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\chapter{Table: Making Tables and Spreadsheets}


\section{What Table is}


\leftindent{The Table program allows you to create and print tabular displays 
of information, both as regular tables and as spreadsheets.  A spreadsheet is 
a table into which you can insert formulas to perform many kinds of 
mathematical calculations on the contents of the table.  You can include a 
wide variety of information in a Table document, including numbers, text, and 
the results of calculations.  You can include all the different inset types 
(EZ text, Raster, Zip, Eq and Fad) in a Table document, \italic{or} 
incorporate tables into other EZ text documents. 


This help document contains the following parts:


Starting Table

Moving around 

Single Cell Related Information:

\leftindent{Selecting cells

Entering character strings

Entering formulas

    -numbers

    -dates

    -mathematical operators

    -cell references

Editing, deleting and copying cells contents

Including insets}

Row and Column Related Information

\leftindent{Selecting entire columns, rows and lines  

Changing cell size and appearance

Adding, deleting and moving rows and columns

Saving, quitting, previewing and printing }

Pop-Up Menu Meanings

List of operators and functions

Error Messages

Recent Changes

Authors

Related Tools}\leftindent{

}
\section{Starting Table}


\leftindent{You can edit a table either in its own window, or as an inset in a 
text document.  


\bold{Starting Table in its own window.}  To start Table as a stand-alone 
program in its own window, type 


\leftindent{ez  \italic{filename.table}}


at the command prompt, and press Enter.  Using the \bold{.}table extension 
automatically tells EZ to create a Table document. 


You can also type 


\leftindent{table \italic{filename}}


and press Enter to get a Table window.  The \bold{.}table extension is not 
necessary in this case, and in later editing sessions you can type \bold{ez} 
as well as \bold{table} to access the file created.


If you type \bold{table} without specifying a filename, the Table program 
prompts you on the message line for a filename; you cannot begin editing until 
you provide one.


\bold{Starting Table as a inset.}  You can create a table as an inset in an EZ 
text document by moving the text caret to the location where you want to inset 
a table, typing Esc-Tab and specifying "table" at the "Data object to insert 
here:" prompt.  You can also inset a table you have created separately, by 
using the \bold{Insert File} menu option and specifying a Table file.   (See 
the  \italic{\helptopic{insets}  }help document for details about adding 
insets.)


\bold{Table's layout.}  When the new table appears, you will see a grid 
consisting of rectangular boxes (called cells) arranged in 10 rows and 5 
columns.  Number headings appear at the top of each column and the left edge 
of each row.  Neither the dotted lines outlining the cells nor the number 
headings will show in a finished, printed table, but they are very useful 
while you are creating and editing the table.  The dotted lines show you how 
big the cells are, and where information is positioned within the cell (you 
can change both cell size and entry position).  The number headings allow you 
to refer to specific cells in spreadsheet formulas, and to select entire rows 
and columns.  


The message area at the bottom of the window is particularly important in 
Table, because you insert and edit cell entries by selecting the cell (see 
below) and then typing the information on the message line, rather than into 
the cell itself. 


\bold{Differences between Table alone and as an inset.}  If you start Table by 
itself, scrollbars will appear both at the left and the top of the window. 
 The top horizontal scrollbar allows you to move left-right across the table, 
and operates just like all Andrew scrollbars.  Scrollbars are not available 
for insets, making moving around somewhat less convenient (see the next 
section on \bold{Moving around}).  


When Table is an inset in another document, you can make the dotted lines and 
numbers disappear, so that the table looks like it will in the finished 
document.  An inset table has an invisible boundary around it (you can tell 
where it is because the cursor changes when it is moved in and out of the 
inset boundary).  Clicking in the area outside this boundary causes the dotted 
lines and number labels to disappear.  Clicking in the area inside the 
boundary causes the lines and numbers to reappear.  When you use Table in its 
own window,  it is not possible to make the dotted lines and numbers 
disappear, except by looking at your table in a Preview window (see the 
section on \bold{Preview}).}


\leftindent{\bold{Warnings.} Because Table uses the message area both for 
displaying system messages and for entering information into the cells, it 
will sometimes happen that a system message (such as "Checkpointing...") 
appears while you are typing a cell entry.  You must edit the message out of 
your entry or it is likely to cause an error message to appear in the cell. } 


\section{Moving around}


\leftindent{\bold{Using the cursor and scrollbar.}  You move around in a Table 
document in the same basic way as in any EZ document, by using the cursor. 
Table's cursor looks like a square, with four cross hairs pointing into its 
center.  Placing the cursor in a cell and clicking the left mouse button 
selects the cell (see the next section on \bold{Selecting cells}).  If your 
table is too large to be visible all at once in the window, you can use the 
scrollbars to bring other regions of the table into the window.


\bold{Using the arrow keys.}  Once you have selected a cell, you can move 
through the cells by means of the 4 arrow keys.  Each cell is selected as you 
move into it, and its contents appear on the message line.  For inset tables, 
using the arrow keys is the only way to move into a region of the table that 
is not currently visible. 


\bold{Using the Tab and Enter keys.}  Once you have selected a cell, pressing 
the Tab key moves you across the row to the right, selecting each cell in turn 
and displaying its contents in the message line.  If you continue to press Tab 
after reaching the end of the row, you will add new columns to the table.   


Pressing the Enter key moves you to the left-most cell in the next row, 
selecting it and displaying its contents in the message line.  If you continue 
to press Enter after reaching the bottom of the table, you will add new rows.}


\section{Selecting cells}


\leftindent{You must select a cell in order to insert or edit an entry.  You 
can put the same entry into many cells (useful for formulas in spreadsheets) 
by selecting a block of cells.  \leftindent{

}
\bold{Selecting a single cell.}  Move the cursor over the cell you want to 
select and click the left mouse button.  A dark rectangle appears around the 
cell.  The contents of the selected cell appear on the message line at the 
bottom of the window, where you can edit them. 


\bold{Selecting a block of cells.}  You can select whole blocks of adjacent 
cells so that any actions you take will affect all of them at once.  

 

\leftindent{1) Move the cursor into a cell and select it by clicking the left 
mouse button.  


2) Move the cursor to the cell at the diagonally "opposite corner" of the 
block of cells that you want to select.  


3) Click the \bold{right} mouse button.  The first selected cell is marked 
with a dark box around it (just like in the single cell case), and all the 
rest of the cells are darkened in reverse video.  The contents of the first 
selected cell appear in the message line.}


If the cell in which you right-click is in the same row or column as the first 
selected cell, only cells in that row or column are selected.  If the cell in 
which you right-click is in a different row and column,  then Table acts as 
though the initially selected cell is one corner of a rectangle, and the 
cursor's location the diagonally opposite corner; it selects all the cells 
within the rectangle.  


Any actions you take will affect all the selected cells.  Thus even though the 
contents of only the first selected cell appear on the message line, anything 
you now type will appear in all the selected cells, replacing their previous 
contents.  


Another way to select multiple cells is to select a first cell and, while 
continuing to hold down the left button, drag the cursor to the "opposite 
corner" cell.  This method allows you to see each cell darken (become 
selected) as you move through it.  Note, however, that because you cannot move 
the cursor outside the confines of the window, the first method is preferred. 
 It allows you to extend the selection into regions not presently in the 
window because it leaves the cursor "free" to be used in the scrollbar--you 
can move the area containing the desired end cell into the window and complete 
the selection by clicking the right button.


}\section{Entering character strings

}
\leftindent{Character strings are sequences of alphabetic characters (such as 
words and phrases) that you use to display short titles or labels in a table. 
 To include longer stretches of text, or to apply styles to the text in a 
table, you have to use a text inset (see the section below on \bold{Including 
insets}).}


\leftindent{You can position a character string in a cell in three different 
ways: left-justified, right-justified or centered.  To enter a character 
string:


\leftindent{1) Select the cell where you want the character string entry to 
appear.  


2) For a left-justified entry, type \bold{' }(single quote) and the character 
string.  (You can omit the single quote for a left-justified entry which 
begins with a letter.)


    For a right-justified entry, type\bold{ "} (double quote) and the 
character string.


    For a centered entry, type \bold{^} (usually, shift-6) and the character 
string.


3) As soon as you begin typing, the entry appears in the message line.


4) When you are finished, press Enter.  The character string appears in the 
selected cell, positioned appropriately.}}


\leftindent{If you type part of an entry, but then select another cell before 
pressing Enter, what you have typed will not be inserted into the cell; the 
message line reads "Input canceled!"


If you select a block of cells and make an entry, the entry is inserted into 
every cell of the selected block.


If your entry is too long to fit in the cell, Table displays as much as 
possible.  Either shorten the character string, or make the cell bigger by 
combining it with other cells or changing its size (see the section on 
\bold{Changing cell size and appearance}).  For very long stretches of text, 
it may be best to add a text inset.


You can enter numbers as character strings if you want to control their 
position within a cell exactly.  Such number entries cannot be referred to by 
formulas, however, and so are not useful in spreadsheets.}


\section{Entering formulas}


\leftindent{Table's ability to handle formulas is what makes it useful as a 
spreadsheet program.  The range of information you can include in formulas is 
much larger than for character strings, and includes numbers, dates, 
references to other cells, and mathematical operations on numbers and 
references. You enter all formulas in the same basic way.}


\leftindent{To enter a formula into a cell:


\leftindent{1) Select the cell.


2) Type the formula, and it appears on the message line.  If your formula 
begins with a letter, precede it with an equals sign ( = ) to distinguish it 
from a character string.


3) When the formula is complete, press Enter. The results of the formula 
appear in the selected cell.}}


\leftindent{It is important to remember that when you enter a formula (other 
than a plain number), you are asking Table to perform a calculation for you, 
and it will display the \italic{results} of the calculation in the selected 
cell, not the formula you typed.  If your formula is displayed instead of the 
results of the calculation, you probably forgot to begin the formula with an 
equals sign ( = ) to distinguish it from a character string.


As with character strings, if you select a different cell before pressing 
Enter, the entry is canceled, and "Input canceled!" appears in the message 
line. 


If you select a block of cells and enter a formula, the formula is used to 
calculate the entry for every cell of the selected block.  Unlike the 
analogous operation with character strings, these entries will not necessarily 
be all the same, especially if the formula includes cell references (see 
below).  


If the selected cell is too small to display all of a number (either one that 
you enter, or one that results from a calculation), an asterisk (\bold{*}) 
appears instead.  Table remembers the value of the number, however, and you 
can make the cell bigger in order to display it (see the section below on 
\bold{Changing cell size and appearance}).


If Table cannot calculate the formula as you have typed it, an error indicator 
will appear in the affected cell.  Common reasons for error messages are that 
your formula asks Table to perform calculations on non-numerical entries, or 
includes an illegal reference to another cell.  See the section below on 
\bold{Error Messages} for a complete list. }


\leftindent{By default, Table displays numbers (both those that you type in 
and those that result from formulas) with up to 2 digits after the decimal, 
rounding if necessary.  However, it stores the entire number for use in 
calculations. You can change the number of decimal digits displayed with the 
\bold{Precision} option on the \italic{Number Format} menu card.  You can also 
display numbers in several different formats (as dollar amounts or 
percentages, for example).  See the section on \bold{Pop-Up Menu Meanings} for 
details.}


\leftindent{\bold{Including numbers in formulas.}  Entering a number as a 
formula means that you can use it in calculations later.  Simply select the 
cell and type in the number.  }


\leftindent{\bold{Including dates in formulas.}  You can use Table to 
calculate the number of days between two dates in this century.  When you 
enter a date into a cell, Table calculates the number of days between the date 
and December 31, 1899.  You can then perform calculations on the result as you 
would on any number.  


To enter a date, select a cell and enter the date as \bold{day-month-year} 
  (examples: 12 june 1987, September 1915, 21 Aug 63).  As the examples 
demonstrate, capitalization does not matter, and you can abbreviate the year 
to two digits and the month name to a shorter string (but it must be 
unambiguous).  If you omit the day of the month, the 1st is assumed. 


To display a date in a cell as a date rather than a number, select the cell 
and choose one of the format options on the \italic{Date Format} menu card. 
 See the section \bold{Pop-Up Menu Meanings} below for details about the 
available date formats.}


\leftindent{\bold{Including operator symbols in formulas.}  Table uses the 
following symbols for common mathematical operations. They are listed in order 
of binding precedence (that is, Table performs exponentiation first and does 
multiplication before addition, as in standard arithmetic).


\leftindent{^    exponentiation (so \bold{r^2} means ``r squared") 

-     indicates a negative number

*\bold{    } multiplication

 /    division

+    addition

 -    subtraction

=    equals

>    greater than

<     less than

<>   not-equals

>=   greater-or-equal

<=   less-or-equal}\bold{

}
The last six operators in the list are called "comparison operators."  They 
tell Table to test if the indicated relationship is true of the elements 
(numbers or cells reference values) in the formula.  Table displays a \bold{1} 
in the cell associated with the formula if the comparison is true and a 
\bold{0} for false.   These operators can be used in sequence, so that 
\bold{a>b>c} is true only if \bold{b} is between \bold{a} and \bold{c}.}


\leftindent{\bold{Including references to other cells in formulas.}  One of 
Table's most useful spreadsheet features is that it is very easy to include 
the value from any other cell in a calculation.  For example, you can add 
together a long series of cells in a column and have Table display the sum in 
the last cell in the column.  An even more helpful feature is that if you ever 
change the value in a cell referred to by a formula, Table automatically 
recalculates the result of the formula.


You include cell references in the form \bold{[}\italic{row-number}\bold{,} 
\italic{column-number}\bold{]}, where row-number and column-number refer to 
the row and column of the cell being referenced.  (Recall that a column-number 
appears at the top of each column and a row-number at the left end of each 
row.)  Cell references can be either "absolute" or "relative."} 


\leftindent{An example of an \italic{\bold{absolute reference}} is 
\bold{[3,4]}, which refers to the cell in row 3, column 4.  


A \bold{\italic{relative reference}} is one that refers to a cell in terms of 
the location of the cell where the formula appears (which can be called the 
"formula cell").  In relative references,  the letters \bold{r} and \bold{c} 
stand for the row-number and column-number of the formula cell.  Thus, to 
reference the cell just above the formula cell and in the same column, you 
would type \bold{[r-1,c]}.}


\leftindent{\bold{\italic{An example.}}  Suppose you want to add together the 
values in the three cells above the formula cell, which is cell \bold{[7,4].} 
 You could use absolute references and type \bold{[4,4]+[5,4]+[6,4]}, or you 
could use relative references and type  \bold{[r-3,c]+[r-2,c]+[r-1,c]}. 
 (Notice that neither type of formula includes any extra spaces between 
characters.)  The same result would be displayed in cell \bold{[7,4]} in 
either case, but relative references are generally preferred because of their 
greater generality and flexibility.  For example, you can perform a summation 
of three cells in another column simply by copying the formula into a cell in 
the new column, because nothing in the formula refers to the specific cells in 
the original column.}


\leftindent{\bold{\italic{An easy way to add relative references.}}  Another 
advantage of relative references is that you do not have to type them in. 
 Instead, follow this procedure: 


\leftindent{1) Select the formula cell and press Backspace to bring the text 
caret onto the message line. 


2) Move the cursor to the cell whose value you want to include in the formula 
and click the \bold{right} mouse button.  Do not click the left button, or you 
will select the new cell instead of the formula cell, and your input will be 
canceled.


3) The relative reference of the cell appears on the message line. 


4) Move to another cell and click the right button to include its relative 
reference in the formula.   You can type in any operator or function between 
references, but Table inserts a default + sign if you do not type anything.


 5) When you are finished, press Enter.  Table displays the result of the 
formula in the formula cell.}


\bold{\italic{Using cell ranges.}}  Some functions can apply to entire blocks, 
or "ranges," of cells (see the \bold{List of operators and functions}).  To 
indicate a range of cells for a formula, specify the cell references of the 
first cell in the range and the last cell in the range (the one at the 
opposite corner of the block), separated by a colon.  For example, to sum all 
the cells in the first five rows of columns 1 and 2, type 
\bold{sum([1,1]:[5,2])}.}


\section{Editing, deleting and copying character strings and formulas}


\leftindent{The procedures for editing, deleting and copying are the same for 
character strings and formulas.}

 

\leftindent{\bold{Editing cell entries.} To change a cell entry:


\leftindent{1) Select the cell where the entry appears. The entry appears on 
the message line.


2) Press Backspace.  A text caret appears at the end of the entry.


3)  To add characters to the end of the string, type them in.


4)  To delete characters from the string, use the cursor (which becomes the 
familiar curved arrow when you bring it onto the message line) to move the 
text caret around in the message line.  The message line acts just like text 
in EZ: you can select pieces of text and choose \bold{Cut} or \bold{Copy} from 
the menu card.  You can then \bold{Paste} the cut or copied text somewhere 
else within the message line if you wish.


4) When the new entry is as you want it, press Enter.  It appears in the 
selected cell. }


Once you bring the text caret onto the message line by pressing Backspace, you 
can also delete characters by repeatedly pressing Backspace to move over them.


\bold{Deleting cell entries.}  Select the cell and choose \bold{Cut} from the 
front menu card.   The contents of the cell are erased.  You can delete the 
contents of all the cells in a block by selecting them all before choosing 
\bold{Cut}.\bold{  }You can also delete cell entries by using the Backspace 
key as for editing, pressing Enter when nothing remains on the message line.}


\leftindent{\bold{Copying a cell entry. } Select the cell whose contents you 
wish to copy and choose \bold{Copy} from the front menu card.  Select the cell 
into which you want to paste and choose \bold{Paste} from the front menu card. 
 The contents appear in both cells.


Note that when you copy a formula, you are copying the formula itself and not 
the results displayed in the cell.  The display in the new cell will not 
necessarily match the display in the original cell, especially if the formula 
includes relative cell references.}  


\leftindent{\bold{Copying multiple cell entries.}  You can copy (or cut and 
paste) the contents of a block of cells into another block of cells by 
selecting all the cells in the block and choosing \bold{Cut} or \bold{Copy} 
from the front menu card.  Then select the block of empty cells into which you 
want to paste and choose \bold{Paste} from the front menu card.  Note, 
however, that the results are predictable only if the second block of cells is 
the same size and shape as the original block.  If the second block is smaller 
or a different shape than the original, only some of the original information 
will be copied in.  If the second block is bigger, Table will cycle through 
the original information as many times as necessary to fill the second block. 
 This is handy if you want to fill a table with repetitive information.


Note also that if you wish to copy a block containing empty cells (for 
instance, you may wish to copy a row that includes empty cells at its end into 
another row), you must tell Table that the cells are really empty by putting a 
\bold{\italic{null entry }}in each one.  To create a null entry, select the 
cell, press Backspace to bring the text caret onto the message line and then 
press Enter without typing anything.  Even though all empty cells look the 
same in the table, Table distinguishes between cells with null entries and 
cells into which you have simply never entered anything.  When you copy a 
block containing the second kind of "never-entered" cells, Table does not copy 
them and will fill up the extra space in the new block by cycling through the 
cells that do contain entries. } 


\section{Including insets }


\leftindent{Because Table belongs to the family of EZ programs, you can put EZ 
text, Raster, Zip, Eq and Fad insets in the cells of a table, as well as 
include tables as insets in text documents.  At the present, however, you 
should not do both at once (i.e., inset a table containing insets into a text 
document) or you may encounter editing and printing problems.  


You should be aware that at present Zip insets in Table can behave 
unpredictably.  For example, some users have found that sometimes (but not 
consistently) only the Zip menus are available, even if the selected cell does 
not contain the Zip inset.


\bold{Adding insets.} To add an inset to a cell, perform the following steps.


\leftindent{\bold{Note: } When you add most insets, Table automatically 
enlarges the cell to accommodate them, but has no way of knowing just how 
large you want the inset to be.  If you know it is going to be large (a whole 
raster, say) it is easier to enlarge the cell \italic{before} inserting the 
inset.  Either combine the cell with others or make its column and row wider.}

\leftindent{
1. Select the cell.  


2. Choose the \bold{Imbed} menu option from the \italic{Cells} menu card, or 
type Esc-Tab.


3.  When the following prompt appears:


\leftindent{Data object to enter here (text):}


press Enter to imbed a text inset, or type the name of another inset and press 
Enter. }}\leftindent{ }


\leftindent{\bold{Editing insets.}  You can edit an inset in a Table cell just 
as though it were a stand-alone document.  Select the cell containing the 
inset as you would any cell.     The inset's own cursor appears and the menus 
appropriate to the inset are available (except selected region menus in a text 
inset; see directly below).  For details about insets, see the 
 \italic{\helptopic{insets}}   help document or the help document for the type 
of inset you are using.}


\leftindent{\bold{Including styles in text insets.}   If you wish to apply 
styles within a text inset, you have to add the selected region menus to the 
inset by choosing \bold{Add Template} from the \italic{File }menu card, which 
brings up the prompt "Add styles from template:" on the message line.  To get 
the regular template and styles, type "default" at the prompt and press Enter.} 


\leftindent{Note that when you print your table, any styles you have applied 
in an inset will also apply to the entries in the following regular cells, 
unless you create a "style boundary."  To do so, select a small region in the 
inset that directly follows the styled text and chose \bold{Plainest} from the 
front menu card.} 


\leftindent{\bold{Deleting insets.}  After you place an inset in a cell, 
clicking on the cell selects the inset, not the cell that contains it.  This 
allows you to enter information and use the menus in the inset.  However, to 
delete an inset, you need to select the cell itself.  To select a cell and 
delete an inset:

\leftindent{
1. Move the cursor to the border of the cell.  


2. When the cross hairs are aligned over the border, press the left mouse 
button to select the line, move into the cell, and release the button.  This 
darkens the entire cell, indicating that the cell is selected rather than the 
inset it contains.


3.  Choose \bold{Cut} from the menus to delete the inset. }} 


\section{Selecting entire columns, rows and lines}


\leftindent{In order to manipulate entire columns and rows, or draw in lines 
in a table, you must first select the column, row or line.}


\leftindent{\bold{Selecting columns.}  You can select all of the cells in a 
column by left-clicking in the "number area" above the column at the top of 
the table (where the number heading appears).  A dark box appears around the 
entire column.  If the window is too short to display the entire length of the 
column, Table adjusts the view so that the bottom row is visible.  Any action 
you now perform will affect all the cells in the column.  


To select multiple columns, press and hold the left-mouse button while the 
cursor is in the number area above the first column to be selected.  Move the 
cursor into the number areas of the adjacent column(s) you want to select, 
while continuing to hold down the left button.  You cannot select multiple 
columns as you would multiple cells --by clicking the left mouse button in the 
first column and the right mouse button in the last  column--because the right 
button has a special function in the number area (see the section on 
\bold{Changing cell appearance and size}).


If you want to select the entire column, but for some reason you need to see 
the top cells instead of the bottom ones, you can use another method that does 
not cause Table to move the window to show the bottom cells. Select the top 
cell in the column, and move the cursor into the number area while holding 
down the left button.  The top cell is surrounded by a darkened box, and the 
number area and all the rest of the cells appear in reverse video.  The 
contents of the top cell appear on the message line.}


\leftindent{\bold{Selecting rows.}  You can select all of the cells in a row 
by clicking the left mouse button in the number area at the left end of the 
row.  As with column selection, a darkened box appears around the entire row, 
and Table adjusts the window so that the last cell in the row is visible.  Any 
action you take affects all the cells in the row.


The procedures for selecting multiple rows and avoiding the automatic window 
adjustment are similar to the procedures for column selection described above, 
except that you use the number area at the left of the row.}


\leftindent{\bold{Selecting single lines.}  You can select single borderlines 
of a cell, rather than the whole cell and its contents, by carefully 
positioning the cross hairs of the cursor on the border itself.  (You need to 
do this to draw in solid lines that appear in printed output.) To select a 
vertical line:


\leftindent{1) Position the cursor's vertical cross hairs directly over the 
vertical cell border where you want the line to begin, and click the left 
mouse button. That single cell border is selected. If you wish to select a 
longer line:


2) Move the cursor up or down the border to the cell where you want the line 
to end.   Position the cross hairs carefully on the border.


3) Click the \bold{right} mouse button.  The selected line darkens.}


The procedure for selecting a horizontal line is similar, except that you 
position the horizontal cross hairs of the cursor over a horizontal border.  


If you accidentally position the cursor in a cell rather than on a border 
while completing the selection, you will select a block of cells rather than a 
line.  If this happens, simply move the cross hairs over the border and click 
the right mouse button again.

}
\section{Changing cell size and appearance

}
\leftindent{\bold{Changing column width. } Table gives you columns of a 
default width, but you can make them both wider (to accommodate longer 
entries) or less wide (to avoid wasted white space).  To change the width of 
an entire column of cells:


\leftindent{1)  Move the cursor into the number area above the top border of 
the table, positioning it just above the column borderline that you wish to 
move.  (You can move any borderline except the left edge of column 1.)


2)  Press and hold the \bold{right} mouse button.  A solid black line appears, 
anchored to the borderline and stretching to the center of the cursor.  As you 
move the cursor back and forth in the number area, the line stretches and 
contracts like a rubber band.


3)  Place the center of the cursor where you would like the new borderline to 
be and release the right mouse button.  The table is redrawn with the new cell 
width.}}


\leftindent{\bold{Changing row height.}  You change row height in basically 
the same way as you change column width, except that you position the cursor 
in the number area at the left edge of the table.  Then, press and hold the 
right mouse button, pull the "rubber band" up or down to the new position you 
want, and release the button to redraw the line to that position.  Changing 
row height can be trickier than column width because the row borders are 
rather close together.


You can change the height of all rows automatically, so that each row is as 
tall as needed to display the tallest cell in that row.  Select the row(s) and 
choose \bold{Reset Heights} from the \italic{Cells} menu card. } 


\leftindent{\bold{Combining cells. } Table also allows you to change the size 
of a single cell by combining it with adjacent cells.  Combining cells can be 
very useful for placing long items, such as row or column titles, in your 
table.  To combine a block of adjacent cells into a single "super-cell," 
select them all simultaneously (see the section above on \bold{Selecting cells} 
if you have forgotten how), and choose \bold{Combine} from the \italic{Cells} 
menu card.  The internal boundaries disappear, and the new cell behaves like 
any other single cell.   If the participating cells contained different 
entries before being combined, then only the entry from the cell that was 
left- and uppermost is displayed in the new cell.


\bold{Separating cells.}   You can divide a super-cell back into its smaller, 
component cells by selecting it and choosing \bold{Separate} from the 
\italic{Cells} menu card.  Table "remembers" what was in the component cells, 
and displays their individual entries (if any) once again.


\bold{Drawing border lines around cells.}  The dotted lines in a table will 
not show up in the printed version.  To make lines appear in printed output, 
you must draw them in.  Select the cell or block of cells that you want to 
outline and choose \bold{Draw box} from the \italic{Cells} menu card.  Table 
draws in solid black lines, but only on the 4 borders of the selected region, 
not on all the lines within.   


\bold{Drawing single lines.} You can draw in single lines as well as all 4 
borders of a region. Select the line as described in the section above on 
\bold{Selecting single lines}, then choose \bold{Draw box} from the 
\italic{Cells} menu card. 


\bold{Erasing border and single lines.}  To erase any solid border or single 
lines that you have drawn in, select the appropriate region or line and choose 
\bold{Erase box} from the \italic{Cells} menu card.


}\section{Adding, deleting and moving entire columns and rows}\leftindent{

}\leftindent{
\bold{Adding columns.}  You can add a new, empty column of cells anywhere in a 
table except to the left of column 1.  Select the right-hand border of any 
cell and Press the Tab key.  The new column of empty cells appears directly to 
the right of the selected border.  


You can also add a column by selecting a vertical border of a cell (except the 
left border of a cell in column 1) and beginning to type an entry.  As soon as 
you begin typing, a new column opens up to the right, and the new cell 
directly to the right of the selected border becomes selected itself.  When 
you press Enter,  what you typed goes into the newly selected cell. (If you 
initially select a longer border line, all the adjacent new cells are selected 
and your entry goes into all of them.)


\bold{Adding rows.}  You can add a new, empty row anywhere in a table (except 
above row 1).  Select the bottom border line of a cell and press Enter.   A 
new row of empty cells appears directly below the selected border.


You can also add a row by selecting the bottom border of a cell and beginning 
to type an entry.  As soon as you begin typing, a new row opens up below, and 
the cell right below the selected border is selected itself.  When you press 
Enter, what you typed goes into the newly selected cell.


Be aware that you may encounter difficulty in starting up the Table program 
later if you add many, many rows.  Some users have had problems with tables 
larger than 500 rows.


\bold{Deleting columns.}  To delete an entire column (not just the entries in 
all the cells, but the column itself), select the entire column by clicking 
the left mouse button on its number label at the top of the table (see the 
section above on \bold{Selecting columns}).  Choose \bold{Cut} from the front 
menu card.}


\leftindent{\bold{Deleting rows.} To delete an entire row (not just the 
entries in all the cells, but the row itself), select the entire row by 
left-clicking on its number label at the left edge of the table (see the 
section above on \bold{Selecting rows}).  Choose \bold{Cut} from the front 
menu card. 

}
\leftindent{\bold{Moving and duplicating columns.}  To move or duplicate an 
entire column or group of adjacent columns somewhere else in a table, first 
select the entire column(s).  Choose \bold{Cut} or \bold{Copy} from the front 
menu card.  Then select a second column.  Choose \bold{Paste}, and the 
cut/copied column(s) appear to the left of the second column.  Note that this 
is the opposite of inserting new empty columns, which appear to the right of 
the selected area.  You can therefore paste in a column at the left edge of a 
table; to paste at the right edge, however, you must first create an empty 
column so that the pasted column can appear to its left (you can later delete 
the empty column).


\bold{Moving and duplicating rows.} To move or duplicate an entire row or 
group of adjacent rows somewhere else in a table, first select the entire 
row(s).  Choose \bold{Cut} or \bold{Copy} from the front menu card.  Then 
select a second row.  Choose \bold{Paste}, and the cut/copied row(s) appear 
above the second row.  Note that this is the opposite of inserting new empty 
rows, which appear below the selected area.  You can therefore paste in a row 
at the top of a table; to paste at the bottom, however, you must first create 
an empty row so that the pasted row can appear above it.


}\section{Saving, quitting, previewing and printing }


\leftindent{\bold{Saving.}  You save Table documents like other EZ documents, 
by choosing \bold{Save} from the front menu card.  When your table is saved 
into a file, the message "Wrote File" and the pathname of your file appear on 
the message line at the bottom of the window. }\leftindent{ 


\bold{Quitting.}  To quit using EZ, choose the \bold{Quit} option from the 
front menu card.  If you try to quit without saving changes you have made to 
the text, the message 


\leftindent{You have unsaved changes; do you want to quit anyway? }


appears in a dialogue box.  To save the changes you have made, click in the No 
box and then use \bold{Save} before trying to quit again.   To quit without 
saving the changes you have made, move the round cursor into the Yes box and 
click the left mouse button.   


\bold{Note:}  if you have worked with multiple files during the Table session 
and have not saved all of them, you may continue to get the dialogue box even 
though you choose \bold{Save} in the current window before trying to quit.  If 
you do not wish to save the changes you made to the other files, click on the 
Yes box.  If you want to save the changes you made to all files, choose 
\bold{Save All} from the \italic{File} menu card.  See the 
\italic{ \helptopic{ez-buffers} } help document for more information on 
working with multiple files. 


\bold{Previewing.}  You can see how your table will look in printed form 
(without the dotted lines and number labels) by choosing \bold{Preview} from 
the \italic{File} menu card.  Preview also allows you to check that any styles 
you applied in text insets have not been applied to text outside the inset, 
which you cannot tell within the Table window.  Choosing \bold{Preview} opens 
up a separate Preview window showing your table.  For more information, see 
the \italic{ \helptopic{preview}}  help document. 


\bold{Printing.}  You can print your table by choosing the \bold{Print} option 
from either the \italic{File} menu card in Table or the front menu card in 
Preview.  You can also use the \bold{Set Printer} option (described in the 
section on \bold{Pop-Up Menu Meanings}) to change the name of the printer 
where your file is sent for printing. 

}
\section{Pop-Up Menu Meanings}


\italic{Front Menu Card}


\leftindent{\bold{Cut:} Removes the contents of a cell when the cell is 
selected. Removes rows or columns from the table if the entire row or column 
is selected.


\bold{Copy: } Copies the contents of the selected cell(s), which can be all 
the cells in a row or column.  }


\leftindent{\bold{Paste:} Inserts cut or copied cells or rows/columns into a 
table document. The placement depends on the nature of the material being 
pasted.  See the relevant sections above for details.  You must have 
previously cut or copied something for \bold{Paste} to work.} 


\leftindent{\bold{Save:} Saves all changes in the file that you are editing. 
  After your file has been saved, the message "Wrote file" appears in the 
response line, followed by the pathname of the file that was saved.}


\leftindent{\bold{Switch file: } Replaces the current file in the buffer with 
a new file that you specify.  A dialog box comes up, prompting you to save any 
changes before it switches to the new file.  To learn what buffers are, and 
how they work in EZ, see the  \italic{\helptopic{ez-buffers}}  help document.


\bold{Write Table:}  Functions like \bold{Save As}, except that it provides a 
default name on the message line of the form "Table\bold{N}.table," where 
\bold{N} is an integer.  The first time you use Write Table in an editing 
session, \bold{N} is 1; \bold{N }increases with subsequent uses of \bold{Write 
Table}.  You can accept the name provided or backspace over it to provide your 
own.


\bold{Read Table:}  Reads a Table file into the window, replacing the current 
file.  Like Write Table, provides a default choice of the form 
"Table\bold{N}.table," which you can accept or backspace over to change. 


\bold{Write Troff:}  creates a file containing all the troff commands 
necessary for printing out the table presently in the window.  Provides a 
default name of the form "Table\bold{N}.trf," which you can accept or change.


\bold{Rename:} not currently implemented.}


\leftindent{\bold{Quit:} Quits all windows and buffers associated with the 
current Table process.  (To learn what is meant by the terms "buffer" and 
"process," see the  \italic{\helptopic{ez-buffers}}  help document.)  If you 
try to quit without saving changes you have made to the text, the message 


\leftindent{You have unsaved changes; do you want to quit anyway? }


appears in a dialog box.  To save the changes you have made, click in the No 
box and then use \bold{Save} before trying to quit again.  To quit without 
saving the changes you have made, move the round cursor into the Yes box and 
click the left mouse button.  }


\leftindent{If you have worked with more than one file during the EZ session 
and have not saved all of them,  the dialog box may continue to appear even 
though you choose \bold{Save} in the current window before trying to quit.  If 
you do not wish to save the changes you made to the other files, click in the 
Yes box.  If you want to save the changes you made to all files, choose 
\bold{Save All} from the \italic{File} menu card.  See the 
\italic{ \helptopic{ez-buffers} } help document for more information on 
working with multiple files.}


\italic{Cells Menu Card}

\leftindent{
\bold{Combine:} Combines the selected cells into a single cell.


\bold{Separate:} Separates combined cells back into single cells.


\bold{Draw Box:} Draws a darkened line or box over the selected line or box, 
so that the line or box will appear in printed output.


\bold{Erase Box:} Erases the selected line or box that you previously drew in 
when they are selected.


\bold{Lock:} Makes the selected cells read-only, which prevents you from 
editing them.  To unlock cells, select them and use \bold{Unlock}.


\bold{Unlock:} Unlocks the selected cells.


\bold{Imbed:} Requests the name of the type of inset to be imbedded in the 
selected cell.  Reply to the prompt:


\leftindent{Data object to enter here (text): }


by pressing Enter to imbed a text inset, or typing in the name of another type 
of inset and pressing Enter.  Usually, it is a good idea to expand the cell 
when you are imbedding an inset so that you can see its cursor or caret 
clearly.  You can then use \bold{Insert file} from the inset's menus to insert 
an existing file into the new inset.


\bold{Reset Heights:}  Automatically resets the height of all cells in the 
selected row(s).  The height chosen for each row is the height needed to 
display its tallest cell.

}
\italic{Number Format Menu Card}


\leftindent{You can control the format in which numbers are displayed using 
the options on this card.  The possibilities are:}

\leftindent{
\bold{General:  }This is the default format.  Numbers are printed with up to 
two digits after the decimal point.  If there are no digits after the decimal, 
Table leaves space for them in the cell and does not fill in with 0's.  If 
there are more than two digits after the decimal, Table rounds up as 
necessary.  Although it does not display it, Table retains the exact value and 
uses it in calculations.


\bold{Dollar:  }A dollar sign is displayed before the number, and a decimal 
point and any necessary 0's are filled in. 


\bold{Percent:  }The value in the cell is multiplied by 100 to get a 
percentage, and a percent sign is displayed after the number.


\bold{Exp:  }The number is displayed in exponential (scientific) notation. 
 Not currently implemented.


\bold{Fixed:  }The number is displayed in fixed point notation, with two 
digits after the decimal point (this is like Dollar without the dollar sign).


\bold{H-Bar:  }The number is shown as a black bar extending from the left side 
of the cell.  A value of 1.0 (or larger) fills the cell, 0.5 half-fills it, 
etc.  If the number is negative, the bar extends from the right side of the 
cell.


\bold{V-Bar:  }The number is shown as a black bar extending from the bottom of 
the cell.  A value of 1.0 (or larger) fills the cell, 0.5 half-fills it, etc. 
 If the number is negative, the bar extends from the top of the cell.


\bold{Precision:  }For any of the formats listed above, you can have Table 
display more than two digits after the decimal.  When you select this option, 
 an "Enter precision:" prompt appears on the message line.  Type the number of 
digits you would like to be displayed.  Note that \bold{Precision} changes 
only the number of digits in the \italic{display}--when you enter a number 
into a cell, Table always stores as many digits as you type and uses them in 
calculations, even though it does not display more than two by default.}


\italic{Date Format Menu Card}


\leftindent{The \bold{Date Format} card offers options for formatting dates. 
 Recall that when you enter a date, Table converts it into a number 
representing the number of days between it and 31 December 1899.  You can then 
perform calculations on dates just as on any numbers.  If you want to display 
dates as dates, you need to select the cell(s) containing the dates and choose 
one of the three options.}

\leftindent{
\bold{19 June 1987:} Converts the date to day-month-year format.


\bold{June 1987:}  Converts the date to month-year format.


\bold{19 June:}  Converts the date to day-month format. }  


\italic{File Menu Card}

\leftindent{
\bold{Save As:} Saves the current file with a new name.  When the "Write to 
file:" prompt appears, it contains the pathname of the current file.  To save 
the file with a new name, backspace over the old name, type in the new name, 
and press Enter.


\bold{Save All:}  Saves the changes to all of the files that are contained in 
buffers.  (To learn what buffers are, and how to use them in EZ, see the 
 \italic{\helptopic{ez-buffers} } help document.)  It also saves newly-created 
buffers into files if you have named them.  Buffers that do not have names 
will not be saved.}


\leftindent{\bold{Set Printer:}  Lists the name of your default printer in the 
message line at the "Set printer to:" prompt and lets you change to a new 
printer by typing its name it and pressing Enter.  


\bold{Preview:}  Starts the Preview program on the current document to show 
what the document will look like when it it printed.  For more information, 
see the \italic{\helptopic{preview}} help document.


\bold{Print:}  Prints the document.} 


\section{List of operators and functions}   


\leftindent{\bold{Operators.}  Table uses the following symbols for common 
mathematical operations. They are listed in order of binding precedence (that 
is, Table performs exponentiation first and does multiplication before 
addition, as in standard arithmetic).


^    exponentiation (so \bold{r^2} means ``r squared") 

-     indicates a negative number

*\bold{    } multiplication

 /    division

+    addition

 -    subtraction

=    equals

>    greater than

<     less than

<>   not-equals

>=   greater-or-equal

<=   less-or-equal\bold{

}
The last six operators in the list are called "comparison operators."  They 
tell Table to test if the indicated relationship is true of the elements 
(numbers or cells reference values) in the formula.  Table displays a \bold{1} 
in the cell associated with the formula if the comparison is true and a 
\bold{0} for false.   These operators can be used in sequence, so that 
\bold{a>b>c} is true only if \bold{b} is between \bold{a} and \bold{c}.}


\leftindent{\bold{Functions.}  In addition to the operators listed above, 
Table allows you to include all the following functions in formulas.  The 
arguments (represented below as \italic{x} and \italic{y}) can be either 
numbers or cell references.}


\leftindent{\bold{r    	}The formula cell's row number.

\description{\bold{c    	}The formula cell's column number.  (If you want to 
include these numbers themselves in a formula, do not put them in brackets as 
though they were a cell reference.}


\bold{abs(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}Absolute value of \italic{x}.

\bold{floor(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}Greatest integer less than or equal to 
\italic{x}.

\bold{ceil(}\italic{x\bold{)	}}Smallest integer greater than or equal to 
\italic{x}.


\bold{exp(}\italic{x}\bold{)}	\italic{e}\bold{^}\italic{x}, where \italic{e} 
is the base of natural logarithms.

\bold{ln(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}The natural log of \italic{x}

\bold{log(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}The Log base 10 of \italic{x}.

\bold{sqrt(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}The square root of \italic{x}.


\bold{sin(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}The sine of \italic{x}. (in radians)

\bold{cos(}\italic{x}\bold{)             }The cosine of \italic{x}. (in 
radians)

\bold{asin(}\italic{x}\bold{)            }The arc-sine of \italic{x}. (in 
radians)

\bold{acos(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}The arc-cosine of \italic{x}. (in radians)

\bold{atan(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}The arc-tangent of \italic{x}. (in radians)

\bold{atan2(}\italic{x}\bold{,}\italic{y\bold{)      }}The arc-tangent of 
\italic{x}/\italic{y} (in radians)

\bold{pi	                   }The value 3.14159...


\bold{if(}\italic{test}\bold{,}\italic{x,y}\bold{)      }If \italic{test} is 
nonzero, then \italic{x}, otherwise \italic{y}.

\bold{false	}The value 0.

\bold{true	}The value 1.

\bold{rand	}A random number between 0 and 1.

\bold{not(}\italic{a}\bold{)	}If \italic{a} is 0, then 1; otherwise 0.

\bold{and(}\italic{a}\bold{,}\italic{b}\bold{)	}If \italic{a} and \italic{b} 
are both non-zero, then 1, else 0.

\bold{or(}\italic{a}\bold{,}\italic{b}\bold{)	}If either \italic{a} or 
\italic{b} are non-zero, then 1.


\bold{iserr(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}If \italic{x} is an error value, then true, 
else false.

\bold{isinf(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}If \italic{x} is infinite, then true, else 
false.

\bold{error	}An error value.


\description{\bold{date(}\italic{y}\bold{,}\italic{m}\bold{,}\italic{d}\bold{) 
 }Number of days between December 31, 1899, and the date 
\italic{d}ay-\italic{m}onth-\italic{y}ear.  The year must be between 1900 and 
2099.  Note that although this is similar to the format Lotus-123 uses, Lotus 
mistakenly thinks that 1900 is a leap year.}


\bold{day(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}If \italic{x} is a date as above, then the day 
of the month \italic{x} falls on.

\bold{month(}\italic{x}\bold{)	}If \italic{x} is a date, then the month 
\italic{x} falls in.

\bold{year(}\italic{x\bold{)	}}The year that the date \italic{x} falls in.

\bold{today	}The number of days between December 31, 1899 and current date.


\bold{mod(}\italic{x},y\bold{)	}The remainder when dividing \italic{x} by y.


\bold{round(}\italic{x},\italic{d}\bold{)  }\description{The number 
\italic{x}, rounded so there are \italic{d} digits after the decimal point. 
 If d is negative, then the number is rounded the appropriate number of digits 
before the decimal point.}}


\leftindent{\bold{Multiple argument functions.}  The following functions can 
take multiple arguments, separated in a list by commas.  The elements can be 
individual numbers and cell references, as well as "cell-ranges." A cell-range 
is a rectangle of cells, indicated by the cell references of its upper-left 
and lower-right corners.  For example, the range \bold{[3,4]:[5,8]} includes 
all of the cells in rows 3 to 5 which are also in columns 4 to 8. }

\bold{
}\leftindent{\description{\bold{sum(}\italic{list}\bold{) }The arithmetic sum 
of all the arguments in \italic{list}, which may include ranges.  Separate 
arguments with commas.


\bold{count(}\italic{list}\bold{)  }The count of how many entries in 
\italic{list} (which may include ranges) are numbers.  Strings, errors, and 
empty cells contained in ranges are not counted.


\bold{min(}\italic{list\bold{)	}}The minimum number in \italic{list}, which 
may include ranges.


\bold{max(}\italic{list}\bold{)	}The maximum number in \italic{list}, which 
may include ranges.

\bold{
vlookup(}\italic{x,range}\bold{)  }The first column of \italic{range} is 
scanned to find the last row whose value is less than or equal to \italic{x}; 
the corresponding entry of the last column of \italic{range} is the result.}}


\section{Error Messages}


\leftindent{An error value appears in a cell when Table cannot evaluate the 
formula you have entered.  So that they can be displayed in the cells, error 
messages are only a single word.  The following list explains in more detail 
what each message means.  To remove error values, you select the cell and edit 
its formula.}


\leftindent{ARITH!  

An arithmetic error occurred during evaluation of the formula.  (Division by 
zero, however, may give the value INFINITY or INF.)


CIRC!  

The cell's formula contains a reference to its own value, or to another cell 
which contains a reference to this cell or a circular reference all of its 
own, or so on.


CELL!  

The cell's formula contains a reference to a nonexistent cell.


DATE!  

A date is out of range (before 31 December 1899 or after 31 December 2099).


ERROR!  

The formula contains an explicit "error" function call.


LOOKUP!  

The vlookup function failed to find an appropriate argument in the left column 
of its lookup range.


NOVAL!  The formula in the cell refers to another cell containing a label or 
imbedded object.


NULL!  

The cell contains a null formula.


REF!  

The cell's formula contains a non-circular reference to another cell which 
also has an error.


SYNTAX!  

The formula is not well-formed.  


VALUE!  

The cell contains an illegal argument type for a function, or is not numeric.


}\section{Authors

}
\leftindent{Andrew Appel, John Howard}\leftindent{

}
\section{Related Tools}


Select (highlight) one of the italicized names and choose "Show Help on 
Selected Word" from the pop-up menu to see the help file for:


\leftindent{\italic{\helptopic{ez}

\helptopic{insets}}}


\begindata{bp,17205300}
\enddata{bp,17205300}
\view{bpv,17205300,0,0,0}
Copyright 1992 Carnegie Mellon University and IBM.  All rights reserved.

\smaller{\smaller{$Disclaimer: This software is part of version 6.1 of the 

Andrew User Interface System and is 

the property of IBM, Carnegie Mellon University, 

and the other copyright holders.  The source 

code of this version is for the sole use of 

the individual named in ./config/allsys.h.  

This source code is not to be redistributed.  

Binary object code compiled or derived from 

these sources is not to be distributed to non-

members.  Members may have additional 

distribution rights granted by prior written 

permission of Carnegie Mellon University.



IBM, CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY, 

AND THE OTHER COPYRIGHT HOLDERS

 DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH 

REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING 

ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT-

ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN 

NO EVENT SHALL  IBM, CARNEGIE 

MELLON UNIVERSITY, OR ANY OTHER 

COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR 

ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSE-

QUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 

WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF

USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN

ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR

OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT 

OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR

PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

 $

}}\enddata{text,17191812}
