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ops Global Routing Operations The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a critical component in the Internet to exchange routing information between network domains. It is important to understand the security and reliability requirements that can and should be met to prevent accidental or intentional routing disturbances. Previously, security considerations for BGP have been described in RFC7454 / BCP194. Since the publication of RFC7454, changes in operational practice have taken place, which are partially conflicting with the advice given in RFC7454. This document obsoletes RFC7454, and provides less implementation-specific best practices, with the goal of being less prone to becoming outdated or conflicting with changed operational practices.

Introduction The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), specified in , is the protocol used in the Internet to exchange routing information between network domains. BGP does not directly include mechanisms that control whether the routes exchanged conform to the various guidelines defined by the Internet community. Furthermore, the BGP protocol itself, by its design, does not have any direct way to protect itself against threats to confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This document summarizes security properties and requirements when operating BGP for securing the infrastructure as well as security considerations regarding the exchanged routing information. Operators are advised to consult documentation and contemporary informational documents concerning methods to ensure that these properties are sufficiently ensured in their network.

Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Scope of the Document The guidelines defined in this document are intended for BGP when used to exchange generic Internet routing information within the Default-Free Zone (DFZ). It specifically does not cover other uses of BGP, e.g., when using BGP for exchanging routes in a data-center context, or other use-cases when using BGP without globally unique identifiers between networks. This document does not specify how the outlined requirements and properties can be technically realized at a specific point in time. Instead, operators are advised to consult applicable documentation and contemporary informational documents describing implementation specifics (e.g., and ).

Protection of the BGP Speaker and Session The BGP speaker, i.e., the node running BGP to exchange routing information, needs to be protected from external attempts to impact integrity or availability of the BGP session and the node.

Protecting the BGP Session To protect a BGP speaker on the network layer, an operator MUST ensure the following properties using technical or organizational measures:

• Prevent off-path attackers from injecting BGP messages into existing sessions.
• Prevent off-path attackers from interrupting existing sessions.
• Prevent off-path attackers from preventing the establishment of new sessions.
• Prevent remote systems from overwhelming the BGP speaker by sending large volumes of unsolicited packets or BGP messages.
• Ensure that unstable sessions do not threaten the availability of BGP speakers within the network.

Example technologies to accomplish this include GTSM/TTL-security , BGP-MD5 / TCP-AO , limiting traffic to the control plane via Control Plane Policing (CoPP), and setting maximum prefix limits for the number of prefixes a neighbor may send. When implementing prefix limits, operators SHOULD be aware of the operational implications of exceeding prefix limits, i.e., a loss of an established session. Hence, operators SHOULD appropriately weigh this impact within the specific operational circumstances, and ensure appropriate prefix limits to not cause outages under normal operations.

Protecting the Management Interface of the BGP Speaker In addition to the control plane / exchange of BGP protocol messages, the management plane of BGP speakers must be appropriately secured. Hence, operators MUST ensure that:

• No unauthorized third-parties can obtain access or connect to the management interface of a BGP speaker in a way that impacts confidentiality, integrity, or availability.
• External activity towards the management interface does not interfere with the integrity or availability of BGP sessions.

Route Filtering The purpose of BGP is to exchange routing information. Importing or exporting incorrect or malicious routes is a security risk for receiving networks and may threaten connected and/or remote networks. As such, operators MUST ensure the following properties when importing or exporting routing information from their neighbors.

Importing BGP Routes When importing BGP routes from a neighbor, an operator MUST ensure that all imported routes conform to the following properties by implementing technical or organizational measures:

• The AS originating BGP routes for a prefix MUST be globally authorized to originate that prefix. Operators MAY deviate from this for default routes (::/0 and 0.0.0.0/0), if they granted the specific neighbor permission to announce default routes towards them. Operators are cautioned to evaluate carefully how accepting a default route affects their network, as this occludes limitations in forwarding coverage by the upstream from which the default route was received.
• For received BGP routes with an AS_PATH = {AS1, AS2, ..., ASn}, where AS1 is the neighbor that sent the UPDATE and ASn is the originator, for each k in 1..n−1, AS(k+1) MUST be authorized to export the BGP routes to ASk according to their bilateral routing policy (e.g., provider–customer, peer, or lateral-peer).
• The AS_PATH MUST NOT contain AS numbers reserved for private or special-use cases, except for those AS numbers explicitly dedicated to a special-use that requires their presence in the global routing table .
• The length of the AS_PATH for a received BGP routes MUST NOT exceed the maximum length supported by the local router.
• The number of transitive BGP attributes, e.g., BGP communities , extended BGP communities , or Large BGP communities attached to a received NLRI MUST NOT exceed the maximum supported by the local router.
• The number of BGP routes received from a neighbor MUST NOT exceed the resources of the local router.

Originating and Propagating BGP Routes When originating or propagating BGP routes, an operator MUST ensure that all BGP routes they export conform to the following properties by implementing technical or organizational measures:

• The propagating AS MUST be authorized to propagate BGP routes for the specific prefix when received from the AS directly to its right in the AS_PATH. Additionally, each AS in the AS_PATH not originating the prefix MUST be authorized to propagate the prefix when receiving it from the next AS to its right.
• The AS originating BGP routes for a prefix MUST be globally authorized to originate that prefix. Operators MAY deviate from this for default routes (::/0 and 0.0.0.0/0), if they originate the default route and the specific neighbor granted them permission to announce default routes towards them.
• The AS_PATH MUST NOT contain AS numbers reserved for private or special-use cases, except for those AS numbers explicitly dedicated to a special-use that requires their presence in the global routing table .

Altering BGP Routes When processing BGP routes, an operator MUST ensure that the basic properties of these routes are not altered:

• An operator SHOULD NOT change or remove immutable transitive BGP attributes, e.g., ORIGIN as per . In selected cases, if a specific attribute is known to be malicious, an operator MAY either remove that specific attribute from the BGP routes when importing them or filter the routes carrying the attribute. Transitivity of attributes unknown to an operator cannot be established. Treating such attributes as immutable enables incremental deployment of new BGP features, while processing unknown attributes may harm availability if the eBGP speakers used by an operator are unable to handle the attribute safely. Hence, operators SHOULD carefully assess the tradeoff between incremental deployment and BGP security for their network.
• Routes carried by BGP MUST NOT carry RPKI validation states in transitive BGP path attributes .

IANA Considerations This document does not require any IANA actions.

Security Considerations This document is entirely about BGP operational security. It lists requirements and properties operators MUST ensure using technical or organizational measures when operating BGP routers in the DFZ.

References Normative References IANA Informative References Max-Planck-Institut fuer Informatik Max-Planck-Institut fuer Informatik Fastly MPI-INF AS58280.net

Acknowledgements This document has been originally based on and we thank the original authors for their work. We thank the following people for reviewing this draft and suggesting changes:

• Gert Doerring
• Jeff Haas
• Geng Nan
• Martin Pels
• Job Snijders
• Berislav Todorovic
• Linda Dunbar
• Wolfgang Tremmel
• Florian Obser
• Ben Maddison
• Mohamed Boucadair
• Tom Petch