Composite ML-DSA for use in Internet PKI

1.1. Changes since adoption by the lamps working group

• Added back in the version 13 changes which were dropped by mistake in the initial -00 adopted version¶

• Added Scott Fluher as an author due to his valuable contributions and participation in the draft writing process¶

• Removed the reference to Parallel PKI's in implementation considerations as it isn't adding value to the discussion¶

• Resolved comments from Kris Kwiatkowski regarding FIPS¶

2.1. Conventions and Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. These words may also appear in this document in lower case as plain English words, absent their normative meanings.¶

This document is consistent with the terminology defined in [I-D.driscoll-pqt-hybrid-terminology]. In addition, the following terminology is used throughout this document:¶

ALGORITHM: A standardized cryptographic primitive, as well as any ASN.1 structures needed for encoding data and metadata needed to use the algorithm. This document is primarily concerned with algorithms for producing digital signatures.¶

BER: Basic Encoding Rules (BER) as defined in [X.690].¶

CLIENT: Any software that is making use of a cryptographic key. This includes a signer, verifier, encrypter, decrypter.¶

COMPONENT ALGORITHM: A single basic algorithm which is contained within a composite algorithm.¶

COMPOSITE ALGORITHM: An algorithm which is a sequence of two component algorithms, as defined in Section 5.¶

DER: Distinguished Encoding Rules as defined in [X.690].¶

LEGACY: For the purposes of this document, a legacy algorithm is any cryptographic algorithm currently in use which is not believed to be resistant to quantum cryptanalysis.¶

PKI: Public Key Infrastructure, as defined in [RFC5280].¶

POST-QUANTUM ALGORITHM: Any cryptographic algorithm which is believed to be resistant to classical and quantum cryptanalysis, such as the algorithms being considered for standardization by NIST.¶

PUBLIC / PRIVATE KEY: The public and private portion of an asymmetric cryptographic key, making no assumptions about which algorithm.¶

SIGNATURE: A digital cryptographic signature, making no assumptions about which algorithm.¶

STRIPPING ATTACK: An attack in which the attacker is able to downgrade the cryptographic object to an attacker-chosen subset of original set of component algorithms in such a way that it is not detectable by the receiver. For example, substituting a composite public key or signature for a version with fewer components.¶

3.1. Composite Schemes PreHashing

Composite schemes' signature generation process and composite signature verification process are designed to provide security properties meant to address specific issues related to the use multiple algorithms and they require the use of pre-hasing. In Composite schemes, the value of the DER encoding of the selected signature scheme is concatenated with the calculated Hash over the original message.¶

The output is then used as input for the Sign() and Verify() functions.¶

4.1. Key Generation

To generate a new keypair for Composite schemes, the KeyGen() -> (pk, sk) function is used. The KeyGen() function calls the two key generation functions of the component algorithms for the Composite keypair in no particular order. Multi-process or multi-threaded applications might choose to execute the key generation functions in parallel for better key generation performance.¶

The generated public key structure is described in Section 5.2, while the corresponding composite secret key structure is defined in Section 5.3.¶

The following process is used to generate composite keypair values:¶

KeyGen() -> (pk, sk)

Input:
     sk_1, sk_2         Private keys for each component.

     pk_1, pk_2         Public keys for each component.

     A1, A2             Component signature algorithms.

Output:
     (pk, sk)           The composite keypair.

Function KeyGen():

  (pk_1, sk_1) <- A1.KeyGen()
  (pk_2, sk_2) <- A2.KeyGen()

  if NOT (pk_1, sk_1) or NOT (pk_2, sk_2):
    // Component key generation failure
    return NULL

  (pk, sk) <- encode[(pk_1, sk_1), (pk_2, sk_2)]
  if NOT (pk, sk):
    // Encoding failure
    return False

  // Success
  return (pk, sk)

The key generation functions MUST be executed for both algorithms. Compliant parties MUST NOT use or import component keys that are used in other contexts, combinations, or by themselves (i.e., not only in X.509 certificates).¶

4.2. Signature Generation

Composite schemes' signatures provide important properties for multi-key environments such as non-separability and key-binding. For more information on the additional security properties and their applicability to multi-key or hybrid environments, please refer to [I-D.hale-pquip-hybrid-signature-spectrums] and the use of labels as defined in [Bindel2017]¶

Composite signature generation starts with pre-hashing the message that is concatenated with the Domain separator Section 7.1. After that, the signature process for each component algorithm is invoked and the values are then placed in the CompositeSignatureValue structure defined in Section 6.1.¶

A composite signature's value MUST include two signature components and MUST be in the same order as the components from the corresponding signing key.¶

The following process is used to generate composite signature values.¶

Sign (sk, Message) -> (signature)
Input:
     K1, K2             Signing private keys for each component. See note below on
                        composite inputs.

     A1, A2             Component signature algorithms. See note below on
                        composite inputs.

     Message            The Message to be signed, an octet string

     HASH               The Message Digest Algorithm used for pre-hashing.  See section
                        on pre-hashing below.

     Domain             Domain separator value for binding the signature to the Composite OID.
                        See section on Domain Separators below.

Output:
     signature          The composite signature, a CompositeSignatureValue

Signature Generation Process:

   1. Compute the new Message M' by concatenating the Domain identifier (i.e., the DER encoding of the Composite signature algorithm identifier) with the Hash of the Message

         M' := Domain || HASH(Message)

   2. Generate the 2 component signatures independently, by calculating the signature over M'
      according to their algorithm specifications that might involve the use of the hash-n-sign paradigm.

         S1 := Sign( K1, A1, M' )
         S2 := Sign( K2, A2, M' )

   3. Encode each component signature S1 and S2 into a BIT STRING
      according to its algorithm specification.

        signature := NULL

        IF (S1 != NULL) and (S2 != NULL):
          signature := Sequence { S1, S2 }

   4. Output signature

        return signature

It is possible to construct CompositePrivateKey(s) to generate signatures from component keys stored in separate software or hardware keystores. Variations in the process to accommodate particular private key storage mechanisms are considered to be conformant to this document so long as it produces the same output as the process sketched above.¶

Composite Verify(pk, Message, signature)
Input:
     P1, P2             Public verification keys. See note below on
                        composite inputs.

     Message            Message whose signature is to be verified,
                        an octet string.

     signature          CompositeSignatureValue containing the component
                        signature values (S1 and S2) to be verified.

     A1, A2             Component signature algorithms. See note
                        below on composite inputs.

     HASH               The Message Digest Algorithm for pre-hashing.  See
                        section on pre-hashing the message below.

     Domain             Domain separator value for binding the signature to the Composite OID.
                        See section on Domain Separators below.

Output:
    Validity (bool)    "Valid signature" (true) if the composite
                        signature is valid, "Invalid signature"
                        (false) otherwise.

Signature Verification Procedure::
   1. Check keys, signatures, and algorithms lists for consistency.

      If Error during Desequencing, or the sequences have
      different numbers of elements, or any of the public keys
      P1 or P2 and the algorithm identifiers A1 or A2 are
      composite then output "Invalid signature" and stop.

   2. Compute a Hash of the Message

         M' = Domain || HASH(Message)

   3. Check each component signature individually, according to its
       algorithm specification.
       If any fail, then the entire signature validation fails.

       if not verify( P1, M', S1, A1 ) then
            output "Invalid signature"
       if not verify( P2, M', S2, A2 ) then
            output "Invalid signature"

       if all succeeded, then
        output "Valid signature"

5.1. pk-CompositeSignature

The following ASN.1 Information Object Class is a template to be used in defining all composite Signature public key types.¶

pk-CompositeSignature {OBJECT IDENTIFIER:id,
  FirstPublicKeyType,SecondPublicKeyType}
    PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id
      KEY SEQUENCE {
        firstPublicKey BIT STRING (CONTAINING FirstPublicKeyType),
        secondPublicKey BIT STRING (CONTAINING SecondPublicKeyType)
      }
      PARAMS ARE absent
      CERT-KEY-USAGE { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign}
    }

As an example, the public key type pk-MLDSA65-ECDSA-P256-SHA256 is defined as:¶

pk-MLDSA65-ECDSA-P256-SHA256 PUBLIC-KEY ::=
  pk-CompositeSignature{ id-MLDSA65-ECDSA-P256-SHA256,
  OCTET STRING, ECPoint}

The full set of key types defined by this specification can be found in the ASN.1 Module in Section 9.¶

5.2. CompositeSignaturePublicKey

Composite public key data is represented by the following structure:¶

CompositeSignaturePublicKey ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (2) OF BIT STRING

A composite key MUST contain two component public keys. The order of the component keys is determined by the definition of the corresponding algorithm identifier as defined in section Section 7.¶

Some applications may need to reconstruct the SubjectPublicKeyInfo objects corresponding to each component public key. Table 2 in Section 7 provides the necessary mapping between composite and their component algorithms for doing this reconstruction. This also motivates the design choice of SEQUENCE OF BIT STRING instead of SEQUENCE OF OCTET STRING; using BIT STRING allows for easier transcription between CompositeSignaturePublicKey and SubjectPublicKeyInfo.¶

When the CompositeSignaturePublicKey must be provided in octet string or bit string format, the data structure is encoded as specified in Section 5.4.¶

Component keys of a CompositeSignaturePublicKey MUST NOT be used in any other type of key or as a standalone key.¶

5.3. CompositeSignaturePrivateKey

Use cases that require an interoperable encoding for composite private keys, such as when private keys are carried in PKCS #12 [RFC7292], CMP [RFC4210] or CRMF [RFC4211] MUST use the following structure.¶

CompositeSignaturePrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (2) OF OneAsymmetricKey

Each element is a OneAsymmetricKey` [RFC5958] object for a component private key.¶

The parameters field MUST be absent.¶

The order of the component keys is the same as the order defined in Section 5.2 for the components of CompositeSignaturePublicKey.¶

When a CompositeSignaturePrivateKey is conveyed inside a OneAsymmetricKey structure (version 1 of which is also known as PrivateKeyInfo) [RFC5958], the privateKeyAlgorithm field SHALL be set to the corresponding composite algorithm identifier defined according to Section 7, the privateKey field SHALL contain the CompositeSignaturePrivateKey, and the publicKey field MUST NOT be present. Associated public key material MAY be present in the CompositeSignaturePrivateKey.¶

In some usecases the private keys that comprise a composite key may not be represented in a single structure or even be contained in a single cryptographic module; for example if one component is within the FIPS boundary of a cryptographic module and the other is not; see {sec-fips} for more discussion. The establishment of correspondence between public keys in a CompositeSignaturePublicKey and private keys not represented in a single composite structure is beyond the scope of this document.¶

Component keys of a CompositeSignaturePrivateKey MUST NOT be used in any other type of key or as a standalone key.¶

5.4. Encoding Rules

Many protocol specifications will require that the composite public key and composite private key data structures be represented by an octet string or bit string.¶

When an octet string is required, the DER encoding of the composite data structure SHALL be used directly.¶

CompositeSignaturePublicKeyOs ::= OCTET STRING (CONTAINING CompositeSignaturePublicKey ENCODED BY der)

When a bit string is required, the octets of the DER encoded composite data structure SHALL be used as the bits of the bit string, with the most significant bit of the first octet becoming the first bit, and so on, ending with the least significant bit of the last octet becoming the last bit of the bit string.¶

CompositeSignaturePublicKeyBs ::= BIT STRING (CONTAINING CompositeSignaturePublicKey ENCODED BY der)

In the interests of simplicity and avoiding compatibility issues, implementations that parse these structures MAY accept both BER and DER.¶

5.5. Key Usage Bits

For protocols such as X.509 [RFC5280] that specify key usage along with the public key, then the composite public key associated with a composite signature MUST have a signing-type key usage. This is because the composite public key can only be used in situations that are appropriate for both component algorithms, so even if the classical component key supports both signing and encryption, the post-quantum algorithms do not.¶

If the keyUsage extension is present in a Certification Authority (CA) certificate that indicates a composite key, then any combination of the following values MAY be present and any other values MUST NOT be present:¶

digitalSignature;
nonRepudiation;
keyCertSign; and
cRLSign.

If the keyUsage extension is present in an End Entity (EE) certificate that indicates a composite key, then any combination of the following values MAY be present and any other values MUST NOT be present:¶

digitalSignature; and
nonRepudiation;

6.1. sa-CompositeSignature

The ASN.1 algorithm object for a composite signature is:¶

sa-CompositeSignature {
  OBJECT IDENTIFIER:id,
    PUBLIC-KEY:publicKeyType }
    SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
        IDENTIFIER id
        VALUE CompositeSignatureValue
        PARAMS ARE absent
        PUBLIC-KEYS { publicKeyType }
        SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id }
    }

The following is an explanation how SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM elements are used to create Composite Signatures:¶

6.2. CompositeSignatureValue

The output of the composite signature algorithm is the DER encoding of the following structure:¶

CompositeSignatureValue ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (2) OF BIT STRING

Where each BIT STRING within the SEQUENCE is a signature value produced by one of the component keys. It MUST contain one signature value produced by each component algorithm, and in the same order as specified in the object identifier.¶

The choice of SEQUENCE SIZE (2) OF BIT STRING, rather than for example a single BIT STRING containing the concatenated signature values, is to gracefully handle variable-length signature values by taking advantage of ASN.1's built-in length fields.¶

7.1. Domain Separators

As mentioned above, the OID input value is used as a domain separator for the Composite Signature Generation and verification process and is the DER encoding of the OID. The following table shows the HEX encoding for each Signature AlgorithmID.¶

7.2. Notes on id-MLDSA44-RSA2048-PSS-SHA256

Use of RSA-PSS [RFC8017] deserves a special explanation.¶

The RSA component keys MUST be generated at the 2048-bit security level in order to match with ML-DSA-44¶

As with the other composite signature algorithms, when id-MLDSA44-RSA2048-PSS-SHA256 is used in an AlgorithmIdentifier, the parameters MUST be absent. id-MLDSA44-RSA2048-PSS-SHA256 SHALL instantiate RSA-PSS with the following parameters:¶

where:¶

• Mask Generation Function (mgf1) is defined in [RFC8017]¶

• SHA-256 is defined in [RFC6234].¶

7.3. Notes on id-MLDSA65-RSA3072-PSS-SHA512

The RSA component keys MUST be generated at the 3072-bit security level in order to match with ML-DSA-65.¶

As with the other composite signature algorithms, when id-MLDSA65-RSA3072-PSS-SHA512 is used in an AlgorithmIdentifier, the parameters MUST be absent. id-MLDSA65-RSA3072-PSS-SHA512 SHALL instantiate RSA-PSS with the following parameters:¶

where:¶

• Mask Generation Function (mgf1) is defined in [RFC8017]¶

• SHA-512 is defined in [RFC6234].¶

8.1. Underlying Components

When a particular Composite Signature OID is supported in CMS, an implementation SHOULD support the corresponding Secure Hash algorithm identifier in Table 6 that was used as the pre-hash.¶

The following table lists the MANDATORY HASH algorithms to preserve security and performance characteristics of each composite algorithm.¶

where:¶

• SHA2 instantiations are defined in [FIPS180].¶

8.2. SignedData Conventions

As specified in CMS [RFC5652], the digital signature is produced from the message digest and the signer's private key. The signature is computed over different values depending on whether signed attributes are absent or present.¶

When signed attributes are absent, the composite signature is computed over the content. When signed attributes are present, a hash is computed over the content using the same hash function that is used in the composite pre-hash, and then a message-digest attribute is constructed to contain the resulting hash value, and then the result of DER encoding the set of signed attributes, which MUST include a content-type attribute and a message-digest attribute, and then the composite signature is computed over the DER-encoded output. In summary:¶

IF (signed attributes are absent)
   THEN Composite_Sign(content)
ELSE message-digest attribute = Hash(content);
   Composite_Sign(DER(SignedAttributes))

When using Composite Signatures, the fields in the SignerInfo are used as follows:¶

digestAlgorithm: The digestAlgorithm contains the one-way hash function used by the CMS signer.¶

signatureAlgorithm: The signatureAlgorithm MUST contain one of the the Composite Signature algorithm identifiers as specified in Table 6¶

signature: The signature field contains the signature value resulting from the composite signing operation of the specified signatureAlgorithm.¶

8.3. Certificate Conventions

The conventions specified in this section augment RFC 5280 [RFC5280].¶

The willingness to accept a composite Signature Algorithm MAY be signaled by the use of the SMIMECapabilities Attribute as specified in Section 2.5.2. of [RFC8551] or the SMIMECapabilities certificate extension as specified in [RFC4262].¶

The intended application for the public key MAY be indicated in the key usage certificate extension as specified in Section 4.2.1.3 of [RFC5280]. If the keyUsage extension is present in a certificate that conveys a composite Signature public key, then the key usage extension MUST contain only the following value:¶

digitalSignature
nonRepudiation
keyCertSign
cRLSign

The keyEncipherment and dataEncipherment values MUST NOT be present. That is, a public key intended to be employed only with a composite signature algorithm MUST NOT also be employed for data encryption. This requirement does not carry any particular security consideration; only the convention that signature keys be identified with 'digitalSignature','nonRepudiation','keyCertSign' or 'cRLSign' key usages.¶

8.4. SMIMECapabilities Attribute Conventions

Section 2.5.2 of [RFC8551] defines the SMIMECapabilities attribute to announce a partial list of algorithms that an S/MIME implementation can support. When constructing a CMS signed-data content type [RFC5652], a compliant implementation MAY include the SMIMECapabilities attribute that announces support for the RSA-KEM Algorithm.¶

The SMIMECapability SEQUENCE representing a composite signature Algorithm MUST include the appropriate object identifier as per Table 6 in the capabilityID field.¶

10.1. Object Identifier Allocations

EDNOTE to IANA: OIDs will need to be replaced in both the ASN.1 module and in Table 2.¶

11.1. Public Key Algorithm Selection Criteria

The composite algorithm combinations defined in this document were chosen according to the following guidelines:¶

1. A single RSA combination is provided at a key size of 3072 bits, matched with NIST PQC Level 3 algorithms.¶

2. Elliptic curve algorithms are provided with combinations on each of the NIST [RFC6090], Brainpool [RFC5639], and Edwards [RFC7748] curves. NIST PQC Levels 1 - 3 algorithms are matched with 256-bit curves, while NIST levels 4 - 5 are matched with 384-bit elliptic curves. This provides a balance between matching classical security levels of post-quantum and traditional algorithms, and also selecting elliptic curves which already have wide adoption.¶

3. NIST level 1 candidates are provided, matched with 256-bit elliptic curves, intended for constrained use cases.¶

If other combinations are needed, a separate specification should be submitted to the IETF LAMPS working group. To ease implementation, these specifications are encouraged to follow the construction pattern of the algorithms specified in this document.¶

The composite structures defined in this specification allow only for pairs of algorithms. This also does not preclude future specification from extending these structures to define combinations with three or more components.¶

11.2. PreHashing Algorithm Selection Criteria

As noted in the composite signature generation process and composite signature verification process, the Message should be pre-hashed into M' with the digest algorithm specified in the composite signature algorithm identifier. The selection of the digest algorithm was chosen with the following criteria:¶

1. For composites paired with RSA or ECDSA, the hashing algorithm SHA256 or SHA512 is used as part of the RSA or ECDSA signature algorithm and is therefore also used as the composite prehashing algorithm.¶

2. For ML-DSA signing a digest of the message is allowed as long as the hash function provides at least y bits of classical security strength against both collision and second preimage attacks. For ML-DSA-44 y is 128 bits, for ML-DSA-65 y is 192 bits and for ML-DSA-87 y is 256 bits. Therefore SHA256 is paired with RSA and ECDSA with ML-DSA-44 and SHA512 is paired with RSA and ECDSA with ML-DSA-65 and ML-DSA-87 to match the appropriate security strength.¶

3. Ed25519 [RFC8032] uses SHA512 internally, therefore SHA512 is used to pre-hash the message when Ed25519 is a component algorithm.¶

4. Ed448 [RFC8032] uses SHAKE256 internally, but to reduce the set of prehashing algorihtms, SHA512 was selected to pre-hash the message when Ed448 is a component algorithm.¶

11.3. Policy for Deprecated and Acceptable Algorithms

Traditionally, a public key, certificate, or signature contains a single cryptographic algorithm. If and when an algorithm becomes deprecated (for example, RSA-512, or SHA1), then clients performing signatures or verifications should be updated to adhere to appropriate policies.¶

In the composite model this is less obvious since implementers may decide that certain cryptographic algorithms have complementary security properties and are acceptable in combination even though one or both algorithms are deprecated for individual use. As such, a single composite public key or certificate may contain a mixture of deprecated and non-deprecated algorithms.¶

Since composite algorithms are registered independently of their component algorithms, their deprecation can be handled independently from that of their component algorithms. For example a cryptographic policy might continue to allow id-MLDSA65-ECDSA-P256-SHA512 even after ECDSA-P256 is deprecated.¶

When considering stripping attacks, one need consider the case where an attacker has fully compromised one of the component algorithms to the point that they can produce forged signatures that appear valid under one of the component public keys, and thus fool a victim verifier into accepting a forged signature. The protection against this attack relies on the victim verifier trusting the pair of public keys as a single composite key, and not trusting the individual component keys by themselves.¶

Specifically, in order to achieve this non-separability property, this specification makes two assumptions about how the verifier will establish trust in a composite public key:¶

1. This specification assumes that all of the component keys within a composite key are freshly generated for the composite; ie a given public key MUST NOT appear as a component within a composite key and also within single-algorithm constructions.¶

2. This specification assumes that composite public keys will be bound in a structure that contains a signature over the public key (for example, an X.509 Certificate [RFC5280]), which is chained back to a trust anchor, and where that signature algorithm is at least as strong as the composite public key that it is protecting.¶

There are mechanisms within Internet PKI where trusted public keys do not appear within signed structures -- such as the Trust Anchor format defined in [RFC5914]. In such cases, it is the responsibility of implementers to ensure that trusted composite keys are distributed in a way that is tamper-resistant and does not allow the component keys to be trusted independently.¶

B.1. Explicit Composite Signature Examples

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----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-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIP6gIBADANBgtghkgBhvprUAgBBASCD9Qwgg/QMIIPNgIBADANBgsrBgEEAQKC
CwwEBASCDyAlpLNsQ5cJPbsWBeyG/zvYctOB4+ZgIkIfY5VSL88H1oyY3xD+KvF2
4bnFPT7nM4+8rPjsCuuk2PyUr7vzEHf++3ovDEFUsHo88ez4zfzBeW+Aho6yC4Gf
H8BFsgVYv0HmRUPUEmVhrJUKt8VwHbOVyak7a4JWl6MWpwxnRYqso1rCcWKWZKQC
bZIQQhGIKaIyZQSVRSI4bdBAShuBaQPGkBwUDgM3QQgGbhHDSBqzLQk4MooWSUk0
Zhk4JCAgUhg0ZVkkECOYTYBIMRQGjFICSaMiIYAAShMTJVAwbaFCakg0QcFCZolC
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-----END PRIVATE KEY-----

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

C.1. FIPS certification

One of the primary design goals of this specification is for the overall composite algorithm to be able to be considered FIPS-approved even when one of the component algorithms is not.¶

Implementors seeking FIPS certification of a composite Signature algorithm where only one of the component algorithms has been FIPS-validated or FIPS-approved should credit the FIPS-validated component algorithm with full security strength, the non-FIPS-validated component algorithm with zero security, and the overall composite should be considered at least as strong and thus FIPS-approved.¶

The authors wish to note that this gives composite algorithms great future utility both for future cryptographic migrations as well as bridging across jurisdictions, for example defining composite algorithms which combine FIPS cryptography with cryptography from a different national standards body.¶

C.2. Backwards Compatibility

The term "backwards compatibility" is used here to mean something more specific; that existing systems as they are deployed today can interoperate with the upgraded systems of the future. This draft explicitly does not provide backwards compatibility, only upgraded systems will understand the OIDs defined in this document.¶

If backwards compatibility is required, then additional mechanisms will be needed. Migration and interoperability concerns need to be thought about in the context of various types of protocols that make use of X.509 and PKIX with relation to digital signature objects, from online negotiated protocols such as TLS 1.3 [RFC8446] and IKEv2 [RFC7296], to non-negotiated asynchronous protocols such as S/MIME signed email [RFC8551], document signing such as in the context of the European eIDAS regulations [eIDAS2014], and publicly trusted code signing [codeSigningBRsv2.8], as well as myriad other standardized and proprietary protocols and applications that leverage CMS [RFC5652] signed structures. Composite simplifies the protocol design work because it can be implemented as a signature algorithm that fits into existing systems.¶

E.1. Making contributions

Additional contributions to this draft are welcome. Please see the working copy of this draft at, as well as open issues at:¶

https://github.com/lamps-wg/draft-composite-sigs¶