| Internet-Draft | Erik Synchronization Protocol for RPKI | December 2025 |
| Snijders, et al. | Expires 7 June 2026 | [Page] |
This document specifies the Erik Synchronization Protocol for use with the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI). Erik Synchronization can be characterized as a data replication system using Merkle trees, a content-addressable naming scheme, concurrency control using monotonically increasing sequence numbers, and HTTP transport. Relying Parties can combine information retrieved via Erik Synchronization with other RPKI transport protocols. The protocol's design is intended to be efficient, fast, easy to implement, and robust in the face of partitions or faults in the network.¶
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This document specifies the Erik Synchronization Protocol for use with the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) [RFC6480]. Erik Synchronization can be characterized as a data replication system using Merkle trees [M1987], a content-addressable naming scheme [RFC6920], concurrency control using monotonically increasing sequence numbers [RFC0677], and HTTP transport [RFC9110]. Relying Parties can combine information retrieved via Erik Synchronization with other RPKI transport protocols ([RFC5781] and [RFC8182]). The protocol's design is intended to be efficient, fast, easy to implement [RFC1925], and robust in the face of partitions or faults in the network.¶
The notion of cache-to-cache data replication of unvalidated data was documented in Section 3 of [RFC7115].¶
Validated caches may also be created and maintained from other validated caches. Network operators SHOULD take maximum advantage of this feature to minimize load on the global distributed RPKI database. Of course, the recipient relying parties should re-validate the data.¶
— RFC7115, section 3
Historic records show that experiments have been performed in this space using, for example, peer-to-peer file sharing technology (see [P2P]), but no standardised and widely-deployed mechanism for cache-to-cache replication emerged since then. The authors hope that the Erik Synchronization protocol might be suitable to fill this gap and improve propagation speed of validly signed repository data as well as help reduce load on the global RPKI.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
The reader is assumed to be familiar with the terms and concepts described in "Maintenance of duplicate databases" [RFC0677], "An Infrastructure to Support Secure Internet Routing" [RFC6480], "The RPKI Repository Delta Protocol (RRDP)" [RFC8182], "Manifests for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)" [RFC9286], "A Digital Signature Based on a Conventional Encryption Function" [M1987].¶
This section describes the terminology and abbreviations used in this document. Though the definitions might not be clear on a first read, later on the terms will be introduce with more detail.¶
Erik Synchronisation is an architecture to reliably distribute RPKI repository data from cache to cache using so-called Erik relays. Relays maintain a validated cache themselves and can be clients of other relays. While this property suggests that a group of relays should converge to the exact same state, the distributed nature of the RPKI prevents relays from achieving strict synchronization.¶
In this synchronization protocol, Merkle trees are used to determine whether differences exist between client and relay. Merkle trees are hierarchical data structures: the hash value of each node is computed recursively by hashing the concatenated hash values of the node's children. The hash of the ErikIndex represents the entire dataset related to a given FQDN. If the ErikIndex hash is not the same between two replicas, the relay provides the client with hashes of smaller and smaller portions of the to-be-replicated dataset until the exact list of out-of-sync or missing objects is identified. Sequence numbers are then used to determine whether these differences are relevant enough for the client to fetch. All data, except for ErikIndex objects, is fetched using static addresses derived from object hashes. This approach reduces unnecessary data transfer between caches which contain mostly similar data.¶
The client starts by querying an Erik relay for the relay's current ErikIndex for a given FQDN. If the ErikIndex is different compared to the previous run (or compared to the Index calculated from the locally cached objects). With the ErikIndex in hand, the client can determine which ErikPartition are missing and fetch accordingly. The client then can compare the manifestNumber sequence number and thisUpdate for each manifest listed in the ErikPartition, and proceed to fetch (purportedly) newer versions of manifests of interest. Whenever a relay has manifests with a lower sequence number on offer, the client can ignore those. The client now has sufficient information to proceed to fetch any missing Certificates, Signed objects, and CRLs. With the information contained within manifests, clients can fetch addressed by content (by hash) and store by name (or some other scheme).¶
In this synchronization protocol the signal layer makes use of DER-encoded messages [X.690].¶
Design note: DER encoding was selected for its canonical properties and because RPKI cache implementations already support ASN.1 encoding.¶
RpkiErikSynchronization-2025
{ iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549)
pkcs(1) pkcs9(9) smime(16) mod(0)
id-mod-rpkiErikSynchronization-2025(TBD) }
DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::=
BEGIN
-- EXPORTS ALL --
IMPORTS
CONTENT-TYPE, Digest, DigestAlgorithmIdentifier
FROM CryptographicMessageSyntax-2010 -- in [RFC6268]
{ iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1)
pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) id-mod-cms-2009(58) }
AccessDescription, KeyIdentifier
FROM PKIX1Implicit-2009 -- in [RFC5912]
{ iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-implicit-02(59) }
;
ContentInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
contentType CONTENT-TYPE.&id({ContentSet}),
content [0] EXPLICIT
CONTENT-TYPE.&Type({ContentSet}{@contentType}) }
ContentSet CONTENT-TYPE ::= {
ct-rpkiErikIndex | ct-rpkiErikPartition, ... }
ct-rpkiErikIndex CONTENT-TYPE ::=
{ TYPE ErikIndex IDENTIFIED BY id-ct-rpkiErikIndex }
id-ct-rpkiErikIndex OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{ iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1)
pkcs-9(9) id-smime(16) id-ct(1) erikindex(55) }
ct-rpkiErikPartition CONTENT-TYPE ::=
{ TYPE ErikPartition IDENTIFIED BY id-ct-rpkiErikPartition }
id-ct-rpkiErikPartition OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{ iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1)
pkcs-9(9) id-smime(16) id-ct(1) erikpartition(56) }
ErikIndex ::= SEQUENCE {
version [0] INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
indexScope IA5String,
indexTime GeneralizedTime,
hashAlg DigestAlgorithmIdentifier,
partitionList SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..ub-Partitions)) OF PartitionRef
}
ub-Partitions INTEGER ::= 256
PartitionRef ::= SEQUENCE {
hash Digest,
size INTEGER (100..MAX) }
ErikPartition ::= SEQUENCE {
version [0] INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
partitionTime GeneralizedTime,
hashAlg DigestAlgorithmIdentifier,
manifestList SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..MAX)) OF ManifestRef }
ManifestRef ::= SEQUENCE {
hash Digest,
size INTEGER (1000..MAX),
aki KeyIdentifier,
manifestNumber INTEGER (0..MAX),
thisUpdate GeneralizedTime,
locations SEQUENCE (SIZE(1..MAX)) OF AccessDescription }
END
¶
At the top level the content of an Erik object is an instance of ContentInfo.¶
The contentType is an OID specifying the type of payload in the object, in this profile either id-ct-rpkiErikIndex or id-ct-rpkiErikPartition.¶
The content field contains an instance of ErikIndex or ErikPartition.¶
An ErikIndex represents all current manifest objects available under a given FQDN and thus the complete state of the repository as it is known to the relay.¶
The version number of the ErikIndex object MUST be 0.¶
The indexScope field contains the fully qualified domain name of the Signed Object location of the manifests referenced through this particular ErikIndex.
The FQDN MUST be in the "preferred name syntax", as specified by Section 3.5 of [RFC1034] and modified by Section 2.1 of [RFC1123].¶
The indexTime is the most recent partitionTime value among the ErikPartitions referenced from this ErikIndex.
The field's value roughly indicates when the ErikIndex was generated and can be used for troubleshooting and measurement purposes.¶
For the purposes of this profile, GeneralizedTime values MUST be expressed UTC (Zulu) and MUST include seconds (i.e., times are YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ), even where the number of seconds is zero.
GeneralizedTime values MUST NOT include fractional seconds.
See Section 4.1.2.5.2 of [RFC5280].¶
Design note: using the most recent partitionTime, rather than the local system's notion of "now", helps reduce churn in distributed systems.
¶
This field contains the OID of the hash algorithm used to hash the ErikPartitions. The hash algorithm used MUST conform to the RPKI Algorithms and Key Size Profile specification [RFC7935].¶
This field is a sequence of PartitionRef instances.
There is one PartitionRef for each current ErikPartition.
Each PartitionRef is a tuple consisting of the hash of the partition object and the size of the partition object.¶
Information elements are unique with respect to one another and sorted in ascending order of the hash.¶
An ErikPartition represents a subset of manifest objects available under a given FQDN. Each ErikPartition is an ordered listing of the manifest objects' hashes, manifestNumber values, thisUpdate values, and their end-entity certificates' SIA extension values.¶
The version number of the ErikPartition object MUST be 0.¶
The partitionTime is the most recent thisUpdate value among the manifests contained within this ErikPartition.
The field's value roughly indicates when the ErikPartition was generated and can be used for troubleshooting and measurement purposes.¶
For the purposes of this profile, GeneralizedTime values MUST be expressed UTC (Zulu) and MUST include seconds (i.e., times are YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ), even where the number of seconds is zero.
GeneralizedTime values MUST NOT include fractional seconds.
See Section 4.1.2.5.2 of [RFC5280].¶
Design note: using the most recent manifest thisUpdate value, rather than the local system's notion of "now", helps reduce churn in distributed systems.
¶
This field contains the OID of the hash algorithm used to hash the manifest objects referenced in this ErikPartition. The hash algorithm used MUST conform to the RPKI Algorithms and Key Size Profile specification [RFC7935].¶
This field is a sequence of ManifestRef instances.
There is one ManifestRef for each current manifest.
A manifest is nominally current until the time specified in nextUpdate or until a manifest is issued with a greater manifestNumber, whichever comes first (see Section 4.2.1 of [RFC9286]).¶
A ManifestRef is a structure consisting of the hash of the manifest object, the size of the manifest object, the manifest issuer's key identifier, the manifestNumber, and the thisUpdate contained within the object, and a sequence of AccessDescription instances from the manifest's End-Entity certificate's Subject Information Access extension.¶
Information elements are unique with respect to one another and sorted in ascending order of the hash.¶
Clients start by fetching an ErikIndex, which is represents the relay's current Merkle tree head for a given FQDN.
A client MUST verify the requested FQDN exactly matches the indexScope value in the ErikIndex, and if not proceed to use a different relay.¶
Then, clients can decide whether or not to fetch ErikPartition objects listed on the ErikIndex, for instance, by checking whether the object associated with the hash was already fetched at some point in the client's past.¶
Before using a ErikPartition, the client MUST verify that all URIs in the accessLocations in the id-ad-signedObject accessMethod instances in the ErikPartition are encompassed in the requested indexScope.
A client can then decide whether or not to fetch a given manifest object, by comparing the manifestNumber and thisUpdate with what's locally cached and what's offered by the remote relay.¶
A client can compute which products listed in the manifest's fileList need to be fetched from one relay or another in order to achieve a successful fetch.
A client MUST verify that the URI in the accessLocation in one of the id-ad-signedObject accessMethod instances in the manifest's Subject Information Access (SIA) is encompassed in the requested indexScope.¶
As there is no concept of 'sessions' (like in RRDP), clients can interchangeably use different Erik relays. When one Erik relay generates a HTTP error, the client can try fetching the requested object from another Erik relay. To improve reliability, clients should alternate among different relays in successive query and fetch attempts.¶
This specification uses "Named Information" identifiers mapped to .well-known HTTP/HTTPS URLs for object retrieval, as described in [RFC6920].¶
For example, issuance #54 of ripe-ncc-ta.mft has the following SHA256 digest: c2d0427bc5a32c42eea1ab5663d592b1fc29c7d4ef16ab0b5e1d631d039dcc21.¶
To fetch the aforementioned object from an relay hosted at relay.example.net, a client would access the following HTTP URL:
https://relay.example.net/.well-known/ni/sha-256/wtBCe8WjLELuoatWY9WSsfwpx9TvFqsLXh1jHQOdzCE¶
The URIs to fetch ErikIndex objects can be constructed using the following Well-Known URI template with the erik keyword as suffix and the FQDN as parameter: https://{relay_host}/.well-known/erik/index/{FQDN}.¶
For example, the URI to fetch an ErikIndex for the rpki.ripe.net FQDN from a relay at relay.example.net would be: https://relay.example.net/.well-known/erik/index/rpki.ripe.net.¶
A client MAY use the If-Modified-Since HTTP header when fetching ErikIndex objects.¶
The client MUST calculate the hashes of fetched objects and verify they are the same as the expected hashes (which are embedded in the URIs through which the objects were retrieved). If there is a hash mismatch, the client may try fetching the object from a different Erik relay or treat this as a failed fetch (see Section 6.6 of [RFC9286]) and try again at a later point in time in a next validation run.¶
Erik relays can be operated by any party, without permission from or coordination with publication point operators or CAs. Relays are made accessible via either HTTP or HTTPS or both.¶
Relays generate and make accessible ErikIndexes and ErikPartitions derived from their current validation state, the client then cherry-picks which objects (if any) it wishes to fetch. In turn, relays fetch fresh data from other relays, or from CA-designated publication points accessible via Rsync ([RFC5781]) and RRDP ([RFC8182]).¶
Design notes: a decision must be made on a deterministic "manifest-to-partition" assignment scheme. Job's proof-of-concept relay (see Appendix A) uses the first few octets of the the Manifest's AKI as a stable partition assignment scheme. Other strategies could be to assign manifests to ErikPartitions based on the "hour-of-day" of the CMS signing timestamp, or the first few octets of the SHA-256 of the manifest object. ¶
Ignoring obvious mechanical "on the wire" differences between Erik, Rsync, and RRDP; there are a number of concept differences between the protocols. Rsync and RRDP can be described as "general purpose" synchronisation protocols: they could be used to transfer any arbitrary set of files, on the other hand the Erik protocol is RPKI-specific: part of its signaling layer are RPKI manifest objects, which RPs require as recourse for validation anyway. This property by itself causes a small deduplication in the data to be transferred.¶
In Rsync, the server and the client construct and transfer a full listing of all available objects, and then transfer objects as necessary. In effect, this allows clients to 'jump' to the latest repository state, regardless of the state of the local cache.¶
A major downside of Rsync is that the list of files itself can become a burden to transfer.
As of June 2025, in order to merely establish whether a client is synchronized or not with the RIPE NCC repository at rpki.ripe.net, as much as 5.8 megabytes of data are exchanged without exchanging any RPKI data.¶
Experimentation suggests that when synchronizing once an hour, Erik consumes less network traffic than Rsync generally would consume which, in turn, is less network traffic than RRDP would.¶
The key concept in RRDP is that the client downloads a "journal", containing all add/update/delete operations and replays this journal to arrive at the current repository state.¶
A major downside of RRDP is that (depending on the RRDP polling interval) clients end up downloading data which has become outdated. Imagine a hypothetical CA which issues and revokes a ROA every 10 minutes and a client that synchronizes every 60 minutes; in effect the client must fetch 5 outdated states, wasting bandwidth.¶
Experimentation suggests that when synchronizing every 15 minutes, Erik consumes less network traffic than RRDP generally would consume which, in turn, is less network traffic than Rsync would consume.¶
In contrast to RRDP, the Erik protocol has no concept of server-specific "stateful" sessions that persist across polling attempts.
This obviates the need for withdraw instructions as part of the protocol exchange: clients can simply delete objects that are no longer referenced from their current validation state and refetch them later on if needed.¶
This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.¶
ub-Partitions)¶
As of July 2025, the global Internet's RPKI churn rate appears to be 2 new objects per second. The ecosystem is estimated to be composed of ~ 5000 RPKI cache instances and ~ 50 repository servers. Assuming 10 minute fetching intervals and 150 metadata requests per synchronization run (for exchange of Merkle tree data), an Erik relay serving all the Internet's RPKI cache instances would probably need to be able to sustain serving an average of at least 11,000 HTTP requests per second. This order of magnitude in terms of scaling requirements can easily be handled by a single commodity server.¶
Using gzip compression on average tends to yield a 20% reduction in RPKI object size, therefore it is RECOMMENDED for clients and relays to offer support for compressed content coding, as described in Section 8.4.1 of [RFC9110].¶
Using a previous version of a RPKI object as a compression dictionary for a newer version enables delivery of a delta-compressed version of the changes, usually resulting in significantly smaller responses than what can be achieved by compression alone.
Clients can facilitate delta compression by sending an Available-Dictionary request header, using a previously fetched version of the RPKI object as the dictionary.
It is RECOMMENDED for clients and relays to make use of Compression Dictionary Transport ([RFC9842]).¶
This document makes no changes to RPKI certificate validation procedures.¶
Paraphrasing Section 11 of [RFC6810]: The RPKI relies on object, not server or transport, trust. That is, the Regional Internet Registry root trust anchors are distributed through some out-of-band means, and can then be used by each relying party to validate certificate chains and Signed Objects. The inter-cache relationships are based on this object security model; hence, any cache-to-cache transport is assumed to be unreliable at times. See Section 5 of [RFC8182] for more security considerations.¶
To avoid certain forms of replay attack, clients MUST verify purported indexScope, ManifestRef location values, and manifest Subject Information Access (SIA) extensions match the expected FQDN.¶
Byzantine events or faults in relay-to-client communication can be overcome by the client rotating requests for objects among different Erik relays.¶
The IANA is requested to add an item to the "SMI Security for S/MIME Module Identifier" registry as follows:¶
Decimal Description References ---------------------------------------------------------- TDB id-mod-rpkiErikSynchronization-2025 [this-draft]¶
The IANA has allocated for this specification in the "SMI Security for S/MIME CMS Content Type (1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1)" registry as follows:¶
Decimal Description References ---------------------------------------------- 55 id-ct-rpkiErikIndex [this-draft] 56 id-ct-rpkiErikPartition [this-draft]¶
Upon publication of this document, IANA is requested to reference the RFC publication instead of this draft.¶
An URI Suffix in the Well-Known URIs registry specific to Erik synchronization will be requested. See https://github.com/protocol-registries/well-known-uris/issues/67 for the request.¶
The proposed suffix is erik.¶
This section is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.¶
This section records the status of known implementations of the protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in RFC 7942. The description of implementations in this section is intended to assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to RFCs. Please note that the listing of any individual implementation here does not imply endorsement by the IETF. Furthermore, no effort has been spent to verify the information presented here that was supplied by IETF contributors. This is not intended as, and must not be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their features. Readers are advised to note that other implementations may exist.¶
According to RFC 7942, "this will allow reviewers and working groups to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature. It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as they see fit".¶
A few experimental Erik relays are available, each running on slightly different schedules. Client implementers are encouraged to round-robin between these instances to observe results.¶
http://relay.rpki-servers.org/http://dub.rpki-servers.org/http://atl.rpki-servers.org/http://miso.sobornost.net/http://nyc.rpki-servers.org/http://fnllwqoupfrhso6643whm6lpkgsftjtc6crpehmyz2o7pffirnqy7rad.onion/
An experimental Erik static content generator was developed by Job Snijders in the form of [rpkitouch] using C.¶
Included in this section are an ErikIndex for rpki.ripe.net and an ErikPartition referenced from the aforementioned ErikIndex, both Base64 encoded.¶
This object was retrieved from http://miso.sobornost.net/.well-known/erik/index/rpki.ripe.net.¶
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The authors wish to thank George Michaelson, Theo de Raadt, Bob Beck, Theo Buehler, and William McCall for the lovely conversations that led to this proposal. The authors wish to thank Sean Turner and Russ Housley for their review of the ASN.1 notation.¶
This protocol is named after Erik Bais, who passed away in 2024, as a small token of appreciation for his friendship.¶