=head1 NAME

Inline::Java - Write Perl classes in Java.

=head1 SYNOPSIS

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END_OF_JAVA_CODE' ;
      class Pod_alu {
         public Pod_alu(){
         }

         public int add(int i, int j){
            return i + j ;
         }

         public int subtract(int i, int j){
            return i - j ;
         }
      }
   END_OF_JAVA_CODE

   my $alu = new Pod_alu() ;
   print($alu->add(9, 16) . "\n") ; # prints 25
   print($alu->subtract(9, 16) . "\n") ; # prints -7

=for comment


=head1 DESCRIPTION

The C<Inline::Java> module allows you to put Java source code
directly "inline" in a Perl script or module. A Java compiler
is launched and the Java code is compiled. Then Perl asks the
Java classes what public methods have been defined. These classes
and methods are available to the Perl program as if they had been
written in Perl.

The process of interrogating the Java classes for public methods
occurs the first time you run your Java code. The namespace is
cached, and subsequent calls use the cached version.
   Z<>


=head1 USING THE Inline::Java MODULE

C<Inline::Java> is driven by fundamentally the same idea as other
C<Inline> language modules, like C<Inline::C> or C<Inline::CPP>.
Because Java is both compiled and interpreted, the method of getting
your code is different, but overall, using C<Inline::Java> is very similar
to any other C<Inline> language module.

This section will explain the different ways to C<use> Inline::Java.
For more details on C<Inline>, see 'perldoc Inline'.

B<Basic Usage>

The most basic form for using C<Inline::Java> is:

   use Inline Java => 'Java source code' ;

Of course, you can use Perl's "here document" style of quoting to make
the code slightly easier to read:

   use Inline Java => <<'END';

      Java source code goes here.

   END

The source code can also be specified as a filename, a subroutine
reference (sub routine should return source code), or an array
reference (array contains lines of source code). This information
is detailed in 'perldoc Inline'.

In order for C<Inline::Java> to function properly, it needs to know
where to find a Java 2 SDK on your machine. This is done using one
of the following techniques:

=over 4

=item 1 

Set the J2SDK configuration option to the correct directory

=item 2 

Set the PERL_INLINE_JAVA_J2SDK environment variable to the 
correct directory

=back


If none of these are specified, C<Inline::Java> will use the Java
2 SDK that was specified a install time (see below).


=head1 DEFAULT JAVA 2 SDK

When C<Inline::Java> was installed, the path to the Java 2 SDK that was
used was stored in a file called default_j2sdk.pl that resides with
the C<Inline::Java> module. You can find this file by using the following
command:

    % perl -MInline::Java=j2sdk

If you wish to permanently change the default Java 2 SDK that is used
by C<Inline::Java>, edit this file and change the value found there.
If you wish use a different Java 2 SDK temporarily, see the J2SDK
configuration option described below.

Additionally, you can use the following command to get the list of directories
that you should put in you shared library path when using the JNI extension:

    % perl -MInline::Java=so_dirs


=head1 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

There are a number of configuration options that dictate the
behavior of C<Inline::Java>:

=over 4

=item J2SDK

Specifies the path to your Java 2 SDK.

   Ex: J2SDK => '/my/java/2/sdk/path'

Note: This configuration option only has an effect on the first
'use Inline Java' call inside a Perl script, since all other calls
make use of the same JVM.

=item PORT

Specifies the starting port number for the server. If many
C<Inline::Java> blocks are declared, the port number is
incremented each time. Default is 0 (next available port number),
default for SHARED_JVM mode is 7890.

   Ex: PORT => 4567

Note: This configuration option only has an effect on the first
'use Inline Java' call inside a Perl script, since all other calls
make use of the same JVM.

=item STARTUP_DELAY

Specifies the maximum number of seconds that the Perl script
will try to connect to the Java server. In other this is the
delay that Perl gives to the Java server to start. Default 
is 15 seconds.

   Ex: STARTUP_DELAY => 20

Note: This configuration option only has an effect on the first
'use Inline Java' call inside a Perl script, since all other calls
make use of the same JVM.

=item CLASSPATH

Adds the specified CLASSPATH. This CLASSPATH will only be available
threw the use classloader. To set the CLASSPATH globally, use the 
CLASSPATH environment variable.

   Ex: CLASSPATH => '/my/other/java/classses'

=item JNI

Toggles the execution mode. The default is to use the client/server
mode. To use the JNI extension (you must have built it at install 
time though. See README and README.JNI for more information), set
JNI to 1. 

   Ex: JNI => 1

Note: This configuration option only has an effect on the first
'use Inline Java' call inside a Perl script, since all other calls 
make use of the same JVM.

=item EXTRA_JAVA_ARGS, EXTRA_JAVAC_ARGS

Specify extra command line parameters to be passed to, respectively,  
the JVM and the Java compiler. Use with caution as some options may 
alter normal C<Inline::Java> behavior.

   Ex: EXTRA_JAVA_ARGS => '-Xmx96m'

Note: EXTRA_JAVA_ARGS only has an effect on the first
'use Inline Java' call inside a Perl script, since all other calls 
make use of the same JVM.

=item EMBEDDED_JNI

Same as JNI, except C<Inline::Java> expects the JVM to already be
loaded and to have loaded the Perl interpreter that is running the
script. This is an advanced feature that should only be need in
very specific circumstances.

   Ex: EMBEDDED_JNI => 1

Note: This configuration option only has an effect on the first
'use Inline Java' call inside a Perl script, since all other calls 
make use of the same JVM. Also, the EMBEDDED_JNI option automatically
sets the JNI option.

=item SHARED_JVM

This mode enables mutiple processes to share the same JVM. It was 
created mainly in order to be able to use C<Inline::Java> under 
mod_perl. 

   Ex: SHARED_JVM => 1

Note: This configuration option only has an effect on the first
'use Inline Java' call inside a Perl script, since all other calls 
make use of the same JVM.

=item START_JVM

When used with SHARED_JVM, tells C<Inline::Java> that JVM should
already be running and that it should not attempt to start a new
one. This option is useful in combination with command line interface
described in the BUGS AND DEFICIENCIES section. Default is 1.

   Ex: START_JVM => 0

Note: This configuration option only has an effect on the first
'use Inline Java' call inside a Perl script, since all other calls 
make use of the same JVM.

=item PRIVATE

In SHARED_JVM mode, makes every connection to the JVM use a different
classloader so that each connection is isolated from the others.

   Ex: PRIVATE => 1

Note: This configuration option only has an effect on the first
'use Inline Java' call inside a Perl script, since all other calls
make use of the same JVM.

=item DEBUG

Enables debugging info. Debugging now uses levels (1 through 5)
that (loosely) follow these definitions:

   1 = Major program steps
   2 = Object creation/destruction
   3 = Method/member accesses + packet dumps
   4 = Everything else
   5 = Data structure dumps

   Ex: DEBUG => 2

=item DEBUGGER

Starts jdb, (the Java debugger) instead of the regular Java JVM.
This option will also cause the Java code to be compiled using the
'-g' switch for extra debugging information. EXTRA_JAVA_ARGS can
be used use to pass extra options to the debugger.

   Ex: DEBUGGER => 1

=item WARN_METHOD_SELECT

Throws a warning when C<Inline::Java> has to 'choose' between 
different method signatures. The warning states the possible 
choices and the signature chosen.

   Ex: WARN_METHOD_SELECT => 1

=item STUDY

Takes an array of Java classes that you wish to have 
C<Inline::Java> learn about so that you can use them inside Perl.

   Ex: STUDY => ['java.lang.HashMap', 'my.class']

=item AUTOSTUDY

Makes C<Inline::Java> automatically study unknown classes it
encounters them.

   Ex: AUTOSTUDY => 1

=back 


=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

Every configuration option listed above, with the exception of STUDY,
can be specified using an environment variable named using the 
following convention:

   PERL_INLINE_JAVA_<option name>

For example, your can specified the JNI option usng the 
PERL_INLINE_JAVA_JNI environment variable. 

Note that environment variables take precedence over options specified
in the script itself.

Under Win32, you can also use set the PERL_INLINE_JAVA_COMMAND_COM 
environment variable to a true value to indicate that you are using 
the command.com shell. However, C<Inline::Java> should normally be 
able to determine this on its own.


=head1 CLASSES AND OBJECTS

Because Java is object oriented, any interface between Perl and Java
needs to support Java classes adequately.

Example: 

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END' ;
      class Pod_1 {
         String data = "data" ;
         static String sdata = "static data" ;

         public Pod_1(){
         }

         public String get_data(){
            return data ;
         }

         public static String get_static_data(){
            return sdata ;
         }

         public void set_data(String d){
            data = d ;
         }

         private void priv(){
         }
      }
   END

   my $obj = new Pod_1 ;
   print($obj->get_data() . "\n") ; # prints data
   $obj->set_data("new data") ;
   print($obj->get_data() . "\n") ; # prints new data

=for comment

C<Inline::Java> created a new namespace called C<main::Pod_1> and 
created the following functions:

   sub main::Pod_::new { ... }
   sub main::Pod_::Pod_1 { ... }
   sub main::Pod_::get_data { ... }
   sub main::Pod_::get_sdata { ... }
   sub main::Pod_::set_data { ... }
   sub main::Pod_::DESTROY { ... }

Note that only the public methods are exported to Perl. 

Inner classes are also supported, you simply need to supply a reference
to an outer class object as the first parameter of the constructor:

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END' ;
      class Pod_2 {
         public Pod_2(){
         }

         public class Pod_2_Inner {
            public String name = "Pod_2_Inner" ;

            public Pod_2_Inner(){
            }
         }
      }
   END

   my $obj = new Pod_2() ;
   my $obj2 = new Pod_2::Pod_2_Inner($obj) ;
   print($obj2->{name} . "\n") ; # prints Pod_2_Inner

=for comment

=head1 METHODS

In the previous example we have seen how to call a method. You can also
call static methods in the following manner:

   print Pod_1->get_sdata() . "\n" ; # prints static data
   # or
   my $obj = new Pod_1() ;
   print $obj->get_sdata() . "\n" ; # prints static data  

You can pass any kind of Perl scalar or any Java object to a method. It
will be automatically converted to the correct type:

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END' ;
      class Pod_3_arg {
         public Pod_3_arg(){
         }
      }
      class Pod_3 {
         public int n ;

         public Pod_3(int i, String j, Pod_3_arg k) {
            n = i ;
         }
      }
   END

   my $obj = new Pod_3_arg() ;
   my $obj2 = new Pod_3(5, "toto", $obj) ;
   print($obj2->{n} . "\n") ; # prints 5

=for comment

will work fine. These objects can be of any type, even if these types
are not known to C<Inline::Java>. This is also true for return types:

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END' ;
      import java.util.* ;

      class Pod_4 {
         public Pod_4(){
         }

         public HashMap get_hash(){
            HashMap h = new HashMap() ;
            h.put("key", "value") ;

            return h ;
         }

         public String do_stuff_to_hash(HashMap h){
           return (String)h.get("key") ;
         }
      }
   END

   my $obj = new Pod_4() ;
   my $h = $obj->get_hash() ;
   print($obj->do_stuff_to_hash($h) . "\n") ; # prints value

=for comment

Objects of types unknown to Perl can exist in the Perl space, you just 
can't call any of their methods. See the STUDYING section for more
information on how to tell C<Inline::Java> to learn about these classes.
   Z<>


=head1 MEMBER VARIABLES

You can also access all public member variables (static or not) from Perl.
As with method arguments, the types of these variables does not need to
be known to Perl:

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END' ;
      import java.util.* ;

      class Pod_5 {
         public int i ;
         public static HashMap hm ;

         public Pod_5(){
         }
     }
   END

   my $obj = new Pod_5() ;
   $obj->{i} = 2 ;
   print($obj->{i} . "\n") ; # prints 2
   my $hm1 = $obj->{hm} ; # instance way
   my $hm2 = $Pod_4::hm ; # static way   

=for comment

Note: Watch out for typos when accessing members in the static fashion,
'use strict' will not catch them since they have a package name...
   Z<>


=head1 ARRAYS

You can also send, receive and modify arrays. This is done simply by
using Perl lists:

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END' ;
      import java.util.* ;

      class Pod_6 {
         public int i[] = {5, 6, 7} ;

         public Pod_6(){
         }

         public String [] f(String a[]){
            return a ;
         }

         public String [][] f(String a[][]){
            return a ;
         }
     }
   END

   my $obj = new Pod_6() ;
   my $i_2 = $obj->{i}->[2] ; # 7
   print($i_2 . "\n") ; # prints 7

   my $a1 = $obj->f(["a", "b", "c"]) ; # String []
   my $a2 = $obj->f([
      ["00", "01"],
      ["10", "11"],
   ]) ; # String [][]
   print($a2->[1]->[0] . "\n") ; # prints 10

=for comment


=head1 TYPE CASTING

Sometimes when a class as many signatures for the same method,
C<Inline::Java> will have to select one of the signatures based on
the arguments that are passed:

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END' ;
      class Pod_7 {
         public Pod_7(){
         }

         public String f(int i){
            return "int" ;
         }

         public String f(char c){
            return "char" ;
         }
      }
   END

   my $obj = new Pod_7() ;
   print($obj->f('5') . "\n") ; # prints int

=for comment

In this case, C<Inline::Java> will call f(int i), because '5' is an integer.
But '5' is a valid char as well. So to force the call of f(char c), do the 
following:

   use Inline::Java qw(cast) ;
   $obj->f(cast('char', '5')) ;
   # or
   $obj->f(Inline::Java::cast('char', '5')) ;

The cast function forces the selection of the matching signature. Note that
the cast must match the argument type exactly. Casting to a class that
extends the argument type will not work.

Another case where type casting is need is when one wants to pass an array
as a java.lang.Object:

   use Inline Java => <<'END';
      class Pod_8 {
         public Object o ;
         int a[] = {1, 2, 3} ;

         public Pod_8() {
         }
      }
   END

   my $obj = new Pod_8() ;
   $obj->{o} = [1, 2, 3] ;	# No!

The reason why this will not work is simple. When C<Inline::Java> sees an
array, it checks the Java type you are trying to match it against to validate
the construction of your Perl list. But in this case, it can't validate
the array because you're assigning it to an Object. You must use the 3 
parameter version of the cast function to do this:

   $obj->{o} = Inline::Java::cast(
     "java.lang.Object", 
     [1, 2, 3],
     "[Ljava.lang.String;") ;

This tells C<Inline::Java> to validate your Perl list as a String [], and 
then cast it as an Object.

Here is how to construct the array type representations:

  [<type>  -> 1 dimensional <type> array
  [[<type> -> 2 dimensional <type> array
  ...

  where <type> is one of:
    B byte     S short     I int     J long  
    F float    D double    C char    Z boolean

    L<class>; array of <class> objects

This is described in more detail in most Java books that talk about
reflection.

But you only need to do this if you have a Perl list. If you already have a
Java array reference obtained from elsewhere, you don't even need to cast:

   $obj->{o} = $obj->{a} ;


=head1 EXCEPTIONS

You can now (as of 0.31) catch exceptions as objects when they are thrown 
from Java. To do this you use the regular Perl exception tools: eval and
$@. A helper function named 'caught' is provided to help determine the
type of the exception. Here is a example of a typical use:

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END' ;
      import java.util.* ;

      class Pod_9 {
         public Pod_9(boolean t) throws Exception {
            if (t){
               throw new Exception("ouch!") ;
            }
         }
      }
   END

   use Inline::Java qw(caught) ;

   eval {
	   my $obj = new Pod_9(1) ;
   } ;
   if ($@){
      if (caught("java.lang.Exception")){
         my $msg = $@->getMessage() ;
         print($msg . "\n") ; # prints ouch!
      }
      else{
         # It wasn't a Java exception after all...
         die $@ ;
      }
   }

=for comment

What's important to understand is that $@ actually contains a reference
to the Throwable object that was thrown by Java. The getMessage() function
is really a method of the java.lang.Exception class. So if Java is throwing
a custom exception you have in your code, you will have access to that
exception object's public methods just like any other Java object in
C<Inline::Java>. It is also probably a good idea to undef $@ once you have
treated a Java exception, or else the object still has a reference until
$@ is reset by the next eval.
   Z<>


=head1 CALLBACKS

See L<Inline::Java::Callbacks> for more information on making callbacks.


=head1 STUDYING

As of version 0.21, C<Inline::Java> can learn about other Java classes
and use them just like the Java code you write inside your Perl script.
In fact you are not even required to write Java code inside your Perl
script anymore. Here's how to use the 'studying' function:

=for comment

   use Inline (
      Java => 'STUDY',
      STUDY => ['java.util.HashMap'],
   ) ;

   my $hm = new java::util::HashMap() ;
   $hm->put("key", "value") ;
   my $val = $hm->get("key") ;
   print($val . "\n") ; # prints value

=for comment

If you do not wish to put any Java code inside you Perl script, you must
use the string 'STUDY' as your code. This will skip the build section.

You can also use the AUTOSTUDY option to tell C<Inline::Java> that you wish
to study all classes that it comes across:

=for comment

   use Inline Java => <<'END', AUTOSTUDY => 1 ;
      import java.util.* ;

      class Pod_10 {
         public Pod_10(){
         }

         public HashMap get_hm(){
            HashMap hm = new HashMap() ;
            return hm ;
         }
      }
   END

   my $obj = new Pod_10() ;
   my $hm = $obj->get_hm() ;
   $hm->put("key", "value") ;
   my $val = $hm->get("key") ;
   print($val . "\n") ; # prints value

=for comment

In this case C<Inline::Java> intercepts the return value of the get_hm()
method, sees that it's of a type that it doesn't know about 
(java.lang.HashMap), and immediately studies the class. After that call 
the java::lang::HashMap class is available to use through Perl.

In some cases you may not know which classes to study until runtime. In 
these cases you can use the study_classes() function:

=for comment

   use Inline (
      Java => 'STUDY',
      STUDY => [],
   ) ;
   use Inline::Java qw(study_classes) ;

   study_classes(['java.util.HashMap'], undef) ;
   my $hm = new java::util::HashMap() ;
   $hm->put("key", "value") ;
   my $val = $hm->get("key") ;
   print($val . "\n") ; # prints value

=for comment

The study_classes() function takes 2 arguments, a reference to an array of
class names (like the STUDY configuration option) and the name of the 
package in which to bind those classes. If the name of the package is 
undefined, the classes will be bound to the current (caller) package.

Note: You can only specify the names of packages in which you have 
previously "used" C<Inline::Java>.
   Z<>


=head1 JNI vs CLIENT/SERVER MODES

Starting in version 0.20, it is possible to use the JNI (Java Native 
Interface) extension. This enables C<Inline::Java> to load the Java virtual 
machine as a shared object instead of running it as a stand-alone server.
This brings an improvement in performance.

If you have built the JNI extension, you must enable it explicitely by doing
one of the following:

=over 4

=item 1 

Set the JNI configuration option to 1

=item 2 

Set the PERL_INLINE_JAVA_JNI environment variable to 1

=back


Note: C<Inline::Java> only creates one virtual machine instance. Therefore
you can't use JNI for some sections and client/server for others. The first
section determines the execution mode.

See README.JNI for more information about the JNI extension.
   Z<>


=head1 SHARED_JVM

Starting with version 0.30, the C<Inline::Java> JVM can now be shared between
multiple processes. The first process to start creates the JVM but does not 
shut it down on exit. All other processes can then connect as needed to the JVM. 
If any of these other processes where created by forking the parent process, 
the Inline::Java->reconnect_JVM() function must be called in the child to get 
a fresh connection to the JVM. Ex:

=for comment

   use Inline (
      Java => <<'END',
         class Pod_11 {
            public static int i = 0 ;
            public Pod_11(){
               i++ ;
            }
         }
   END
      SHARED_JVM => 1,
   ) ;

   my $nb = 5 ;
   for (my $i = 0 ; $i < $nb ; $i++){
      if (! fork()){
         Inline::Java::reconnect_JVM() ;
         my $f = new Pod_11() ;
         exit ;
      }
   }
   sleep(5) ;

   my $f = new Pod_11() ;
   print($f->{i} . "\n") ; # prints 6

=for comment

Once this code was run, each of the 6 processes will have created a different 
instance of the 't' class. Data can be shared between the processes by using 
static members in the Java code.

Note: The Java System.out stream is closed in SHARED_JVM mode.
   Z<>


=head1 USING Inline::Java IN A CGI

If you want to use C<Inline::Java> in a CGI script, do the following:

=for comment

   use CGI ;
   use Inline (
      Java => <<'END',
         class Pod_counter {
            public static int cnt = 0 ;
            public Pod_counter(){
               cnt++ ;
            }
         }
   END
      SHARED_JVM => 1,
      DIRECTORY => '/somewhere/your/web/server/can/write',
   ) ;

   my $c = new Pod_counter() ;
   my $q = new CGI() ;
   print 
      $q->start_html() . 
      "This page has been accessed " . $c->{cnt} . " times." .
      $q->end_html() ;

=for comment

In this scenario, the first CGI to execute will start the JVM, but does
not shut it down on exit. Subsequent CGI, since they have the SHARED_JVM
option enabled, will try to connect to the already existing JVM before
trying to start a new one. Therefore if the JVM happens to crash or is
killed, the next CGI that runs will start a new one. The JVM will be
killed when Apache is shut down.

See the BUGS AND DEFICIENCIES section if you have problems starting 
the SHARED_JVM server in a CGI.
   Z<>


=head1 USING Inline::Java UNDER MOD_PERL

Here is an example of how to use C<Inline::Java> under mod_perl:

   use Apache::Constants ;
   use Inline (
      Java => <<'END',
         class Pod_counter {
            public static int cnt = 0 ;
            public Pod_counter(){
               cnt++ ;
            }
         }
   END
      SHARED_JVM => 1,
      DIRECTORY => '/somewhere/your/web/server/can/write',
   ) ;

   my $c = new Pod_counter() ;

   sub handler {
      my $r = shift ;

      my $q = new CGI ;
      print
         $q->start_html() .
         "This page has been accessed " . $c->{cnt} . " times." .
         $q->end_html() ;

      return Apache::Constants::OK() ;
   }

See USING Inline::Java IN A CGI for more details.

See the BUGS AND DEFICIENCIES section if you have problems starting 
the SHARED_JVM server under MOD_PERL.
   Z<>


=head1 BUGS AND DEFICIENCIES

When reporting a bug, please do the following:

 - Put "use Inline REPORTBUG;" at the top of your code, or
   use the command line option "perl -MInline=REPORTBUG ...".
 - Run your code.
 - Follow the printed instructions.

Here are some things to watch out for:

=over 4

=item 1

You shouldn't name any of your classes 'B', 'S', 'I', 'J', 'F', 'D',
'C', 'Z' or 'L'. These classes seem to be used internally by Java to
represent the primitive types.

=item 2

If you upgrade C<Inline::Java> from a previous version, be sure to delete
your _Inline directory so that C<Inline::Java>'s own Java classes get 
rebuilt to match the Perl code.

=item 3

Under certain environments, i.e. CGI or mod_perl, the JVM cannot start
properly because of the way these environments set up STDIN and STDOUT.
In these cases, you maybe wish to control the JVM (in shared mode) manually
using the following commands:

    % perl -MInline::Java::Server=status
    % perl -MInline::Java::Server=start 
    % perl -MInline::Java::Server=stop 
    % perl -MInline::Java::Server=restat 
   
You can't specify C<Inline::Java> options by setting the proper
environment variables. You can also set the _Inline directory by setting
the PERL_INLINE_JAVA_DIRECTORY environment variable. 

In addition, you may also wish to set the START_JVM option to 0 in your scripts 
to prevent them from trying to start their own JVM if they can't find one,
thereby causing problems.

=back


=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Inline::Java::Callback>, L<Inline::Java::PerlNatives>, 
L<Inline::Java::PerlInterpreter>.

For information about using C<Inline>, see L<Inline>.

For information about other Inline languages, see L<Inline-Support>.

C<Inline::Java>'s mailing list is <inline@perl.org>.
To subscribe, send an email to <inline-subscribe@perl.org>

C<Inline::Java>'s home page is http://inline.perl.org/java/
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=head1 AUTHOR

Patrick LeBoutillier <patl@cpan.org> is the author of Inline::Java.

Brian Ingerson <ingy@cpan.org> is the author of Inline.
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=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright (c) 2001-2004, Patrick LeBoutillier.

All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used,
redistributed and/or modified under the terms of the Perl Artistic
License. See http://www.perl.com/perl/misc/Artistic.html for more
details.

=cut
