httpbis B. M. Schwartz
Internet-Draft Meta Platforms, Inc.
Intended status: Standards Track 17 March 2025
Expires: 18 September 2025
Template-Driven HTTP CONNECT Proxying for TCP
draft-ietf-httpbis-connect-tcp-07
Abstract
TCP proxying using HTTP CONNECT has long been part of the core HTTP
specification. However, this proxying functionality has several
important deficiencies in modern HTTP environments. This
specification defines an alternative HTTP proxy service configuration
for TCP connections. This configuration is described by a URI
Template, similar to the CONNECT-UDP and CONNECT-IP protocols.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 18 September 2025.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2. Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. In HTTP/1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. In HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Use of Other Relevant Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3.1. Origin-scoped Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3.2. Authentication Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4. Closing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Additional Connection Setup Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Latency optimizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. Conveying metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2. Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7. Operational Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.1. New Upgrade Token . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.2. New MASQUE Default Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.3. New Capsule Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Introduction
1.1. History
HTTP has used the CONNECT method for proxying TCP connections since
HTTP/1.1. When using CONNECT, the request target specifies a host
and port number, and the proxy forwards TCP payloads between the
client and this destination ([RFC9110], Section 9.3.6). To date,
this is the only mechanism defined for proxying TCP over HTTP. In
this specification, this is referred to as a "classic HTTP CONNECT
proxy".
HTTP/3 uses a UDP transport, so it cannot be forwarded using the pre-
existing CONNECT mechanism. To enable forward proxying of HTTP/3,
the MASQUE effort has defined proxy mechanisms that are capable of
proxying UDP datagrams [CONNECT-UDP], and more generally IP datagrams
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[CONNECT-IP]. The destination host and port number (if applicable)
are encoded into the HTTP resource path, and end-to-end datagrams are
wrapped into HTTP Datagrams [RFC9297] on the client-proxy path.
1.2. Problems
HTTP clients can be configured to use proxies by selecting a proxy
hostname, a port, and whether to use a security protocol. However,
Classic HTTP CONNECT requests using the proxy do not carry this
configuration information. Instead, they only indicate the hostname
and port of the target. This prevents any HTTP server from hosting
multiple distinct proxy services, as the server cannot distinguish
them by path (as with distinct resources) or by origin (as in
"virtual hosting").
The absence of an explicit origin for the proxy also rules out the
usual defenses against server port misdirection attacks (see
Section 7.4 of [RFC9110]) and creates ambiguity about the use of
origin-scoped response header fields (e.g., "Alt-Svc" [RFC7838],
"Strict-Transport-Security" [RFC6797]).
Classic HTTP CONNECT requests cannot carry in-stream metadata. For
example, the WRAP_UP capsule [I-D.schinazi-httpbis-wrap-up] cannot be
used with Classic HTTP CONNECT.
1.3. Overview
This specification describes an alternative mechanism for proxying
TCP in HTTP. Like [CONNECT-UDP] and [CONNECT-IP], the proxy service
is identified by a URI Template. Proxy interactions reuse standard
HTTP components and semantics, avoiding changes to the core HTTP
protocol.
2. Conventions and Definitions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
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3. Specification
A template-driven TCP transport proxy for HTTP is identified by a URI
Template [RFC6570] containing variables named "target_host" and
"target_port". This URI Template and its variable values MUST meet
all the same requirements as for UDP proxying ([RFC9298], Section 2),
and are subject to the same validation rules. The client MUST
substitute the destination host and port number into this template to
produce the request URI. The derived URI serves as the destination
of a Capsule Protocol connection using the Upgrade Token "connect-
tcp" (see registration in Section 8.1).
When using "connect-tcp", TCP payload data is sent in the payload of
a new Capsule Type named DATA (see registration in Section 8.3). The
ordered concatenation of DATA capsule payloads represents the TCP
payload data.
An intermediary MAY merge and split successive DATA capsules, subject
to the following requirements:
* There are no intervening capsules of other types.
* The order of payload content is preserved.
3.1. In HTTP/1.1
In HTTP/1.1, the client uses the proxy by issuing a request as
follows:
* The method SHALL be "GET".
* The request's target SHALL correspond to the URI derived from
expansion of the proxy's URI Template.
* The request SHALL include a single "Host" header field containing
the origin of the proxy.
* The request SHALL include a "Connection" header field with the
value "Upgrade". (Note that this requirement is case-insensitive
as per Section 7.6.1 of [RFC9110].)
* The request SHALL include an "Upgrade" header field with the value
"connect-tcp".
* The request SHOULD include a "Capsule-Protocol: ?1" header.
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If the request is well-formed and permissible, the proxy MUST attempt
to establish the TCP connection before sending any response status
code other than "100 (Continue)" (see Section 4.2). If the TCP
connection is successful, the response SHALL be as follows:
* The HTTP status code SHALL be "101 (Switching Protocols)".
* The response SHALL include a "Connection" header field with the
value "Upgrade".
* The response SHALL include a single "Upgrade" header field with
the value "connect-tcp".
* The response SHOULD include a "Capsule-Protocol: ?1" header.
If the request is malformed or impermissible, the proxy MUST return a
4XX error code. If a TCP connection was not established, the proxy
MUST NOT switch protocols to "connect-tcp", and the client MAY reuse
this connection for additional HTTP requests.
Client Proxy
GET /proxy?target_host=192.0.2.1&target_port=443 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Connection: Upgrade
Upgrade: connect-tcp
Capsule-Protocol: ?1
** Proxy establishes a TCP connection to 192.0.2.1:443 **
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Connection: Upgrade
Upgrade: connect-tcp
Capsule-Protocol: ?1
Figure 1: Templated TCP proxy example in HTTP/1.1
3.2. In HTTP/2 and HTTP/3
In HTTP/2 and HTTP/3, the proxy MUST include
SETTINGS_ENABLE_CONNECT_PROTOCOL in its SETTINGS frame
[RFC8441][RFC9220]. The client uses the proxy by issuing an
"extended CONNECT" request as follows:
* The :method pseudo-header field SHALL be "CONNECT".
* The :protocol pseudo-header field SHALL be "connect-tcp".
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* The :authority pseudo-header field SHALL contain the authority of
the proxy.
* The :path and :scheme pseudo-header fields SHALL contain the path
and scheme of the request URI derived from the proxy's URI
Template.
A templated TCP proxying request that does not conform to all of
these requirements represents a client error (see [RFC9110],
Section 15.5) and may be malformed (see Section 8.1.1 of [RFC9113]
and Section 4.1.2 of [RFC9114]).
HEADERS
:method = CONNECT
:scheme = https
:authority = request-proxy.example
:path = /proxy?target_host=2001%3Adb8%3A%3A1&target_port=443
:protocol = connect-tcp
capsule-protocol = ?1
...
Figure 2: Templated TCP proxy example in HTTP/2
3.3. Use of Other Relevant Headers
3.3.1. Origin-scoped Headers
Ordinary HTTP headers apply only to the single resource identified in
the request or response. An origin-scoped HTTP header is a special
response header that is intended to change the client's behavior for
subsequent requests to any resource on this origin.
Unlike classic HTTP CONNECT proxies, a templated TCP proxy has an
unambiguous origin of its own. Origin-scoped headers apply to this
origin when they are associated with a templated TCP proxy response.
Here are some origin-scoped headers that could potentially be sent by
a templated TCP proxy:
* "Alt-Svc" [RFC7838]
* "Strict-Transport-Security" [RFC6797]
* "Public-Key-Pins" [RFC7469]
* "Accept-CH" [RFC8942]
* "Set-Cookie" [RFC6265], which has configurable scope.
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* "Clear-Site-Data" [CLEAR-SITE-DATA]
3.3.2. Authentication Headers
Authentication to a templated TCP proxy normally uses ordinary HTTP
authentication via the "401 (Unauthorized)" response code, the "WWW-
Authenticate" response header field, and the "Authorization" request
header field ([RFC9110], Section 11.6). A templated TCP proxy does
not use the "407 (Proxy Authentication Required)" response code and
related header fields ([RFC9110], Section 11.7) because they do not
traverse HTTP gateways (see Section 7).
Clients SHOULD assume that all proxy resources generated by a single
template share a protection space (i.e., a realm) ([RFC9110],
Section 11.5). For many authentication schemes, this will allow the
client to avoid waiting for a "401 (Unauthorized)" response before
each new connection through the proxy.
3.4. Closing Connections
In each HTTP version, any requirements related to closing connections
in Classic HTTP CONNECT also apply to "connect-tcp", with the
following modifications:
* In HTTP/1.1, endpoints SHOULD close the connection in an error
state to indicate receipt of a TCP connection error (e.g., a TCP
RST or timeout). Acceptable error states include sending an
incomplete DATA capsule (as defined in Section 3.3 of [RFC9297]),
a TLS Error Alert ([RFC8446], Section 6.2), or a TCP RST (if TLS
is not in use). When a connection is terminated in an error
state, the receiving endpoint SHOULD send a TCP RST if the
underlying TCP implementation permits it.
* In HTTP/2 and HTTP/3, senders MAY use an incomplete DATA capsule
to indicate a TCP connection error, instead of (or in addition to)
the signals defined for TCP connection errors in Classic HTTP
CONNECT. Recipients MUST recognize any incomplete capsule as a
TCP connection error.
* Intermediaries MUST propagate connection shutdown errors,
including when translating between different HTTP versions.
4. Additional Connection Setup Behaviors
This section discusses some behaviors that are permitted or
recommended in order to enhance the performance or functionality of
connection setup.
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4.1. Latency optimizations
When using this specification in HTTP/2 or HTTP/3, clients MAY start
sending TCP stream content optimistically, subject to flow control
limits (Section 5.2 of [RFC9113] or Section 4.1 of [RFC9000]).
Proxies MUST buffer this "optimistic" content until the TCP stream
becomes writable, and discard it if the TCP connection fails.
(Clients MUST NOT use "optimistic" behavior in HTTP/1.1, as this
would interfere with reuse of the connection after an error response
such as "401 (Unauthorized)".)
Servers that host a proxy under this specification MAY offer support
for TLS early data in accordance with [RFC8470]. Clients MAY send
"connect-tcp" requests in early data, and MAY include "optimistic"
TCP content in early data (in HTTP/2 and HTTP/3). At the TLS layer,
proxies MAY ignore, reject, or accept the early_data extension
([RFC8446], Section 4.2.10). At the HTTP layer, proxies MAY process
the request immediately, return a "425 (Too Early)" response
([RFC8470], Section 5.2), or delay some or all processing of the
request until the handshake completes. For example, a proxy with
limited anti-replay defenses might choose to perform DNS resolution
of the target_host when a request arrives in early data, but delay
the TCP connection until the TLS handshake completes.
4.2. Conveying metadata
This specification supports the "Expect: 100-continue" request header
([RFC9110], Section 10.1.1) in any HTTP version. The "100
(Continue)" status code confirms receipt of a request at the proxy
without waiting for the proxy-destination TCP handshake to succeed or
fail. This might be particularly helpful when the destination host
is not responding, as TCP handshakes can hang for several minutes
before failing. Clients MAY send "Expect: 100-continue", and proxies
MUST respect it by returning "100 (Continue)" if the request is not
immediately rejected.
Proxies implementing this specification SHOULD include a "Proxy-
Status" response header [RFC9209] in any success or failure response
(i.e., status codes 101, 2XX, 4XX, or 5XX) to support advanced client
behaviors and diagnostics. In HTTP/2 or HTTP/3, proxies MAY
additionally send a "Proxy-Status" trailer in the event of an unclean
shutdown.
5. Applicability
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5.1. Servers
For server operators, template-driven TCP proxies are particularly
valuable in situations where virtual-hosting is needed, or where
multiple proxies must share an origin. For example, the proxy might
benefit from sharing an HTTP gateway that provides DDoS defense,
performs request sanitization, or enforces user authorization.
The URI template can also be structured to generate high-entropy
Capability URLs [CAPABILITY], so that only authorized users can
discover the proxy service.
5.2. Clients
Clients that support both classic HTTP CONNECT proxies and template-
driven TCP proxies MAY accept both types via a single configuration
string. If the configuration string can be parsed as a URI Template
containing the required variables, it is a template-driven TCP proxy.
Otherwise, it is presumed to represent a classic HTTP CONNECT proxy.
In some cases, it is valuable to allow "connect-tcp" clients to reach
"connect-tcp"-only proxies when using a legacy configuration method
that cannot convey a URI Template. To support this arrangement,
clients SHOULD treat certain errors during classic HTTP CONNECT as
indications that the proxy might only support "connect-tcp":
* In HTTP/1.1: the response status code is "426 (Upgrade Required)",
with an "Upgrade: connect-tcp" response header.
* In any HTTP version: the response status code is "501 (Not
Implemented)".
- Requires SETTINGS_ENABLE_CONNECT_PROTOCOL to have been
negotiated in HTTP/2 or HTTP/3.
If the client infers that classic HTTP CONNECT is not supported, it
SHOULD retry the request using the registered default template for
"connect-tcp":
https://$PROXY_HOST:$PROXY_PORT/.well-known/masque
/tcp/{target_host}/{target_port}/
Figure 3: Registered default template
If this request succeeds, the client SHOULD record a preference for
"connect-tcp" to avoid further retry delays.
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6. Security Considerations
Template-driven TCP proxying is largely subject to the same security
risks as classic HTTP CONNECT. For example, any restrictions on
authorized use of the proxy (see [RFC9110], Section 9.3.6) apply
equally to both.
A small additional risk is posed by the use of a URI Template parser
on the client side. The template input string could be crafted to
exploit any vulnerabilities in the parser implementation. Client
implementers should apply their usual precautions for code that
processes untrusted inputs.
7. Operational Considerations
Templated TCP proxies can make use of standard HTTP gateways and
path-routing to ease implementation and allow use of shared
infrastructure. However, current gateways might need modifications
to support TCP proxy services. To be compatible, a gateway must:
* support Extended CONNECT (if acting as an HTTP/2 or HTTP/3
server).
* support HTTP/1.1 Upgrade to "connect-tcp" (if acting as an
HTTP/1.1 server)
- only after forwarding the upgrade request to the origin and
observing a success response.
* forward the "connect-tcp" protocol to the origin.
* convert "connect-tcp" requests between all supported HTTP server
and client versions.
* allow any "Proxy-Status" headers to traverse the gateway.
8. IANA Considerations
8.1. New Upgrade Token
IF APPROVED, IANA is requested to add the following entry to the HTTP
Upgrade Token Registry:
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+===============+==========================+=================+
| Value | Description | Reference |
+===============+==========================+=================+
| "connect-tcp" | Proxying of TCP payloads | (This document) |
+---------------+--------------------------+-----------------+
Table 1
For interoperability testing of this draft version, implementations
SHALL use the value "connect-tcp-07".
8.2. New MASQUE Default Template
IF APPROVED, IANA is requested to add the following entry to the
"MASQUE URI Suffixes" registry:
+==============+==============+=================+
| Path Segment | Description | Reference |
+==============+==============+=================+
| tcp | TCP Proxying | (This document) |
+--------------+--------------+-----------------+
Table 2
8.3. New Capsule Type
IF APPROVED, IANA is requested to add the following entry to the
"HTTP Capsule Types" registry:
+=======+=========+===========+============+============+=========+
| Value | Capsule | Status | Reference | Change | Contact |
| | Type | | | Controller | |
+=======+=========+===========+============+============+=========+
| (TBD) | DATA | permanent | (This | IETF | HTTPBIS |
| | | | document), | | |
| | | | Section 3 | | |
+-------+---------+-----------+------------+------------+---------+
Table 3
For this draft version of the protocol, the Capsule Type value
0x2028d7ee shall be used provisionally for testing, under the name
"DATA-07".
9. References
9.1. Normative References
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[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC6570] Gregorio, J., Fielding, R., Hadley, M., Nottingham, M.,
and D. Orchard, "URI Template", RFC 6570,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6570, March 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6570>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC8441] McManus, P., "Bootstrapping WebSockets with HTTP/2",
RFC 8441, DOI 10.17487/RFC8441, September 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8441>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8446>.
[RFC8470] Thomson, M., Nottingham, M., and W. Tarreau, "Using Early
Data in HTTP", RFC 8470, DOI 10.17487/RFC8470, September
2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8470>.
[RFC9000] Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9000>.
[RFC9110] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
Ed., "HTTP Semantics", STD 97, RFC 9110,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9110, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110>.
[RFC9113] Thomson, M., Ed. and C. Benfield, Ed., "HTTP/2", RFC 9113,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9113, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9113>.
[RFC9114] Bishop, M., Ed., "HTTP/3", RFC 9114, DOI 10.17487/RFC9114,
June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9114>.
[RFC9209] Nottingham, M. and P. Sikora, "The Proxy-Status HTTP
Response Header Field", RFC 9209, DOI 10.17487/RFC9209,
June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9209>.
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[RFC9220] Hamilton, R., "Bootstrapping WebSockets with HTTP/3",
RFC 9220, DOI 10.17487/RFC9220, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9220>.
[RFC9297] Schinazi, D. and L. Pardue, "HTTP Datagrams and the
Capsule Protocol", RFC 9297, DOI 10.17487/RFC9297, August
2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9297>.
[RFC9298] Schinazi, D., "Proxying UDP in HTTP", RFC 9298,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9298, August 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9298>.
9.2. Informative References
[CAPABILITY]
"Good Practices for Capability URLs", February 2014,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/capability-urls/>.
[CLEAR-SITE-DATA]
"Clear Site Data", November 2017,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/clear-site-data/>.
[CONNECT-IP]
Pauly, T., Ed., Schinazi, D., Chernyakhovsky, A.,
Kühlewind, M., and M. Westerlund, "Proxying IP in HTTP",
RFC 9484, DOI 10.17487/RFC9484, October 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9484>.
[CONNECT-UDP]
Schinazi, D., "Proxying UDP in HTTP", RFC 9298,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9298, August 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9298>.
[I-D.schinazi-httpbis-wrap-up]
Schinazi, D. and L. Pardue, "The HTTP Wrap Up Capsule",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-schinazi-httpbis-
wrap-up-01, 16 October 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-schinazi-
httpbis-wrap-up-01>.
[RFC6265] Barth, A., "HTTP State Management Mechanism", RFC 6265,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6265, April 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6265>.
[RFC6797] Hodges, J., Jackson, C., and A. Barth, "HTTP Strict
Transport Security (HSTS)", RFC 6797,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6797, November 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6797>.
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[RFC7469] Evans, C., Palmer, C., and R. Sleevi, "Public Key Pinning
Extension for HTTP", RFC 7469, DOI 10.17487/RFC7469, April
2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7469>.
[RFC7838] Nottingham, M., McManus, P., and J. Reschke, "HTTP
Alternative Services", RFC 7838, DOI 10.17487/RFC7838,
April 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7838>.
[RFC8942] Grigorik, I. and Y. Weiss, "HTTP Client Hints", RFC 8942,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8942, February 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8942>.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Amos Jeffries, Tommy Pauly, Kyle Nekritz, David Schinazi,
and Kazuho Oku for close review and suggested changes.
Author's Address
Benjamin M. Schwartz
Meta Platforms, Inc.
Email: ietf@bemasc.net
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