  is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
       operators ;, &, &&, or ||, and optionally terminated by one of ;, &, or
       <newline>.

       Of these list operators, && and || have equal precedence, followed by ;
       and &, which have equal precedence.

       A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a list  instead  of  a
       semicolon to delimit commands.

       If  a  command  is terminated by the control operator &, the shell exe-
       cutes the command in the background in a subshell.  The shell does  not
       wait  for the command to finish, and the return status is 0.  These are
       referred to as asynchronous commands.  Commands separated by  a  ;  are
       executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in
       turn.  The return status is the exit status of the  last  command  exe-
       cuted.

       AND  and  OR  lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
       the && and || control operators, respectively.  AND and  OR  lists  are
       executed with left associativity.  An AND list has the form

              command1 && command2

       command2  is  executed if, and only if, command1 returns an exit status
       of zero (success).

       An OR list has the form

              command1 || command2

       command2 is executed if, and only if, command1 returns a non-zero  exit
       status.   The  return  status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of
       the last command executed in the list.

   Compound Commands
       A compound command is one of the following.  In most cases a list in  a
       command's  description may be separated from the rest of the command by
       one or more newlines, and may be followed by a newline in  place  of  a
       semicolon.

       (list) list  is  executed in a subshell environment (see COMMAND EXECU-
              TION ENVIRONMENT below).  Variable assignments and builtin  com-
              mands  that  affect the shell's environment do not remain in ef-
              fect after the command completes.  The return status is the exit
              status of list.

       { list; }
              list  is simply executed in the current shell environment.  list
              must be terminated with a newline or semicolon.  This  is  known
              as  a  group  command.   The return status is the exit status of
              list.  Note that unlike the metacharacters ( and ), { and }  are
              reserved words and must occur where a reserved word is permitted
              to be recognized.  Since they do not cause a  word  break,  they
              must  be  separated  from  list  by  whitespace or another shell
              metacharacter.

       ((expression))
              The expression is evaluated according to the rules described be-
              low under ARITHMETIC EVALUATION.  If the value of the expression
              is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status
              is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to let "expression".

       [[ expression ]]
              Return  a  status  of  0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
              conditional expression expression.  Expressions are composed  of
              the  primaries  described  below  under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS.
              Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed  on  the
              words  between  the  [[  and  ]]; tilde expansion, parameter and
              variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command  substitution,
              process  substitution,  and quote removal are performed.  Condi-
              tional operators such as -f must be unquoted to be recognized as
              primaries.

              When  used with [[, the < and > operators sort lexicographically
              using the current locale.

              When the == and != operators are used, the string to  the  right
              of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
              the rules described below under Pattern Matching, as if the ext-
              glob shell option were enabled.  The = operator is equivalent to
              ==.  If the nocasematch shell option is enabled,  the  match  is
              performed  without  regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
              The return value is 0 if the string matches  (==)  or  does  not
              match  (!=)  the pattern, and 1 otherwise.  Any part of the pat-
              tern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched  as
              a string.

              An  additional  binary operator, =~, is available, with the same
              precedence as == and !=.  When it is used,  the  string  to  the
              right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular ex-
              pression and matched accordingly (using the  POSIX  regcomp  and
              regexec  interfaces  usually described in regex(3)).  The return
              value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and  1  otherwise.
              If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the condi-
              tional expression's return value is 2.  If the nocasematch shell
              option  is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
              case of alphabetic characters.  Any part of the pattern  may  be
              quoted  to  force  the quoted portion to be matched as a string.
              Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated care-
              fully,  since  normal quoting characters lose their meanings be-
              tween brackets.  If the pattern is stored in a  shell  variable,
              quoting  the  variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be
              matched as a string.

              The pattern will match if it matches any  part  of  the  string.
              Anchor  the  pattern using the ^ and $ regular expression opera-
              tors to force it to match the entire string.  The array variable
              BASH_REMATCH  records which parts of the string matched the pat-
              tern.  The element of BASH_REMATCH with  index  0  contains  the
              portion  of  the  string matching the entire regular expression.
              Substrings matched by parenthesized  subexpressions  within  the
              regular  expression  are saved in the remaining BASH_REMATCH in-
              dices. The element of BASH_REMATCH with index n is  the  portion
              of the string matching the nth parenthesized subexpression.

              Expressions  may  be  combined  using  the  following operators,
              listed in decreasing order of precedence:

              ( expression )
                     Returns the value of expression.  This  may  be  used  to
                     override the normal precedence of operators.
              ! expression
                     True if expression is false.
              expression1 && expression2
                     True if both expression1 and expression2 are true.
              expression1 || expression2
                     True if either expression1 or expression2 is true.

              The && and || operators do not evaluate expression2 if the value
              of expression1 is sufficient to determine the  return  value  of
              the entire conditional expression.

       for name [ [ in [ word ... ] ] ; ] do list ; done
              The list of words following in is expanded, generating a list of
              items.  The variable name is set to each element of this list in
              turn,  and  list is executed each time.  If the in word is omit-
              ted, the for command executes list once for each positional  pa-
              rameter  that  is set (see PARAMETERS below).  The return status
              is the exit status of the last command that  executes.   If  the
              expansion of the items following in results in an empty list, no
              commands are executed, and the return status is 0.

       for (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )) ; do list ; done
              First, the arithmetic expression expr1 is evaluated according to
              the  rules  described  below  under  ARITHMETIC EVALUATION.  The
              arithmetic expression expr2 is then evaluated  repeatedly  until
              it  evaluates  to zero.  Each time expr2 evaluates to a non-zero
              value, list is executed and the arithmetic expression  expr3  is
              evaluated.   If  any  expression is omitted, it behaves as if it
              evaluates to 1.  The return value is the exit status of the last
              command in list that is executed, or false if any of the expres-
              sions is invalid.

       select name [ in word ] ; do list ; done
              The list of words following in is expanded, generating a list of
              items.  The set of expanded words is printed on the standard er-
              ror, each preceded by a number.  If the in word is omitted,  the
              positional  parameters  are printed (see PARAMETERS below).  The
              PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read from  the  standard
              input.  If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of
              the displayed words, then the value of name is set to that word.
              If  the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again.
              If EOF is read, the command completes.   Any  other  value  read
              causes  name  to  be set to null.  The line read is saved in the
              variable REPLY.  The list is executed after each selection until
              a  break  command is executed.  The exit status of select is the
              exit status of the last command executed in list, or zero if  no
              commands were executed.

       case word in [ [(] pattern [ | pattern ] ... ) list ;; ] ... esac
              A case command first expands word, and tries to match it against
              each pattern in turn, using the matching rules  described  under
              Pattern Matching below.  The word is expanded using tilde expan-
              sion, parameter and variable  expansion,  arithmetic  expansion,
              command  substitution,  process  substitution and quote removal.
              Each pattern examined is expanded using tilde expansion, parame-
              ter  and  variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command sub-
              stitution, and process substitution.  If the  nocasematch  shell
              option  is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
              case of alphabetic characters.  When a match is found, the  cor-
              responding  list  is  executed.   If the ;; operator is used, no
              subsequent matches are attempted after the first pattern  match.
              Using  ;&  in  place of ;; causes execution to continue with the
              list associated with the next set of  patterns.   Using  ;;&  in
              place  of  ;;  causes the shell to test the next pattern list in
              the statement, if any, and execute any associated list on a suc-
              cessful match, continuing the case statement execution as if the
              pattern list had not matched.  The exit status  is  zero  if  no
              pattern  matches.   Otherwise, it is the exit status of the last
              command executed in list.

       if list; then list; [ elif list; then list; ] ... [ else list; ] fi
              The if list is executed.  If its exit status is zero,  the  then
              list  is  executed.   Otherwise,  each  elif list is executed in
              turn, and if its exit status is  zero,  the  corresponding  then
              list is executed and the command completes.  Otherwise, the else
              list is executed, if present.  The exit status is the exit  sta-
              tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
              true.

       while list-1; do list-2; done
       until list-1; do list-2; done
              The while command continuously executes the list list-2 as  long
              as the last command in the list list-1 returns an exit status of
              zero.  The until command is identical to the while command,  ex-
              cept that the test is negated: list-2 is executed as long as the
              last command in list-1 returns a non-zero exit status.  The exit
              status of the while and until commands is the exit status of the
              last command executed in list-2, or zero if none was executed.

   Coprocesses
       A coprocess is a shell command preceded by the coproc reserved word.  A
       coprocess  is  executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
       had been terminated with the & control operator, with  a  two-way  pipe
       established between the executing shell and the coprocess.

       The format for a coprocess is:

              coproc [NAME] command [redirections]

       This  creates a coprocess named NAME.  If NAME is not supplied, the de-
       fault name is COPROC.  NAME must not be supplied if command is a simple
       command  (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word of
       the simple command.  When the coprocess is executed, the shell  creates
       an  array  variable (see Arrays below) named NAME in the context of the
       executing shell.  The standard output of command  is  connected  via  a
       pipe  to  a  file  descriptor in the executing shell, and that file de-
       scriptor is assigned to NAME[0].  The standard input of command is con-
       nected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that
       file descriptor is assigned to NAME[1].  This pipe is  established  be-
       fore any redirections specified by the command (see REDIRECTION below).
       The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and
       redirections  using standard word expansions.  Other than those created
       to execute command and process substitutions, the file descriptors  are
       not available in subshells.  The process ID of the shell spawned to ex-
       ecute the coprocess is available as the value of the variable NAME_PID.
       The  wait builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to ter-
       minate.

       Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,  the  coproc
       command  always  returns  success.  The return status of a coprocess is
       the exit status of command.

   Shell Function Definitions
       A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command  and
       executes  a  compound  command with a new set of positional parameters.
       Shell functions are declared as follows:

       fname () compound-command [redirection]
       function fname [()] compound-command [redirection]
              This defines a function named fname.  The reserved word function
              is  optional.   If  the  function reserved word is supplied, the
              parentheses are optional.  The body of the function is the  com-
              pound  command  compound-command  (see Compound Commands above).
              That command is usually a list of commands between { and },  but
              may  be  any  command listed under Compound Commands above, with
              one exception: If the function reserved word is  used,  but  the
              parentheses  are  not  supplied,  the braces are required.  com-
              pound-command is executed whenever fname  is  specified  as  the
              name  of  a simple command.  When in posix mode, fname must be a
              valid shell name and may not be the name of  one  of  the  POSIX
              special  builtins.   In default mode, a function name can be any
              unquoted shell word that does not contain $.   Any  redirections
              (see REDIRECTION below) specified when a function is defined are
              performed when the function is executed.  The exit status  of  a
              function  definition  is  zero unless a syntax error occurs or a
              readonly function with the same name already exists.  When  exe-
              cuted,  the  exit status of a function is the exit status of the
              last command executed in the body.  (See FUNCTIONS below.)

COMMENTS
       In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the inter-
       active_comments  option  to  the  shopt  builtin  is enabled (see SHELL
       BUILTIN COMMANDS below), a word beginning with # causes that  word  and
       all  remaining  characters  on that line to be ignored.  An interactive
       shell without the interactive_comments option enabled  does  not  allow
       comments.  The interactive_comments option is on by default in interac-
       tive shells.

QUOTING
       Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters  or
       words  to  the shell.  Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
       for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
       as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.

       Each  of  the metacharacters listed above under DEFINITIONS has special
       meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.

       When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see  HIS-
       TORY EXPANSION below), the history expansion character, usually !, must
       be quoted to prevent history expansion.

       There are  three  quoting  mechanisms:  the  escape  character,  single
       quotes, and double quotes.

       A  non-quoted  backslash (\) is the escape character.  It preserves the
       literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of
       <newline>.   If a \<newline> pair appears, and the backslash is not it-
       self quoted, the \<newline> is treated as a line continuation (that is,
       it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).

       Enclosing  characters  in  single quotes preserves the literal value of
       each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur between
       single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.

       Enclosing  characters  in  double quotes preserves the literal value of
       all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $, `,  \,  and,
       when history expansion is enabled, !.  When the shell is in posix mode,
       the ! has no special meaning within double quotes,  even  when  history
       expansion  is  enabled.   The  characters  $ and ` retain their special
       meaning within double quotes.  The backslash retains its special  mean-
       ing  only when followed by one of the following characters: $, `, ", \,
       or <newline>.  A double quote may be quoted  within  double  quotes  by
       preceding  it  with a backslash.  If enabled, history expansion will be
       performed unless an !  appearing in double quotes is  escaped  using  a
       backslash.  The backslash preceding the !  is not removed.

       The  special  parameters  *  and  @ have special meaning when in double
       quotes (see PARAMETERS below).

       Words of the form $'string' are treated specially.  The word expands to
       string,  with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the
       ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if present,  are  decoded
       as follows:
              \a     alert (bell)
              \b     backspace
              \e
              \E     an escape character
              \f     form feed
              \n     new line
              \r     carriage return
              \t     horizontal tab
              \v     vertical tab
              \\     backslash
              \'     single quote
              \"     double quote
              \?     question mark
              \nnn   the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
                     nnn (one to three octal digits)
              \xHH   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
                     value HH (one or two hex digits)
              \uHHHH the  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
                     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
              \UHHHHHHHH
                     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
                     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
              \cx    a control-x character

       The  expanded  result  is  single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
       been present.

       A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($"string") will cause
       the  string to be translated according to the current locale.  The get-
       text infrastructure performs the message catalog  lookup  and  transla-
       tion,  using  the  LC_MESSAGES  and TEXTDOMAIN shell variables.  If the
       current locale is C or POSIX, or if there are  no  translations  avail-
       able,  the dollar sign is ignored.  If the string is translated and re-
       placed, the replacement is double-quoted.

PARAMETERS
       A parameter is an entity that stores values.  It can be a name, a  num-
       ber, or one of the special characters listed below under Special Param-
       eters.  A variable is a parameter denoted by a name.  A variable has  a
       value  and  zero or more attributes.  Attributes are assigned using the
       declare builtin command (see declare below in SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS).

       A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string is
       a  valid  value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
       the unset builtin command (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).

       A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form

              name=[value]

       If value is not given, the variable is assigned the null  string.   All
       values  undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com-
       mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see  EXPAN-
       SION below).  If the variable has its integer attribute set, then value
       is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion
       is  not  used  (see Arithmetic Expansion below).  Word splitting is not
       performed, with the exception of "$@" as explained below under  Special
       Parameters.   Pathname  expansion  is not performed.  Assignment state-
       ments may also appear as arguments to the alias, declare, typeset,  ex-
       port,  readonly,  and  local  builtin  commands (declaration commands).
       When in posix mode, these builtins may appear in a command after one or
       more  instances  of  the  command  builtin  and retain these assignment
       statement properties.

       In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to  a
       shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to
       or add to the variable's previous value.  This  includes  arguments  to
       builtin  commands  such  as  declare  that accept assignment statements
       (declaration commands).  When += is applied to a variable for which the
       integer attribute has been set, value is evaluated as an arithmetic ex-
       pression and added to the variable's current value, which is also eval-
       uated.   When += is applied to an array variable using compound assign-
       ment (see Arrays below), the variable's value is not unset  (as  it  is
       when  using  =),  and new values are appended to the array beginning at
       one greater than the array's maximum  index  (for  indexed  arrays)  or
       added  as additional key-value pairs in an associative array.  When ap-
       plied to a string-valued variable, value is expanded  and  appended  to
       the variable's value.

       A variable can be assigned the nameref attribute using the -n option to
       the declare or local builtin commands (see the descriptions of  declare
       and  local  below) to create a nameref, or a reference to another vari-
       able.  This allows variables to be  manipulated  indirectly.   Whenever
       the  nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its at-
       tributes modified (other than using or changing the  nameref  attribute
       itself),  the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
       by the nameref variable's value.  A nameref  is  commonly  used  within
       shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu-
       ment to the function.  For instance, if a variable name is passed to  a
       shell function as its first argument, running
              declare -n ref=$1
       inside  the  function creates a nameref variable ref whose value is the
       variable name passed as the first argument.  References and assignments
       to  ref,  and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, as-
       signments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose  name  was
       passed  as  $1.   If the control variable in a for loop has the nameref
       attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell  variables,  and  a
       name  reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn,
       when the loop is executed.  Array variables cannot be given the nameref
       attribute.   However,  nameref  variables can reference array variables
       and subscripted array variables.  Namerefs can be unset  using  the  -n
       option  to the unset builtin.  Otherwise, if unset is executed with the
       name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable  referenced  by
       the nameref variable will be unset.

   Positional Parameters
       A  positional  parameter  is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
       other than the single digit 0.  Positional parameters are assigned from
       the  shell's  arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using
       the set builtin command.  Positional parameters may not be assigned  to
       with  assignment statements.  The positional parameters are temporarily
       replaced when a shell function is executed (see FUNCTIONS below).

       When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single  digit  is
       expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EXPANSION below).

   Special Parameters
       The  shell  treats  several parameters specially.  These parameters may
       only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
       *      Expands to the positional parameters, starting from  one.   When
              the  expansion  is not within double quotes, each positional pa-
              rameter expands to a separate word.  In  contexts  where  it  is
              performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and
              pathname expansion.  When the  expansion  occurs  within  double
              quotes,  it  expands to a single word with the value of each pa-
              rameter separated by the first  character  of  the  IFS  special
              variable.   That  is, "$*" is equivalent to "$1c$2c...", where c
              is the first character of the value of the IFS variable.  If IFS
              is  unset,  the  parameters  are separated by spaces.  If IFS is
              null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
       @      Expands to the positional parameters,  starting  from  one.   In
              contexts  where  word  splitting is performed, this expands each
              positional parameter to a separate word; if  not  within  double
              quotes,  these words are subject to word splitting.  In contexts
              where word splitting is not performed, this expands to a  single
              word  with each positional parameter separated by a space.  When
              the expansion occurs within double quotes,  each  parameter  ex-
              pands  to  a separate word.  That is, "$@" is equivalent to "$1"
              "$2" ...  If the double-quoted expansion occurs within  a  word,
              the  expansion  of the first parameter is joined with the begin-
              ning part of the original word, and the expansion  of  the  last
              parameter  is  joined  with  the last part of the original word.
              When there are no positional parameters, "$@" and $@  expand  to
              nothing (i.e., they are removed).
       #      Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
       ?      Expands  to  the exit status of the most recently executed fore-
              ground pipeline.
       -      Expands to the current option flags as  specified  upon  invoca-
              tion,  by the set builtin command, or those set by the shell it-
              self (such as the -i option).
       $      Expands to the process ID of the shell.  In a  ()  subshell,  it
              expands  to  the  process  ID of the current shell, not the sub-
              shell.
       !      Expands to the process ID of the job most recently  placed  into
              the  background,  whether executed as an asynchronous command or
              using the bg builtin (see JOB CONTROL below).
       0      Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This  is  set
              at shell initialization.  If bash is invoked with a file of com-
              mands, $0 is set to the name of that file.  If bash  is  started
              with  the  -c option, then $0 is set to the first argument after
              the string to be executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it  is
              set  to  the  filename used to invoke bash, as given by argument
              zero.

   Shell Variables
       The following variables are set by the shell:

       _      At shell startup, set to the pathname used to invoke  the  shell
              or  shell  script being executed as passed in the environment or
              argument list.  Subsequently, expands to the  last  argument  to
              the  previous  simple  command executed in the foreground, after
              expansion.  Also set to the full pathname used  to  invoke  each
              command  executed and placed in the environment exported to that
              command.  When checking mail, this parameter holds the  name  of
              the mail file currently being checked.
       BASH   Expands  to  the  full  filename used to invoke this instance of
              bash.
       BASHOPTS
              A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each  word  in
              the  list  is  a  valid  argument for the -s option to the shopt
              builtin command (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).  The options
              appearing  in  BASHOPTS  are  those reported as on by shopt.  If
              this variable is in the environment when bash  starts  up,  each
              shell  option  in  the  list  will be enabled before reading any
              startup files.  This variable is read-only.
       BASHPID
              Expands to the process ID of the  current  bash  process.   This
              differs  from  $$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells
              that do not require bash to be re-initialized.   Assignments  to
              BASHPID  have no effect.  If BASHPID is unset, it loses its spe-
              cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
       BASH_ALIASES
              An associative array variable whose members  correspond  to  the
              internal  list  of  aliases  as maintained by the alias builtin.
              Elements added to this array appear in the alias list;  however,
              unsetting  array elements currently does not cause aliases to be
              removed from the alias list.  If BASH_ALIASES is unset, it loses
              its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
       BASH_ARGC
              An  array  variable whose values are the number of parameters in
              each frame of the current bash execution call stack.  The number
              of  parameters  to  the  current  subroutine  (shell function or
              script executed with . or source) is at the top  of  the  stack.
              When  a  subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed
              is pushed onto BASH_ARGC.  The shell sets BASH_ARGC only when in
              extended debugging mode (see the description of the extdebug op-
              tion to the shopt builtin below).  Setting  extdebug  after  the
              shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this vari-
              able when extdebug is not set, may result in  inconsistent  val-
              ues.
       BASH_ARGV
              An  array  variable containing all of the parameters in the cur-
              rent bash execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last
              subroutine  call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter
              of the initial call is at the bottom.  When a subroutine is exe-
              cuted,  the  parameters supplied are pushed onto BASH_ARGV.  The
              shell sets BASH_ARGV only when in extended debugging  mode  (see
              the  description of the extdebug option to the shopt builtin be-
              low).  Setting extdebug after the shell has started to execute a
              script,  or  referencing this variable when extdebug is not set,
              may result in inconsistent values.
       BASH_ARGV0
              When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the  shell
              or shell script (identical to $0; see the description of special
              parameter 0 above).  Assignment to BASH_ARGV0 causes  the  value
              assigned  to also be assigned to $0.  If BASH_ARGV0 is unset, it
              loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
       BASH_CMDS
              An associative array variable whose members  correspond  to  the
              internal  hash  table  of  commands  as  maintained  by the hash
              builtin.  Elements added to this array appear in the hash table;
              however,  unsetting array elements currently does not cause com-
              mand names to be removed from the hash table.  If  BASH_CMDS  is
              unset,  it  loses  its  special properties, even if it is subse-
              quently reset.
       BASH_COMMAND
              The command currently being executed or about  to  be  executed,
              unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
              in which case it is the command executing at  the  time  of  the
              trap.   If  BASH_COMMAND  is unset, it loses its special proper-
              ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
       BASH_EXECUTION_STRING
              The command argument to the -c invocation option.
       BASH_LINENO
              An array variable whose members are the line numbers  in  source
              files  where  each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked.
              ${BASH_LINENO[$i]}  is  the  line  number  in  the  source  file
              (${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]})  where  ${FUNCNAME[$i]}  was  called  (or
              ${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]} if referenced within  another  shell  func-
              tion).  Use LINENO to obtain the current line number.
       BASH_LOADABLES_PATH
              A  colon-separated  list of directories in which the shell looks
              for dynamically loadable builtins specified by the  enable  com-
              mand.
       BASH_REMATCH
              An  array  variable  whose members are assigned by the =~ binary
              operator to the [[ conditional command.  The element with  index
              0  is  the portion of the string matching the entire regular ex-
              pression.  The element with index n is the portion of the string
              matching the nth parenthesized subexpression.
       BASH_SOURCE
              An  array  variable whose members are the source filenames where
              the corresponding shell function names  in  the  FUNCNAME  array
              variable are defined.  The shell function ${FUNCNAME[$i]} is de-
              fined  in  the   file   ${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}   and   called   from
              ${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}.
       BASH_SUBSHELL
              Incremented  by one within each subshell or subshell environment
              when the shell begins executing in that environment.   The  ini-
              tial  value  is 0.  If BASH_SUBSHELL is unset, it loses its spe-
              cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
       BASH_VERSINFO
              A readonly array variable whose members hold version information
              for  this  instance  of  bash.  The values assigned to the array
              members are as follows:
              BASH_VERSINFO[0]        The major version number (the release).
              BASH_VERSINFO[1]        The minor version number (the version).
              BASH_VERSINFO[2]        The patch level.
              BASH_VERSINFO[3]        The build version.
              BASH_VERSINFO[4]        The release status (e.g., beta1).
              BASH_VERSINFO[5]        The value of MACHTYPE.
       BASH_VERSION
              Expands to a string describing the version of this  instance  of
              bash.
       COMP_CWORD
              An  index  into ${COMP_WORDS} of the word containing the current
              cursor position.  This variable is available only in shell func-
              tions  invoked  by  the  programmable completion facilities (see
              Programmable Completion below).
       COMP_KEY
              The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur-
              rent completion function.
       COMP_LINE
              The  current  command  line.  This variable is available only in
              shell functions and external commands invoked  by  the  program-
              mable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion below).
       COMP_POINT
              The  index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
              ning of the current command.  If the current cursor position  is
              at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is
              equal to ${#COMP_LINE}.  This  variable  is  available  only  in
              shell  functions  and  external commands invoked by the program-
              mable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion below).
       COMP_TYPE
              Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of  completion
              attempted  that  caused a completion function to be called: TAB,
              for normal completion, ?, for listing completions after  succes-
              sive  tabs,  !, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
              tion, @, to list completions if the word is not  unmodified,  or
              %,  for  menu  completion.   This  variable is available only in
              shell functions and external commands invoked  by  the  program-
              mable completion facilities (see Programmable Completion below).
       COMP_WORDBREAKS
              The  set  of characters that the readline library treats as word
              separators when performing word completion.  If  COMP_WORDBREAKS
              is  unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
              quently reset.
       COMP_WORDS
              An array variable (see Arrays below) consisting of the  individ-
              ual  words  in the current command line.  The line is split into
              words as readline would split it, using COMP_WORDBREAKS  as  de-
              scribed  above.   This variable is available only in shell func-
              tions invoked by the  programmable  completion  facilities  (see
              Programmable Completion below).
       COPROC An  array  variable  (see Arrays below) created to hold the file
              descriptors for output from and input to  an  unnamed  coprocess
              (see Coprocesses above).
       DIRSTACK
              An array variable (see Arrays below) containing the current con-
              tents of the directory stack.  Directories appear in  the  stack
              in  the order they are displayed by the dirs builtin.  Assigning
              to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo-
              ries  already in the stack, but the pushd and popd builtins must
              be used to add and remove directories.  Assignment to this vari-
              able  will not change the current directory.  If DIRSTACK is un-
              set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
              reset.
       EPOCHREALTIME
              Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
              of seconds since the Unix Epoch  (see  time(3))  as  a  floating
              point  value  with  micro-second  granularity.   Assignments  to
              EPOCHREALTIME are ignored.  If EPOCHREALTIME is unset, it  loses
              its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
       EPOCHSECONDS
              Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
              of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see time(3)).   Assignments  to
              EPOCHSECONDS  are  ignored.   If EPOCHSECONDS is unset, it loses
              its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
       EUID   Expands to the effective user ID of the current  user,  initial-
              ized at shell startup.  This variable is readonly.
       FUNCNAME
              An  array  variable  containing the names of all shell functions
              currently in the execution call stack.  The element with index 0
              is the name of any currently-executing shell function.  The bot-
              tom-most element (the one with the  highest  index)  is  "main".
              This  variable  exists  only when a shell function is executing.
              Assignments to FUNCNAME have no effect.  If FUNCNAME  is  unset,
              it  loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently re-
              set.

              This variable can be  used  with  BASH_LINENO  and  BASH_SOURCE.
              Each   element   of   FUNCNAME  has  corresponding  elements  in
              BASH_LINENO and BASH_SOURCE to describe the call stack.  For in-
              stance,    ${FUNCNAME[$i]}    was    called    from   the   file
              ${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]} at  line  number  ${BASH_LINENO[$i]}.   The
              caller builtin displays the current call stack using this infor-
              mation.
       GROUPS An array variable containing the list of  groups  of  which  the
              current user is a member.  Assignments to GROUPS have no effect.
              If GROUPS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if  it
              is subsequently reset.
       HISTCMD
              The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
              command.  Assignments to HISTCMD are ignored.  If HISTCMD is un-
              set, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently
              reset.
       HOSTNAME
              Automatically set to the name of the current host.
       HOSTTYPE
              Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes  the  type
              of  machine  on which bash is executing.  The default is system-
              dependent.
       LINENO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes  a
              decimal  number  representing the current sequential line number
              (starting with 1) within a script or function.  When  not  in  a
              script  or  function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
              be meaningful.  If LINENO is unset, it loses its special proper-
              ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
       MACHTYPE
              Automatically  set  to  a string that fully describes the system
              type on which bash is executing, in the  standard  GNU  cpu-com-
              pany-system format.  The default is system-dependent.
       MAPFILE
              An  array  variable  (see Arrays below) created to hold the text
              read by the mapfile builtin when no variable name is supplied.
       OLDPWD The previous working directory as set by the cd command.
       OPTARG The value of the last option argument processed by  the  getopts
              builtin command (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).
       OPTIND The  index  of  the next argument to be processed by the getopts
              builtin command (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).
       OSTYPE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating  sys-
              tem  on  which  bash is executing.  The default is system-depen-
              dent.
       PIPESTATUS
              An array variable (see Arrays below) containing a list  of  exit
              status  values  from the processes in the most-recently-executed
              foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
       PPID   The process ID of the shell's parent.  This  variable  is  read-
              only.
       PWD    The current working directory as set by the cd command.
       RANDOM Each  time  this parameter is referenced, it expands to a random
              integer between 0 and 32767.  Assigning a value to  RANDOM  ini-
              tializes  (seeds)  the sequence of random numbers.  If RANDOM is
              unset, it loses its special properties, even  if  it  is  subse-
              quently reset.
       READLINE_LINE
              The contents of the readline line buffer, for use with "bind -x"
              (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).
       READLINE_MARK
              The position of the mark (saved insertion point) in the readline
              line  buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
              below).  The characters between the insertion point and the mark
              are often called the region.
       READLINE_POINT
              The position of the insertion point in the readline line buffer,
              for use with "bind -x" (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).
       REPLY  Set to the line of input read by the read builtin  command  when
              no arguments are supplied.
       SECONDS
              Each  time  this  parameter is referenced, the number of seconds
              since shell invocation is returned.  If a value is  assigned  to
              SECONDS,  the  value  returned upon subsequent references is the
              number of seconds since the assignment plus the value  assigned.
              The  number  of seconds at shell invocation and the current time
              is always determined by querying the system clock.   If  SECONDS
              is  unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
              quently reset.
       SHELLOPTS
              A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each  word  in
              the  list  is  a  valid  argument  for  the -o option to the set
              builtin command (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).  The options
              appearing  in  SHELLOPTS are those reported as on by set -o.  If
              this variable is in the environment when bash  starts  up,  each
              shell  option  in  the  list  will be enabled before reading any
              startup files.  This variable is read-only.
       SHLVL  Incremented by one each time an instance of bash is started.
       SRANDOM
              This variable expands to a 32-bit pseudo-random number each time
              it  is  referenced. The random number generator is not linear on
              systems that support /dev/urandom or  arc4random,  so  each  re-
              turned  number  has no relationship to the numbers preceding it.
              The random number generator cannot be seeded, so assignments  to
              this variable have no effect.  If SRANDOM is unset, it loses its
              special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
       UID    Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell
              startup.  This variable is readonly.

       The following variables are used by the shell.  In some cases, bash as-
       signs a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below.

       BASH_COMPAT
              The value is used to set the shell's compatibility  level.   See
              SHELL  COMPATIBILITY MODE below for a description of the various
              compatibility levels and their effects.  The value may be a dec-
              imal  number  (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding
              to the desired compatibility level.  If BASH_COMPAT is unset  or
              set  to  the empty string, the compatibility level is set to the
              default for the current version.  If BASH_COMPAT  is  set  to  a
              value  that  is  not  one of the valid compatibility levels, the
              shell prints an error message and sets the  compatibility  level
              to the default for the current version.  The valid values corre-
              spond to the compatibility levels described  below  under  SHELL
              COMPATIBILITY  MODE.   For  example, 4.2 and 42 are valid values
              that correspond to the compat42 shopt option and set the compat-
              ibility level to 42.  The current version is also a valid value.
       BASH_ENV
              If  this parameter is set when bash is executing a shell script,
              its value is interpreted as a filename  containing  commands  to
              initialize the shell, as in ~/.bashrc.  The value of BASH_ENV is
              subjected to  parameter  expansion,  command  substitution,  and
              arithmetic  expansion  before  being  interpreted as a filename.
              PATH is not used to search for the resultant filename.
       BASH_XTRACEFD
              If set to an integer corresponding to a valid  file  descriptor,
              bash  will  write  the trace output generated when set -x is en-
              abled to that file descriptor.  The file  descriptor  is  closed
              when  BASH_XTRACEFD is unset or assigned a new value.  Unsetting
              BASH_XTRACEFD or assigning it the empty string causes the  trace
              output  to  be  sent  to  the standard error.  Note that setting
              BASH_XTRACEFD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
              unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
       CDPATH The  search  path for the cd command.  This is a colon-separated
              list of directories in which the shell looks for destination di-
              rectories  specified  by  the  cd  command.   A  sample value is
              ".:~:/usr".
       CHILD_MAX
              Set the number of exited child status values for  the  shell  to
              remember.   Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below
              a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is  a  maximum  value  (cur-
              rently  8192)  that  this  may not exceed.  The minimum value is
              system-dependent.
       COLUMNS
              Used by the select compound command to  determine  the  terminal
              width  when  printing selection lists.  Automatically set if the
              checkwinsize option is enabled or in an interactive  shell  upon
              receipt of a SIGWINCH.
       COMPREPLY
              An array variable from which bash reads the possible completions
              generated by a shell function invoked by the  programmable  com-
              pletion  facility (see Programmable Completion below).  Each ar-
              ray element contains one possible completion.
       EMACS  If bash finds this variable in the environment  when  the  shell
              starts  with  value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
              an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
       ENV    Similar to BASH_ENV; used when the shell  is  invoked  in  posix
              mode.
       EXECIGNORE
              A  colon-separated list of shell patterns (see Pattern Matching)
              defining the list of filenames to be ignored by  command  search
              using  PATH.  Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
              terns are not considered executable files for  the  purposes  of
              completion and command execution via PATH lookup.  This does not
              affect the behavior of the [, test, and [[ commands.  Full path-
              names  in  the command hash table are not subject to EXECIGNORE.
              Use this variable to ignore shared library files that  have  the
              executable  bit  set, but are not executable files.  The pattern
              matching honors the setting of the extglob shell option.
       FCEDIT The default editor for the fc builtin command.
       FIGNORE
              A colon-separated list of suffixes  to  ignore  when  performing
              filename completion (see READLINE below).  A filename whose suf-
              fix matches one of the entries in FIGNORE is excluded  from  the
              list of matched filenames.  A sample value is ".o:~".
       FUNCNEST
              If  set  to  a  numeric  value greater than 0, defines a maximum
              function nesting level.  Function invocations that  exceed  this
              nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
       GLOBIGNORE
              A  colon-separated  list  of  patterns  defining the set of file
              names to be ignored by  pathname  expansion.   If  a  file  name
              matched  by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the
              patterns in GLOBIGNORE, it is removed from the list of matches.
       HISTCONTROL
              A colon-separated list of values controlling  how  commands  are
              saved  on  the history list.  If the list of values includes ig-
              norespace, lines which begin with  a  space  character  are  not
              saved  in  the history list.  A value of ignoredups causes lines
              matching the previous history entry to not be saved.  A value of
              ignoreboth is shorthand for ignorespace and ignoredups.  A value
              of erasedups causes all previous lines matching the current line
              to  be  removed from the history list before that line is saved.
              Any value not in the above list is ignored.  If  HISTCONTROL  is
              unset,  or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the
              shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value
              of  HISTIGNORE.  The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
              compound command are not tested, and are added  to  the  history
              regardless of the value of HISTCONTROL.
       HISTFILE
              The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HIS-
              TORY below).  The default value is ~/.bash_history.   If  unset,
              the command history is not saved when a shell exits.
       HISTFILESIZE
              The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.  When
              this variable is assigned a value, the  history  file  is  trun-
              cated,  if  necessary,  to  contain  no more than that number of
              lines by removing the oldest entries.  The history file is  also
              truncated  to this size after writing it when a shell exits.  If
              the value is 0, the history file  is  truncated  to  zero  size.
              Non-numeric  values  and  numeric  values less than zero inhibit
              truncation.  The shell sets the default value to  the  value  of
              HISTSIZE after reading any startup files.
       HISTIGNORE
              A  colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
              lines should be saved on the history list.  Each pattern is  an-
              chored  at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
              line (no implicit `*' is  appended).   Each  pattern  is  tested
              against  the  line after the checks specified by HISTCONTROL are
              applied.  In addition to the normal shell pattern matching char-
              acters,  `&'  matches the previous history line.  `&' may be es-
              caped using a backslash; the backslash  is  removed  before  at-
              tempting  a  match.  The second and subsequent lines of a multi-
              line compound command are not tested, and are added to the  his-
              tory  regardless of the value of HISTIGNORE.  The pattern match-
              ing honors the setting of the extglob shell option.
       HISTSIZE
              The number of commands to remember in the command  history  (see
              HISTORY  below).   If  the value is 0, commands are not saved in
              the history list.  Numeric values less than zero result in every
              command  being  saved  on  the history list (there is no limit).
              The shell sets the  default  value  to  500  after  reading  any
              startup files.
       HISTTIMEFORMAT
              If  this  variable  is  set and not null, its value is used as a
              format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated
              with  each  history  entry displayed by the history builtin.  If
              this variable is set, time stamps are  written  to  the  history
              file  so they may be preserved across shell sessions.  This uses
              the history comment character  to  distinguish  timestamps  from
              other history lines.
       HOME   The home directory of the current user; the default argument for
              the cd builtin command.  The value of this variable is also used
              when performing tilde expansion.
       HOSTFILE
              Contains  the  name  of  a file in the same format as /etc/hosts
              that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
              The  list  of possible hostname completions may be changed while
              the shell is running; the next time hostname completion  is  at-
              tempted  after  the  value is changed, bash adds the contents of
              the new file to the existing list.  If HOSTFILE is set, but  has
              no  value,  or  does  not name a readable file, bash attempts to
              read /etc/hosts to obtain the list of possible hostname  comple-
              tions.  When HOSTFILE is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
       IFS    The Internal Field Separator that is used for word splitting af-
              ter expansion and to  split  lines  into  words  with  the  read
              builtin  command.   The  default  value  is  ``<space><tab><new-
              line>''.
       IGNOREEOF
              Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EOF
              character as the sole input.  If set, the value is the number of
              consecutive EOF characters which must  be  typed  as  the  first
              characters  on an input line before bash exits.  If the variable
              exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no  value,  the
              default  value  is  10.  If it does not exist, EOF signifies the
              end of input to the shell.
       INPUTRC
              The filename for the readline startup file, overriding  the  de-
              fault of ~/.inputrc (see READLINE below).
       INSIDE_EMACS
              If  this  variable  appears  in  the  environment when the shell
              starts, bash assumes that it is running inside  an  Emacs  shell
              buffer  and  may disable line editing, depending on the value of
              TERM.
       LANG   Used to determine the  locale  category  for  any  category  not
              specifically selected with a variable starting with LC_.
       LC_ALL This  variable  overrides  the  value  of LANG and any other LC_
              variable specifying a locale category.
       LC_COLLATE
              This variable determines the collation order used  when  sorting
              the  results  of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
              of range expressions, equivalence  classes,  and  collating  se-
              quences within pathname expansion and pattern matching.
       LC_CTYPE
              This  variable  determines  the interpretation of characters and
              the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion  and
              pattern matching.
       LC_MESSAGES
              This  variable  determines  the locale used to translate double-
              quoted strings preceded by a $.
       LC_NUMERIC
              This variable determines the locale  category  used  for  number
              formatting.
       LC_TIME
              This  variable  determines the locale category used for data and
              time formatting.
       LINES  Used by the select compound  command  to  determine  the  column
              length  for  printing selection lists.  Automatically set if the
              checkwinsize option is enabled or in an interactive  shell  upon
              receipt of a SIGWINCH.
       MAIL   If  this  parameter  is  set to a file or directory name and the
              MAILPATH variable is not set, bash informs the user of  the  ar-
              rival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
       MAILCHECK
              Specifies  how often (in seconds) bash checks for mail.  The de-
              fault is 60 seconds.  When it is time to  check  for  mail,  the
              shell  does  so  before  displaying the primary prompt.  If this
              variable is unset, or set to  a  value  that  is  not  a  number
              greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
       MAILPATH
              A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail.  The
              message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may
              be  specified by separating the filename from the message with a
              `?'.  When used in the text of the message, $_  expands  to  the
              name of the current mailfile.  Example:
              MAILPATH='/var/mail/bfox?"You  have  mail":~/shell-mail?"$_  has
              mail!"'
              Bash can be configured to supply a default value for this  vari-
              able  (there  is  no  value by default), but the location of the
              user  mail  files  that  it  uses  is  system  dependent  (e.g.,
              /var/mail/$USER).
       OPTERR If set to the value 1, bash displays error messages generated by
              the getopts builtin command (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS  below).
              OPTERR  is  initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a
              shell script is executed.
       PATH   The search path for commands.  It is a colon-separated  list  of
              directories  in  which the shell looks for commands (see COMMAND
              EXECUTION below).  A zero-length (null) directory  name  in  the
              value of PATH indicates the current directory.  A null directory
              name may appear as two adjacent colons,  or  as  an  initial  or
              trailing  colon.   The  default path is system-dependent, and is
              set by the administrator who installs bash.  A common value is
              ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/lo-
              cal/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''.
       POSIXLY_CORRECT
              If this variable is in the environment  when  bash  starts,  the
              shell  enters posix mode before reading the startup files, as if
              the --posix invocation option had been supplied.  If it  is  set
              while  the  shell is running, bash enables posix mode, as if the
              command set -o posix had been executed.  When the  shell  enters
              posix mode, it sets this variable if it was not already set.
       PROMPT_COMMANDS
              If  this array variable is set, the value of each set element is
              executed as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.   If
              this is not set, but PROMPT_COMMAND is set to a value, its value
              is used as a command to execute instead.
       PROMPT_DIRTRIM
              If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used  as  the
              number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
              the \w and \W  prompt  string  escapes  (see  PROMPTING  below).
              Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
       PS0    The  value  of  this parameter is expanded (see PROMPTING below)
              and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command  and
              before the command is executed.
       PS1    The  value  of  this parameter is expanded (see PROMPTING below)
              and used as the primary prompt string.   The  default  value  is
              ``\s-\v\$ ''.
       PS2    The  value of this parameter is expanded as with PS1 and used as
              the secondary prompt string.  The default is ``> ''.
       PS3    The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the select
              command (see SHELL GRAMMAR above).
       PS4    The  value  of  this  parameter  is expanded as with PS1 and the
              value is printed before each command bash displays during an ex-
              ecution trace.  The first character of the expanded value of PS4
              is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple
              levels of indirection.  The default is ``+ ''.
       SHELL  This  variable expands to the full pathname to the shell.  If it
              is not set when the shell starts, bash assigns to  it  the  full
              pathname of the current user's login shell.
       TIMEFORMAT
              The  value of this parameter is used as a format string specify-
              ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed  with  the
              time  reserved word should be displayed.  The % character intro-
              duces an escape sequence that is expanded to  a  time  value  or
              other  information.  The escape sequences and their meanings are
              as follows; the braces denote optional portions.
              %%        A literal %.
              %[p][l]R  The elapsed time in seconds.
              %[p][l]U  The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
              %[p][l]S  The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
              %P        The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.

              The optional p is a digit specifying the precision,  the  number
              of fractional digits after a decimal point.  A value of 0 causes
              no decimal point or fraction to be output.  At most three places
              after  the  decimal  point may be specified; values of p greater
              than 3 are changed to 3.  If p is not specified, the value 3  is
              used.

              The  optional l specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
              the form MMmSS.FFs.  The value of p determines  whether  or  not
              the fraction is included.

              If  this  variable  is not set, bash acts as if it had the value
              $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'.  If the value  is  null,
              no timing information is displayed.  A trailing newline is added
              when the format string is displayed.
       TMOUT  If set to a value greater than zero, TMOUT is treated as the de-
              fault  timeout  for the read builtin.  The select command termi-
              nates if input does not arrive after TMOUT seconds when input is
              coming  from  a terminal.  In an interactive shell, the value is
              interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input
              after issuing the primary prompt.  Bash terminates after waiting
              for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does  not
              arrive.
       TMPDIR If  set, bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
              bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
       auto_resume
              This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
              job  control.   If this variable is set, single word simple com-
              mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump-
              tion of an existing stopped job.  There is no ambiguity allowed;
              if there is more than one job beginning with the  string  typed,
              the  job  most  recently  accessed  is  selected.  The name of a
              stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to  start
              it.   If  set to the value exact, the string supplied must match
              the name of a stopped job exactly;  if  set  to  substring,  the
              string  supplied  needs  to  match  a substring of the name of a
              stopped job.  The substring value provides functionality  analo-
              gous  to the %?  job identifier (see JOB CONTROL below).  If set
              to any other value, the supplied string must be a  prefix  of  a
              stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the
              %string job identifier.
       histchars
              The two or three characters which control history expansion  and
              tokenization (see HISTORY EXPANSION below).  The first character
              is the history expansion character, the character which  signals
              the  start  of  a  history  expansion, normally `!'.  The second
              character is the quick substitution character, which is used  as
              shorthand  for  re-running the previous command entered, substi-
              tuting one string for another in the command.   The  default  is
              `^'.   The optional third character is the character which indi-
              cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found  as
              the  first  character of a word, normally `#'.  The history com-
              ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
              remaining  words on the line.  It does not necessarily cause the
              shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.

   Arrays
       Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array  variables.
       Any  variable may be used as an indexed array; the declare builtin will
       explicitly declare an array.  There is no maximum limit on the size  of
       an  array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con-
       tiguously.  Indexed arrays are  referenced  using  integers  (including
       arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref-
       erenced using arbitrary strings.  Unless otherwise noted, indexed array
       indices must be non-negative integers.

       An  indexed  array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
       to using the syntax name[subscript]=value.  The subscript is treated as
       an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.  To explicitly
       declare an indexed array, use declare -a name (see SHELL  BUILTIN  COM-
       MANDS  below).   declare  -a name[subscript] is also accepted; the sub-
       script is ignored.

       Associative arrays are created using declare -A name.

       Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the declare and
       readonly builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of an array.

       Arrays   are  assigned  to  using  compound  assignments  of  the  form
       name=(value1 ... valuen), where each value may be  of  the  form  [sub-
       script]=string.   Indexed array assignments do not require anything but
       string.  Each value in the list is expanded using all the shell  expan-
       sions  described  below under EXPANSION.  When assigning to indexed ar-
       rays, if the optional brackets and subscript are supplied,  that  index
       is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last
       index assigned to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.

       When assigning to an associative array, the words in a compound assign-
       ment  may  be  either assignment statements, for which the subscript is
       required, or a list of words that is interpreted as a sequence  of  al-
       ternating  keys and values: name=( key1 value1 key2 value2 ...).  These
       are treated identically to  name=(  [key1]=value1  [key2]=value2  ...).
       The  first  word in the list determines how the remaining words are in-
       terpreted; all assignments in a list must be of the  same  type.   When
       using  key/value  pairs,  the keys may not be missing or empty; a final
       missing value is treated like the empty string.

       This syntax is also accepted by the declare builtin.  Individual  array
       elements  may be assigned to using the name[subscript]=value syntax in-
       troduced above.  When assigning to an indexed array, if  name  is  sub-
       scripted  by  a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative
       to one greater than the maximum index  of  name,  so  negative  indices
       count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the
       last element.

       Any element of an array may  be  referenced  using  ${name[subscript]}.
       The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion.  If
       subscript is @ or *, the word expands to all members  of  name.   These
       subscripts  differ only when the word appears within double quotes.  If
       the word is double-quoted, ${name[*]} expands to a single word with the
       value  of each array member separated by the first character of the IFS
       special variable, and ${name[@]} expands each element of name to a sep-
       arate  word.   When  there  are no array members, ${name[@]} expands to
       nothing.  If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the  ex-
       pansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the
       original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is  joined  with
       the last part of the original word.  This is analogous to the expansion
       of the special parameters *  and  @  (see  Special  Parameters  above).
       ${#name[subscript]}  expands  to  the length of ${name[subscript]}.  If
       subscript is * or @, the expansion is the number of elements in the ar-
       ray.  If the subscript used to reference an element of an indexed array
       evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as relative  to
       one  greater  than  the maximum index of the array, so negative indices
       count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the
       last element.

       Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref-
       erencing the array with a subscript of 0.  Any reference to a  variable
       using a valid subscript is legal, and bash will create an array if nec-
       essary.

       An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned  a
       value.  The null string is a valid value.

       It  is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
       values.  ${!name[@]} and ${!name[*]} expand to the indices assigned  in
       array variable name.  The treatment when in double quotes is similar to
       the expansion of the special parameters @ and * within double quotes.

       The unset builtin is used to destroy arrays.  unset name[subscript] de-
       stroys the array element at index subscript, for both indexed and asso-
       ciative arrays.  Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are  interpreted
       as  described  above.   Unsetting the last element of an array variable
       does not unset the variable.  unset name, where name is  an  array,  or
       unset  name[subscript],  where  subscript is * or @, removes the entire
       array.

       When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument  to  a  com-
       mand,  such  as with unset, without using the word expansion syntax de-
       scribed above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion.  If path-
       name expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted.

       The  declare,  local,  and readonly builtins each accept a -a option to
       specify an indexed array and a -A option to specify an associative  ar-
       ray.   If  both  options  are  supplied, -A takes precedence.  The read
       builtin accepts a -a option to assign a list of  words  read  from  the
       standard input to an array.  The set and declare builtins display array
       values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments.

EXPANSION
       Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
       words.   There are seven kinds of expansion performed: brace expansion,
       tilde expansion, parameter and variable  expansion,  command  substitu-
       tion, arithmetic expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion.

       The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter
       and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command  substitution
       (done  in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan-
       sion.

       On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail-
       able:  process  substitution.   This  is  performed at the same time as
       tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and  command  sub-
       stitution.

       After  these  expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
       original word are removed  unless  they  have  been  quoted  themselves
       (quote removal).

       Only  brace  expansion,  word splitting, and pathname expansion can in-
       crease the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand  a
       single  word to a single word.  The only exceptions to this are the ex-
       pansions  of  "$@"  and  "${name[@]}",  and,  in  most  cases,  $*  and
       ${name[*]} as explained above (see PARAMETERS).

   Brace Expansion
       Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener-
       ated.  This mechanism is similar to pathname expansion, but  the  file-
       names generated need not exist.  Patterns to be brace expanded take the
       form of an optional preamble, followed by either a series of comma-sep-
       arated  strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol-
       lowed by an optional postscript.  The  preamble  is  prefixed  to  each
       string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
       to each resulting string, expanding left to right.

       Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of  each  expanded  string
       are  not  sorted;  left  to  right  order  is  preserved.  For example,
       a{d,c,b}e expands into `ade ace abe'.

       A sequence expression takes the form {x..y[..incr]}, where x and y  are
       either  integers or single characters, and incr, an optional increment,
       is an integer.  When integers are supplied, the expression  expands  to
       each  number between x and y, inclusive.  Supplied integers may be pre-
       fixed with 0 to force each term to have the same width.  When either  x
       or  y  begins  with  a  zero, the shell attempts to force all generated
       terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding  where  neces-
       sary.   When  characters  are  supplied, the expression expands to each
       character lexicographically between x and y, inclusive, using  the  de-
       fault C locale.  Note that both x and y must be of the same type.  When
       the increment is supplied, it is used as the  difference  between  each
       term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.

       Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
       acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result.  It  is
       strictly  textual.  Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
       the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.

       A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain  unquoted  opening  and
       closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence ex-
       pression.  Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.  A
       {  or  , may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered
       part of a brace expression.  To avoid conflicts with  parameter  expan-
       sion, the string ${ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and
       inhibits brace expansion until the closing }.

       This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of
       the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example:

              mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
       or
              chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}

       Brace  expansion  introduces  a  slight incompatibility with historical
       versions of sh.  sh does not treat opening or closing braces  specially
       when  they  appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
       Bash removes braces from words as a  consequence  of  brace  expansion.
       For  example,  a word entered to sh as file{1,2} appears identically in
       the output.  The same word is output as file1 file2 after expansion  by
       bash.   If strict compatibility with sh is desired, start bash with the
       +B option or disable brace expansion with the +B option to the set com-
       mand (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).

   Tilde Expansion
       If  a  word  begins  with an unquoted tilde character (`~'), all of the
       characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or  all  characters,  if
       there  is no unquoted slash) are considered a tilde-prefix.  If none of
       the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the  characters  in  the
       tilde-prefix  following the tilde are treated as a possible login name.
       If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced  with  the
       value  of  the shell parameter HOME.  If HOME is unset, the home direc-
       tory of the user executing the shell is  substituted  instead.   Other-
       wise,  the  tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
       with the specified login name.

       If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PWD  re-
       places  the  tilde-prefix.  If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of
       the shell variable OLDPWD, if it is set, is substituted.  If the  char-
       acters  following  the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number N,
       optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-',  the  tilde-prefix  is  replaced
       with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be
       displayed by the dirs builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu-
       ment.   If  the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con-
       sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed.

       If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
       unchanged.

       Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi-
       ately following a : or the first =.  In these cases, tilde expansion is
       also performed.  Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in as-
       signments to PATH, MAILPATH, and CDPATH, and the shell assigns the  ex-
       panded value.

       Bash  also  performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
       of variable assignments (as described above under PARAMETERS) when they
       appear  as arguments to simple commands.  Bash does not do this, except
       for the declaration commands listed above, when in posix mode.

   Parameter Expansion
       The `$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
       or  arithmetic  expansion.  The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
       may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect  the
       variable  to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
       could be interpreted as part of the name.

       When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the  first  `}'  not
       escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an em-
       bedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter  expan-
       sion.

       ${parameter}
              The  value of parameter is substituted.  The braces are required
              when parameter is a positional  parameter  with  more  than  one
              digit, or when parameter is followed by a character which is not
              to be interpreted as part of its name.  The parameter is a shell
              parameter  as  described above PARAMETERS) or an array reference
              (Arrays).

       If the first character of parameter is an exclamation  point  (!),  and
       parameter is not a nameref, it introduces a level of indirection.  Bash
       uses the value formed by expanding the rest of parameter as the new pa-
       rameter;  this  is  then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
       the expansion, rather than the expansion  of  the  original  parameter.
       This is known as indirect expansion.  The value is subject to tilde ex-
       pansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic  ex-
       pansion.   If  parameter  is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
       parameter referenced by parameter instead of  performing  the  complete
       indirect  expansion.   The  exceptions  to  this  are the expansions of
       ${!prefix*} and ${!name[@]} described  below.   The  exclamation  point
       must  immediately  follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
       tion.

       In each of the cases below, word is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
       ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.

       When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented be-
       low (e.g., :-), bash tests for a  parameter  that  is  unset  or  null.
       Omitting  the  colon results in a test only for a parameter that is un-
       set.

       ${parameter:-word}
              Use Default Values.  If parameter is unset or null,  the  expan-
              sion  of word is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of parameter
              is substituted.
       ${parameter:=word}
              Assign Default Values.  If parameter is unset or null,  the  ex-
              pansion  of word is assigned to parameter.  The value of parame-
              ter is then substituted.  Positional parameters and special  pa-
              rameters may not be assigned to in this way.
       ${parameter:?word}
              Display  Error if Null or Unset.  If parameter is null or unset,
              the expansion of word (or a message to that effect  if  word  is
              not  present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if
              it is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of parameter
              is substituted.
       ${parameter:+word}
              Use  Alternate Value.  If parameter is null or unset, nothing is
              substituted, otherwise the expansion of word is substituted.
       ${parameter:offset}
       ${parameter:offset:length}
              Substring Expansion.  Expands to up to length characters of  the
              value  of  parameter starting at the character specified by off-
              set.  If parameter is @, an indexed array subscripted by @ or *,
              or  an  associative  array name, the results differ as described
              below.  If length is omitted, expands to the  substring  of  the
              value of parameter starting at the character specified by offset
              and extending to the end of the value.  length  and  offset  are
              arithmetic expressions (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION below).

              If  offset  evaluates  to  a number less than zero, the value is
              used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of pa-
              rameter.   If length evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
              interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the value
              of  parameter rather than a number of characters, and the expan-
              sion is the characters between offset  and  that  result.   Note
              that  a  negative  offset must be separated from the colon by at
              least one space to avoid being confused with the :- expansion.

              If parameter is @, the result is  length  positional  parameters
              beginning at offset.  A negative offset is taken relative to one
              greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset  of
              -1  evaluates to the last positional parameter.  It is an expan-
              sion error if length evaluates to a number less than zero.

              If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the
              result  is  the length members of the array beginning with ${pa-
              rameter[offset]}.  A negative offset is taken  relative  to  one
              greater than the maximum index of the specified array.  It is an
              expansion error if length evaluates to a number less than zero.

              Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces un-
              defined results.

              Substring  indexing  is zero-based unless the positional parame-
              ters are used, in which case the indexing starts  at  1  by  de-
              fault.   If offset is 0, and the positional parameters are used,
              $0 is prefixed to the list.

       ${!prefix*}
       ${!prefix@}
              Names matching prefix.  Expands to the names of variables  whose
              names begin with prefix, separated by the first character of the
              IFS special variable.  When @ is used and the expansion  appears
              within  double  quotes, each variable name expands to a separate
              word.

       ${!name[@]}
       ${!name[*]}
              List of array keys.  If name is an array  variable,  expands  to
              the  list  of array indices (keys) assigned in name.  If name is
              not an array, expands to 0 if name is set  and  null  otherwise.
              When  @  is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
              each key expands to a separate word.

       ${#parameter}
              Parameter length.  The length in characters of the value of  pa-
              rameter  is substituted.  If parameter is * or @, the value sub-
              stituted is the number of positional parameters.   If  parameter
              is an array name subscripted by * or @, the value substituted is
              the number of elements in the array.  If parameter is an indexed
              array  name subscripted by a negative number, that number is in-
              terpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum  index  of
              parameter,  so  negative  indices count back from the end of the
              array, and an index of -1 references the last element.

       ${parameter#word}
       ${parameter##word}
              Remove matching prefix pattern.  The word is expanded to produce
              a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
              expanded value of parameter using the rules described under Pat-
              tern  Matching  below.   If the pattern matches the beginning of
              the value of parameter, then the result of the expansion is  the
              expanded  value  of parameter with the shortest matching pattern
              (the ``#'' case) or the longest  matching  pattern  (the  ``##''
              case)  deleted.  If parameter is @ or *, the pattern removal op-
              eration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the
              expansion is the resultant list.  If parameter is an array vari-
              able subscripted with @ or *, the pattern removal  operation  is
              applied  to  each member of the array in turn, and the expansion
              is the resultant list.

       ${parameter%word}
       ${parameter%%word}
              Remove matching suffix pattern.  The word is expanded to produce
              a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
              expanded value of parameter using the rules described under Pat-
              tern  Matching below.  If the pattern matches a trailing portion
              of the expanded value of parameter, then the result of  the  ex-
              pansion  is  the  expanded  value of parameter with the shortest
              matching pattern (the ``%'' case) or the longest  matching  pat-
              tern  (the  ``%%''  case)  deleted.  If parameter is @ or *, the
              pattern removal operation is applied to each positional  parame-
              ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  If param-
              eter is an array variable subscripted with @ or *,  the  pattern
              removal  operation  is  applied  to  each member of the array in
              turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.

       ${parameter/pattern/string}
              Pattern substitution.  The pattern is expanded to produce a pat-
              tern  just  as  in pathname expansion, Parameter is expanded and
              the longest match of pattern against its value is replaced  with
              string.   The match is performed using the rules described under
              Pattern Matching below.  If pattern begins with /,  all  matches
              of  pattern  are  replaced with string.  Normally only the first
              match is replaced.  If pattern begins with #, it must  match  at
              the  beginning  of  the expanded value of parameter.  If pattern
              begins with %, it must match at the end of the expanded value of
              parameter.   If  string  is null, matches of pattern are deleted
              and the / following pattern may be omitted.  If the  nocasematch
              shell  option  is enabled, the match is performed without regard
              to the case of alphabetic characters.  If parameter is @  or  *,
              the substitution operation is applied to each positional parame-
              ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  If param-
              eter is an array variable subscripted with @ or *, the substitu-
              tion operation is applied to each member of the array  in  turn,
              and the expansion is the resultant list.

       ${parameter^pattern}
       ${parameter^^pattern}
       ${parameter,pattern}
       ${parameter,,pattern}
              Case  modification.   This expansion modifies the case of alpha-
              betic characters in parameter.  The pattern is expanded to  pro-
              duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion.  Each character in
              the expanded value of parameter is tested against pattern,  and,
              if  it  matches the pattern, its case is converted.  The pattern
              should not attempt to match more than one character.  The ^  op-
              erator converts lowercase letters matching pattern to uppercase;
              the , operator converts matching uppercase letters to lowercase.
              The  ^^  and ,, expansions convert each matched character in the
              expanded value; the ^ and , expansions match  and  convert  only
              the  first character in the expanded value.  If pattern is omit-
              ted, it is treated like a ?, which matches every character.   If
              parameter  is @ or *, the case modification operation is applied
              to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion  is  the
              resultant  list.   If parameter is an array variable subscripted
              with @ or *, the case modification operation is applied to  each
              member  of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
              list.

       ${parameter@operator}
              Parameter transformation.  The expansion is either a transforma-
              tion  of  the  value of parameter or information about parameter
              itself, depending on the value of operator.  Each operator is  a
              single letter:

              U      The  expansion is a string that is the value of parameter
                     with lowercase alphabetic characters converted to  upper-
                     case.
              u      The  expansion is a string that is the value of parameter
                     with the first character converted to uppercase, if it is
                     alphabetic.
              L      The  expansion is a string that is the value of parameter
                     with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to  lower-
                     case.
              Q      The  expansion is a string that is the value of parameter
                     quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
              E      The expansion is a string that is the value of  parameter
                     with  backslash  escape  sequences  expanded  as with the
                     $'...' quoting mechanism.
              P      The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding
                     the value of parameter as if it were a prompt string (see
                     PROMPTING below).
              A      The expansion is a string in the form  of  an  assignment
                     statement  or  declare  command  that, if evaluated, will
                     recreate parameter with its attributes and value.
              K      Produces a possibly-quoted version of the value of param-
                     eter, except that it prints the values of indexed and as-
                     sociative arrays as a sequence of quoted key-value  pairs
                     (see Arrays above).
              a      The  expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep-
                     resenting parameter's attributes.

              If parameter is @ or *, the operation is applied to  each  posi-
              tional  parameter  in  turn,  and the expansion is the resultant
              list.  If parameter is an array variable subscripted with  @  or
              *, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
              and the expansion is the resultant list.

              The result of the expansion is subject  to  word  splitting  and
              pathname expansion as described below.

   Command Substitution
       Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the com-
       mand name.  There are two forms:

              $(command)
       or
              `command`

       Bash performs the expansion by executing command in a subshell environ-
       ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of
       the command, with any trailing newlines deleted.  Embedded newlines are
       not  deleted,  but they may be removed during word splitting.  The com-
       mand substitution $(cat file) can be replaced  by  the  equivalent  but
       faster $(< file).

       When  the  old-style  backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
       retains its literal meaning except when followed by $, `,  or  \.   The
       first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub-
       stitution.  When using the $(command) form, all characters between  the
       parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.

       Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted
       form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.

       If the substitution appears within double quotes,  word  splitting  and
       pathname expansion are not performed on the results.

   Arithmetic Expansion
       Arithmetic  expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
       and the substitution of the result.  The format for  arithmetic  expan-
       sion is:

              $((expression))

       The  expression  is  treated  as if it were within double quotes, but a
       double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.  All  to-
       kens  in  the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, com-
       mand substitution, and quote removal.  The result  is  treated  as  the
       arithmetic  expression  to  be evaluated.  Arithmetic expansions may be
       nested.

       The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed  below  under
       ARITHMETIC EVALUATION.  If expression is invalid, bash prints a message
       indicating failure and no substitution occurs.

   Process Substitution
       Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be  referred
       to  using  a  filename.   It takes the form of <(list) or >(list).  The
       process list is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears  as
       a filename.  This filename is passed as an argument to the current com-
       mand as the result of the expansion.  If  the  >(list)  form  is  used,
       writing  to  the file will provide input for list.  If the <(list) form
       is used, the file passed as an argument should be read  to  obtain  the
       output of list.  Process substitution is supported on systems that sup-
       port named pipes (FIFOs) or the /dev/fd method of naming open files.

       When available, process substitution is performed  simultaneously  with
       parameter  and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
       expansion.

   Word Splitting
       The shell scans the results of parameter expansion,  command  substitu-
       tion,  and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
       for word splitting.

       The shell treats each character of IFS as a delimiter, and  splits  the
       results  of  the  other expansions into words using these characters as
       field  terminators.   If  IFS  is  unset,  or  its  value  is   exactly
       <space><tab><newline>,  the  default, then sequences of <space>, <tab>,
       and <newline> at the beginning and end of the results of  the  previous
       expansions  are  ignored, and any sequence of IFS characters not at the
       beginning or end serves to delimit words.  If IFS  has  a  value  other
       than  the  default,  then sequences of the whitespace characters space,
       tab, and newline are ignored at the beginning and end of the  word,  as
       long  as the whitespace character is in the value of IFS (an IFS white-
       space character).  Any character in IFS that  is  not  IFS  whitespace,
       along with any adjacent IFS whitespace characters, delimits a field.  A
       sequence of IFS whitespace characters is also treated as  a  delimiter.
       If the value of IFS is null, no word splitting occurs.

       Explicit  null arguments ("" or '') are retained and passed to commands
       as empty strings.  Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the
       expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed.  If a parame-
       ter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument re-
       sults and is retained and passed to a command as an empty string.  When
       a quoted null argument appears as part of a  word  whose  expansion  is
       non-null, the null argument is removed.  That is, the word -d'' becomes
       -d after word splitting and null argument removal.

       Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.

   Pathname Expansion
       After word splitting, unless the -f option has  been  set,  bash  scans
       each  word  for the characters *, ?, and [.  If one of these characters
       appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a pattern, and
       replaced  with  an alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the
       pattern (see Pattern Matching below).  If  no  matching  filenames  are
       found,  and  the shell option nullglob is not enabled, the word is left
       unchanged.  If the nullglob option is set, and no  matches  are  found,
       the  word  is  removed.   If  the  failglob shell option is set, and no
       matches are found, an error message is printed and the command  is  not
       executed.  If the shell option nocaseglob is enabled, the match is per-
       formed without regard to the case of  alphabetic  characters.   When  a
       pattern  is  used  for  pathname expansion, the character ``.''  at the
       start of a name or immediately following a slash must  be  matched  ex-
       plicitly,  unless the shell option dotglob is set.  The filenames ``.''
       and ``..''  must always be matched explicitly, even if dotglob is  set.
       In  other  cases,  the ``.''  character is not treated specially.  When
       matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched explic-
       itly  by  a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can
       be matched by a special pattern character as described below under Pat-
       tern  Matching.  See the description of shopt below under SHELL BUILTIN
       COMMANDS for a description of the nocaseglob, nullglob,  failglob,  and
       dotglob shell options.

       The  GLOBIGNORE  shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
       names matching a pattern.  If GLOBIGNORE is  set,  each  matching  file
       name  that  also  matches  one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE is removed
       from the list of matches.  If the nocaseglob option is set, the  match-
       ing  against  the patterns in GLOBIGNORE is performed without regard to
       case.  The filenames ``.''  and ``..''  are always ignored when GLOBIG-
       NORE  is  set  and not null.  However, setting GLOBIGNORE to a non-null
       value has the effect of enabling the dotglob shell option, so all other
       filenames  beginning with a ``.''  will match.  To get the old behavior
       of ignoring filenames beginning with a ``.'', make ``.*''  one  of  the
       patterns in GLOBIGNORE.  The dotglob option is disabled when GLOBIGNORE
       is unset.  The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell
       option.

       Pattern Matching

       Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
       characters described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may  not
       occur  in  a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following character; the
       escaping backslash is discarded when  matching.   The  special  pattern
       characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.

       The special pattern characters have the following meanings:

              *      Matches  any string, including the null string.  When the
                     globstar shell option is enabled, and  *  is  used  in  a
                     pathname  expansion  context,  two  adjacent *s used as a
                     single pattern will match all files and zero or more  di-
                     rectories  and  subdirectories.   If followed by a /, two
                     adjacent *s will match only directories  and  subdirecto-
                     ries.
              ?      Matches any single character.
              [...]  Matches  any  one  of the enclosed characters.  A pair of
                     characters separated by a hyphen denotes a range  expres-
                     sion;  any character that falls between those two charac-
                     ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating se-
                     quence and character set, is matched.  If the first char-
                     acter following the [ is a !  or a ^ then  any  character
                     not enclosed is matched.  The sorting order of characters
                     in range expressions is determined by the current  locale
                     and  the  values  of the LC_COLLATE or LC_ALL shell vari-
                     ables, if set.  To obtain the traditional  interpretation
                     of  range  expressions,  where  [a-d]  is  equivalent  to
                     [abcd], set value of the LC_ALL shell variable to  C,  or
                     enable  the  globasciiranges  shell  option.   A - may be
                     matched by including it as the first or last character in
                     the set.  A ] may be matched by including it as the first
                     character in the set.

                     Within [ and ], character classes can be specified  using
                     the syntax [:class:], where class is one of the following
                     classes defined in the POSIX standard:
                     alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl  digit  graph  lower  print
                     punct space upper word xdigit
                     A character class matches any character belonging to that
                     class.  The word character class matches letters, digits,
                     and the character _.

                     Within [ and ], an equivalence class can be specified us-
                     ing the syntax [=c=], which matches all  characters  with
                     the  same collation weight (as defined by the current lo-
                     cale) as the character c.

                     Within [ and ], the syntax [.symbol.] matches the collat-
                     ing symbol symbol.

       If the extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt builtin, several
       extended pattern matching operators are recognized.  In  the  following
       description, a pattern-list is a list of one or more patterns separated
       by a |.  Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol-
       lowing sub-patterns:

              ?(pattern-list)
                     Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
              *(pattern-list)
                     Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
              +(pattern-list)
                     Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
              @(pattern-list)
                     Matches one of the given patterns
              !(pattern-list)
                     Matches anything except one of the given patterns

       Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es-
       pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain
       multiple  matches.   Using separate matches against shorter strings, or
       using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.

   Quote Removal
       After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
       ters  \,  ', and " that did not result from one of the above expansions
       are removed.

REDIRECTION
       Before a command is executed, its input and output  may  be  redirected
       using  a special notation interpreted by the shell.  Redirection allows
       commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to  refer
       to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
       writes to.  Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in  the
       current  shell execution environment.  The following redirection opera-
       tors may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may fol-
       low  a  command.   Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
       from left to right.

       Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor  number  may
       instead be preceded by a word of the form {varname}.  In this case, for
       each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
       file  descriptor  greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to varname.
       If >&- or <&- is preceded by {varname}, the value  of  varname  defines
       the  file descriptor to close.  If {varname} is supplied, the redirect-
       ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the  shell  pro-
       grammer to manage the file descriptor himself.

       In  the  following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit-
       ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <, the  re-
       direction  refers  to  the  standard input (file descriptor 0).  If the
       first character of the  redirection  operator  is  >,  the  redirection
       refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).

       The  word  following the redirection operator in the following descrip-
       tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace  expansion,  tilde
       expansion,  parameter  and  variable  expansion,  command substitution,
       arithmetic expansion,  quote  removal,  pathname  expansion,  and  word
       splitting.  If it expands to more than one word, bash reports an error.

       Note  that  the order of redirections is significant.  For example, the
       command

              ls > dirlist 2>&1

       directs both standard output and standard error to  the  file  dirlist,
       while the command

              ls 2>&1 > dirlist

       directs  only the standard output to file dirlist, because the standard
       error was duplicated from the standard output before the standard  out-
       put was redirected to dirlist.

       Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
       tions, as described in the following table.  If the operating system on
       which bash is running provides these special files, bash will use them;
       otherwise it will emulate them internally with the  behavior  described
       below.

              /dev/fd/fd
                     If  fd  is  a valid integer, file descriptor fd is dupli-
                     cated.
              /dev/stdin
                     File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
              /dev/stdout
                     File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
              /dev/stderr
                     File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
              /dev/tcp/host/port
                     If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port
                     is  an integer port number or service name, bash attempts
                     to open the corresponding TCP socket.
              /dev/udp/host/port
                     If host is a valid hostname or Internet address, and port
                     is  an integer port number or service name, bash attempts
                     to open the corresponding UDP socket.

       A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.

       Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used  with
       care,  as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter-
       nally.

   Redirecting Input
       Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan-
       sion  of  word  to  be  opened for reading on file descriptor n, or the
       standard input (file descriptor 0) if n is not specified.

       The general format for redirecting input is:

              [n]<word

   Redirecting Output
       Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from  the  ex-
       pansion  of  word to be opened for writing on file descriptor n, or the
       standard output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified.  If the file
       does  not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
       size.

       The general format for redirecting output is:

              [n]>word

       If the redirection operator is >, and the noclobber option to  the  set
       builtin  has  been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose
       name results from the expansion of word exists and is a  regular  file.
       If the redirection operator is >|, or the redirection operator is > and
       the noclobber option to the set builtin command is not enabled, the re-
       direction is attempted even if the file named by word exists.

   Appending Redirected Output
       Redirection  of  output  in this fashion causes the file whose name re-
       sults from the expansion of word to be opened for appending on file de-
       scriptor  n,  or  the  standard  output (file descriptor 1) if n is not
       specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.

       The general format for appending output is:

              [n]>>word

   Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
       This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1)  and
       the  standard  error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
       file whose name is the expansion of word.

       There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard  er-
       ror:

              &>word
       and
              >&word

       Of the two forms, the first is preferred.  This is semantically equiva-
       lent to

              >word 2>&1

       When using the second form, word may not expand to a number or  -.   If
       it  does,  other  redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File De-
       scriptors below) for compatibility reasons.

   Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
       This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1)  and
       the  standard  error  output  (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the
       file whose name is the expansion of word.

       The format for appending standard output and standard error is:

              &>>word

       This is semantically equivalent to

              >>word 2>&1

       (see Duplicating File Descriptors below).

   Here Documents
       This type of redirection instructs the shell to  read  input  from  the
       current source until a line containing only delimiter (with no trailing
       blanks) is seen.  All of the lines read up to that point are then  used
       as  the  standard  input (or file descriptor n if n is specified) for a
       command.

       The format of here-documents is:

              [n]<<[-]word
                      here-document
              delimiter

       No parameter and variable expansion, command  substitution,  arithmetic
       expansion,  or pathname expansion is performed on word.  If any part of
       word is quoted, the delimiter is the result of quote removal  on  word,
       and  the  lines  in the here-document are not expanded.  If word is un-
       quoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to  parameter  ex-
       pansion,  command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character
       sequence \<newline> is ignored, and \ must be used to quote the charac-
       ters \, $, and `.

       If the redirection operator is <<-, then all leading tab characters are
       stripped from input lines and the line containing delimiter.  This  al-
       lows  here-documents  within  shell scripts to be indented in a natural
       fashion.

   Here Strings
       A variant of here documents, the format is:

              [n]<<<word

       The word undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and  variable  expansion,
       command  substitution,  arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.  Path-
       name expansion and word splitting are not  performed.   The  result  is
       supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on
       its standard input (or file descriptor n if n is specified).

   Duplicating File Descriptors
       The redirection operator

              [n]<&word

       is used to duplicate input file descriptors.  If word expands to one or
       more  digits,  the file descriptor denoted by n is made to be a copy of
       that file descriptor.  If the digits in word do not specify a file  de-
       scriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs.  If word evaluates
       to -, file descriptor n is closed.  If n is not specified, the standard
       input (file descriptor 0) is used.

       The operator

              [n]>&word

       is  used  similarly  to duplicate output file descriptors.  If n is not
       specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1)  is  used.   If  the
       digits  in word do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re-
       direction error occurs.  If word evaluates to -, file descriptor  n  is
       closed.   As  a special case, if n is omitted, and word does not expand
       to one or more digits or -, the standard output and standard error  are
       redirected as described previously.

   Moving File Descriptors
       The redirection operator

              [n]<&digit-

       moves  the  file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, or the standard
       input (file descriptor 0) if n is not specified.  digit is closed after
       being duplicated to n.

       Similarly, the redirection operator

              [n]>&digit-

       moves  the  file descriptor digit to file descriptor n, or the standard
       output (file descriptor 1) if n is not specified.

   Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
       The redirection operator

              [n]<>word

       causes the file whose name is the expansion of word to  be  opened  for
       both  reading and writing on file descriptor n, or on file descriptor 0
       if n is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.

ALIASES
       Aliases allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used  as
       the  first  word  of  a  simple command.  The shell maintains a list of
       aliases that may be set and unset with the alias  and  unalias  builtin
       commands  (see  SHELL  BUILTIN COMMANDS below).  The first word of each
       simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias.   If
       so,  that word is replaced by the text of the alias.  The characters /,
       $, `, and = and any of the shell metacharacters or  quoting  characters
       listed above may not appear in an alias name.  The replacement text may
       contain any valid shell input,  including  shell  metacharacters.   The
       first  word  of  the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word
       that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded  a  second
       time.   This  means  that  one may alias ls to ls -F, for instance, and
       bash does not try to recursively expand the replacement text.   If  the
       last  character  of  the  alias value is a blank, then the next command
       word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.

       Aliases are created and listed with the alias command, and removed with
       the unalias command.

       There  is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.  If
       arguments are needed, a shell function should be  used  (see  FUNCTIONS
       below).

       Aliases  are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the
       expand_aliases shell option is set using shopt (see the description  of
       shopt under SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).

       The  rules  concerning  the  definition and use of aliases are somewhat
       confusing.  Bash always reads at least one complete line of input,  and
       all  lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the
       commands on that line or the compound command.   Aliases  are  expanded
       when  a  command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an alias
       definition appearing on the same line as another command does not  take
       effect  until  the  next line of input is read.  The commands following
       the alias definition on that line are not affected by  the  new  alias.
       This  behavior  is  also an issue when functions are executed.  Aliases
       are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the  function
       is  executed,  because a function definition is itself a command.  As a
       consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until  af-
       ter  that  function  is executed.  To be safe, always put alias defini-
       tions on a separate line, and do not use alias in compound commands.

       For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.

FUNCTIONS
       A shell function, defined  as  described  above  under  SHELL  GRAMMAR,
       stores  a  series  of commands for later execution.  When the name of a
       shell function is used as a simple command name, the list  of  commands
       associated with that function name is executed.  Functions are executed
       in the context of the current shell; no new process is created  to  in-
       terpret  them  (contrast  this  with  the execution of a shell script).
       When a function is executed, the arguments to the function  become  the
       positional parameters during its execution.  The special parameter # is
       updated to reflect the change.  Special parameter 0 is unchanged.   The
       first  element of the FUNCNAME variable is set to the name of the func-
       tion while the function is executing.

       All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical  be-
       tween  a  function  and its caller with these exceptions: the DEBUG and
       RETURN traps (see the description  of  the  trap  builtin  under  SHELL
       BUILTIN  COMMANDS below) are not inherited unless the function has been
       given the trace attribute (see the description of the  declare  builtin
       below)  or  the -o functrace shell option has been enabled with the set
       builtin (in which case all  functions  inherit  the  DEBUG  and  RETURN
       traps),  and the ERR trap is not inherited unless the -o errtrace shell
       option has been enabled.

       Variables local to the function may be declared with the local  builtin
       command.  Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the
       function and its caller.  If a variable is declared  local,  the  vari-
       able's  visible  scope  is restricted to that function and its children
       (including the functions it calls).  Local variables "shadow" variables
       with  the same name declared at previous scopes.  For instance, a local
       variable declared in a function hides a global  variable  of  the  same
       name:  references  and assignments refer to the local variable, leaving
       the global variable unmodified.  When the function returns, the  global
       variable is once again visible.

       The  shell  uses  dynamic  scoping  to  control a variable's visibility
       within functions.  With dynamic scoping, visible  variables  and  their
       values  are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe-
       cution to reach the current function.  The value of a variable  that  a
       function  sees  depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether
       that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.   This  is
       also  the  value  that  a local variable declaration "shadows", and the
       value that is restored when the function returns.

       For example, if a variable var is declared as local in function  func1,
       and  func1  calls  another  function func2, references to var made from
       within func2 will resolve to the local variable var from func1, shadow-
       ing any global variable named var.

       The unset builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable
       is local to the current scope, unset will unset it; otherwise the unset
       will  refer  to  the  variable  found in any calling scope as described
       above.  If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will  re-
       main  so until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
       Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at  a  previous
       scope will become visible.  If the unset acts on a variable at a previ-
       ous scope, any instance of a variable with  that  name  that  had  been
       shadowed will become visible.

       The  FUNCNEST  variable,  if set to a numeric value greater than 0, de-
       fines a maximum function nesting level.  Function invocations that  ex-
       ceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.

       If  the  builtin command return is executed in a function, the function
       completes and execution resumes with the next command after  the  func-
       tion call.  Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed be-
       fore execution resumes.  When a function completes, the values  of  the
       positional  parameters  and the special parameter # are restored to the
       values they had prior to the function's execution.

       Function names and definitions may be listed with the -f option to  the
       declare or typeset builtin commands.  The -F option to declare or type-
       set will list the function names only (and optionally the  source  file
       and  line  number, if the extdebug shell option is enabled).  Functions
       may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined  with
       the  -f  option  to  the  export builtin.  A function definition may be
       deleted using the -f option to the unset builtin.

       Functions may be recursive.  The FUNCNEST variable may be used to limit
       the  depth  of the function call stack and restrict the number of func-
       tion invocations.  By default, no limit is imposed on the number of re-
       cursive calls.

ARITHMETIC EVALUATION
       The  shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain
       circumstances (see the let and declare builtin commands,  the  ((  com-
       pound command, and Arithmetic Expansion).  Evaluation is done in fixed-
       width integers with no check for overflow,  though  division  by  0  is
       trapped  and  flagged as an error.  The operators and their precedence,
       associativity, and values are the same as in the C language.  The  fol-
       lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence op-
       erators.  The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.

       id++ id--
              variable post-increment and post-decrement
       - +    unary minus and plus
       ++id --id
              variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
       ! ~    logical and bitwise negation
       **     exponentiation
       * / %  multiplication, division, remainder
       + -    addition, subtraction
       << >>  left and right bitwise shifts
       <= >= < >
              comparison
       == !=  equality and inequality
       &      bitwise AND
       ^      bitwise exclusive OR
       |      bitwise OR
       &&     logical AND
       ||     logical OR
       expr?expr:expr
              conditional operator
       = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
              assignment
       expr1 , expr2
              comma

       Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter  expansion  is  per-
       formed before the expression is evaluated.  Within an expression, shell
       variables may also be referenced by name without  using  the  parameter
       expansion  syntax.  A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to
       0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
       The  value  of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when
       it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given  the  integer
       attribute using declare -i is assigned a value.  A null value evaluates
       to 0.  A shell variable need not have its integer attribute  turned  on
       to be used in an expression.

       Integer constants follow the C language definition, without suffixes or
       character constants.  Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as oc-
       tal  numbers.  A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal.  Otherwise, num-
       bers take the form [base#]n, where the optional base is a decimal  num-
       ber  between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and n is a num-
       ber in that base.  If base# is omitted, then base  10  is  used.   When
       specifying n, if a non-digit is required, the digits greater than 9 are
       represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and  _,
       in  that order.  If base is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and up-
       percase letters may be used interchangeably to  represent  numbers  be-
       tween 10 and 35.

       Operators  are  evaluated  in  order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
       parentheses are evaluated first and may override the  precedence  rules
       above.

CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
       Conditional  expressions  are  used  by the [[ compound command and the
       test and [ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform  string
       and  arithmetic  comparisons.   The test and [ commands determine their
       behavior based on the number of  arguments;  see  the  descriptions  of
       those commands for any other command-specific actions.

       Expressions  are  formed  from the following unary or binary primaries.
       Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in  expres-
       sions.  If the operating system on which bash is running provides these
       special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate  them  in-
       ternally  with  this  behavior: If any file argument to one of the pri-
       maries is of the form /dev/fd/n, then file descriptor n is checked.  If
       the  file  argument  to  one  of  the  primaries  is one of /dev/stdin,
       /dev/stdout, or /dev/stderr, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2,  respectively,
       is checked.

       Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
       bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
       itself.

       When  used  with [[, the < and > operators sort lexicographically using
       the current locale.  The test command sorts using ASCII ordering.

       -a file
              True if file exists.
       -b file
              True if file exists and is a block special file.
       -c file
              True if file exists and is a character special file.
       -d file
              True if file exists and is a directory.
       -e file
              True if file exists.
       -f file
              True if file exists and is a regular file.
       -g file
              True if file exists and is set-group-id.
       -h file
              True if file exists and is a symbolic link.
       -k file
              True if file exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set.
       -p file
              True if file exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
       -r file
              True if file exists and is readable.
       -s file
              True if file exists and has a size greater than zero.
       -t fd  True if file descriptor fd is open and refers to a terminal.
       -u file
              True if file exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
       -w file
              True if file exists and is writable.
       -x file
              True if file exists and is executable.
       -G file
              True if file exists and is owned by the effective group id.
       -L file
              True if file exists and is a symbolic link.
       -N file
              True if file exists and has been  modified  since  it  was  last
              read.
       -O file
              True if file exists and is owned by the effective user id.
       -S file
              True if file exists and is a socket.
       file1 -ef file2
              True  if file1 and file2 refer to the same device and inode num-
              bers.
       file1 -nt file2
              True if file1 is newer (according  to  modification  date)  than
              file2, or if file1 exists and file2 does not.
       file1 -ot file2
              True  if file1 is older than file2, or if file2 exists and file1
              does not.
       -o optname
              True if the shell option optname is enabled.  See  the  list  of
              options  under  the  description  of  the  -o  option to the set
              builtin below.
       -v varname
              True if the shell variable varname is set (has been  assigned  a
              value).
       -R varname
              True  if  the shell variable varname is set and is a name refer-
              ence.
       -z string
              True if the length of string is zero.
       string
       -n string
              True if the length of string is non-zero.

       string1 == string2
       string1 = string2
              True if the strings are equal.  = should be used with  the  test
              command  for  POSIX conformance.  When used with the [[ command,
              this performs pattern matching as described above (Compound Com-
              mands).

       string1 != string2
              True if the strings are not equal.

       string1 < string2
              True if string1 sorts before string2 lexicographically.

       string1 > string2
              True if string1 sorts after string2 lexicographically.

       arg1 OP arg2
              OP  is one of -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.  These arithmetic
              binary operators return true if arg1 is equal to, not equal  to,
              less  than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than
              or equal to arg2, respectively.  Arg1 and arg2 may  be  positive
              or  negative  integers.  When used with the [[ command, Arg1 and
              Arg2 are evaluated as  arithmetic  expressions  (see  ARITHMETIC
              EVALUATION above).

SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION
       When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following ex-
       pansions, assignments, and redirections, from left  to  right,  in  the
       following order.

       1.     The  words  that  the  parser has marked as variable assignments
              (those preceding the command name) and  redirections  are  saved
              for later processing.

       2.     The  words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
              expanded.  If any words remain after expansion, the  first  word
              is  taken  to be the name of the command and the remaining words
              are the arguments.

       3.     Redirections are performed as described above under REDIRECTION.

       4.     The text after the = in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
              expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
              expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the  vari-
              able.

       If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
       shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the  environ-
       ment  of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
       ronment.  If any of the assignments attempts to assign  a  value  to  a
       readonly  variable,  an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
       zero status.

       If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not  af-
       fect  the  current  shell  environment.  A redirection error causes the
       command to exit with a non-zero status.

       If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds  as
       described  below.   Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expan-
       sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the  command
       is  the  exit  status  of  the last command substitution performed.  If
       there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of
       zero.

COMMAND EXECUTION
       After  a  command  has been split into words, if it results in a simple
       command and an optional list of arguments, the  following  actions  are
       taken.

       If  the  command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
       it.  If there exists a shell function by that name,  that  function  is
       invoked  as described above in FUNCTIONS.  If the name does not match a
       function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins.   If
       a match is found, that builtin is invoked.

       If  the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
       slashes, bash searches each element of the PATH for  a  directory  con-
       taining an executable file by that name.  Bash uses a hash table to re-
       member the full pathnames of executable files  (see  hash  under  SHELL
       BUILTIN  COMMANDS  below).  A full search of the directories in PATH is
       performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.   If  the
       search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function
       named command_not_found_handle.  If that function exists, it is invoked
       in  a  separate execution environment with the original command and the
       original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's  exit
       status  becomes  the exit status of that subshell.  If that function is
       not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit sta-
       tus of 127.

       If  the  search  is  successful, or if the command name contains one or
       more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
       tion environment.  Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
       ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.

       If this execution fails because the file is not in  executable  format,
       and  the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a shell script, a
       file containing shell commands.  A subshell is spawned to  execute  it.
       This  subshell  reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
       shell had been invoked to handle the script, with  the  exception  that
       the  locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hash below un-
       der SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS) are retained by the child.

       If the program is a file beginning with #!, the remainder of the  first
       line  specifies an interpreter for the program.  The shell executes the
       specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
       cutable format themselves.  The arguments to the interpreter consist of
       a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the  first
       line  of  the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
       the command arguments, if any.

COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT
       The shell has an execution environment, which consists of  the  follow-
       ing:

       o      open  files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
              redirections supplied to the exec builtin

       o      the current working directory as set by cd, pushd, or  popd,  or
              inherited by the shell at invocation

       o      the  file  creation  mode mask as set by umask or inherited from
              the shell's parent

       o      current traps set by trap

       o      shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set
              or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment

       o      shell  functions  defined during execution or inherited from the
              shell's parent in the environment

       o      options enabled at invocation (either by default  or  with  com-
              mand-line arguments) or by set

       o      options enabled by shopt

       o      shell aliases defined with alias

       o      various  process  IDs,  including  those of background jobs, the
              value of $$, and the value of PPID

       When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is  to  be
       executed,  it  is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
       sists of the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are  inher-
       ited from the shell.


       o      the  shell's  open  files,  plus any modifications and additions
              specified by redirections to the command

       o      the current working directory

       o      the file creation mode mask

       o      shell variables and functions  marked  for  export,  along  with
              variables exported for the command, passed in the environment

       o      traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
              the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored

       A command invoked  in  this  separate  environment  cannot  affect  the
       shell's execution environment.

       Command  substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
       nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
       of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are re-
       set to the values that the shell inherited from its parent  at  invoca-
       tion.  Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also
       executed in a subshell environment.  Changes made to the subshell envi-
       ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.

       Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
       the -e option from the parent shell.  When  not  in  posix  mode,  bash
       clears the -e option in such subshells.

       If  a command is followed by a & and job control is not active, the de-
       fault standard input for the command is the empty file /dev/null.  Oth-
       erwise,  the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the call-
       ing shell as modified by redirections.

ENVIRONMENT
       When a program is invoked it is given an array of  strings  called  the
       environment.   This  is  a  list  of  name-value  pairs,  of  the  form
       name=value.

       The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment.  On  in-
       vocation,  the  shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
       for each name found, automatically marking it for export to child  pro-
       cesses.  Executed commands inherit the environment.  The export and de-
       clare -x commands allow parameters and functions to  be  added  to  and
       deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter in the envi-
       ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, re-
       placing  the  old.   The  environment inherited by any executed command
       consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be  modi-
       fied  in  the  shell, less any pairs removed by the unset command, plus
       any additions via the export and declare -x commands.

       The environment for any simple command or  function  may  be  augmented
       temporarily  by  prefixing  it with parameter assignments, as described
       above in PARAMETERS.  These assignment statements affect only the envi-
       ronment seen by that command.

       If  the  -k option is set (see the set builtin command below), then all
       parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,  not
       just those that precede the command name.

       When  bash  invokes  an  external command, the variable _ is set to the
       full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ-
       ment.

EXIT STATUS
       The  exit  status  of  an executed command is the value returned by the
       waitpid system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses fall between
       0  and  255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
       125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
       are also limited to this range.  Under certain circumstances, the shell
       will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.

       For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
       has  succeeded.   An exit status of zero indicates success.  A non-zero
       exit status indicates failure.  When a command terminates  on  a  fatal
       signal N, bash uses the value of 128+N as the exit status.

       If  a command is not found, the child process created to execute it re-
       turns a status of 127.  If a command is found but  is  not  executable,
       the return status is 126.

       If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
       the exit status is greater than zero.

       Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (true) if  successful,  and
       non-zero  (false)  if an error occurs while they execute.  All builtins
       return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,  generally  in-
       valid options or missing arguments.

       Bash  itself  returns the exit status of the last command executed, un-
       less a syntax error occurs, in which case  it  exits  with  a  non-zero
       value.  See also the exit builtin command below.

SIGNALS
       When  bash  is  interactive,  in  the  absence of any traps, it ignores
       SIGTERM (so that kill 0 does not kill an interactive shell), and SIGINT
       is  caught and handled (so that the wait builtin is interruptible).  In
       all cases, bash ignores SIGQUIT.  If job control is in effect, bash ig-
       nores SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, and SIGTSTP.

       Non-builtin commands run by bash have signal handlers set to the values
       inherited by the shell from its parent.  When job control is not in ef-
       fect,  asynchronous  commands  ignore SIGINT and SIGQUIT in addition to
       these inherited handlers.  Commands run as a result of command  substi-
       tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SIGTTIN, SIGT-
       TOU, and SIGTSTP.

       The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SIGHUP.   Before  exiting,
       an  interactive  shell  resends  the  SIGHUP  to  all  jobs, running or
       stopped.  Stopped jobs are sent SIGCONT to ensure that they receive the
       SIGHUP.   To  prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
       job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the  disown  builtin
       (see  SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below) or marked to not receive SIGHUP us-
       ing disown -h.

       If the huponexit shell option has been set with  shopt,  bash  sends  a
       SIGHUP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.

       If  bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
       which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com-
       mand  completes.   When bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via
       the wait builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap  has  been
       set will cause the wait builtin to return immediately with an exit sta-
       tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.

JOB CONTROL
       Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the ex-
       ecution  of  processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later
       point.  A user typically employs this facility via an  interactive  in-
       terface  supplied  jointly  by  the  operating system kernel's terminal
       driver and bash.

       The shell associates a job with each pipeline.  It  keeps  a  table  of
       currently  executing  jobs,  which may be listed with the jobs command.
       When bash starts a job asynchronously (in the background), it prints  a
       line that looks like:

              [1] 25647

       indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
       last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.  All of
       the  processes  in a single pipeline are members of the same job.  Bash
       uses the job abstraction as the basis for job control.

       To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job  control,
       the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal process
       group ID.  Members of this process group (processes whose process group
       ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-
       generated signals such as SIGINT.  These processes are said  to  be  in
       the  foreground.  Background processes are those whose process group ID
       differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen-
       erated signals.  Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or,
       if the user so specifies with  stty  tostop,  write  to  the  terminal.
       Background  processes  which  attempt  to read from (write to when stty
       tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SIGTTIN  (SIGTTOU)  signal
       by  the  kernel's  terminal  driver, which, unless caught, suspends the
       process.

       If the operating system on which bash is running supports job  control,
       bash contains facilities to use it.  Typing the suspend character (typ-
       ically ^Z, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to
       be  stopped  and  returns  control to bash.  Typing the delayed suspend
       character (typically ^Y, Control-Y) causes the process  to  be  stopped
       when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be re-
       turned to bash.  The user may then manipulate the state  of  this  job,
       using  the  bg command to continue it in the background, the fg command
       to continue it in the foreground, or the kill command to kill it.  A ^Z
       takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing
       pending output and typeahead to be discarded.

       There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.  The charac-
       ter  %  introduces  a job specification (jobspec).  Job number n may be
       referred to as %n.  A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the
       name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command
       line.  For example, %ce refers to a stopped job whose command name  be-
       gins  with  ce.  If a prefix matches more than one job, bash reports an
       error.  Using %?ce, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the
       string  ce in its command line.  If the substring matches more than one
       job, bash reports an error.  The symbols %% and %+ refer to the shell's
       notion  of  the current job, which is the last job stopped while it was
       in the foreground or started in the background.  The previous  job  may
       be  referenced  using %-.  If there is only a single job, %+ and %- can
       both be used to refer to that job.  In output pertaining to jobs (e.g.,
       the output of the jobs command), the current job is always flagged with
       a +, and the previous job with a -.  A single % (with  no  accompanying
       job specification) also refers to the current job.

       Simply  naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %1 is
       a synonym for ``fg %1'', bringing job 1 from the  background  into  the
       foreground.   Similarly,  ``%1  &''  resumes  job  1 in the background,
       equivalent to ``bg %1''.

       The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes  state.   Normally,
       bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
       in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output.  If  the  -b
       option to the set builtin command is enabled, bash reports such changes
       immediately.  Any trap on SIGCHLD is executed for each child  that  ex-
       its.

       If  an  attempt to exit bash is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the
       checkjobs shell option has been enabled using the shopt  builtin,  run-
       ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the checkjobs option
       is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.  The  jobs  command  may
       then  be  used to inspect their status.  If a second attempt to exit is
       made without an intervening command, the shell does not  print  another
       warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.

       When  the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wait builtin,
       and job control is enabled, wait  will  return  when  the  job  changes
       state.  The -f option causes wait to wait until the job or process ter-
       minates before returning.

PROMPTING
       When executing interactively, bash displays the primary prompt PS1 when
       it  is  ready  to  read a command, and the secondary prompt PS2 when it
       needs more input to complete a command.  Bash  displays  PS0  after  it
       reads  a  command  but  before  executing it.  Bash displays PS4 as de-
       scribed above before tracing each command when the  -x  option  is  en-
       abled.   Bash allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting
       a number of backslash-escaped special characters that  are  decoded  as
       follows:
              \a     an ASCII bell character (07)
              \d     the  date  in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
                     26")
              \D{format}
                     the format is passed to strftime(3) and the result is in-
                     serted into the prompt string; an empty format results in
                     a locale-specific time representation.   The  braces  are
                     required
              \e     an ASCII escape character (033)
              \h     the hostname up to the first `.'
              \H     the hostname
              \j     the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
              \l     the basename of the shell's terminal device name
              \n     newline
              \r     carriage return
              \s     the  name  of  the shell, the basename of $0 (the portion
                     following the final slash)
              \t     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
              \T     the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
              \@     the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
              \A     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
              \u     the username of the current user
              \v     the version of bash (e.g., 2.00)
              \V     the release of bash, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
              \w     the current working  directory,  with  $HOME  abbreviated
                     with  a tilde (uses the value of the PROMPT_DIRTRIM vari-
                     able)
              \W     the basename of the current working directory, with $HOME
                     abbreviated with a tilde
              \!     the history number of this command
              \#     the command number of this command
              \$     if the effective UID is 0, a #, otherwise a $
              \nnn   the character corresponding to the octal number nnn
              \\     a backslash
              \[     begin  a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
                     be used to embed a terminal  control  sequence  into  the
                     prompt
              \]     end a sequence of non-printing characters

       The  command  number  and the history number are usually different: the
       history number of a command is its position in the history list,  which
       may  include  commands  restored from the history file (see HISTORY be-
       low), while the command number is the position in the sequence of  com-
       mands  executed  during the current shell session.  After the string is
       decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command  substitution,
       arithmetic  expansion,  and  quote removal, subject to the value of the
       promptvars shell option (see the description of the shopt command under
       SHELL  BUILTIN COMMANDS below).  This can have unwanted side effects if
       escaped portions of the string appear within  command  substitution  or
       contain characters special to word expansion.

READLINE
       This  is  the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
       tive shell, unless the --noediting option is given at shell invocation.
       Line editing is also used when using the -e option to the read builtin.
       By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.  A
       vi-style line editing interface is also available.  Line editing can be
       enabled at any time using the -o emacs or -o  vi  options  to  the  set
       builtin  (see  SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).  To turn off line editing
       after the shell is running, use the +o emacs or +o vi  options  to  the
       set builtin.

   Readline Notation
       In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
       Control keys are denoted by C-key, e.g., C-n  means  Control-N.   Simi-
       larly,  meta  keys are denoted by M-key, so M-x means Meta-X.  (On key-
       boards without a meta key, M-x means ESC x, i.e., press the Escape  key
       then the x key.  This makes ESC the meta prefix.  The combination M-C-x
       means ESC-Control-x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control  key
       while pressing the x key.)

       Readline commands may be given numeric arguments, which normally act as
       a repeat count.  Sometimes, however, it is the  sign  of  the  argument
       that  is  significant.   Passing  a negative argument to a command that
       acts in the forward direction (e.g., kill-line) causes that command  to
       act  in  a  backward direction.  Commands whose behavior with arguments
       deviates from this are noted below.

       When a command is described as killing text, the text deleted is  saved
       for possible future retrieval (yanking).  The killed text is saved in a
       kill ring.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one
       unit, which can be yanked all at once.  Commands which do not kill text
       separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.

   Readline Initialization
       Readline is customized by putting commands in  an  initialization  file
       (the  inputrc  file).  The name of this file is taken from the value of
       the INPUTRC variable.  If that variable is unset, the default is ~/.in-
       putrc.   If  that  file  does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate
       default is /etc/inputrc.  When a program which uses  the  readline  li-
       brary  starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings
       and variables are set.  There are only a few basic  constructs  allowed
       in  the  readline initialization file.  Blank lines are ignored.  Lines
       beginning with a # are comments.  Lines beginning  with  a  $  indicate
       conditional  constructs.   Other lines denote key bindings and variable
       settings.

       The default key-bindings may be changed with an  inputrc  file.   Other
       programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings.

       For example, placing

              M-Control-u: universal-argument
       or
              C-Meta-u: universal-argument
       into  the inputrc would make M-C-u execute the readline command univer-
       sal-argument.

       The following symbolic character names  are  recognized:  RUBOUT,  DEL,
       ESC, LFD, NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, SPC, SPACE, and TAB.

       In  addition  to  command  names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
       string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro).

   Readline Key Bindings
       The syntax for controlling key bindings in the inputrc file is  simple.
       All  that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
       and a key sequence to which it should be bound.  The name may be speci-
       fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with Meta- or
       Control- prefixes, or as a key sequence.

       When using the form keyname:function-name or macro, keyname is the name
       of a key spelled out in English.  For example:

              Control-u: universal-argument
              Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
              Control-o: "> output"

       In  the above example, C-u is bound to the function universal-argument,
       M-DEL is bound to the function backward-kill-word, and C-o is bound  to
       run  the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
       text ``> output'' into the line).

       In the second form, "keyseq":function-name  or  macro,  keyseq  differs
       from  keyname above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
       be specified by placing the sequence within double  quotes.   Some  GNU
       Emacs  style  key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
       the symbolic character names are not recognized.

              "\C-u": universal-argument
              "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
              "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"

       In this example, C-u is again bound to the function universal-argument.
       C-x  C-r is bound to the function re-read-init-file, and ESC [ 1 1 ~ is
       bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''.

       The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
              \C-    control prefix
              \M-    meta prefix
              \e     an escape character
              \\     backslash
              \"     literal "
              \'     literal '

       In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a  second  set  of
       backslash escapes is available:
              \a     alert (bell)
              \b     backspace
              \d     delete
              \f     form feed
              \n     newline
              \r     carriage return
              \t     horizontal tab
              \v     vertical tab
              \nnn   the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
                     nnn (one to three digits)
              \xHH   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
                     value HH (one or two hex digits)

       When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
       to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
       tion  name.   In  the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
       are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other character  in  the  macro
       text, including " and '.

       Bash  allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
       fied with the bind builtin command.  The editing mode may  be  switched
       during  interactive  use by using the -o option to the set builtin com-
       mand (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).

   Readline Variables
       Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav-
       ior.  A variable may be set in the inputrc file with a statement of the
       form

              set variable-name value
       or using the bind builtin command (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).

       Except where noted, readline variables can take the values  On  or  Off
       (without  regard  to  case).   Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
       When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on"  (case-insen-
       sitive), and "1" are equivalent to On.  All other values are equivalent
       to Off.  The variables and their default values are:

       bell-style (audible)
              Controls what happens when readline wants to ring  the  terminal
              bell.  If set to none, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
              visible, readline uses a visible bell if one is  available.   If
              set to audible, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
       bind-tty-special-chars (On)
              If  set  to On, readline attempts to bind the control characters
              treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read-
              line equivalents.
       blink-matching-paren (Off)
              If set to On, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
              opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
       colored-completion-prefix (Off)
              If set to On, when listing completions,  readline  displays  the
              common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ-
              ent color.  The color definitions are taken from  the  value  of
              the LS_COLORS environment variable.
       colored-stats (Off)
              If  set to On, readline displays possible completions using dif-
              ferent colors to indicate their file type.   The  color  defini-
              tions  are  taken  from  the  value of the LS_COLORS environment
              variable.
       comment-begin (``#'')
              The string that is inserted  when  the  readline  insert-comment
              command is executed.  This command is bound to M-# in emacs mode
              and to # in vi command mode.
       completion-display-width (-1)
              The number of screen columns used to  display  possible  matches
              when  performing completion.  The value is ignored if it is less
              than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width.  A value of  0
              will  cause  matches  to be displayed one per line.  The default
              value is -1.
       completion-ignore-case (Off)
              If set to On, readline performs filename matching and completion
              in a case-insensitive fashion.
       completion-map-case (Off)
              If  set  to  On, and completion-ignore-case is enabled, readline
              treats hyphens (-) and underscores (_) as equivalent  when  per-
              forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
       completion-prefix-display-length (0)
              The  length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos-
              sible completions that is displayed without modification.   When
              set  to  a  value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than
              this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying  possi-
              ble completions.
       completion-query-items (100)
              This  determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
              ber of possible completions generated  by  the  possible-comple-
              tions  command.  It may be set to any integer value greater than
              or equal to zero.  If the  number  of  possible  completions  is
              greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is
              asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they  are
              simply listed on the terminal.
       convert-meta (On)
              If  set  to On, readline will convert characters with the eighth
              bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and
              prefixing  an  escape  character (in effect, using escape as the
              meta prefix).  The default is On, but readline will  set  it  to
              Off if the locale contains eight-bit characters.
       disable-completion (Off)
              If set to On, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
              characters will be inserted into the line as if  they  had  been
              mapped to self-insert.
       echo-control-characters (On)
              When  set to On, on operating systems that indicate they support
              it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener-
              ated from the keyboard.
       editing-mode (emacs)
              Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
              ilar to Emacs or vi.  editing-mode can be set to either emacs or
              vi.
       emacs-mode-string (@)
              If  the  show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, this string is
              displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
              when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
              key binding, so the standard set of meta- and  control  prefixes
              and  backslash escape sequences is available.  Use the \1 and \2
              escapes to begin and end sequences of  non-printing  characters,
              which  can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
              mode string.
       enable-bracketed-paste (Off)
              When set to On, readline will configure the terminal  in  a  way
              that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer
              as a single string of characters, instead of treating each char-
              acter  as  if it had been read from the keyboard.  This can pre-
              vent pasted characters from being interpreted  as  editing  com-
              mands.
       enable-keypad (Off)
              When set to On, readline will try to enable the application key-
              pad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the ar-
              row keys.
       enable-meta-key (On)
              When  set  to  On, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
              key the terminal claims to support when it is called.   On  many
              terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
       expand-tilde (Off)
              If  set  to  On,  tilde expansion is performed when readline at-
              tempts word completion.
       history-preserve-point (Off)
              If set to On, the history code attempts to place  point  at  the
              same  location on each history line retrieved with previous-his-
              tory or next-history.
       history-size (unset)
              Set the maximum number of history entries saved in  the  history
              list.   If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted
              and no new entries are saved.  If set to a value less than zero,
              the  number  of history entries is not limited.  By default, the
              number of history entries is set to the value  of  the  HISTSIZE
              shell  variable.  If an attempt is made to set history-size to a
              non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be
              set to 500.
       horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)
              When  set  to  On, makes readline use a single line for display,
              scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
              becomes  longer  than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
              new line.  This setting is automatically enabled  for  terminals
              of height 1.
       input-meta (Off)
              If  set to On, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it
              will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads), re-
              gardless  of  what the terminal claims it can support.  The name
              meta-flag is a synonym for this variable.  The default  is  Off,
              but  readline will set it to On if the locale contains eight-bit
              characters.
       isearch-terminators (``C-[C-J'')
              The string of characters that should  terminate  an  incremental
              search  without  subsequently  executing the character as a com-
              mand.  If this variable has not been given a value, the  charac-
              ters ESC and C-J will terminate an incremental search.
       keymap (emacs)
              Set  the current readline keymap.  The set of valid keymap names
              is emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta,  emacs-ctlx,  vi,  vi-com-
              mand,  and  vi-insert.  vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is
              equivalent to emacs-standard.  The default value is  emacs;  the
              value of editing-mode also affects the default keymap.
       keyseq-timeout (500)
              Specifies  the  duration readline will wait for a character when
              reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a  complete
              key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional
              input to complete a longer key sequence).  If no  input  is  re-
              ceived  within  the  timeout,  readline will use the shorter but
              complete key sequence.  The value is specified in  milliseconds,
              so  a value of 1000 means that readline will wait one second for
              additional input.  If this variable is set to a value less  than
              or  equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, readline will wait
              until another key is pressed to decide  which  key  sequence  to
              complete.
       mark-directories (On)
              If set to On, completed directory names have a slash appended.
       mark-modified-lines (Off)
              If  set  to  On,  history lines that have been modified are dis-
              played with a preceding asterisk (*).
       mark-symlinked-directories (Off)
              If set to On, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
              tories  have  a slash appended (subject to the value of mark-di-
              rectories).
       match-hidden-files (On)
              This variable, when set to On, causes readline  to  match  files
              whose  names  begin  with  a  `.' (hidden files) when performing
              filename completion.  If set to Off, the  leading  `.'  must  be
              supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
       menu-complete-display-prefix (Off)
              If  set to On, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
              list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
              through the list.
       output-meta (Off)
              If  set  to On, readline will display characters with the eighth
              bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
              The default is Off, but readline will set it to On if the locale
              contains eight-bit characters.
       page-completions (On)
              If set to On, readline uses an internal more-like pager to  dis-
              play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
       print-completions-horizontally (Off)
              If  set  to  On,  readline will display completions with matches
              sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down  the
              screen.
       revert-all-at-newline (Off)
              If  set  to  On, readline will undo all changes to history lines
              before returning when accept-line is executed.  By default, his-
              tory  lines  may  be  modified  and retain individual undo lists
              across calls to readline.
       show-all-if-ambiguous (Off)
              This alters the default behavior of  the  completion  functions.
              If set to On, words which have more than one possible completion
              cause the matches to be listed immediately  instead  of  ringing
              the bell.
       show-all-if-unmodified (Off)
              This  alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
              a fashion similar to show-all-if-ambiguous.  If set to On, words
              which  have more than one possible completion without any possi-
              ble partial completion (the possible completions don't  share  a
              common  prefix)  cause  the matches to be listed immediately in-
              stead of ringing the bell.
       show-mode-in-prompt (Off)
              If set to On, add a string to the beginning of the prompt  indi-
              cating  the  editing  mode:  emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
              The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., emacs-mode-string).
       skip-completed-text (Off)
              If set to On, this alters the default completion  behavior  when
              inserting  a  single match into the line.  It's only active when
              performing completion in the middle  of  a  word.   If  enabled,
              readline  does  not  insert  characters from the completion that
              match characters after point in the  word  being  completed,  so
              portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
       vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd))
              If  the  show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, this string is
              displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
              when  vi  editing mode is active and in command mode.  The value
              is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
              control  prefixes  and  backslash escape sequences is available.
              Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and  end  sequences  of  non-
              printing  characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con-
              trol sequence into the mode string.
       vi-ins-mode-string ((ins))
              If the show-mode-in-prompt variable is enabled, this  string  is
              displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
              when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.  The value
              is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
              control prefixes and backslash escape  sequences  is  available.
              Use  the  \1  and  \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-
              printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal  con-
              trol sequence into the mode string.
       visible-stats (Off)
              If  set to On, a character denoting a file's type as reported by
              stat(2) is appended to the filename when listing  possible  com-
              pletions.

   Readline Conditional Constructs
       Readline  implements  a  facility  similar in spirit to the conditional
       compilation features of the C preprocessor which  allows  key  bindings
       and  variable  settings  to be performed as the result of tests.  There
       are four parser directives used.

       $if    The $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the  edit-
              ing  mode,  the  terminal  being  used, or the application using
              readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
               extends to the end of the  line;  unless  otherwise  noted,  no
              characters are required to isolate it.

              mode   The  mode=  form  of  the  $if  directive is used to test
                     whether readline is in emacs or vi  mode.   This  may  be
                     used  in conjunction with the set keymap command, for in-
                     stance,  to  set  bindings  in  the  emacs-standard   and
                     emacs-ctlx  keymaps  only  if readline is starting out in
                     emacs mode.

              term   The term= form may be used to  include  terminal-specific
                     key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
                     the terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side
                     of the = is tested against both the full name of the ter-
                     minal and the portion of the  terminal  name  before  the
                     first  -.  This allows sun to match both sun and sun-cmd,
                     for instance.

              version
                     The version test  may  be  used  to  perform  comparisons
                     against  specific readline versions.  The version expands
                     to the current readline version.  The set  of  comparison
                     operators  includes  =,  (and  ==), !=, <=, >=, <, and >.
                     The version number supplied on the right side of the  op-
                     erator  consists  of  a major version number, an optional
                     decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 7.1).
                     If  the  minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 0.
                     The operator may be separated from the string version and
                     from the version number argument by whitespace.

              application
                     The application construct is used to include application-
                     specific settings.  Each program using the  readline  li-
                     brary  sets  the  application name, and an initialization
                     file can test for a particular value.  This could be used
                     to  bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific
                     program.  For instance, the following command adds a  key
                     sequence  that  quotes  the  current  or previous word in
                     bash:

                     $if Bash
                     # Quote the current or previous word
                     "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
                     $endif

              variable
                     The variable construct provides simple equality tests for
                     readline  variables and values.  The permitted comparison
                     operators are =, ==, and !=.  The variable name  must  be
                     separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
                     operator may be separated from the  value  on  the  right
                     hand  side  by whitespace.  Both string and boolean vari-
                     ables may be tested. Boolean  variables  must  be  tested
                     against the values on and off.

       $endif This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $if
              command.

       $else  Commands in this branch of the $if directive are executed if the
              test fails.

       $include
              This  directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
              commands and bindings from that file.  For example, the  follow-
              ing directive would read /etc/inputrc:

              $include  /etc/inputrc

   Searching
       Readline  provides  commands  for searching through the command history
       (see HISTORY below) for lines containing a specified string.  There are
       two search modes: incremental and non-incremental.

       Incremental  searches  begin  before  the  user has finished typing the
       search string.  As each character of the search string is typed,  read-
       line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
       so far.  An incremental search requires  only  as  many  characters  as
       needed  to  find  the desired history entry.  The characters present in
       the value of the isearch-terminators variable are used to terminate  an
       incremental search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value the
       Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an  incremental  search.
       Control-G  will  abort  an  incremental search and restore the original
       line.  When the search is terminated, the history entry containing  the
       search string becomes the current line.

       To  find  other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
       Control-R as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in  the
       history  for  the  next  entry matching the search string typed so far.
       Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will  terminate  the
       search  and  execute that command.  For instance, a newline will termi-
       nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from
       the history list.

       Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two Control-
       Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a  new  search
       string, any remembered search string is used.

       Non-incremental  searches read the entire search string before starting
       to search for matching history lines.  The search string may  be  typed
       by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.

   Readline Command Names
       The  following  is  a list of the names of the commands and the default
       key sequences to which they are bound.  Command names without an accom-
       panying key sequence are unbound by default.  In the following descrip-
       tions, point refers to the current cursor position, and mark refers  to
       a  cursor position saved by the set-mark command.  The text between the
       point and mark is referred to as the region.

   Commands for Moving
       beginning-of-line (C-a)
              Move to the start of the current line.
       end-of-line (C-e)
              Move to the end of the line.
       forward-char (C-f)
              Move forward a character.
       backward-char (C-b)
              Move back a character.
       forward-word (M-f)
              Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
              alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
       backward-word (M-b)
              Move  back  to the start of the current or previous word.  Words
              are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
       shell-forward-word
              Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words  are  delimited
              by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
       shell-backward-word
              Move  back  to the start of the current or previous word.  Words
              are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
       previous-screen-line
              Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on  the
              previous  physical  screen  line. This will not have the desired
              effect if the current Readline line does not take up  more  than
              one  physical line or if point is not greater than the length of
              the prompt plus the screen width.
       next-screen-line
              Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on  the
              next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect
              if the current Readline line does not  take  up  more  than  one
              physical  line  or if the length of the current Readline line is
              not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
       clear-display (M-C-l)
              Clear the screen and, if  possible,  the  terminal's  scrollback
              buffer,  then  redraw the current line, leaving the current line
              at the top of the screen.
       clear-screen (C-l)
              Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the cur-
              rent  line  at the top of the screen.  With an argument, refresh
              the current line without clearing the screen.
       redraw-current-line
              Refresh the current line.

   Commands for Manipulating the History
       accept-line (Newline, Return)
              Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line
              is  non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state
              of the HISTCONTROL variable.  If the line is a modified  history
              line, then restore the history line to its original state.
       previous-history (C-p)
              Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
              the list.
       next-history (C-n)
              Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward  in
              the list.
       beginning-of-history (M-<)
              Move to the first line in the history.
       end-of-history (M->)
              Move  to  the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
              being entered.
       reverse-search-history (C-r)
              Search backward starting at the current  line  and  moving  `up'
              through  the  history  as  necessary.   This  is  an incremental
              search.
       forward-search-history (C-s)
              Search forward starting at the current line  and  moving  `down'
              through  the  history  as  necessary.   This  is  an incremental
              search.
       non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)
              Search backward through the history starting at the current line
              using  a  non-incremental  search  for  a string supplied by the
              user.
       non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)
              Search forward  through  the  history  using  a  non-incremental
              search for a string supplied by the user.
       history-search-forward
              Search  forward through the history for the string of characters
              between the start of the current line and the point.  This is  a
              non-incremental search.
       history-search-backward
              Search backward through the history for the string of characters
              between the start of the current line and the point.  This is  a
              non-incremental search.
       history-substring-search-backward
              Search backward through the history for the string of characters
              between the start of the current line and the current cursor po-
              sition  (the  point).  The search string may match anywhere in a
              history line.  This is a non-incremental search.
       history-substring-search-forward
              Search forward through the history for the string of  characters
              between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
              string may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a  non-in-
              cremental search.
       yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)
              Insert  the  first argument to the previous command (usually the
              second word on the previous line) at point.  With an argument n,
              insert  the nth word from the previous command (the words in the
              previous command begin with word 0).  A  negative  argument  in-
              serts  the  nth word from the end of the previous command.  Once
              the argument n is computed, the argument is extracted as if  the
              "!n" history expansion had been specified.
       yank-last-arg (M-., M-_)
              Insert  the last argument to the previous command (the last word
              of the previous history entry).  With a numeric argument, behave
              exactly  like  yank-nth-arg.   Successive calls to yank-last-arg
              move back through the history list, inserting the last word  (or
              the  word  specified  by the argument to the first call) of each
              line in turn.  Any numeric argument supplied to these successive
              calls  determines  the direction to move through the history.  A
              negative argument switches the  direction  through  the  history
              (back or forward).  The history expansion facilities are used to
              extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been
              specified.
       shell-expand-line (M-C-e)
              Expand the line as the shell does.  This performs alias and his-
              tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions.  See
              HISTORY EXPANSION below for a description of history expansion.
       history-expand-line (M-^)
              Perform  history expansion on the current line.  See HISTORY EX-
              PANSION below for a description of history expansion.
       magic-space
              Perform history expansion on  the  current  line  and  insert  a
              space.  See HISTORY EXPANSION below for a description of history
              expansion.
       alias-expand-line
              Perform alias expansion on the current line.  See ALIASES  above
              for a description of alias expansion.
       history-and-alias-expand-line
              Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
       insert-last-argument (M-., M-_)
              A synonym for yank-last-arg.
       operate-and-get-next (C-o)
              Accept  the  current  line for execution and fetch the next line
              relative to the current line from the history  for  editing.   A
              numeric  argument,  if  supplied, specifies the history entry to
              use instead of the current line.
       edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)
              Invoke an editor on the current command line,  and  execute  the
              result as shell commands.  Bash attempts to invoke $VISUAL, $ED-
              ITOR, and emacs as the editor, in that order.

   Commands for Changing Text
       end-of-file (usually C-d)
              The character indicating end-of-file as  set,  for  example,  by
              ``stty''.   If  this character is read when there are no charac-
              ters on the line, and point is at the  beginning  of  the  line,
              Readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.
       delete-char (C-d)
              Delete the character at point.  If this function is bound to the
              same character as the tty EOF character, as C-d commonly is, see
              above for the effects.
       backward-delete-char (Rubout)
              Delete  the  character  behind the cursor.  When given a numeric
              argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
       forward-backward-delete-char
              Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor  is  at
              the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
              sor is deleted.
       quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)
              Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is  how
              to insert characters like C-q, for example.
       tab-insert (C-v TAB)
              Insert a tab character.
       self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)
              Insert the character typed.
       transpose-chars (C-t)
              Drag  the  character  before point forward over the character at
              point, moving point forward as well.  If point is at the end  of
              the  line, then this transposes the two characters before point.
              Negative arguments have no effect.
       transpose-words (M-t)
              Drag the word before point past the  word  after  point,  moving
              point  over  that  word  as well.  If point is at the end of the
              line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
       upcase-word (M-u)
              Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative  ar-
              gument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
       downcase-word (M-l)
              Lowercase  the current (or following) word.  With a negative ar-
              gument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
       capitalize-word (M-c)
              Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative ar-
              gument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
       overwrite-mode
              Toggle  overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argu-
              ment, switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive
              numeric argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects
              only emacs mode; vi mode does overwrite differently.  Each  call
              to readline() starts in insert mode.  In overwrite mode, charac-
              ters bound to self-insert replace the text at point rather  than
              pushing  the  text  to  the  right.   Characters  bound to back-
              ward-delete-char replace  the  character  before  point  with  a
              space.  By default, this command is unbound.

   Killing and Yanking
       kill-line (C-k)
              Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
       backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)
              Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
       unix-line-discard (C-u)
              Kill  backward  from  point  to  the beginning of the line.  The
              killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
       kill-whole-line
              Kill all characters on the current line, no matter  where  point
              is.
       kill-word (M-d)
              Kill  from  point  to the end of the current word, or if between
              words, to the end of the next word.   Word  boundaries  are  the
              same as those used by forward-word.
       backward-kill-word (M-Rubout)
              Kill  the  word  behind  point.  Word boundaries are the same as
              those used by backward-word.
       shell-kill-word
              Kill from point to the end of the current word,  or  if  between
              words,  to  the  end  of the next word.  Word boundaries are the
              same as those used by shell-forward-word.
       shell-backward-kill-word
              Kill the word behind point.  Word boundaries  are  the  same  as
              those used by shell-backward-word.
       unix-word-rubout (C-w)
              Kill  the  word behind point, using white space as a word bound-
              ary.  The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
       unix-filename-rubout
              Kill the word behind point, using  white  space  and  the  slash
              character  as  the word boundaries.  The killed text is saved on
              the kill-ring.
       delete-horizontal-space (M-\)
              Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
       kill-region
              Kill the text in the current region.
       copy-region-as-kill
              Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
       copy-backward-word
              Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.  The word  bound-
              aries are the same as backward-word.
       copy-forward-word
              Copy  the  word  following  point  to the kill buffer.  The word
              boundaries are the same as forward-word.
       yank (C-y)
              Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
       yank-pop (M-y)
              Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works  follow-
              ing yank or yank-pop.

   Numeric Arguments
       digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ..., M--)
              Add  this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a
              new argument.  M-- starts a negative argument.
       universal-argument
              This is another way to specify an argument.  If this command  is
              followed  by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
              sign, those digits define the argument.  If the command is  fol-
              lowed by digits, executing universal-argument again ends the nu-
              meric argument, but is otherwise ignored.  As a special case, if
              this command is immediately followed by a character that is nei-
              ther a digit nor minus sign, the argument  count  for  the  next
              command  is multiplied by four.  The argument count is initially
              one, so executing this function the first time makes  the  argu-
              ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
              and so on.

   Completing
       complete (TAB)
              Attempt to perform completion on the text  before  point.   Bash
              attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
              begins with $), username (if the text begins with  ~),  hostname
              (if  the  text begins with @), or command (including aliases and
              functions) in turn.  If none of these produces a match, filename
              completion is attempted.
       possible-completions (M-?)
              List the possible completions of the text before point.
       insert-completions (M-*)
              Insert  all completions of the text before point that would have
              been generated by possible-completions.
       menu-complete
              Similar to complete, but replaces the word to be completed  with
              a  single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeated
              execution of menu-complete steps through the  list  of  possible
              completions,  inserting  each  match in turn.  At the end of the
              list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
              bell-style) and the original text is restored.  An argument of n
              moves n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative ar-
              gument may be used to move backward through the list.  This com-
              mand is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound by default.
       menu-complete-backward
              Identical to menu-complete, but moves backward through the  list
              of  possible  completions,  as if menu-complete had been given a
              negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
       delete-char-or-list
              Deletes the character under the cursor if not at  the  beginning
              or  end  of  the  line (like delete-char).  If at the end of the
              line, behaves identically to possible-completions.  This command
              is unbound by default.
       complete-filename (M-/)
              Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
       possible-filename-completions (C-x /)
              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
              it as a filename.
       complete-username (M-~)
              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
              username.
       possible-username-completions (C-x ~)
              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
              it as a username.
       complete-variable (M-$)
              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
              shell variable.
       possible-variable-completions (C-x $)
              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
              it as a shell variable.
       complete-hostname (M-@)
              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
              hostname.
       possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)
              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
              it as a hostname.
       complete-command (M-!)
              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
              command  name.   Command  completion  attempts to match the text
              against  aliases,  reserved  words,   shell   functions,   shell
              builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
       possible-command-completions (C-x !)
              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
              it as a command name.
       dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)
              Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the  text
              against  lines  from  the  history  list for possible completion
              matches.
       dabbrev-expand
              Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing  the
              text against lines from the history list for possible completion
              matches.
       complete-into-braces (M-{)
              Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
              pletions  enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
              shell (see Brace Expansion above).

   Keyboard Macros
       start-kbd-macro (C-x ()
              Begin saving the characters  typed  into  the  current  keyboard
              macro.
       end-kbd-macro (C-x ))
              Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
              and store the definition.
       call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)
              Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the  char-
              acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
       print-last-kbd-macro ()
              Print  the  last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for
              the inputrc file.

   Miscellaneous
       re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)
              Read in the contents of the inputrc file,  and  incorporate  any
              bindings or variable assignments found there.
       abort (C-g)
              Abort  the  current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
              (subject to the setting of bell-style).
       do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-x, ...)
              If the metafied character x is uppercase, run the  command  that
              is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character.  The
              behavior is undefined if x is already lowercase.
       prefix-meta (ESC)
              Metafy the next character typed.  ESC f is equivalent to Meta-f.
       undo (C-_, C-x C-u)
              Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
       revert-line (M-r)
              Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing  the
              undo  command  enough  times  to  return the line to its initial
              state.
       tilde-expand (M-&)
              Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
       set-mark (C-@, M-<space>)
              Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument  is  supplied,
              the mark is set to that position.
       exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
              Swap  the  point  with the mark.  The current cursor position is
              set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is  saved
              as the mark.
       character-search (C-])
              A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
              that character.  A negative count searches for  previous  occur-
              rences.
       character-search-backward (M-C-])
              A  character  is  read and point is moved to the previous occur-
              rence of that character.  A negative count searches  for  subse-
              quent occurrences.
       skip-csi-sequence
              Read  enough  characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
              those defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences  begin
              with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
              sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing  such  sequences  will
              have  no  effect  unless explicitly bound to a readline command,
              instead of inserting stray characters into the  editing  buffer.
              This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
       insert-comment (M-#)
              Without  a  numeric  argument,  the  value  of the readline com-
              ment-begin variable is inserted at the beginning of the  current
              line.  If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
              toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the  line  do  not
              match  the value of comment-begin, the value is inserted, other-
              wise the characters in comment-begin are deleted from the begin-
              ning  of the line.  In either case, the line is accepted as if a
              newline had been typed.   The  default  value  of  comment-begin
              causes  this  command  to make the current line a shell comment.
              If a numeric argument causes the comment  character  to  be  re-
              moved, the line will be executed by the shell.
       glob-complete-word (M-g)
              The  word  before point is treated as a pattern for pathname ex-
              pansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern  is
              used  to generate a list of matching filenames for possible com-
              pletions.
       glob-expand-word (C-x *)
              The word before point is treated as a pattern for  pathname  ex-
              pansion, and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replac-
              ing the word.  If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is
              appended before pathname expansion.
       glob-list-expansions (C-x g)
              The  list  of  expansions  that  would  have  been  generated by
              glob-expand-word is displayed, and the line is  redrawn.   If  a
              numeric  argument  is  supplied,  an asterisk is appended before
              pathname expansion.
       dump-functions
              Print all of the functions and their key bindings to  the  read-
              line output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
              put is formatted in such a way that it can be made  part  of  an
              inputrc file.
       dump-variables
              Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to
              the readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is  supplied,
              the  output  is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
              of an inputrc file.
       dump-macros
              Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and  the
              strings  they  output.   If  a numeric argument is supplied, the
              output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
              inputrc file.
       display-shell-version (C-x C-v)
              Display version information about the current instance of bash.

   Programmable Completion
       When  word  completion  is  attempted  for an argument to a command for
       which a completion specification (a compspec) has  been  defined  using
       the  complete  builtin (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below), the program-
       mable completion facilities are invoked.

       First, the command name is identified.  If  the  command  word  is  the
       empty  string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line),
       any compspec defined with the -E option to  complete  is  used.   If  a
       compspec  has  been  defined  for that command, the compspec is used to
       generate the list of possible completions for the word.  If the command
       word  is  a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched
       for first.  If no compspec is found for the full pathname,  an  attempt
       is  made  to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
       If those searches do not result in a  compspec,  any  compspec  defined
       with  the -D option to complete is used as the default.  If there is no
       default compspec, bash attempts alias expansion on the command word  as
       a  final  resort,  and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
       from any successful expansion.

       Once a compspec has been found, it is used  to  generate  the  list  of
       matching  words.   If a compspec is not found, the default bash comple-
       tion as described above under Completing is performed.

       First, the actions specified by the compspec are  used.   Only  matches
       which  are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.  When the
       -f or -d option is used for filename or directory name completion,  the
       shell variable FIGNORE is used to filter the matches.

       Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the -G op-
       tion are generated next.  The words generated by the pattern  need  not
       match  the  word being completed.  The GLOBIGNORE shell variable is not
       used to filter the matches, but the FIGNORE variable is used.

       Next, the string specified as the argument to the -W option is  consid-
       ered.   The  string is first split using the characters in the IFS spe-
       cial variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored.  Each  word  is
       then  expanded  using  brace  expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
       variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,  as
       described above under EXPANSION.  The results are split using the rules
       described above under Word Splitting.  The results of the expansion are
       prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words
       become the possible completions.

       After these matches have been generated, any shell function or  command
       specified  with  the -F and -C options is invoked.  When the command or
       function is invoked, the COMP_LINE, COMP_POINT, COMP_KEY, and COMP_TYPE
       variables are assigned values as described above under Shell Variables.
       If a shell function is being invoked,  the  COMP_WORDS  and  COMP_CWORD
       variables  are  also set.  When the function or command is invoked, the
       first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose arguments are  be-
       ing  completed,  the  second argument ($2) is the word being completed,
       and the third argument ($3) is the word preceding the word  being  com-
       pleted on the current command line.  No filtering of the generated com-
       pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or
       command has complete freedom in generating the matches.

       Any  function specified with -F is invoked first.  The function may use
       any of the shell facilities, including the  compgen  builtin  described
       below,  to  generate the matches.  It must put the possible completions
       in the COMPREPLY array variable, one per array element.

       Next, any command specified with the -C option is invoked in  an  envi-
       ronment  equivalent to command substitution.  It should print a list of
       completions, one per line, to the standard output.   Backslash  may  be
       used to escape a newline, if necessary.

       After  all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
       fied with the -X option is applied to the list.  The filter is  a  pat-
       tern  as  used  for  pathname expansion; a & in the pattern is replaced
       with the text of the word being completed.  A literal & may be  escaped
       with  a  backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
       Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the  list.
       A leading ! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match-
       ing the pattern will be removed.  If the nocasematch  shell  option  is
       enabled,  the  match  is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
       betic characters.

       Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the -P and -S options are
       added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned
       to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions.

       If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and  the
       -o  dirnames  option was supplied to complete when the compspec was de-
       fined, directory name completion is attempted.

       If the -o plusdirs option was supplied to complete  when  the  compspec
       was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are
       added to the results of the other actions.

       By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates  is  returned
       to  the  completion  code as the full set of possible completions.  The
       default bash completions are not attempted, and the readline default of
       filename completion is disabled.  If the -o bashdefault option was sup-
       plied to complete when the compspec was defined, the bash default  com-
       pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.  If the -o
       default option was supplied to complete when the compspec was  defined,
       readline's  default  completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
       if attempted, the default bash completions) generate no matches.

       When a compspec indicates that directory name  completion  is  desired,
       the  programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
       to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject  to
       the  value of the mark-directories readline variable, regardless of the
       setting of the mark-symlinked-directories readline variable.

       There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.   This  is
       most  useful  when used in combination with a default completion speci-
       fied with complete -D.  It's possible for shell functions  executed  as
       completion  handlers  to  indicate that completion should be retried by
       returning an exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124,  and
       changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is
       being attempted (supplied as the first argument when  the  function  is
       executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
       attempt to find a new compspec for that command.  This allows a set  of
       completions  to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
       than being loaded all at once.

       For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each  kept
       in  a  file corresponding to the name of the command, the following de-
       fault completion function would load completions dynamically:

       _completion_loader()
       {
            . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
       }
       complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default


HISTORY
       When the -o history option to the set builtin  is  enabled,  the  shell
       provides access to the command history, the list of commands previously
       typed.  The value of the HISTSIZE variable is used  as  the  number  of
       commands to save in a history list.  The text of the last HISTSIZE com-
       mands (default 500) is saved.  The shell stores  each  command  in  the
       history  list  prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EXPANSION
       above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the  values
       of the shell variables HISTIGNORE and HISTCONTROL.

       On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari-
       able HISTFILE (default ~/.bash_history).  The file named by  the  value
       of  HISTFILE  is  truncated,  if necessary, to contain no more than the
       number of lines specified by the value of HISTFILESIZE.   If  HISTFILE-
       SIZE  is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value
       less than zero, the history file is not truncated.   When  the  history
       file  is  read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol-
       lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the fol-
       lowing history line.  These timestamps are optionally displayed depend-
       ing on the value of the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable.   When  a  shell  with
       history  enabled  exits,  the  last $HISTSIZE lines are copied from the
       history list to $HISTFILE.  If the histappend shell option  is  enabled
       (see  the description of shopt under SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below), the
       lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history  file  is
       overwritten.   If  HISTFILE  is  unset,  or  if the history file is un-
       writable, the history is not saved.  If the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable  is
       set,  time stamps are written to the history file, marked with the his-
       tory comment character, so they may be preserved across shell sessions.
       This  uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
       other history lines.  After saving the history,  the  history  file  is
       truncated  to contain no more than HISTFILESIZE lines.  If HISTFILESIZE
       is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value  less
       than zero, the history file is not truncated.

       The  builtin  command fc (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below) may be used
       to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list.  The his-
       tory  builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and ma-
       nipulate the history file.  When  using  command-line  editing,  search
       commands  are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
       history list.

       The shell allows control over which commands are saved on  the  history
       list.  The HISTCONTROL and HISTIGNORE variables may be set to cause the
       shell to save only a subset of the commands entered.  The cmdhist shell
       option,  if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
       multi-line command in the same history entry, adding  semicolons  where
       necessary  to preserve syntactic correctness.  The lithist shell option
       causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead  of
       semicolons.  See the description of the shopt builtin below under SHELL
       BUILTIN COMMANDS for information on setting  and  unsetting  shell  op-
       tions.

HISTORY EXPANSION
       The  shell  supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
       history expansion in csh.  This section describes what syntax  features
       are  available.   This  feature  is  enabled by default for interactive
       shells, and can be disabled using the +H option to the set builtin com-
       mand (see SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS below).  Non-interactive shells do not
       perform history expansion by default.

       History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
       stream,  making  it  easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
       previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
       commands quickly.

       History  expansion  is  performed  immediately after a complete line is
       read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed  on  each
       line  individually  without  taking  quoting on previous lines into ac-
       count.  It takes place in two parts.  The first is to  determine  which
       line  from  the history list to use during substitution.  The second is
       to select portions of that line for inclusion  into  the  current  one.
       The  line  selected  from the history is the event, and the portions of
       that line that are acted upon are words.  Various modifiers are  avail-
       able  to  manipulate the selected words.  The line is broken into words
       in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several  metacharac-
       ter-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word.  His-
       tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history  expan-
       sion  character,  which is ! by default.  Only backslash (\) and single
       quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the  history  ex-
       pansion  character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes
       the closing double quote in a double-quoted string.

       Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately  fol-
       lowing  the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
       tab, newline, carriage return, and =.  If the extglob shell  option  is
       enabled, ( will also inhibit expansion.

       Several  shell  options  settable with the shopt builtin may be used to
       tailor the behavior of history expansion.  If the histverify shell  op-
       tion  is  enabled (see the description of the shopt builtin below), and
       readline is being  used,  history  substitutions  are  not  immediately
       passed  to  the  shell  parser.  Instead, the expanded line is reloaded
       into the readline editing buffer for further modification.  If readline
       is  being  used,  and  the histreedit shell option is enabled, a failed
       history substitution will be reloaded into the readline editing  buffer
       for  correction.   The  -p option to the history builtin command may be
       used to see what a history expansion will do before using it.   The  -s
       option to the history builtin may be used to add commands to the end of
       the history list without actually executing  them,  so  that  they  are
       available for subsequent recall.

       The  shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
       expansion mechanism (see the description of histchars above under Shell
       Variables).   The shell uses the history comment character to mark his-
       tory timestamps when writing the history file.

   Event Designators
       An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the  his-
       tory  list.   Unless  the reference is absolute, events are relative to
       the current position in the history list.

       !      Start a history substitution, except when followed by  a  blank,
              newline,  carriage return, = or ( (when the extglob shell option
              is enabled using the shopt builtin).
       !n     Refer to command line n.
       !-n    Refer to the current command minus n.
       !!     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for `!-1'.
       !string
              Refer to the most recent command preceding the current  position
              in the history list starting with string.
       !?string[?]
              Refer  to the most recent command preceding the current position
              in the history list containing string.  The trailing  ?  may  be
              omitted  if  string  is  followed  immediately by a newline.  If
              string is missing, the string from the  most  recent  search  is
              used; it is an error if there is no previous search string.
       ^string1^string2^
              Quick  substitution.   Repeat  the  previous  command, replacing
              string1 with string2.  Equivalent  to  ``!!:s^string1^string2^''
              (see Modifiers below).
       !#     The entire command line typed so far.

   Word Designators
       Word  designators are used to select desired words from the event.  A :
       separates the event specification from the word designator.  It may  be
       omitted  if  the word designator begins with a ^, $, *, -, or %.  Words
       are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word  being
       denoted  by  0  (zero).  Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
       rated by single spaces.

       0 (zero)
              The zeroth word.  For the shell, this is the command word.
       n      The nth word.
       ^      The first argument.  That is, word 1.
       $      The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will  ex-
              pand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
       %      The  first word matched by the most recent `?string?' search, if
              the search string begins with a character  that  is  part  of  a
              word.
       x-y    A range of words; `-y' abbreviates `0-y'.
       *      All  of  the words but the zeroth.  This is a synonym for `1-$'.
              It is not an error to use * if there is just  one  word  in  the
              event; the empty string is returned in that case.
       x*     Abbreviates x-$.
       x-     Abbreviates x-$ like x*, but omits the last word.  If x is miss-
              ing, it defaults to 0.

       If a word designator is supplied without an  event  specification,  the
       previous command is used as the event.

   Modifiers
       After  the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one
       or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.  These mod-
       ify, or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.

       h      Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
       t      Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
       r      Remove a trailing suffix of the form .xxx, leaving the basename.
       e      Remove all but the trailing suffix.
       p      Print the new command but do not execute it.
       q      Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
       x      Quote  the  substituted words as with q, but break into words at
              blanks and newlines.  The q and x modifiers are mutually  exclu-
              sive; the last one supplied is used.
       s/old/new/
              Substitute  new  for  the  first  occurrence of old in the event
              line.  Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of /.
              The  final  delimiter is optional if it is the last character of
              the event line.  The delimiter may be quoted in old and new with
              a single backslash.  If & appears in new, it is replaced by old.
              A single backslash will quote the &.  If old is null, it is  set
              to  the last old substituted, or, if no previous history substi-
              tutions took place, the last string in  a  !?string[?]   search.
              If new is null, each matching old is deleted.
       &      Repeat the previous substitution.
       g      Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
              used in conjunction with `:s' (e.g.,  `:gs/old/new/')  or  `:&'.
              If  used with `:s', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
              the final delimiter is optional if it is the last  character  of
              the event line.  An a may be used as a synonym for g.
       G      Apply the following `s' or `&' modifier once to each word in the
              event line.

SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
       Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
       as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the
       options.  The :, true, false, and test/[ builtins do not accept options
       and  do  not treat -- specially.  The exit, logout, return, break, con-
       tinue, let, and shift builtins accept and process  arguments  beginning
       with  - without requiring --.  Other builtins that accept arguments but
       are not specified as accepting options  interpret  arguments  beginning
       with  -  as  invalid options and require -- to prevent this interpreta-
       tion.
       : [arguments]
              No effect; the command does nothing beyond  expanding  arguments
              and performing any specified redirections.  The return status is
              zero.

        .  filename [arguments]
       source filename [arguments]
              Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell en-
              vironment  and  return  the exit status of the last command exe-
              cuted from filename.  If filename  does  not  contain  a  slash,
              filenames  in  PATH  are  used  to find the directory containing
              filename.  The file searched for in PATH need not be executable.
              When  bash  is  not  in  posix  mode,  the  current directory is
              searched if no file is found in PATH.  If the sourcepath  option
              to  the  shopt  builtin  command  is turned off, the PATH is not
              searched.  If any arguments are supplied, they become the  posi-
              tional  parameters when filename is executed.  Otherwise the po-
              sitional parameters are unchanged.  If the -T option is enabled,
              source  inherits any trap on DEBUG; if it is not, any DEBUG trap
              string is saved and restored around  the  call  to  source,  and
              source  unsets  the  DEBUG trap while it executes.  If -T is not
              set, and the sourced file changes the DEBUG trap, the new  value
              is  retained  when  source  completes.  The return status is the
              status of the last command exited within the  script  (0  if  no
              commands  are  executed),  and false if filename is not found or
              cannot be read.

       alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]
              Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of
              aliases  in  the form alias name=value on standard output.  When
              arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name  whose
              value  is given.  A trailing space in value causes the next word
              to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
              For  each  name  in the argument list for which no value is sup-
              plied, the name and value of the alias is  printed.   Alias  re-
              turns  true  unless  a name is given for which no alias has been
              defined.

       bg [jobspec ...]
              Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background,  as  if  it
              had been started with &.  If jobspec is not present, the shell's
              notion of the current job is used.  bg jobspec returns 0  unless
              run  when  job control is disabled or, when run with job control
              enabled, any specified jobspec was  not  found  or  was  started
              without job control.

       bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSVX]
       bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
       bind [-m keymap] -f filename
       bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
       bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
       bind [-m keymap] keyseq:readline-command
              Display  current  readline key and function bindings, bind a key
              sequence to a readline function or  macro,  or  set  a  readline
              variable.  Each non-option argument is a command as it would ap-
              pear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must be passed  as
              a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.  Op-
              tions, if supplied, have the following meanings:
              -m keymap
                     Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
                     bindings.  Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-stan-
                     dard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx,  vi,  vi-move,  vi-command,
                     and  vi-insert.   vi is equivalent to vi-command (vi-move
                     is also a synonym); emacs is  equivalent  to  emacs-stan-
                     dard.
              -l     List the names of all readline functions.
              -p     Display  readline  function  names and bindings in such a
                     way that they can be re-read.
              -P     List current readline function names and bindings.
              -s     Display readline key sequences bound to  macros  and  the
                     strings  they  output  in such a way that they can be re-
                     read.
              -S     Display readline key sequences bound to  macros  and  the
                     strings they output.
              -v     Display  readline variable names and values in such a way
                     that they can be re-read.
              -V     List current readline variable names and values.
              -f filename
                     Read key bindings from filename.
              -q function
                     Query about which keys invoke the named function.
              -u function
                     Unbind all keys bound to the named function.
              -r keyseq
                     Remove any current binding for keyseq.
              -x keyseq:shell-command
                     Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is en-
                     tered.   When  shell-command  is executed, the shell sets
                     the READLINE_LINE variable to the contents of  the  read-
                     line line buffer and the READLINE_POINT and READLINE_MARK
                     variables to the current location of the insertion  point
                     and  the  saved insertion point (the mark), respectively.
                     If the executed command changes the value of any of READ-
                     LINE_LINE,  READLINE_POINT,  or  READLINE_MARK, those new
                     values will be reflected in the editing state.
              -X     List all key sequences bound to shell  commands  and  the
                     associated commands in a format that can be reused as in-
                     put.

              The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given  or
              an error occurred.

       break [n]
              Exit  from  within a for, while, until, or select loop.  If n is
              specified, break n levels.  n must be >= 1.   If  n  is  greater
              than  the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are ex-
              ited.  The return value is 0 unless n is  not  greater  than  or
              equal to 1.

       builtin shell-builtin [arguments]
              Execute  the  specified shell builtin, passing it arguments, and
              return its exit status.  This is useful when defining a function
              whose  name  is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
              tionality of the builtin within the function.  The cd builtin is
              commonly  redefined  this  way.   The  return status is false if
              shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command.

       caller [expr]
              Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
              tion or a script executed with the . or source builtins).  With-
              out expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of
              the  current subroutine call.  If a non-negative integer is sup-
              plied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name,
              and  source  file  corresponding to that position in the current
              execution call stack.  This extra information may be  used,  for
              example,  to print a stack trace.  The current frame is frame 0.
              The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing  a  sub-
              routine  call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in
              the call stack.

       cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]
              Change the current directory to dir.  if dir  is  not  supplied,
              the  value of the HOME shell variable is the default.  Any addi-
              tional arguments following dir are ignored.  The variable CDPATH
              defines  the  search path for the directory containing dir: each
              directory name in CDPATH is searched for dir.   Alternative  di-
              rectory  names  in  CDPATH are separated by a colon (:).  A null
              directory name in CDPATH is the same as the  current  directory,
              i.e., ``.''.  If dir begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not
              used.  The -P option causes cd to  use  the  physical  directory
              structure  by  resolving symbolic links while traversing dir and
              before processing instances of .. in dir (see also the -P option
              to the set builtin command); the -L option forces symbolic links
              to be followed by resolving the link after processing  instances
              of .. in dir.  If .. appears in dir, it is processed by removing
              the immediately previous pathname component from dir, back to  a
              slash  or  the  beginning  of dir.  If the -e option is supplied
              with -P, and the current working directory  cannot  be  success-
              fully  determined  after  a successful directory change, cd will
              return an unsuccessful status.  On systems that support it,  the
              -@  option  presents  the  extended attributes associated with a
              file as a directory.  An argument of - is converted  to  $OLDPWD
              before the directory change is attempted.  If a non-empty direc-
              tory name from CDPATH is used, or if - is  the  first  argument,
              and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of
              the new working directory is written  to  the  standard  output.
              The  return  value  is  true  if  the directory was successfully
              changed; false otherwise.

       command [-pVv] command [arg ...]
              Run command with args  suppressing  the  normal  shell  function
              lookup.  Only builtin commands or commands found in the PATH are
              executed.  If the -p option is given, the search for command  is
              performed  using  a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to
              find all of the standard utilities.  If either the -V or -v  op-
              tion  is  supplied, a description of command is printed.  The -v
              option causes a single word indicating the command  or  filename
              used to invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a
              more verbose description.  If the -V or -v option  is  supplied,
              the  exit  status  is  0 if command was found, and 1 if not.  If
              neither option is supplied and an error occurred or command can-
              not  be found, the exit status is 127.  Otherwise, the exit sta-
              tus of the command builtin is the exit status of command.

       compgen [option] [word]
              Generate possible completion matches for word according  to  the
              options,  which  may  be  any  option  accepted  by the complete
              builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write  the  matches
              to  the  standard  output.  When using the -F or -C options, the
              various shell variables set by the programmable  completion  fa-
              cilities, while available, will not have useful values.

              The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
              mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
              tion  specification  with the same flags.  If word is specified,
              only those completions matching word will be displayed.

              The return value is true unless an invalid option  is  supplied,
              or no matches were generated.

       complete  [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-DEI] [-A action] [-G glob-
       pat] [-W wordlist]
              [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix]  [-S  suf-
              fix] name [name ...]
       complete -pr [-DEI] [name ...]
              Specify  how arguments to each name should be completed.  If the
              -p option is supplied, or if no options are  supplied,  existing
              completion  specifications are printed in a way that allows them
              to be reused as input.  The -r option removes a completion spec-
              ification  for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all com-
              pletion specifications.  The -D option indicates that other sup-
              plied  options  and actions should apply to the ``default'' com-
              mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command  for
              which  no completion has previously been defined.  The -E option
              indicates that other supplied options and actions  should  apply
              to  ``empty''  command completion; that is, completion attempted
              on a blank line.  The -I option indicates  that  other  supplied
              options  and  actions  should apply to completion on the initial
              non-assignment word on the line, or after  a  command  delimiter
              such  as  ;  or |, which is usually command name completion.  If
              multiple options are supplied, the -D  option  takes  precedence
              over -E, and both take precedence over -I.  If any of -D, -E, or
              -I are supplied, any other name  arguments  are  ignored;  these
              completions only apply to the case specified by the option.

              The  process  of  applying  these completion specifications when
              word completion is attempted is described above  under  Program-
              mable Completion.

              Other  options,  if specified, have the following meanings.  The
              arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options (and, if necessary,  the
              -P  and -S options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
              sion before the complete builtin is invoked.
              -o comp-option
                      The comp-option controls several aspects  of  the  comp-
                      spec's  behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
                      tions.  comp-option may be one of:
                      bashdefault
                              Perform the rest of the default bash completions
                              if the compspec generates no matches.
                      default Use  readline's  default  filename completion if
                              the compspec generates no matches.
                      dirnames
                              Perform directory name completion if  the  comp-
                              spec generates no matches.
                      filenames
                              Tell  readline that the compspec generates file-
                              names, so it can perform  any  filename-specific
                              processing  (like  adding  a  slash to directory
                              names, quoting special characters, or  suppress-
                              ing  trailing spaces).  Intended to be used with
                              shell functions.
                      noquote Tell readline not to quote the  completed  words
                              if  they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
                              default).
                      nosort  Tell readline not to sort the list  of  possible
                              completions alphabetically.
                      nospace Tell  readline  not  to  append a space (the de-
                              fault) to words completed  at  the  end  of  the
                              line.
                      plusdirs
                              After  any  matches  defined by the compspec are
                              generated,  directory  name  completion  is  at-
                              tempted and any matches are added to the results
                              of the other actions.
              -A action
                      The action may be one of the  following  to  generate  a
                      list of possible completions:
                      alias   Alias names.  May also be specified as -a.
                      arrayvar
                              Array variable names.
                      binding Readline key binding names.
                      builtin Names  of  shell  builtin commands.  May also be
                              specified as -b.
                      command Command names.  May also be specified as -c.
                      directory
                              Directory names.  May also be specified as -d.
                      disabled
                              Names of disabled shell builtins.
                      enabled Names of enabled shell builtins.
                      export  Names of exported shell variables.  May also  be
                              specified as -e.
                      file    File names.  May also be specified as -f.
                      function
                              Names of shell functions.
                      group   Group names.  May also be specified as -g.
                      helptopic
                              Help topics as accepted by the help builtin.
                      hostname
                              Hostnames,  as  taken from the file specified by
                              the HOSTFILE shell variable.
                      job     Job names, if job control is active.   May  also
                              be specified as -j.
                      keyword Shell  reserved words.  May also be specified as
                              -k.
                      running Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
                      service Service names.  May also be specified as -s.
                      setopt  Valid arguments for the -o  option  to  the  set
                              builtin.
                      shopt   Shell  option  names  as  accepted  by the shopt
                              builtin.
                      signal  Signal names.
                      stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
                      user    User names.  May also be specified as -u.
                      variable
                              Names of all shell variables.  May also be spec-
                              ified as -v.
              -C command
                      command  is  executed in a subshell environment, and its
                      output is used as the possible completions.
              -F function
                      The shell function function is executed in  the  current
                      shell  environment.   When the function is executed, the
                      first argument ($1) is the name of the command whose ar-
                      guments are being completed, the second argument ($2) is
                      the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is
                      the  word preceding the word being completed on the cur-
                      rent command line.  When it finishes, the possible  com-
                      pletions  are  retrieved from the value of the COMPREPLY
                      array variable.
              -G globpat
                      The pathname expansion pattern globpat  is  expanded  to
                      generate the possible completions.
              -P prefix
                      prefix  is  added at the beginning of each possible com-
                      pletion after all other options have been applied.
              -S suffix
                      suffix is appended to each possible completion after all
                      other options have been applied.
              -W wordlist
                      The  wordlist  is  split using the characters in the IFS
                      special variable as delimiters, and each resultant  word
                      is  expanded.  Shell quoting is honored within wordlist,
                      in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
                      shell  metacharacters or characters in the value of IFS.
                      The possible completions are the members of  the  resul-
                      tant list which match the word being completed.
              -X filterpat
                      filterpat  is  a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
                      It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
                      ated  by  the  preceding options and arguments, and each
                      completion matching filterpat is removed from the  list.
                      A  leading  !  in filterpat negates the pattern; in this
                      case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed.

              The return value is true unless an invalid option  is  supplied,
              an  option  other than -p or -r is supplied without a name argu-
              ment, an attempt is made to remove  a  completion  specification
              for a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
              adding a completion specification.

       compopt [-o option] [-DEI] [+o option] [name]
              Modify completion options for each name  according  to  the  op-
              tions, or for the currently-executing completion if no names are
              supplied.  If no options are given, display the  completion  op-
              tions  for  each  name  or the current completion.  The possible
              values of option are those valid for the  complete  builtin  de-
              scribed  above.  The -D option indicates that other supplied op-
              tions should apply to the ``default'' command  completion;  that
              is,  completion  attempted  on a command for which no completion
              has previously been defined.  The -E option indicates that other
              supplied  options  should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
              that is, completion attempted on a blank line.   The  -I  option
              indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion
              on the initial non-assignment word on the line, or after a  com-
              mand  delimiter  such  as  ; or |, which is usually command name
              completion.

              The return value is true unless an invalid option  is  supplied,
              an attempt is made to modify the options for a name for which no
              completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.

       continue [n]
              Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until, or
              select  loop.   If  n  is specified, resume at the nth enclosing
              loop.  n must be >= 1.  If n is greater than the number  of  en-
              closing  loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop)
              is resumed.  The return value is 0 unless n is not greater  than
              or equal to 1.

       declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
       typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
              Declare  variables and/or give them attributes.  If no names are
              given then display the values of variables.  The -p option  will
              display the attributes and values of each name.  When -p is used
              with name arguments, additional options, other than -f  and  -F,
              are  ignored.   When  -p  is supplied without name arguments, it
              will display the attributes and values of all  variables  having
              the attributes specified by the additional options.  If no other
              options are supplied with  -p,  declare  will  display  the  at-
              tributes  and values of all shell variables.  The -f option will
              restrict the display to shell functions.  The -F option inhibits
              the  display of function definitions; only the function name and
              attributes are printed.  If the extdebug shell option is enabled
              using  shopt,  the  source  file name and line number where each
              name is defined are displayed as well.  The  -F  option  implies
              -f.  The -g option forces variables to be created or modified at
              the global scope, even when declare is executed in a shell func-
              tion.   It  is ignored in all other cases.  The -I option causes
              local variables to inherit the attributes  (except  the  nameref
              attribute) and value of any existing variable with the same name
              at a surrounding scope.  If there is no existing  variable,  the
              local variable is initially unset.  The following options can be
              used to restrict output to variables with the  specified  attri-
              bute or to give variables attributes:
              -a     Each  name  is  an  indexed  array  variable  (see Arrays
                     above).
              -A     Each name is an associative array  variable  (see  Arrays
                     above).
              -f     Use function names only.
              -i     The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
                     tion (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION above) is performed  when
                     the variable is assigned a value.
              -l     When  the  variable  is  assigned a value, all upper-case
                     characters are converted to lower-case.   The  upper-case
                     attribute is disabled.
              -n     Give  each  name  the nameref attribute, making it a name
                     reference to another variable.  That  other  variable  is
                     defined  by  the  value of name.  All references, assign-
                     ments, and attribute modifications to name, except  those
                     using  or changing the -n attribute itself, are performed
                     on the variable referenced by name's value.  The  nameref
                     attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
              -r     Make names readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned
                     values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
              -t     Give each name the trace attribute.  Traced functions in-
                     herit  the DEBUG and RETURN traps from the calling shell.
                     The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
              -u     When the variable is assigned  a  value,  all  lower-case
                     characters  are  converted to upper-case.  The lower-case
                     attribute is disabled.
              -x     Mark names for export to subsequent commands via the  en-
                     vironment.

              Using  `+'  instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
              the exceptions that +a and +A may not be used to  destroy  array
              variables  and  +r will not remove the readonly attribute.  When
              used in a function, declare and typeset make each name local, as
              with  the local command, unless the -g option is supplied.  If a
              variable name is followed by =value, the value of  the  variable
              is  set  to value.  When using -a or -A and the compound assign-
              ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes  do
              not  take effect until subsequent assignments.  The return value
              is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made
              to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
              assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to as-
              sign a value to an array variable without using the compound as-
              signment syntax (see Arrays above), one of the names  is  not  a
              valid  shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
              only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to  turn
              off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
              display a non-existent function with -f.

       dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n]
              Without options, displays the list of currently  remembered  di-
              rectories.   The default display is on a single line with direc-
              tory names separated by spaces.  Directories are  added  to  the
              list  with  the  pushd command; the popd command removes entries
              from the list.  The current directory is always the first direc-
              tory in the stack.
              -c     Clears  the  directory  stack  by deleting all of the en-
                     tries.
              -l     Produces a listing  using  full  pathnames;  the  default
                     listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
              -p     Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
              -v     Print  the  directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
                     fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
              +n     Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list
                     shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with
                     zero.
              -n     Displays the nth entry counting from  the  right  of  the
                     list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting
                     with zero.

              The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or  n
              indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.

       disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ... | pid ... ]
              Without  options,  remove  each jobspec from the table of active
              jobs.  If jobspec is not present, and neither the -a nor the  -r
              option  is  supplied, the current job is used.  If the -h option
              is given, each jobspec is not removed from  the  table,  but  is
              marked  so  that  SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell re-
              ceives a SIGHUP.  If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option means
              to  remove or mark all jobs; the -r option without a jobspec ar-
              gument restricts operation to running jobs.  The return value is
              0 unless a jobspec does not specify a valid job.

       echo [-neE] [arg ...]
              Output  the  args,  separated  by spaces, followed by a newline.
              The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.   If  -n  is
              specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.  If the -e option
              is given,  interpretation  of  the  following  backslash-escaped
              characters  is  enabled.  The -E option disables the interpreta-
              tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they  are
              interpreted  by  default.  The xpg_echo shell option may be used
              to dynamically determine whether or not echo expands  these  es-
              cape  characters by default.  echo does not interpret -- to mean
              the end of options.  echo interprets the  following  escape  se-
              quences:
              \a     alert (bell)
              \b     backspace
              \c     suppress further output
              \e
              \E     an escape character
              \f     form feed
              \n     new line
              \r     carriage return
              \t     horizontal tab
              \v     vertical tab
              \\     backslash
              \0nnn  the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
                     nnn (zero to three octal digits)
              \xHH   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
                     value HH (one or two hex digits)
              \uHHHH the  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
                     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
              \UHHHHHHHH
                     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
                     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)

       enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]
              Enable  and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a builtin
              allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
              to  be  executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
              the shell normally searches for builtins before  disk  commands.
              If  -n  is used, each name is disabled; otherwise, names are en-
              abled.  For example, to use the test binary found via  the  PATH
              instead  of  the  shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
              The -f option means to load the new builtin  command  name  from
              shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading.
              The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded  with  -f.
              If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied,
              a list of shell builtins is printed.  With no other option argu-
              ments,  the  list consists of all enabled shell builtins.  If -n
              is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed.  If -a is  sup-
              plied,  the  list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
              tion of whether or not each is enabled.  If -s is supplied,  the
              output  is restricted to the POSIX special builtins.  The return
              value is 0 unless a name is not a shell builtin or there  is  an
              error loading a new builtin from a shared object.

       eval [arg ...]
              The  args  are read and concatenated together into a single com-
              mand.  This command is then read and executed by the shell,  and
              its  exit status is returned as the value of eval.  If there are
              no args, or only null arguments, eval returns 0.

       exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]]
              If command is specified, it replaces the shell.  No new  process
              is  created.  The arguments become the arguments to command.  If
              the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
              ning of the zeroth argument passed to command.  This is what lo-
              gin(1) does.  The -c option causes command to be  executed  with
              an  empty environment.  If -a is supplied, the shell passes name
              as the zeroth argument to the executed command.  If command can-
              not  be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
              unless the execfail shell option is enabled.  In that  case,  it
              returns  failure.   An  interactive shell returns failure if the
              file cannot be executed.  A subshell  exits  unconditionally  if
              exec  fails.  If command is not specified, any redirections take
              effect in the current shell, and the return  status  is  0.   If
              there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.

       exit [n]
              Cause  the  shell  to exit with a status of n.  If n is omitted,
              the exit status is that of the last command executed.  A trap on
              EXIT is executed before the shell terminates.

       export [-fn] [name[=word]] ...
       export -p
              The  supplied names are marked for automatic export to the envi-
              ronment of subsequently executed commands.  If the -f option  is
              given,  the names refer to functions.  If no names are given, or
              if the -p option is supplied, a list of names  of  all  exported
              variables  is printed.  The -n option causes the export property
              to be removed from each name.  If a variable name is followed by
              =word, the value of the variable is set to word.  export returns
              an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
              of  the  names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is sup-
              plied with a name that is not a function.

       fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last]
       fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd]
              The first form selects a range of commands from  first  to  last
              from  the  history  list  and  displays or edits and re-executes
              them.  First and last may be specified as a  string  (to  locate
              the  last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
              index into the history list, where a negative number is used  as
              an  offset  from  the  current command number).  When listing, a
              first or last of 0 is equivalent to -1 and -0 is  equivalent  to
              the  current  command  (usually  the fc command); otherwise 0 is
              equivalent to -1 and -0 is invalid.  If last is  not  specified,
              it  is  set  to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l
              -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to first  otherwise.   If
              first  is  not  specified, it is set to the previous command for
              editing and -16 for listing.

              The -n option suppresses the command numbers when listing.   The
              -r  option reverses the order of the commands.  If the -l option
              is given, the commands are listed on  standard  output.   Other-
              wise,  the editor given by ename is invoked on a file containing
              those commands.  If ename is not given, the value of the  FCEDIT
              variable  is used, and the value of EDITOR if FCEDIT is not set.
              If neither variable is set, vi is used.  When  editing  is  com-
              plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.

              In  the  second form, command is re-executed after each instance
              of pat is replaced by rep.  Command is interpreted the  same  as
              first  above.  A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
              so that typing ``r cc'' runs the  last  command  beginning  with
              ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command.

              If  the  first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an in-
              valid option is encountered or first  or  last  specify  history
              lines  out  of  range.  If the -e option is supplied, the return
              value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
              error occurs with the temporary file of commands.  If the second
              form is used, the return status is that of the  command  re-exe-
              cuted,  unless  cmd  does  not  specify a valid history line, in
              which case fc returns failure.

       fg [jobspec]
              Resume jobspec in the foreground, and make it the  current  job.
              If jobspec is not present, the shell's notion of the current job
              is used.  The return value is that of the  command  placed  into
              the  foreground,  or failure if run when job control is disabled
              or, when run with job control enabled, if jobspec does not spec-
              ify  a  valid  job  or  jobspec specifies a job that was started
              without job control.

       getopts optstring name [arg ...]
              getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional  parame-
              ters.   optstring  contains  the  option characters to be recog-
              nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is  ex-
              pected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by
              white space.  The colon and question mark characters may not  be
              used  as  option  characters.   Each time it is invoked, getopts
              places the next option in the shell variable name,  initializing
              name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
              be processed into the variable OPTIND.  OPTIND is initialized to
              1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked.  When an op-
              tion requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the
              variable OPTARG.  The shell does not reset OPTIND automatically;
              it must be manually reset  between  multiple  calls  to  getopts
              within  the  same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is
              to be used.

              When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a re-
              turn value greater than zero.  OPTIND is set to the index of the
              first non-option argument, and name is set to ?.

              getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but  if  more
              arguments  are  supplied as arg values, getopts parses those in-
              stead.

              getopts can report errors in two ways.  If the  first  character
              of  optstring  is  a  colon, silent error reporting is used.  In
              normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed  when  invalid
              options  or  missing  option  arguments are encountered.  If the
              variable OPTERR is set to 0, no  error  messages  will  be  dis-
              played, even if the first character of optstring is not a colon.

              If an invalid option is seen, getopts places ? into name and, if
              not silent, prints an  error  message  and  unsets  OPTARG.   If
              getopts  is  silent, the option character found is placed in OP-
              TARG and no diagnostic message is printed.

              If a required argument is not found, and getopts is not  silent,
              a  question  mark  (?) is placed in name, OPTARG is unset, and a
              diagnostic message is printed.  If getopts  is  silent,  then  a
              colon  (:)  is  placed  in  name and OPTARG is set to the option
              character found.

              getopts returns true if an option, specified or unspecified,  is
              found.  It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
              an error occurs.

       hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
              Each time hash is invoked, the full pathname of the command name
              is  determined  by searching the directories in $PATH and remem-
              bered.  Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.  If the
              -p option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename
              is used as the full filename of  the  command.   The  -r  option
              causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.  The -d op-
              tion causes the shell to forget the remembered location of  each
              name.   If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which
              each name corresponds is printed.  If  multiple  name  arguments
              are supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed full
              pathname.  The -l option causes output to be displayed in a for-
              mat  that may be reused as input.  If no arguments are given, or
              if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is
              printed.   The  return status is true unless a name is not found
              or an invalid option is supplied.

       help [-dms] [pattern]
              Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If  pattern
              is  specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching
              pattern; otherwise help for all the builtins and  shell  control
              structures is printed.
              -d     Display a short description of each pattern
              -m     Display the description of each pattern in a manpage-like
                     format
              -s     Display only a short usage synopsis for each pattern

              The return status is 0 unless no command matches pattern.

       history [n]
       history -c
       history -d offset
       history -d start-end
       history -anrw [filename]
       history -p arg [arg ...]
       history -s arg [arg ...]
              With no options, display the command history list with line num-
              bers.  Lines listed with a * have been modified.  An argument of
              n lists only the last n lines.  If the shell variable  HISTTIME-
              FORMAT  is  set  and not null, it is used as a format string for
              strftime(3) to display the time stamp associated with each  dis-
              played  history  entry.  No intervening blank is printed between
              the formatted time stamp and the history line.  If  filename  is
              supplied,  it  is  used as the name of the history file; if not,
              the value of HISTFILE is used.  Options, if supplied,  have  the
              following meanings:
              -c     Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
              -d offset
                     Delete  the  history entry at position offset.  If offset
                     is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
                     than the last history position, so negative indices count
                     back from the end of the history,  and  an  index  of  -1
                     refers to the current history -d command.
              -d start-end
                     Delete  the  history  entries between positions start and
                     end, inclusive.  Positive and negative values  for  start
                     and end are interpreted as described above.
              -a     Append  the  ``new''  history  lines to the history file.
                     These are history lines entered since  the  beginning  of
                     the current bash session, but not already appended to the
                     history file.
              -n     Read the history lines not already read from the  history
                     file  into the current history list.  These are lines ap-
                     pended to the history file since  the  beginning  of  the
                     current bash session.
              -r     Read  the contents of the history file and append them to
                     the current history list.
              -w     Write the current history list to the history file, over-
                     writing the history file's contents.
              -p     Perform  history  substitution  on the following args and
                     display the result on  the  standard  output.   Does  not
                     store  the results in the history list.  Each arg must be
                     quoted to disable normal history expansion.
              -s     Store the args in the history list  as  a  single  entry.
                     The  last  command  in the history list is removed before
                     the args are added.

              If the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set, the time  stamp  informa-
              tion  associated  with each history entry is written to the his-
              tory file, marked with the history comment character.  When  the
              history  file  is read, lines beginning with the history comment
              character followed immediately by a  digit  are  interpreted  as
              timestamps for the following history entry.  The return value is
              0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
              reading  or  writing the history file, an invalid offset is sup-
              plied as an argument to -d, or the history expansion supplied as
              an argument to -p fails.

       jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ]
       jobs -x command [ args ... ]
              The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the fol-
              lowing meanings:
              -l     List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
              -n     Display information only about  jobs  that  have  changed
                     status since the user was last notified of their status.
              -p     List  only  the  process  ID  of  the job's process group
                     leader.
              -r     Display only running jobs.
              -s     Display only stopped jobs.

              If jobspec is given, output is restricted to  information  about
              that  job.   The  return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
              encountered or an invalid jobspec is supplied.

              If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any jobspec found in
              command or args with the corresponding process group ID, and ex-
              ecutes command passing it args, returning its exit status.

       kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ...
       kill -l|-L [sigspec | exit_status]
              Send the signal named by sigspec  or  signum  to  the  processes
              named  by  pid or jobspec.  sigspec is either a case-insensitive
              signal name such as SIGKILL (with or without the SIG prefix)  or
              a  signal  number; signum is a signal number.  If sigspec is not
              present, then SIGTERM is assumed.  An argument of -l  lists  the
              signal  names.   If any arguments are supplied when -l is given,
              the names of the signals  corresponding  to  the  arguments  are
              listed, and the return status is 0.  The exit_status argument to
              -l is a number specifying either a signal  number  or  the  exit
              status  of  a  process terminated by a signal.  The -L option is
              equivalent to -l.  kill returns true if at least one signal  was
              successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid op-
              tion is encountered.

       let arg [arg ...]
              Each arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see ARITH-
              METIC  EVALUATION  above).   If the last arg evaluates to 0, let
              returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.

       local [option] [name[=value] ... | - ]
              For each argument, a local variable named name is  created,  and
              assigned  value.   The option can be any of the options accepted
              by declare.  When local is used within a function, it causes the
              variable  name  to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
              tion and its children.  If name is -, the set of  shell  options
              is  made  local to the function in which local is invoked: shell
              options changed using the set builtin inside  the  function  are
              restored  to  their  original  values when the function returns.
              With no operands, local writes a list of local variables to  the
              standard  output.  It is an error to use local when not within a
              function.  The return status is 0 unless local is used outside a
              function,  an  invalid  name  is supplied, or name is a readonly
              variable.

       logout Exit a login shell.

       mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u  fd]  [-C
       callback] [-c quantum] [array]
       readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C
       callback] [-c quantum] [array]
              Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array  vari-
              able  array, or from file descriptor fd if the -u option is sup-
              plied.  The variable MAPFILE is the default array.  Options,  if
              supplied, have the following meanings:
              -d     The  first  character  of delim is used to terminate each
                     input line, rather than newline.  If delim is  the  empty
                     string, mapfile will terminate a line when it reads a NUL
                     character.
              -n     Copy at most count lines.  If count is 0, all  lines  are
                     copied.
              -O     Begin  assigning  to  array at index origin.  The default
                     index is 0.
              -s     Discard the first count lines read.
              -t     Remove a trailing delim (default newline) from each  line
                     read.
              -u     Read  lines  from file descriptor fd instead of the stan-
                     dard input.
              -C     Evaluate callback each time quantum lines are read.   The
                     -c option specifies quantum.
              -c     Specify  the  number  of  lines read between each call to
                     callback.

              If -C is specified without -c,  the  default  quantum  is  5000.
              When callback is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
              array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
              element  as  additional  arguments.  callback is evaluated after
              the line is read but before the array element is assigned.

              If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear  ar-
              ray before assigning to it.

              mapfile  returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
              argument is supplied, array is invalid or  unassignable,  or  if
              array is not an indexed array.

       popd [-n] [+n] [-n]
              Removes  entries  from  the directory stack.  With no arguments,
              removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a  cd  to
              the new top directory.  Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
              ing meanings:
              -n     Suppresses the normal change of directory  when  removing
                     directories from the stack, so that only the stack is ma-
                     nipulated.
              +n     Removes the nth entry counting from the left of the  list
                     shown  by  dirs, starting with zero.  For example: ``popd
                     +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
              -n     Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list
                     shown  by  dirs, starting with zero.  For example: ``popd
                     -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next  to
                     last.

              If  the popd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well,
              and the return status is 0.  popd returns false  if  an  invalid
              option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
              tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
              fails.

       printf [-v var] format [arguments]
              Write  the  formatted arguments to the standard output under the
              control of the format.  The -v option causes the  output  to  be
              assigned  to  the  variable var rather than being printed to the
              standard output.

              The format is a character string which contains three  types  of
              objects:  plain  characters, which are simply copied to standard
              output, character escape  sequences,  which  are  converted  and
              copied  to  the standard output, and format specifications, each
              of which causes printing of the next  successive  argument.   In
              addition to the standard printf(1) format specifications, printf
              interprets the following extensions:
              %b     causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the
                     corresponding argument in the same way as echo -e.
              %q     causes  printf  to output the corresponding argument in a
                     format that can be reused as shell input.
              %(datefmt)T
                     causes printf to output the  date-time  string  resulting
                     from  using  datefmt  as a format string for strftime(3).
                     The corresponding argument is an integer representing the
                     number  of seconds since the epoch.  Two special argument
                     values may be used: -1 represents the current  time,  and
                     -2  represents the time the shell was invoked.  If no ar-
                     gument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been
                     given.   This  is an exception to the usual printf behav-
                     ior.

              The %b, %q, and %T directives all use the field width and preci-
              sion arguments from the format specification and write that many
              bytes from (or use that wide a field for) the expanded argument,
              which usually contains more characters than the original.

              Arguments  to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
              stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
              if  the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
              is the ASCII value of the following character.

              The format is reused as necessary to consume all  of  the  argu-
              ments.  If the format requires more arguments than are supplied,
              the extra format specifications behave as if  a  zero  value  or
              null  string,  as  appropriate,  had  been supplied.  The return
              value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.

       pushd [-n] [+n] [-n]
       pushd [-n] [dir]
              Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack,  or  rotates
              the  stack,  making the new top of the stack the current working
              directory.  With no arguments, pushd exchanges the top  two  di-
              rectories  and  returns  0, unless the directory stack is empty.
              Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
              -n     Suppresses the normal change of directory  when  rotating
                     or  adding  directories  to  the  stack, so that only the
                     stack is manipulated.
              +n     Rotates the stack so that  the  nth  directory  (counting
                     from  the  left  of the list shown by dirs, starting with
                     zero) is at the top.
              -n     Rotates the stack so that  the  nth  directory  (counting
                     from  the  right of the list shown by dirs, starting with
                     zero) is at the top.
              dir    Adds dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the
                     new  current working directory as if it had been supplied
                     as the argument to the cd builtin.

              If the pushd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well.
              If  the first form is used, pushd returns 0 unless the cd to dir
              fails.  With the second form, pushd returns 0 unless the  direc-
              tory  stack  is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
              specified, or the directory change to the specified new  current
              directory fails.

       pwd [-LP]
              Print  the  absolute  pathname of the current working directory.
              The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P option
              is supplied or the -o physical option to the set builtin command
              is enabled.  If the -L option is used, the pathname printed  may
              contain  symbolic links.  The return status is 0 unless an error
              occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an in-
              valid option is supplied.

       read [-ers] [-a aname] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p
       prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]
              One line is read from the standard input, or from the  file  de-
              scriptor fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, split into
              words as described above under Word  Splitting,  and  the  first
              word  is assigned to the first name, the second word to the sec-
              ond name, and so on.  If there are more words  than  names,  the
              remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
              the last name.  If there are fewer words  read  from  the  input
              stream  than  names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
              ues.  The characters in IFS are used  to  split  the  line  into
              words  using  the  same  rules the shell uses for expansion (de-
              scribed above under Word Splitting).   The  backslash  character
              (\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char-
              acter read and for line  continuation.   Options,  if  supplied,
              have the following meanings:
              -a aname
                     The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
                     variable aname, starting at 0.  aname is unset before any
                     new  values  are  assigned.  Other name arguments are ig-
                     nored.
              -d delim
                     The first character of delim is used to terminate the in-
                     put  line,  rather  than  newline.  If delim is the empty
                     string, read will terminate a line when it  reads  a  NUL
                     character.
              -e     If the standard input is coming from a terminal, readline
                     (see READLINE above) is used to obtain the  line.   Read-
                     line  uses  the  current (or default, if line editing was
                     not previously active) editing settings, but  uses  Read-
                     line's default filename completion.
              -i text
                     If  readline  is  being  used  to  read the line, text is
                     placed into the editing buffer before editing begins.
              -n nchars
                     read returns after reading nchars characters rather  than
                     waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim-
                     iter if fewer than nchars characters are read before  the
                     delimiter.
              -N nchars
                     read  returns  after  reading  exactly  nchars characters
                     rather than waiting for a complete line of input,  unless
                     EOF  is encountered or read times out.  Delimiter charac-
                     ters encountered in the input are not  treated  specially
                     and  do  not cause read to return until nchars characters
                     are read.  The result is not split on the  characters  in
                     IFS;  the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly
                     the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see
                     the -r option below).
              -p prompt
                     Display prompt on standard error, without a trailing new-
                     line, before attempting to read any input.  The prompt is
                     displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
              -r     Backslash does not act as an escape character.  The back-
                     slash is considered to be part of the line.  In  particu-
                     lar,  a  backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
                     line continuation.
              -s     Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
                     ters are not echoed.
              -t timeout
                     Cause  read  to time out and return failure if a complete
                     line of input (or a specified number  of  characters)  is
                     not  read within timeout seconds.  timeout may be a deci-
                     mal number with a fractional portion following the  deci-
                     mal  point.   This  option  is  only effective if read is
                     reading input from a terminal,  pipe,  or  other  special
                     file;  it  has no effect when reading from regular files.
                     If read times out, read saves any partial input read into
                     the  specified  variable name.  If timeout is 0, read re-
                     turns immediately, without trying to read any data.   The
                     exit  status  is 0 if input is available on the specified
                     file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.  The exit status  is
                     greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
              -u fd  Read input from file descriptor fd.

              If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
              able REPLY.  The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is  en-
              countered,  read  times out (in which case the status is greater
              than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning  to  a
              readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is sup-
              plied as the argument to -u.

       readonly [-aAf] [-p] [name[=word] ...]
              The given names are marked readonly; the values of  these  names
              may  not  be changed by subsequent assignment.  If the -f option
              is supplied, the functions corresponding to  the  names  are  so
              marked.   The  -a  option restricts the variables to indexed ar-
              rays; the -A option restricts the variables to  associative  ar-
              rays.  If both options are supplied, -A takes precedence.  If no
              name arguments are given, or if the -p  option  is  supplied,  a
              list of all readonly names is printed.  The other options may be
              used to restrict the output to a subset of the set  of  readonly
              names.   The -p option causes output to be displayed in a format
              that may be reused as input.  If a variable name is followed  by
              =word,  the  value  of  the variable is set to word.  The return
              status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of  the
              names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is supplied with
              a name that is not a function.

       return [n]
              Causes a function to stop executing and return the value  speci-
              fied  by n to its caller.  If n is omitted, the return status is
              that of the last command executed in the function body.  If  re-
              turn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to de-
              termine the status is the last command executed before the  trap
              handler.   If  return  is executed during a DEBUG trap, the last
              command used to determine the status is the  last  command  exe-
              cuted  by the trap handler before return was invoked.  If return
              is used outside a function, but during execution of a script  by
              the  .   (source) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
              that script and return either n or the exit status of  the  last
              command  executed  within  the  script as the exit status of the
              script.  If n is supplied, the return value is its least signif-
              icant  8  bits.  The return status is non-zero if return is sup-
              plied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function  and
              not  during  execution  of a script by . or source.  Any command
              associated with the RETURN trap is executed before execution re-
              sumes after the function or script.

       set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o option-name] [arg ...]
       set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o option-name] [arg ...]
              Without  options,  the name and value of each shell variable are
              displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
              resetting the currently-set variables.  Read-only variables can-
              not be reset.  In posix mode, only shell variables  are  listed.
              The  output is sorted according to the current locale.  When op-
              tions are specified, they set or unset  shell  attributes.   Any
              arguments  remaining after option processing are treated as val-
              ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
              $1,  $2,  ...   $n.   Options,  if specified, have the following
              meanings:
              -a      Each variable or function that is created or modified is
                      given  the export attribute and marked for export to the
                      environment of subsequent commands.
              -b      Report the status of terminated background jobs  immedi-
                      ately, rather than before the next primary prompt.  This
                      is effective only when job control is enabled.
              -e      Exit immediately if a pipeline (which may consist  of  a
                      single  simple  command),  a list, or a compound command
                      (see SHELL GRAMMAR above), exits with a non-zero status.
                      The  shell  does  not  exit if the command that fails is
                      part of the command list immediately following  a  while
                      or  until  keyword, part of the test following the if or
                      elif reserved words, part of any command executed  in  a
                      &&  or || list except the command following the final &&
                      or ||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
                      command's  return  value is being inverted with !.  If a
                      compound command other than a subshell  returns  a  non-
                      zero  status because a command failed while -e was being
                      ignored, the shell does not exit.  A  trap  on  ERR,  if
                      set,  is  executed  before the shell exits.  This option
                      applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
                      ronment  separately  (see  COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT
                      above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
                      all the commands in the subshell.

                      If  a  compound  command or shell function executes in a
                      context where -e is being ignored, none of the  commands
                      executed  within  the  compound command or function body
                      will be affected by the -e setting, even if  -e  is  set
                      and  a  command returns a failure status.  If a compound
                      command or shell function sets -e while executing  in  a
                      context  where -e is ignored, that setting will not have
                      any effect until the compound  command  or  the  command
                      containing the function call completes.
              -f      Disable pathname expansion.
              -h      Remember  the location of commands as they are looked up
                      for execution.  This is enabled by default.
              -k      All arguments in the form of assignment  statements  are
                      placed  in the environment for a command, not just those
                      that precede the command name.
              -m      Monitor mode.  Job control is enabled.  This  option  is
                      on  by  default  for  interactive shells on systems that
                      support it (see JOB CONTROL above).  All  processes  run
                      in a separate process group.  When a background job com-
                      pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta-
                      tus.
              -n      Read commands but do not execute them.  This may be used
                      to check a shell script for syntax errors.  This is  ig-
                      nored by interactive shells.
              -o option-name
                      The option-name can be one of the following:
                      allexport
                              Same as -a.
                      braceexpand
                              Same as -B.
                      emacs   Use  an  emacs-style command line editing inter-
                              face.  This is enabled by default when the shell
                              is interactive, unless the shell is started with
                              the --noediting option.  This also  affects  the
                              editing interface used for read -e.
                      errexit Same as -e.
                      errtrace
                              Same as -E.
                      functrace
                              Same as -T.
                      hashall Same as -h.
                      histexpand
                              Same as -H.
                      history Enable command history, as described above under
                              HISTORY.  This option is on by default in inter-
                              active shells.
                      ignoreeof
                              The  effect  is  as  if  the shell command ``IG-
                              NOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see Shell  Vari-
                              ables above).
                      keyword Same as -k.
                      monitor Same as -m.
                      noclobber
                              Same as -C.
                      noexec  Same as -n.
                      noglob  Same as -f.
                      nolog   Currently ignored.
                      notify  Same as -b.
                      nounset Same as -u.
                      onecmd  Same as -t.
                      physical
                              Same as -P.
                      pipefail
                              If  set,  the  return value of a pipeline is the
                              value of the last (rightmost)  command  to  exit
                              with  a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
                              in the pipeline exit successfully.  This  option
                              is disabled by default.
                      posix   Change  the  behavior  of bash where the default
                              operation differs from  the  POSIX  standard  to
                              match  the  standard (posix mode).  See SEE ALSO
                              below for a reference to a document that details
                              how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
                      privileged
                              Same as -p.
                      verbose Same as -v.
                      vi      Use  a  vi-style command line editing interface.
                              This also affects the editing interface used for
                              read -e.
                      xtrace  Same as -x.
                      If -o is supplied with no option-name, the values of the
                      current options are printed.  If +o is supplied with  no
                      option-name,  a  series  of set commands to recreate the
                      current option settings is  displayed  on  the  standard
                      output.
              -p      Turn  on  privileged  mode.   In this mode, the $ENV and
                      $BASH_ENV files are not processed, shell  functions  are
                      not  inherited  from the environment, and the SHELLOPTS,
                      BASHOPTS, CDPATH, and GLOBIGNORE variables, if they  ap-
                      pear  in  the environment, are ignored.  If the shell is
                      started with the effective user (group) id not equal  to
                      the  real user (group) id, and the -p option is not sup-
                      plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id
                      is  set  to  the real user id.  If the -p option is sup-
                      plied at startup, the effective user id  is  not  reset.
                      Turning  this  option  off causes the effective user and
                      group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
              -t      Exit after reading and executing one command.
              -u      Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
                      cial  parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing
                      parameter expansion.  If expansion is  attempted  on  an
                      unset  variable  or parameter, the shell prints an error
                      message, and, if not interactive, exits with a  non-zero
                      status.
              -v      Print shell input lines as they are read.
              -x      After  expanding  each simple command, for command, case
                      command, select command, or arithmetic for command, dis-
                      play  the expanded value of PS4, followed by the command
                      and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
              -B      The shell performs brace expansion (see Brace  Expansion
                      above).  This is on by default.
              -C      If  set,  bash  does not overwrite an existing file with
                      the >, >&, and <> redirection operators.   This  may  be
                      overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
                      rection operator >| instead of >.
              -E      If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions,
                      command  substitutions,  and commands executed in a sub-
                      shell environment.  The ERR trap is normally not  inher-
                      ited in such cases.
              -H      Enable !  style history substitution.  This option is on
                      by default when the shell is interactive.
              -P      If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic  links  when
                      executing  commands  such  as cd that change the current
                      working  directory.   It  uses  the  physical  directory
                      structure instead.  By default, bash follows the logical
                      chain of  directories  when  performing  commands  which
                      change the current directory.
              -T      If  set,  any traps on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited by
                      shell functions, command substitutions, and commands ex-
                      ecuted  in a subshell environment.  The DEBUG and RETURN
                      traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
              --      If no arguments follow this option, then the  positional
                      parameters are unset.  Otherwise, the positional parame-
                      ters are set to the args, even if  some  of  them  begin
                      with a -.
              -       Signal  the  end of options, cause all remaining args to
                      be assigned to the positional parameters.  The -x and -v
                      options are turned off.  If there are no args, the posi-
                      tional parameters remain unchanged.

              The options are off by default unless otherwise noted.  Using  +
              rather  than  -  causes these options to be turned off.  The op-
              tions can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the
              shell.   The current set of options may be found in $-.  The re-
              turn status is always true unless an invalid option  is  encoun-
              tered.

       shift [n]
              The  positional  parameters  from n+1 ... are renamed to $1 ....
              Parameters represented by the numbers $# down to $#-n+1 are  un-
              set.   n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $#.
              If n is 0, no parameters are changed.  If n is not given, it  is
              assumed to be 1.  If n is greater than $#, the positional param-
              eters are not changed.  The return status is greater  than  zero
              if n is greater than $# or less than zero; otherwise 0.

       shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
              Toggle  the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
              ior.  The settings can be either those listed below, or, if  the
              -o option is used, those available with the -o option to the set
              builtin command.  With no options, or with the -p option, a list
              of  all  settable  options  is  displayed, with an indication of
              whether or not each is set; if optnames are supplied, the output
              is  restricted to those options.  The -p option causes output to
              be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.   Other  op-
              tions have the following meanings:
              -s     Enable (set) each optname.
              -u     Disable (unset) each optname.
              -q     Suppresses  normal output (quiet mode); the return status
                     indicates whether the optname is set or unset.  If multi-
                     ple  optname arguments are given with -q, the return sta-
                     tus is zero if all optnames are enabled; non-zero  other-
                     wise.
              -o     Restricts  the  values of optname to be those defined for
                     the -o option to the set builtin.

              If either -s or -u is used  with  no  optname  arguments,  shopt
              shows  only  those options which are set or unset, respectively.
              Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are  disabled  (unset)
              by default.

              The  return  status when listing options is zero if all optnames
              are enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting  op-
              tions,  the  return  status  is  zero unless an optname is not a
              valid shell option.

              The list of shopt options is:

              assoc_expand_once
                      If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of  as-
                      sociative  array subscripts during arithmetic expression
                      evaluation, while executing builtins  that  can  perform
                      variable  assignments, and while executing builtins that
                      perform array dereferencing.
              autocd  If set, a command name that is the name of  a  directory
                      is  executed  as  if it were the argument to the cd com-
                      mand.  This option is only used by interactive shells.
              cdable_vars
                      If set, an argument to the cd builtin  command  that  is
                      not  a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
                      whose value is the directory to change to.
              cdspell If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
                      ponent  in  a  cd command will be corrected.  The errors
                      checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
                      ter,  and  one  character  too many.  If a correction is
                      found, the corrected filename is printed, and  the  com-
                      mand  proceeds.  This option is only used by interactive
                      shells.
              checkhash
                      If set, bash checks that a command found in the hash ta-
                      ble  exists  before  trying  to execute it.  If a hashed
                      command no longer exists, a normal path search  is  per-
                      formed.
              checkjobs
                      If set, bash lists the status of any stopped and running
                      jobs before exiting an interactive shell.  If  any  jobs
                      are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a
                      second exit is attempted without an intervening  command
                      (see JOB CONTROL above).  The shell always postpones ex-
                      iting if any jobs are stopped.
              checkwinsize
                      If set, bash checks the window size after each  external
                      (non-builtin)  command  and,  if  necessary, updates the
                      values of LINES and COLUMNS.  This option is enabled  by
                      default.
              cmdhist If  set,  bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
                      line command in the same  history  entry.   This  allows
                      easy  re-editing of multi-line commands.  This option is
                      enabled by default, but only has an  effect  if  command
                      history is enabled, as described above under HISTORY.
              compat31
              compat32
              compat40
              compat41
              compat42
              compat43
              compat44
                      These  control aspects of the shell's compatibility mode
                      (see SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE below).

              complete_fullquote
                      If set, bash quotes all shell  metacharacters  in  file-
                      names  and  directory  names when performing completion.
                      If not set, bash removes metacharacters such as the dol-
                      lar  sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
                      in completed filenames when these metacharacters  appear
                      in  shell  variable references in words to be completed.
                      This means that dollar signs in variable names that  ex-
                      pand  to  directories  will  not be quoted; however, any
                      dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be  quoted,
                      either.   This  is  active only when bash is using back-
                      slashes to quote completed filenames.  This variable  is
                      set  by  default,  which is the default bash behavior in
                      versions through 4.2.

              direxpand
                      If set, bash replaces directory names with  the  results
                      of  word  expansion when performing filename completion.
                      This changes the contents of the readline  editing  buf-
                      fer.   If  not  set,  bash attempts to preserve what the
                      user typed.

              dirspell
                      If set, bash attempts spelling correction  on  directory
                      names  during word completion if the directory name ini-
                      tially supplied does not exist.

              dotglob If set, bash includes filenames beginning with a `.'  in
                      the  results of pathname expansion.  The filenames ``.''
                      and ``..''  must always be matched explicitly,  even  if
                      dotglob is set.

              execfail
                      If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
                      not execute the file specified as  an  argument  to  the
                      exec  builtin  command.   An  interactive shell does not
                      exit if exec fails.

              expand_aliases
                      If set, aliases are expanded as  described  above  under
                      ALIASES.  This option is enabled by default for interac-
                      tive shells.

              extdebug
                      If set at shell invocation, or in a shell startup  file,
                      arrange to execute the debugger profile before the shell
                      starts, identical to the --debugger option.  If set  af-
                      ter  invocation,  behavior intended for use by debuggers
                      is enabled:

                      1.     The -F option to the declare builtin displays the
                             source file name and line number corresponding to
                             each function name supplied as an argument.

                      2.     If the command run by the DEBUG  trap  returns  a
                             non-zero  value,  the next command is skipped and
                             not executed.

                      3.     If the command run by the DEBUG  trap  returns  a
                             value  of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
                             routine (a shell function or a shell script  exe-
                             cuted  by  the  .  or source builtins), the shell
                             simulates a call to return.

                      4.     BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are updated as  described
                             in their descriptions above.

                      5.     Function  tracing  is  enabled: command substitu-
                             tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
                             ( command ) inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps.

                      6.     Error  tracing  is enabled: command substitution,
                             shell functions, and  subshells  invoked  with  (
                             command ) inherit the ERR trap.

              extglob If set, the extended pattern matching features described
                      above under Pathname Expansion are enabled.

              extquote
                      If set, $'string' and  $"string"  quoting  is  performed
                      within   ${parameter}   expansions  enclosed  in  double
                      quotes.  This option is enabled by default.

              failglob
                      If set, patterns which fail to  match  filenames  during
                      pathname expansion result in an expansion error.

              force_fignore
                      If  set,  the  suffixes  specified  by the FIGNORE shell
                      variable cause words to be ignored when performing  word
                      completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
                      ble completions.  See SHELL VARIABLES above  for  a  de-
                      scription  of  FIGNORE.   This  option is enabled by de-
                      fault.

              globasciiranges
                      If set,  range  expressions  used  in  pattern  matching
                      bracket  expressions (see Pattern Matching above) behave
                      as if in the traditional C locale when  performing  com-
                      parisons.   That  is, the current locale's collating se-
                      quence is not taken into account, so b will not  collate
                      between  A  and  B,  and upper-case and lower-case ASCII
                      characters will collate together.

              globstar
                      If set, the pattern ** used in a pathname expansion con-
                      text  will  match all files and zero or more directories
                      and subdirectories.  If the pattern is followed by a  /,
                      only directories and subdirectories match.

              gnu_errfmt
                      If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
                      GNU error message format.

              histappend
                      If set, the history list is appended to the  file  named
                      by the value of the HISTFILE variable when the shell ex-
                      its, rather than overwriting the file.

              histreedit
                      If set, and readline is being used, a user is given  the
                      opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.

              histverify
                      If  set, and readline is being used, the results of his-
                      tory substitution are  not  immediately  passed  to  the
                      shell  parser.   Instead,  the  resulting line is loaded
                      into the readline editing buffer, allowing further modi-
                      fication.

              hostcomplete
                      If set, and readline is being used, bash will attempt to
                      perform hostname completion when a word containing  a  @
                      is   being  completed  (see  Completing  under  READLINE
                      above).  This is enabled by default.

              huponexit
                      If set, bash will send SIGHUP to all jobs when an inter-
                      active login shell exits.

              inherit_errexit
                      If  set,  command substitution inherits the value of the
                      errexit option, instead of unsetting it in the  subshell
                      environment.   This option is enabled when posix mode is
                      enabled.

              interactive_comments
                      If set, allow a word beginning with # to cause that word
                      and  all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
                      in an interactive shell (see COMMENTS above).  This  op-
                      tion is enabled by default.

              lastpipe
                      If  set,  and  job control is not active, the shell runs
                      the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
                      ground in the current shell environment.

              lithist If  set,  and  the cmdhist option is enabled, multi-line
                      commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
                      rather than using semicolon separators where possible.

              localvar_inherit
                      If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes
                      of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous
                      scope before any new value is assigned.  The nameref at-
                      tribute is not inherited.

              localvar_unset
                      If set, calling unset on  local  variables  in  previous
                      function  scopes  marks  them so subsequent lookups find
                      them unset until that function returns. This is  identi-
                      cal  to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
                      current function scope.

              login_shell
                      The shell sets this option if it is started as  a  login
                      shell  (see  INVOCATION  above).   The  value may not be
                      changed.

              mailwarn
                      If set, and a file that bash is checking  for  mail  has
                      been  accessed  since  the last time it was checked, the
                      message ``The mail in mailfile has been read''  is  dis-
                      played.

              no_empty_cmd_completion
                      If  set,  and  readline is being used, bash will not at-
                      tempt to search the PATH for possible  completions  when
                      completion is attempted on an empty line.

              nocaseglob
                      If  set,  bash  matches  filenames in a case-insensitive
                      fashion when performing pathname expansion (see Pathname
                      Expansion above).

              nocasematch
                      If  set,  bash  matches  patterns  in a case-insensitive
                      fashion when performing matching while executing case or
                      [[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
                      tution word expansions, or when filtering possible  com-
                      pletions as part of programmable completion.

              nullglob
                      If  set,  bash allows patterns which match no files (see
                      Pathname Expansion above) to expand to  a  null  string,
                      rather than themselves.

              progcomp
                      If set, the programmable completion facilities (see Pro-
                      grammable Completion above) are enabled.  This option is
                      enabled by default.

              progcomp_alias
                      If  set,  and  programmable  completion is enabled, bash
                      treats a command name that doesn't have any  completions
                      as  a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
                      has an alias, bash attempts programmable completion  us-
                      ing the command word resulting from the expanded alias.

              promptvars
                      If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
                      mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and  quote  re-
                      moval  after  being  expanded  as described in PROMPTING
                      above.  This option is enabled by default.

              restricted_shell
                      The shell sets this option  if  it  is  started  in  re-
                      stricted  mode  (see RESTRICTED SHELL below).  The value
                      may not be changed.  This is not reset when the  startup
                      files  are  executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
                      cover whether or not a shell is restricted.

              shift_verbose
                      If set, the shift builtin prints an error  message  when
                      the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
                      ters.

              sourcepath
                      If set, the source (.) builtin uses the value of PATH to
                      find  the  directory  containing the file supplied as an
                      argument.  This option is enabled by default.

              xpg_echo
                      If set, the echo builtin  expands  backslash-escape  se-
                      quences by default.

       suspend [-f]
              Suspend  the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT
              signal.  A login shell cannot be suspended; the -f option can be
              used to override this and force the suspension.  The return sta-
              tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and -f  is  not  sup-
              plied, or if job control is not enabled.

       test expr
       [ expr ]
              Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
              ation of the conditional expression expr.  Each operator and op-
              erand  must be a separate argument.  Expressions are composed of
              the primaries described  above  under  CONDITIONAL  EXPRESSIONS.
              test  does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
              an argument of -- as signifying the end of options.

              Expressions may  be  combined  using  the  following  operators,
              listed  in  decreasing  order of precedence.  The evaluation de-
              pends on the number of arguments; see  below.   Operator  prece-
              dence is used when there are five or more arguments.
              ! expr True if expr is false.
              ( expr )
                     Returns  the value of expr.  This may be used to override
                     the normal precedence of operators.
              expr1 -a expr2
                     True if both expr1 and expr2 are true.
              expr1 -o expr2
                     True if either expr1 or expr2 is true.

              test and [ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
              based on the number of arguments.

              0 arguments
                     The expression is false.
              1 argument
                     The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
                     null.
              2 arguments
                     If the first argument is !, the expression is true if and
                     only  if the second argument is null.  If the first argu-
                     ment is one of the  unary  conditional  operators  listed
                     above  under  CONDITIONAL  EXPRESSIONS, the expression is
                     true if the unary test is true.  If the first argument is
                     not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
                     false.
              3 arguments
                     The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
                     If  the  second argument is one of the binary conditional
                     operators listed above under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, the
                     result of the expression is the result of the binary test
                     using the first and third arguments as operands.  The  -a
                     and  -o  operators  are  considered binary operators when
                     there are three arguments.  If the first argument  is  !,
                     the  value is the negation of the two-argument test using
                     the second and third arguments.  If the first argument is
                     exactly ( and the third argument is exactly ), the result
                     is the one-argument test of the second argument.   Other-
                     wise, the expression is false.
              4 arguments
                     If the first argument is !, the result is the negation of
                     the three-argument expression composed of  the  remaining
                     arguments.  Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
                     uated according to  precedence  using  the  rules  listed
                     above.
              5 or more arguments
                     The  expression  is  parsed  and  evaluated  according to
                     precedence using the rules listed above.

              When used with test or [, the < and  >  operators  sort  lexico-
              graphically using ASCII ordering.

       times  Print  the  accumulated  user and system times for the shell and
              for processes run from the shell.  The return status is 0.

       trap [-lp] [[arg] sigspec ...]
              The command arg is to be read and executed when  the  shell  re-
              ceives signal(s) sigspec.  If arg is absent (and there is a sin-
              gle sigspec) or -, each specified signal is reset to its  origi-
              nal  disposition  (the value it had upon entrance to the shell).
              If arg is the null string the signal specified by  each  sigspec
              is  ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.  If arg
              is not present and -p has been supplied, then the trap  commands
              associated with each sigspec are displayed.  If no arguments are
              supplied or if only -p is given, trap prints the  list  of  com-
              mands  associated  with  each  signal.  The -l option causes the
              shell to print a list of signal names  and  their  corresponding
              numbers.   Each sigspec is either a signal name defined in <sig-
              nal.h>, or a signal number.  Signal names are  case  insensitive
              and the SIG prefix is optional.

              If  a  sigspec  is  EXIT (0) the command arg is executed on exit
              from the shell.  If a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is  exe-
              cuted  before  every  simple command, for command, case command,
              select command, every arithmetic for  command,  and  before  the
              first  command  executes  in a shell function (see SHELL GRAMMAR
              above).  Refer to the description of the extdebug option to  the
              shopt builtin for details of its effect on the DEBUG trap.  If a
              sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed each time a shell
              function or a script executed with the . or source builtins fin-
              ishes executing.

              If a sigspec is ERR, the command  arg  is  executed  whenever  a
              pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
              or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
              the  following  conditions.  The ERR trap is not executed if the
              failed command is part of the command list immediately following
              a  while  or until keyword, part of the test in an if statement,
              part of a command executed in a && or || list except the command
              following  the final && or ||, any command in a pipeline but the
              last, or if the command's return value is being  inverted  using
              !.  These are the same conditions obeyed by the errexit (-e) op-
              tion.

              Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or re-
              set.   Trapped  signals  that are not being ignored are reset to
              their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when
              one  is  created.   The return status is false if any sigspec is
              invalid; otherwise trap returns true.

       type [-aftpP] name [name ...]
              With no options, indicate how each name would be interpreted  if
              used as a command name.  If the -t option is used, type prints a
              string which is one of alias,  keyword,  function,  builtin,  or
              file  if  name  is  an  alias,  shell  reserved  word, function,
              builtin, or disk file, respectively.  If the name is not  found,
              then  nothing  is  printed,  and  an exit status of false is re-
              turned.  If the -p option is used, type either returns the  name
              of  the  disk file that would be executed if name were specified
              as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not  re-
              turn  file.   The  -P option forces a PATH search for each name,
              even if ``type -t name'' would not return file.  If a command is
              hashed, -p and -P print the hashed value, which is not necessar-
              ily the file that appears first in PATH.  If the  -a  option  is
              used,  type  prints all of the places that contain an executable
              named name.  This includes aliases and functions, if and only if
              the -p option is not also used.  The table of hashed commands is
              not consulted when using -a.  The  -f  option  suppresses  shell
              function lookup, as with the command builtin.  type returns true
              if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.

       ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT [limit]]
              Provides control over the resources available to the  shell  and
              to  processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
              The -H and -S options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
              for  the  given resource.  A hard limit cannot be increased by a
              non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be  increased  up
              to  the value of the hard limit.  If neither -H nor -S is speci-
              fied, both the soft and hard limits are set.  The value of limit
              can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of
              the special values hard, soft, or unlimited, which stand for the
              current  hard  limit,  the current soft limit, and no limit, re-
              spectively.  If limit is omitted, the current value of the  soft
              limit of the resource is printed, unless the -H option is given.
              When more than one resource is specified,  the  limit  name  and
              unit  are  printed  before  the value.  Other options are inter-
              preted as follows:
              -a     All current limits are reported
              -b     The maximum socket buffer size
              -c     The maximum size of core files created
              -d     The maximum size of a process's data segment
              -e     The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
              -f     The maximum size of files written by the  shell  and  its
                     children
              -i     The maximum number of pending signals
              -k     The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
              -l     The maximum size that may be locked into memory
              -m     The  maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
                     this limit)
              -n     The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
                     do not allow this value to be set)
              -p     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
              -q     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
              -r     The maximum real-time scheduling priority
              -s     The maximum stack size
              -t     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
              -u     The  maximum  number  of  processes available to a single
                     user
              -v     The maximum amount of virtual  memory  available  to  the
                     shell and, on some systems, to its children
              -x     The maximum number of file locks
              -P     The maximum number of pseudoterminals
              -R     The  maximum  time  a  real-time  process  can run before
                     blocking, in microseconds
              -T     The maximum number of threads

              If limit is given, and the -a option is not used, limit  is  the
              new  value  of  the  specified resource.  If no option is given,
              then -f is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte increments,  except
              for  -t,  which is in seconds; -R, which is in microseconds; -p,
              which is in units of 512-byte blocks; -P, -T, -b,  -k,  -n,  and
              -u,  which  are unscaled values; and, when in posix mode, -c and
              -f, which are in 512-byte increments.  The return  status  is  0
              unless  an  invalid  option or argument is supplied, or an error
              occurs while setting a new limit.

       umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
              The user file-creation mask is set to mode.  If mode begins with
              a  digit,  it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
              interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted  by
              chmod(1).   If mode is omitted, the current value of the mask is
              printed.  The -S option causes the mask to be  printed  in  sym-
              bolic  form;  the  default output is an octal number.  If the -p
              option is supplied, and mode is omitted, the output is in a form
              that may be reused as input.  The return status is 0 if the mode
              was successfully changed or if no mode  argument  was  supplied,
              and false otherwise.

       unalias [-a] [name ...]
              Remove  each  name  from  the list of defined aliases.  If -a is
              supplied, all alias definitions are removed.  The  return  value
              is true unless a supplied name is not a defined alias.

       unset [-fv] [-n] [name ...]
              For  each  name,  remove the corresponding variable or function.
              If the -v option is given, each name refers to a shell variable,
              and  that  variable  is removed.  Read-only variables may not be
              unset.  If -f is specified, each name refers to  a  shell  func-
              tion,  and the function definition is removed.  If the -n option
              is supplied, and name is a variable with the nameref  attribute,
              name  will  be unset rather than the variable it references.  -n
              has no effect if the -f option is supplied.  If no  options  are
              supplied,  each  name refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
              able by that name, a function with that name, if any, is  unset.
              Each  unset variable or function is removed from the environment
              passed  to  subsequent  commands.   If  any   of   BASH_ALIASES,
              BASH_ARGV0,  BASH_CMDS,  BASH_COMMAND,  BASH_SUBSHELL,  BASHPID,
              COMP_WORDBREAKS, DIRSTACK,  EPOCHREALTIME,  EPOCHSECONDS,  FUNC-
              NAME,  GROUPS,  HISTCMD, LINENO, RANDOM, SECONDS, or SRANDOM are
              unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
              sequently reset.  The exit status is true unless a name is read-
              only.

       wait [-fn] [-p varname] [id ...]
              Wait for each specified child process and return its termination
              status.   Each id may be a process ID or a job specification; if
              a job spec is given, all processes in that  job's  pipeline  are
              waited  for.   If  id  is  not given, wait waits for all running
              background jobs and the last-executed process  substitution,  if
              its process id is the same as $!, and the return status is zero.
              If the -n option is supplied, wait waits for a single  job  from
              the list of ids or, if no ids are supplied, any job, to complete
              and returns its exit status.  If none of the supplied  arguments
              is a child of the shell, or if no arguments are supplied and the
              shell has no unwaited-for children, the exit status is 127.   If
              the  -p option is supplied, the process or job identifier of the
              job for which the exit status is returned  is  assigned  to  the
              variable  varname  named  by  the option argument.  The variable
              will be unset initially, before any assignment.  This is  useful
              only  when  the -n option is supplied.  Supplying the -f option,
              when job control is enabled, forces wait to wait for id to  ter-
              minate before returning its status, instead of returning when it
              changes status.  If id specifies a non-existent process or  job,
              the  return  status is 127.  Otherwise, the return status is the
              exit status of the last process or job waited for.

SHELL COMPATIBILITY MODE
       Bash-4.0 introduced the concept of a `shell compatibility level', spec-
       ified as a set of options to the shopt builtin compat31, compat32, com-
       pat40, compat41, and so on).  There is only one  current  compatibility
       level -- each option is mutually exclusive.  The compatibility level is
       intended to allow users to select behavior from previous versions  that
       is  incompatible  with newer versions while they migrate scripts to use
       current features and behavior. It's intended to be  a  temporary  solu-
       tion.

       This  section does not mention behavior that is standard for a particu-
       lar version (e.g., setting compat32 means that quoting the rhs  of  the
       regexp  matching operator quotes special regexp characters in the word,
       which is default behavior in bash-3.2 and above).

       If a user enables, say, compat32, it may affect the behavior  of  other
       compatibility  levels  up  to  and  including the current compatibility
       level.  The idea is that each  compatibility  level  controls  behavior
       that  changed  in that version of bash, but that behavior may have been
       present in earlier versions.  For instance, the change to  use  locale-
       based  comparisons  with  the  [[ command came in bash-4.1, and earlier
       versions used ASCII-based comparisons, so enabling compat32 will enable
       ASCII-based  comparisons  as  well.  That granularity may not be suffi-
       cient for all uses, and as a result users should  employ  compatibility
       levels  carefully.   Read the documentation for a particular feature to
       find out the current behavior.

       Bash-4.3 introduced a new shell variable: BASH_COMPAT.  The  value  as-
       signed to this variable (a decimal version number like 4.2, or an inte-
       ger corresponding to the compatNN option, like 42) determines the  com-
       patibility level.

       Starting  with bash-4.4, Bash has begun deprecating older compatibility
       levels.  Eventually, the options will be removed in favor of  BASH_COM-
       PAT.

       Bash-5.0  is  the  final  version for which there will be an individual
       shopt option for the previous version. Users should use BASH_COMPAT  on
       bash-5.0 and later versions.

       The  following  table describes the behavior changes controlled by each
       compatibility level setting.  The compatNN tag is used as shorthand for
       setting the compatibility level to NN using one of the following mecha-
       nisms.  For versions prior to bash-5.0, the compatibility level may  be
       set  using  the  corresponding compatNN shopt option.  For bash-4.3 and
       later versions, the BASH_COMPAT variable is preferred, and  it  is  re-
       quired for bash-5.1 and later versions.

       compat31
              o      quoting the rhs of the [[ command's regexp matching oper-
                     ator (=~) has no special effect

       compat32
              o      interrupting a command list such as "a ; b  ;  c"  causes
                     the  execution  of  the  next  command  in  the  list (in
                     bash-4.0 and later versions, the shell acts as if it  re-
                     ceived  the  interrupt,  so interrupting one command in a
                     list aborts the execution of the entire list)

       compat40
              o      the < and > operators to the [[ command do  not  consider
                     the current locale when comparing strings; they use ASCII
                     ordering.  Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII col-
                     lation  and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
                     locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).

       compat41
              o      in posix mode, time may be followed by options and  still
                     be recognized as a reserved word (this is POSIX interpre-
                     tation 267)
              o      in posix mode, the parser requires that an even number of
                     single  quotes  occur  in  the  word portion of a double-
                     quoted parameter expansion and treats them specially,  so
                     that  characters  within the single quotes are considered
                     quoted (this is POSIX interpretation 221)

       compat42
              o      the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitu-
                     tion  does  not undergo quote removal, as it does in ver-
                     sions after bash-4.2
              o      in posix mode, single quotes are considered special  when
                     expanding  the  word portion of a double-quoted parameter
                     expansion and can be used to quote  a  closing  brace  or
                     other  special character (this is part of POSIX interpre-
                     tation 221); in later versions,  single  quotes  are  not
                     special within double-quoted word expansions

       compat43
              o      the  shell does not print a warning message if an attempt
                     is made to use a quoted compound assignment as  an  argu-
                     ment  to declare (declare -a foo='(1 2)'). Later versions
                     warn that this usage is deprecated
              o      word expansion errors  are  considered  non-fatal  errors
                     that  cause  the  current  command to fail, even in posix
                     mode (the default behavior is to make them  fatal  errors
                     that cause the shell to exit)
              o      when   executing   a   shell  function,  the  loop  state
                     (while/until/etc.)  is not reset, so break or continue in
                     that function will break or continue loops in the calling
                     context. Bash-4.4 and later reset the loop state to  pre-
                     vent this

       compat44
              o      the  shell  sets  up  the  values  used  by BASH_ARGV and
                     BASH_ARGC so they can expand to  the  shell's  positional
                     parameters even if extended debugging mode is not enabled
              o      a  subshell  inherits  loops  from its parent context, so
                     break or  continue  will  cause  the  subshell  to  exit.
                     Bash-5.0  and  later  reset the loop state to prevent the
                     exit
              o      variable assignments preceding builtins like  export  and
                     readonly that set attributes continue to affect variables
                     with the same name in the calling environment even if the
                     shell is not in posix mode

       compat50
              o      Bash-5.1  changed  the way $RANDOM is generated to intro-
                     duce slightly more randomness. If the shell compatibility
                     level  is  set  to  50 or lower, it reverts to the method
                     from bash-5.0 and previous versions, so seeding the  ran-
                     dom  number generator by assigning a value to RANDOM will
                     produce the same sequence as in bash-5.0

RESTRICTED SHELL
       If bash is started with the name rbash, or the -r option is supplied at
       invocation,  the  shell becomes restricted.  A restricted shell is used
       to set up an environment more controlled than the standard  shell.   It
       behaves  identically  to bash with the exception that the following are
       disallowed or not performed:

       o      changing directories with cd

       o      setting or unsetting the values of SHELL, PATH,  HISTFILE,  ENV,
              or BASH_ENV

       o      specifying command names containing /

       o      specifying  a  filename  containing  a / as an argument to the .
              builtin command

       o      specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument  to  the
              history builtin command

       o      specifying  a  filename containing a slash as an argument to the
              -p option to the hash builtin command

       o      importing function definitions from  the  shell  environment  at
              startup

       o      parsing  the  value  of  SHELLOPTS from the shell environment at
              startup

       o      redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
              ion operators

       o      using the exec builtin command to replace the shell with another
              command

       o      adding or deleting builtin commands with the -f and  -d  options
              to the enable builtin command

       o      using  the  enable  builtin  command  to  enable  disabled shell
              builtins

       o      specifying the -p option to the command builtin command

       o      turning off restricted mode with set +r or set +o restricted.

       These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.

       When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see COM-
       MAND  EXECUTION  above),  rbash turns off any restrictions in the shell
       spawned to execute the script.

SEE ALSO
       Bash Reference Manual, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
       The Gnu Readline Library, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
       The Gnu History Library, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
       Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2:  Shell  and  Utili-
       ties, IEEE --
              http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/
       http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode
       sh(1), ksh(1), csh(1)
       emacs(1), vi(1)
       readline(3)

FILES
       /bin/bash
              The bash executable
       /etc/profile
              The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells
       ~/.bash_profile
              The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
       ~/.bashrc
              The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
       ~/.bash_logout
              The  individual  login shell cleanup file, executed when a login
              shell exits
       ~/.inputrc
              Individual readline initialization file

AUTHORS
       Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
       bfox@gnu.org

       Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
       chet.ramey@case.edu

BUG REPORTS
       If you find a bug in bash, you should report it.  But first, you should
       make  sure  that  it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
       version  of  bash.   The  latest  version  is  always  available   from
       ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/.

       Once  you  have  determined that a bug actually exists, use the bashbug
       command to submit a bug report.  If you have a fix, you are  encouraged
       to  mail that as well!  Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may
       be mailed  to  bug-bash@gnu.org  or  posted  to  the  Usenet  newsgroup
       gnu.bash.bug.

       ALL bug reports should include:

       The version number of bash
       The hardware and operating system
       The compiler used to compile
       A description of the bug behaviour
       A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug

       bashbug  inserts  the first three items automatically into the template
       it provides for filing a bug report.

       Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
       to chet.ramey@case.edu.

BUGS
       It's too big and too slow.

       There are some subtle differences between bash and traditional versions
       of sh, mostly because of the POSIX specification.

       Aliases are confusing in some uses.

       Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.

       Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not
       handled  gracefully  when  process  suspension  is  attempted.   When a
       process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command  in
       the  sequence.   It  suffices to place the sequence of commands between
       parentheses to force it into a subshell, which  may  be  stopped  as  a
       unit.

       Array variables may not (yet) be exported.

       There may be only one active coprocess at a time.



GNU Bash 5.1                      2020 June 5                          BASH(1)
