\begindata{text,17446172}
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\template{help}
\define{global
}
\chapter{Eq: demonstration equation editor}


\section{What Eq is}

\leftindent{
Eq is an equation editor.  It allows you to edit, format, and print equations, 
or to insert equation views into \helptopic{EZ} documents.  Eq is not for 
calculating equations; it only supports editing and formatting.  At this time, 
you cannot print equation views. 


This help document contains the following parts:


\leftindent{Starting Eq

Entering keyboard and special characters

\leftindent{--Alphabetic characters

--Positioning characters

--Spacing characters

--Special strings

--Greek characters

--Special symbols}

Editing equations

\leftindent{--Cutting, copying and pasting

--Deleting characters

--Scripting

--Saving

--Reading in Eq files

}Previewing and printing 

	You can preview equations, but not print them.  

Using keyboard commands

Pop-up menu meanings

Program Authors

Related tools

}}
\section{Starting Eq

}\leftindent{
There three ways to start Eq:  


1. At the command prompt, type eq\italic{ filename }and press Enter.


2.  At the command prompt, type "ez \italic{file}.eq" and press Enter.  (The 
use of the .eq extension will automatically create an eq document.)


3. Add an Eq inset to a document and edit it there.  (See the \italic{insets 
}help document for details.)


If you are creating a new Eq document, the Eq editor appears as a blank 
screen, with only a text caret and a striped input box called a \bold{zilch}. 
 Eq uses a zilch to show you where your next input will appear.  A zilch 
always appears when there are no other chararacters in Eq, in certain 
expressions where you must enter numbers (such as fractions and square roots), 
and when changes in position are indicated (such as superscripts and 
subscripts).  For example, you can create a blank fraction by typing "/".  The 
blank fraction contains two zilches, one in the numerator and one in the 
denominator, with the caret positioned next to the zilch in the numerator to 
show that it will appear when you type.  To enter the fraction, type the 
numerator and press Enter to move the caret to the denominator.  Then, type 
the denominator and press Enter.   Note that when the caret is in front of a 
zilch and you type a character, the zilch is replaced by that character. 


You can move around Eq by using the mouse, menus, or keybindings.  To 
reposition the caret using the mouse, point the mouse cursor where you want to 
place the caret and press the left mouse button. 

}
\section{Entering Keyboard and Special Characters}

\leftindent{
\bold{Alphabetic characters.}  Letters of the Roman alphabet (a-z, A-Z) appear 
on the screen as you type them, but in an italic font. 


\bold{Other keyboard characters.}  Non-alphabetic characters and symbols 
usually appear as you types them.  These characters include:


-  	Minus or negative

+  	Plus

*  	Multiplication

<  	Less than

>  	Greater than

=  	Equals

'   	Prime

.   	Decimal point

,   	Comma

[]    	Left and right square brackets

()     	Left and right parentheses

\{\}       	Left and right curly brackets


\bold{Positioning characters.}  These characters, when typed in, will insert a 
zilch in the appropriate spot.  All of these characters correspond to menu 
items which perform the same functions.  See the section below, "Pop-up Menu 
Meanings," for details.


!   	Above

#   	Below

^  	Superscript

_   	Subscript

/   	Fraction


\bold{Spacing characters.}  The spacebar does not insert spaces in Eq.  To 
make a space appear, choose "Insert Symbol..." from the pop-up menus, type one 
of the following strings at the "Symbol?" prompt in the message area, and 
press Enter:


thin	(insert a narrow space)

med	(insert a medium space)

thick	(insert a wide space)


\bold{Special Strings.}  You can display special strings by choosing "Insert 
Symbol..." from the menus, typing the string in at the "Symbol?" prompt in the 
message area, and pressing Enter.  Although these special strings look like 
alphabetic characters, they are displayed in a non-italic font because each 
string is considered a single unit for purposes of display, manipulation and 
deletion.  The special strings include:


log

lim

sin

cos 

tan

sinh

cosh

tanh

 

\bold{Greek characters.}  To display individual greek characters, choose 
"Insert Symbol..." from the menus, and when the "Symbol?" prompt appears in 
the message area, type in the name of the Greek character you want and press 
Enter.  For example, you can put in a lowercase alpha by typing "alpha" at the 
Symbol prompt and pressing Enter.  To put in an uppercase alpha, type "Alpha" 
and press Enter.   Several of the lowercase greek characters have alternate 
symbolic representations.  These optional symbols are:

 

vartheta

varsigma

varphi

varomega  


(Note: The var-prefixed characters Greek characters are for screen display 
only--they appear as the standard Greek character on a printed copy, for 
example, vartheta would appear identical to a theta when printed.)


\bold{Special symbols.}  You can display many mathematical symbols in a 
similar manner.  Just choose "Insert Symbol..." from the menus, type in the 
abbreviation for the name of the symbol you want, and press Enter.  For 
example, to display a plus-over-minus sign, choose "Insert Symbol..." from the 
menus, type "+-" at the Symbol prompt, and press Enter.  To display an 
integral operator, choose "Insert Symbol..."from the menus, type "int" at the 
Symbol prompt and press Enter.  The list of special symbols below contains 
abbreviations at the left and the symbols they produce at the right: 

\description{
+  	Plus 

+-	Plus over minus

-  	Minus or negative

-+	Minus over plus

*  	Multiplication

/   	Division

=  	Equal

<>	Not equal

<  	Less than

<=	Less than or equal

>  	Greater than

>=	Greater than or equal


->	Right arrow

<-	Left arrow

up	Up arrow

down	Down arrow


(    	Left paren

)    	Right paren

[		Left bracket

]		Right bracket

\{   	Left brace  (can also be done by typing "lbrace" instead of "\{")

\}   	Right brace  (can also be done by typing and "rbrace" instead of "\}")

langle	Left angle  (produces a large left angle that differs from the 
greater-than ">"sign)

rangle	Right angle  (produces a large right angle that differs from the 
less-than "<"sign)


all	All (inverted A)

exists	Exists (reversed E)

st 	Such that

cint	Circular integral

int	Integral

sum	Summation (large Sigma)

product	Product (large Pi)

union_op	Union operator

or_op	Or operator

inter_op	Intersection operator

and_op	And operator

inf	Infinity

approx	Approximately

and	And (smaller form of and_op)

or 	Or (smaller form of or_op)


'    	Prime (attached to previous character)

dot	Centered dot (attached to previous character)

bar	Bar over previous symbol which will expand over additional characters 
until a carriage return is entered.

slash	Slash character

root	Single space square root.  (This root symbol does not expand.  Choose 
Root from the menus to get an expanding square root symbol.)

}}
\section{Editing Equations}\section{

}\leftindent{
\bold{Cutting, copying and pasting.}  You can cut, copy or paste segments of 
equations by selecting them and using menu options.  To select, point the 
mouse cursor at the beginning of the text to be selected and click the left 
mouse button.  Then, move the cursor to the end of the equation and click the 
right mouse button.  The selected text appears in reverse video (white 
characters in a black box.)  


The areas that you can select are limited by the structure of the equation. 
 For example, Eq will not allow a selection that starts inside the numerator 
of a fraction to extend outside the numerator.  Otherwise, cutting, pasting, 
and copying work the same in Eq as in EZ.


\bold{Deleting characters.}  You can delete characters by placing the text 
caret behind them and pressing Backspace or by placing the cursor in front of 
them and typing ^D.  When you delete the last item in a group such as the 
numerator of a fraction or a super- or subscript, a zilch remains to give you 
another chance; typing one more ^D will delete the zilch and the group as 
well.  Thus, typing `/' followed by ^D creates a fraction with two zilches and 
then deletes it.


\bold{Scripting\bold{.}}\bold{ } There are four menu options related to 
scripting: Superscript, Subscript, Above, and Below.  All of these menu 
options place a zilch next to the previous character in a different script 
position.  An alternative way of creating a script is to place the caret after 
the character to be scripted and typing a positioning character.  Type `^' to 
get into a superscript, `_' to get into a subscript.  Type `!' to get into a 
script above the character or `#' to get into a script below a character.


After you have created a script, you can get back into it by placing the caret 
before the scripted character and typing ^P to go to the superscript (or 
above) or ^N to go to the subscript (or below).


\bold{Creating Fractions.}  You can create a fraction by choosing "Fraction" 
from the menus to produce a blank fraction containing two zilches.  An 
alternative way is to type `/'.  When the blank fraction appears, type in the 
numerator, press Enter, type in the denominator, and press Enter to complete 
it.


To get back into a numerator, place the caret before the fraction and type ^P; 
to get into a denominator, place the caret before the fraction and type ^N.}


\leftindent{\bold{Saving files.}  You can save an Eq file by choosing "Save" 
or "Save As" from the pop-up menus.  When the "Write to file" prompt appears 
in the message area, type in the name of the file you want to save and press 
Enter.  The file will be saved in the directory in which you started using Eq. 
}

\leftindent{\bold{Reading in Eq files.}  You can read Eq files into an Eq 
window or inset by choosing the "Read File" option from the pop-up menus. 
 When the prompt appears in the message line, type in the name of the file you 
want to read in and press Enter.

}
\section{Previewing and printing}

\leftindent{
Printing and previewing equations is possible however, due to certain 
limitations of the formatting and printing programs which are currently being 
used, some symbols do not print exactly as they appear on the screen.

}
\section{Using keyboard commands}

\leftindent{
The following is a list of some of the keystroke commands.  The "^" represents 
the Ctrl key.  Keybindings which correspond to menu items are listed in the 
"Pop-up menu meanings" section below.


^P	Move up

^N	Move down

^F	Move forward

^B	Move backward

^D	Delete forward

^H	Delete backward

^A	Move to beginning of group

^E	Move to end of group

<CR>	Move to next item (Same as Enter.)

}
\section{Pop-up menu meanings}


Keybindings which correspond to these menu options are listed in parentheses 
after their names.  

\italic{Front menu card}

\leftindent{
\bold{Paste: }(^Y)  Paste inserts cut or copied information back into a 
document at the point where the cursor appears.  (When part of the equation is 
selected, the Cut and Copy menu options appear.)

\leftindent{
\bold{Cut:} (^W)  Deletes the selected text into the cutbuffer from which you 
can paste it back into any document by choosing Paste. 


\bold{Copy:} (Esc-w)  Copies the selected text into the cutbuffer.  You can 
put the text you copied most recently back into any document by choosing 
Paste.}


\bold{Save:} (^X^S)  Saves all changes in the file you are editing.


\bold{Quit:} (^X^C)  Quits Eq.  If you try to quit Eq without saving the 
changes you have made, the message 


\leftindent{You have unsaved changes; do you want to quit anyway [n]? }


appears.  To quit without saving the changes you have made, type y and press 
Enter.  To save the changes you have made, press Enter and then use Save. }


\italic{Formulae menu card}

\leftindent{
\bold{Root: }(^R)  Creates a square root symbol which extends over the 
characters you type until you press Enter.


\bold{Fraction: }(/)  Creates a fraction, containing a zilch in the numerator 
and the denominator.  After typing in the numerator, press Enter to begin 
typing the denominator.   After typing the denominator, press Enter again to 
move out of the fraction.


\bold{Superscript:} (^)  Moves a zilch to the superscript position, in which 
you can enter superscript characters.  Press Enter to move out of the 
subscript when you finish typing it..


\bold{Subscript:} (_)  Moves a zilch to the subscript position, in which you 
can enter a subscript character.  Press Enter to move out of the subscript.


\bold{Above:} (!)  Moves a zilch directly above the current symbol, in which 
you can enter characters.  Press Enter to move the caret back to the main line 
of the equation.

 

\bold{Below:} (#)  Moves a zilch directly below the current symbol.  Press 
Enter to move the caret back to the main line of the equation.


\bold{Insert Symbol...} (Esc-a)  Prompts for the name of the special symbol to 
be inserted into the equation.

}
\italic{File menu card}


\leftindent{\bold{Save As:} (^X^W)  Prompts for the name under which the file 
is to be saved.


\bold{Read File:} (^X^R)  Prompts for the name of a file to be 
inserted.}\italic{

}\leftindent{
\bold{C:} (^Zc)  Displays a version of the file translated into C in 
Typescript.


\bold{EQN:} (^Ze)  Displays a version of the file translated into EQN (the 
troff equation macro package) in Typescript.


\bold{TROFF:} (^Zt)  Displays a version of the file translated into troff in 
Typescript.


\bold{DVI:} (^Zd)  Displays a version of the file translated into 
device-independent troff output in the Typescript.


\bold{Preview:} (^Zv)  Starts the Preview program on the current document to 
show what the document would look like when printed.  For more information, 
see the \italic{\helptopic{preview}} help document.


\bold{Print:} (^Zp)  Sends a copy of the file to the printer.  For more 
information, see the \italic{\helptopic{print}} help document.

}
\section{Authors}

\leftindent{
Bruce Lucas-original Eq.

Maria Wadlow-ATK conversion.

}
\section{Related tools}


Select (highlight) one of the italicized names and choose "Show Help on 
Selected Word" from the pop-up menu to see the help file for:


\leftindent{\italic{\helptopic{ez}

\helptopic{insets}

}}

\begindata{bp,17454776}
\enddata{bp,17454776}
\view{bpv,17454776,1,0,0}
Copyright 1992 Carnegie Mellon University and IBM.  All rights reserved.

\smaller{\smaller{$Disclaimer: This software is part of version 6.1 of the 

Andrew User Interface System and is 

the property of IBM, Carnegie Mellon University, 

and the other copyright holders.  The source 

code of this version is for the sole use of 

the individual named in ./config/allsys.h.  

This source code is not to be redistributed.  

Binary object code compiled or derived from 

these sources is not to be distributed to non-

members.  Members may have additional 

distribution rights granted by prior written 

permission of Carnegie Mellon University.



IBM, CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY, 

AND THE OTHER COPYRIGHT HOLDERS

 DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH 

REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING 

ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT-

ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN 

NO EVENT SHALL  IBM, CARNEGIE 

MELLON UNIVERSITY, OR ANY OTHER 

COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR 

ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSE-

QUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 

WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF

USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN

ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR

OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT 

OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR

PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

 $

}}\enddata{text,17446172}
