0А0АаАВYcd07128, ALDH_MaoC-N, N-terminal domain of the monoamine oxidase C dehydratase. The N-terminal domain of the MaoC dehydratase, a monoamine oxidase regulatory protein. Orthologs of MaoC include PaaZ (Escherichia coli) and PaaN (Pseudomonas putida), which are putative ring-opening enzymes of the aerobic phenylacetic acid (PA) catabolic pathway. The C-terminal domain of MaoC has sequence similarity to enoyl-CoA hydratase. Also included in this CD is a novel Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 ALDH of the aerobic benzoate oxidation (box) pathway. This pathway involves first the synthesis of a CoA thio-esterified aromatic acid, with subsequent dihydroxylation and cleavage steps, yielding the CoA thio-esterified aliphatic aldehyde, 3,4-dehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde, which is further converted into its corresponding CoA acid by the Burkholderia LB400 ALDH.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0VвА0А0АаАВ├cd07129, ALDH_KGSADH, Alpha-Ketoglutaric Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase. Alpha-Ketoglutaric Semialdehyde (KGSA) Dehydrogenase (KGSADH, EC 1.2.1.26) catalyzes the NAD(P)+-dependent conversion of KGSA to alpha-ketoglutarate. This CD contains such sequences as those seen in Azospirillum brasilense, KGSADH-II (D-glucarate/D-galactarate-inducible) and KGSADH-III (hydroxy-L-proline-inducible). Both show similar high substrate specificity for KGSA and different coenzyme specificity; KGSADH-II is NAD+-dependent and KGSADH-III is NADP+-dependent. Also included in this CD is the NADP(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase from Vibrio harveyi which catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to acids.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0WвА0А0АаАВжcd07130, ALDH_F7_AASADH, NAD+-dependent alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH family members 7A1 and 7B. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASADH, EC=1.2.1.31), also known as ALDH7A1, Antiquitin-1, ALDH7B, or delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P6CDH), is a NAD+-dependent ALDH. Human ALDH7A1 is involved in the pipecolic acid pathway of lysine catabolism, catalyzing the oxidation of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde to alpha-aminoadipate. Arabidopsis thaliana ALDH7B4 appears to be an osmotic-stress-inducible ALDH gene encoding a turgor-responsive or stress-inducible ALDH. The Streptomyces clavuligerus P6CDH appears to be involved in cephamycin biosynthesis, catalyzing the second stage of the two-step conversion of lysine to alpha-aminoadipic acid. The ALDH7A1 enzyme and others in this group have been observed as tetramers, yet the bacterial P6CDH enzyme has been reported as a monomer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0XвА0А0АаАВ┬cd07131, ALDH_AldH-CAJ73105, Uncharacterized Candidatus kuenenia aldehyde dehydrogenase AldH (CAJ73105)-like. Uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase of Candidatus kuenenia AldH (locus CAJ73105) and similar sequences with similarity to alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASADH, human ALDH7A1, EC=1.2.1.31), Arabidopsis ALDH7B4, and Streptomyces clavuligerus delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P6CDH) are included in this CD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0YвА0А0АаАВucd07132, ALDH_F3AB, Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 members A1, A2, and B1 and related proteins. NAD(P)+-dependent, aldehyde dehydrogenase, family 3 members A1 and B1 (ALDH3A1, ALDH3B1, EC=1.2.1.5) and fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, family 3 member A2 (ALDH3A2, EC=1.2.1.3), and similar sequences are included in this CD. Human ALDH3A1 is a homodimer with a critical role in cellular defense against oxidative stress; it catalyzes the oxidation of various cellular membrane lipid-derived aldehydes. Corneal crystalline ALDH3A1 protects the cornea and underlying lens against UV-induced oxidative stress. Human ALDH3A2, a microsomal homodimer, catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids. Human ALDH3B1 is highly expressed in the kidney and liver and catalyzes the oxidation of various medium- and long-chain saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ZвА0А0АаАВ!cd07133, ALDH_CALDH_CalB, Coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase-like. Coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase (CALDH, EC=1.2.1.68) of Pseudomonas sp. strain HR199 (CalB) which catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of coniferyl aldehyde to ferulic acid, and similar sequences, are present in this CD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0[вА0А0АаАВ\cd07134, ALDH_AlkH-like, Pseudomonas putida Aldehyde dehydrogenase AlkH-like. Aldehyde dehydrogenase AlkH (locus name P12693, EC=1.2.1.3) of the alkBFGHJKL operon that allows Pseudomonas putida to metabolize alkanes and the aldehyde dehydrogenase AldX of Bacillus subtilis (locus P46329, EC=1.2.1.3), and similar sequences, are present in this CD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0\вА0А0АаАВБcd07135, ALDH_F14-YMR110C, Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldehyde dehydrogenase family 14 and related proteins. Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 14 (ALDH14), isolated mainly from the mitochondrial outer membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YMR110C) and most closely related to the plant and animal ALDHs and fatty ALDHs family 3 members, and similar fungal sequences, are present in this CD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0]вА0А0АаАВcd07136, ALDH_YwdH-P39616, Bacillus subtilis aldehyde dehydrogenase ywdH-like. Uncharacterized Bacillus subtilis ywdH aldehyde dehydrogenase (locus P39616) most closely related to the ALDHs and fatty ALDHs of families 3 and 14, and similar sequences, are included in this CD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0^вА0А0АаАВ^cd07137, ALDH_F3FHI, Plant aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 members F1, H1, and I1 and related proteins. Aldehyde dehydrogenase family members 3F1, 3H1, and 3I1 (ALDH3F1, ALDH3H1, and ALDH3I1), and similar plant sequences, are in this CD. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stress-regulated expression of ALDH3I1 was observed in leaves and osmotic stress expression of ALDH3H1 was observed in root tissue, whereas, ALDH3F1 expression was not stress responsive. Functional analysis of ALDH3I1 suggest it may be involved in a detoxification pathway in plants that limits aldehyde accumulation and oxidative stress.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0_вА0А0АаАВvcd07138, ALDH_CddD_SSP0762, Rhodococcus ruber 6-oxolauric acid dehydrogenase-like. The 6-oxolauric acid dehydrogenase (CddD) from Rhodococcus ruber SC1 which converts 6-oxolauric acid to dodecanedioic acid, and the aldehyde dehydrogenase (locus SSP0762) from Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 and other similar sequences, are included in this CD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0`вА0А0АаАВЪcd07139, ALDH_AldA-Rv0768, Mycobacterium tuberculosis aldehyde dehydrogenase AldA-like. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAD+-dependent, aldehyde dehydrogenase PDB structure, 3B4W, and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv aldehyde dehydrogenase AldA (locus Rv0768) sequence, as well as the Rhodococcus rhodochrous ALDH involved in haloalkane catabolism, and other similar sequences, are included in this CD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0aвА0А0АаАВ@cd07140, ALDH_F1L_FTFDH, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, ALDH family 1L. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FTHFDH, EC=1.5.1.6), also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member L1 (ALDH1L1) in humans, is a multi-domain homotetramer with an N-terminal formyl transferase domain and a C-terminal ALDH domain. FTHFDH catalyzes an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase reaction resulting in the conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2. The ALDH domain is also capable of the oxidation of short chain aldehydes to their corresponding acids.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0bвА0А0АаАВcd07323, LAM, LA motif RNA-binding domain. This domain is found at the N-terminus of La RNA-binding proteins as well as in other related proteins. Typically, the domain co-occurs with an RNA-recognition motif (RRM), and together these domains function to bind primary transcripts of RNA polymerase III in the La autoantigen (Lupus La protein, LARP3, or Sjoegren syndrome type B antigen, SS-B). A variety of La-related proteins (LARPs or La ribonucleoproteins), with differing domain architecture, appear to function as RNA-binding proteins in eukaryotic cellular processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW4вА0А0АаАВcd07324, M48C_Oma1-like, Oma1 peptidase-like, integral membrane metallopeptidase. This family contains peptidase M48 subfamily C (also known as Oma1 peptidase or mitochondrial metalloendopeptidase OMA1), including similar peptidases containing tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, as well as uncharacterized proteins such as E. coli bepA (formerly yfgC), ycaL and loiP (formerly yggG), considered to be putative metallopeptidases. Oma1 peptidase is part of the quality control system in the inner membrane of mitochondria, with its catalytic site facing the matrix space. It cleaves and thereby promotes the turnover of mistranslated or misfolded membrane proteins. Oma1 can cleave the misfolded multi-pass membrane protein Oxa1, thus exerting a function similar to the ATP-dependent m-AAA protease for quality control of inner membrane proteins. It has been proposed that in the absence of m-AAA protease, proteolysis of Oxa1 is mediated by Oma1 in an ATP-independent manner. Homologs of Oma1 are present in higher eukaryotes, eubacteria and archaebacteria, suggesting that Oma1 is the founding member of a conserved family of membrane-embedded metallopeptidases, all containing the zinc metalloprotease motif (HEXXH). M48 peptidases proteolytically remove the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАфлвА0А0АаАВИcd07325, M48_Ste24p_like, M48 Ste24 endopeptidase-like, integral membrane metallopeptidase. This family contains peptidase M48 family Ste24p-like proteins that are as yet uncharacterized, but probably function as intracellular, membrane-associated zinc metalloproteases; they all contain the HEXXH Zn-binding motif, which is critical for Ste24p activity. They likely remove the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins proteolytically and are possibly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi. Some members also contain ankyrin domains which occur in very diverse families of proteins and mediate protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАфмвА0А0АаАВюcd07326, M56_BlaR1_MecR1_like, Peptidase M56-like including those in BlaR1 and MecR1, integral membrane metallopeptidase. This family contains peptidase M56, which includes zinc metalloprotease domain in MecR1 as well as BlaR1. MecR1 is a transmembrane beta-lactam sensor/signal transducer protein that regulates the expression of an altered penicillin-binding protein PBP2a, which resists inactivation by beta-lactam antibiotics, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). BlaR1 regulates the inducible expression of a class A beta-lactamase that hydrolytically destroys certain ?-lactam antibiotics in MRSA. Both, MecR1 and BlaR1, are transmembrane proteins that consist of four transmembrane helices, a cytoplasmic zinc protease domain, and the soluble C-terminal extracellular sensor domain, and are highly similar in sequence and function. The signal for protein expression is transmitted by site-specific proteolytic cleavage of both the transducer, which auto-activates, and the repressor, which is inactivated, unblocking gene transcription. All members contain the zinc metalloprotease motif (HEXXH). Homologs of this peptidase domain are also found in a number of other bacterial genome sequences, most of which are as yet uncharacterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАфнвА0А0АаАВ╗cd07327, M48B_HtpX_like, HtpX-like membrane-bound metallopeptidase. This family contains peptidase M48 subfamily B, also known as HtpX, which consists of proteins smaller than Ste24p, with homology restricted to the C-terminal half of Ste24p. HtpX, an integral membrane (IM) metallopeptidase, is widespread in bacteria and archaea, and plays a central role in protein quality control by preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the membrane. Its expression is controlled by the Cpx stress response system, which senses abnormal membrane proteins. HtpX participates in the proteolytic quality control of these misfolded proteins by undergoing self-degradation and eliminating them by collaborating with FtsH, a membrane-bound and ATP-dependent protease. HtpX contains the zinc binding motif (HEXXH), has an FtsH-like topology, and is capable of introducing endoproteolytic cleavages into SecY (also an FtsH substrate). However, HtpX does not have an ATPase activity and will only act against cytoplasmic regions of a target membrane protein. Thus, HtpX and FtsH have overlapping and/or complementary functions, which are especially important at high temperature; in E. coli and Xylella fastidiosa, HtpX is heat-inducible, while in Streptococcus gordonii it is not. Mutation studies of HtpX-like M48 metalloprotease from Leptospira interrogans (LA4131) has been shown to result in altered expression of a subset of metal toxicity and stress response genes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАфовА0А0АаАВїcd07328, M48_Ste24p_like, M48 Ste24 endopeptidase-like, integral membrane metallopeptidase. This family contains peptidase M48-like proteins that are as yet uncharacterized, but probably function as intracellular, membrane-associated zinc metalloproteases; they all contain the HEXXH Zn-binding motif, which is critical for Ste24p activity. They likely remove the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins proteolytically and are possibly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАфпвА0А0АаАВ╬cd07329, M56_like, Peptidase M56-like, integral membrane metallopeptidase in bacteria. This family contains peptidase M56, which includes zinc metalloprotease domain in MecR1 as well as BlaR1. MecR1 is a transmembrane beta-lactam sensor/signal transducer protein that regulates the expression of an altered penicillin-binding protein PBP2a, which resists inactivation by beta-lactam antibiotics, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). BlaR1 regulates the inducible expression of a class A beta-lactamase that hydrolytically destroys certain beta-lactam antibiotics in MRSA. Both, MecR1 and BlaR1, are transmembrane proteins that consist of four transmembrane helices, a cytoplasmic zinc protease domain, and the soluble C-terminal extracellular sensor domain, and are highly similar in sequence and function. The signal for protein expression is transmitted by site-specific proteolytic cleavage of both the transducer, which auto-activates, and the repressor, which is inactivated, unblocking gene transcription. All members contain the zinc metalloprotease motif (HEXXH). Homologs of this peptidase domain are also found in a number of other bacterial genome sequences, most of which are as yet uncharacterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф░вА0А0АаАВTcd07330, M48A_Ste24p, Peptidase M48 CaaX prenyl protease type 1, an integral membrane, Zn-dependent protein. This family of M48 CaaX prenyl protease 1-like family includes a number of well characterized genes such as those found in Taenia solium metacestode (TsSte24p), Arabidopsis (AtSte24), yeast Ste24p and human (Hs Ste24p) as well as several uncharacterized genes such as YhfN, some of which also containing tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats. All members of this family contain the zinc metalloprotease motif (HEXXH), likely exposed on the cytoplasmic side. They are thought to be intimately associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regardless of whether their genes possess the conventional signal motif (KKXX) in the C-terminal. Proteins in this family proteolytically remove the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins. The gene ZmpSte24, also known as FACE-1 in humans, a member of this family, is involved in the post-translational processing of prelamin A to mature lamin A, a major component of the nuclear envelope. ZmpSte24 deficiency causes an accumulation of prelamin A leading to lipodystrophy and other disease phenotypes while mutations in the protein lead to diseases of lamin processing (laminopathies), such as premature aging disease progeria and metabolic disorders. Some of these mutations map to the peptide-binding site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф▒вА0А0АаАВOcd07331, M48C_Oma1_like, Peptidase M48C, integral membrane endopeptidase. This subfamily contains peptidase M48C Oma1 (also called mitochondrial metalloendopeptidase OMA1) protease homologs that are mostly uncharacterized. Oma1 is part of the quality control system in the inner membrane of mitochondria, with its catalytic site facing the matrix space. It cleaves and thereby promotes the turnover of mistranslated or misfolded membrane proteins. Oma1 can cleave the misfolded multi-pass membrane protein Oxa1, thus exerting a function similar to the ATP-dependent m-AAA protease for quality control of inner membrane proteins; it cleaves a misfolded polytopic membrane protein at multiple sites. It has been proposed that in the absence of m-AAA protease, proteolysis of Oxa1 is mediated by Oma1 in an ATP-independent manner. Oma1 is part of highly conserved mitochondrial metallopeptidases, with homologs present in higher eukaryotes, eubacteria and archaebacteria, all containing the zinc binding motif (HEXXH). It forms a high molecular mass complex in the inner membrane, possibly a homo-hexamer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф▓вА0А0АаАВVcd07332, M48C_Oma1_like, Peptidase M48C Ste24p, integral membrane endopeptidase. This subfamily contains peptidase M48C Oma1 (also called mitochondrial metalloendopeptidase OMA1) protease homologs that are mostly uncharacterized. Oma1 is part of the quality control system in the inner membrane of mitochondria, with its catalytic site facing the matrix space. It cleaves and thereby promotes the turnover of mistranslated or misfolded membrane proteins. Oma1 can cleave the misfolded multi-pass membrane protein Oxa1, thus exerting a function similar to the ATP-dependent m-AAA protease for quality control of inner membrane proteins; it cleaves a misfolded polytopic membrane protein at multiple sites. It has been proposed that in the absence of m-AAA protease, proteolysis of Oxa1 is mediated by Oma1 in an ATP-independent manner. Oma1 is part of highly conserved mitochondrial metallopeptidases, with homologs present in higher eukaryotes, eubacteria and archaebacteria, all containing the zinc binding motif (HEXXH). It forms a high molecular mass complex in the inner membrane, possibly a homo-hexamer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф│вА0А0АаАВЭcd07333, M48C_bepA_like, Peptidase M48C Ste24p bepA-like, integral membrane protein. This family contains peptidase M48C Ste24p protease bepA (formerly yfgC)-like proteins considered to be putative metallopeptidases, containing a zinc-binding motif, HEXXH, and a COOH-terminal ER retrieval signal (KKXX). They proteolytically remove the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins. They are integral membrane proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi, binding one zinc ion per subunit. In eukaryotes, Ste24p is required for the first NH2-terminal proteolytic processing event within the a-factor precursor, which takes place after COOH-terminal CAAX modification (C is cysteine; A is usually aliphatic; X is one of several amino acids) is complete. Mutation studies have shown that the HEXXH protease motif, which is extracellular but adjacent to a transmembrane domain and therefore close to the membrane surface, is critical for Ste24p activity. Several members of this family also contain tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeat motifs, which are involved in a variety of functions including protein-protein interactions. BepA has been shown to possess protease activity and is responsible for the degradation of incorrectly folded LptD, an essential outer-membrane protein (OMP) involved in OM transport and assembly of lipopolysaccharide. Overexpression of the bepA protease causes abnormal biofilm architecture.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф┤вА0А0АаАВzcd07334, M48C_loiP_like, Peptidase M48C Ste24p loiP-like, integral membrane protein. This subfamily contains peptidase M48 Ste24p protease loiP (formerly yggG)-like family are mostly uncharacterized proteins that include E. coli loiP and ycaLG, considered to be putative metallopeptidases, containing a zinc-binding motif, HEXXH, and a COOH-terminal ER retrieval signal (KKXX). They proteolytically remove the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins. They are integral membrane proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi, binding one zinc ion per subunit. In eukaryotes, Ste24p is required for the first NH2-terminal proteolytic processing event within the a-factor precursor, which takes place after COOH-terminal CAAX modification (C is cysteine; A is usually aliphatic; X is one of several amino acids) is complete. Mutation studies have shown that the HEXXH protease motif, which is extracellular but adjacent to a transmembrane domain and therefore close to the membrane surface, is critical for Ste24p activity. LoiP has been shown to be a metallopeptidase that cleaves its targets preferentially between Phe-Phe residues. It is upregulated when bacteria are subjected to media of low osmolarity, thus yggG was named LoiP (low osmolarity induced protease). Proper membrane localization of LoiP may depend on YfgC, another putative metalloprotease in this subfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф╡вА0А0АаАВ╒cd07335, M48B_HtpX_like, Peptidase M48 subfamily B HtpX-like membrane-bound metallopeptidase. This family contains peptidase M48 subfamily B, also known as HtpX, which consists of proteins smaller than Ste24p, with homology restricted to the C-terminal half of Ste24p. HtpX, an integral membrane (IM) metallopeptidase, is widespread in bacteria and archaea, and plays a central role in protein quality control by preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the membrane. Its expression is controlled by the Cpx stress response system, which senses abnormal membrane proteins. HtpX participates in the proteolytic quality control of these misfolded proteins by undergoing self-degradation and eliminating them by collaborating with FtsH, a membrane-bound and ATP-dependent protease. HtpX contains the zinc binding motif (HEXXH), has an FtsH-like topology, and is capable of introducing endoproteolytic cleavages into SecY (also an FtsH substrate). However, HtpX does not have an ATPase activity and will only act against cytoplasmic regions of a target membrane protein. Thus, HtpX and FtsH have overlapping and/or complementary functions, which are especially important at high temperature; in E. coli and Xylella fastidiosa, HtpX is heat-inducible, while in Streptococcus gordonii it is not. Mutation studies of HtpX-like M48 metalloprotease from Leptospira interrogans (LA4131) has been shown to result in altered expression of a subset of metal toxicity and stress response genes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф╢вА0А0АаАВbcd07336, M48B_HtpX_like, Peptidase M48 subfamily B HtpX-like membrane-bound metallopeptidase. This HtpX family of peptidase M48 subfamily B includes uncharacterized HtpX homologs and consists of proteins smaller than Ste24p, with homology restricted to the C-terminal half of Ste24p. HtpX expression is controlled by the Cpx stress response system, which senses abnormal membrane proteins. HtpX participates in the proteolytic quality control of these misfolded proteins by undergoing self-degradation and collaborating with FtsH, a membrane-bound and ATP-dependent protease, to eliminate them. HtpX, a zinc metalloprotease with an active site motif HEXXH, has an FtsH-like topology, and is capable of introducing endoproteolytic cleavages into SecY (also an FtsH substrate). However, HtpX does not have an ATPase activity and will only act against cytoplasmic regions of a target membrane protein. Thus, HtpX and FtsH have overlapping and/or complementary functions, which are especially important at high temperature; in E. coli and Xylella fastidiosa, HtpX is heat-inducible, while in Streptococcus gordonii it is not.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф╖вА0А0АаАВbcd07337, M48B_HtpX_like, Peptidase M48 subfamily B HtpX-like membrane-bound metallopeptidase. This HtpX family of peptidase M48 subfamily B includes uncharacterized HtpX homologs and consists of proteins smaller than Ste24p, with homology restricted to the C-terminal half of Ste24p. HtpX expression is controlled by the Cpx stress response system, which senses abnormal membrane proteins. HtpX participates in the proteolytic quality control of these misfolded proteins by undergoing self-degradation and collaborating with FtsH, a membrane-bound and ATP-dependent protease, to eliminate them. HtpX, a zinc metalloprotease with an active site motif HEXXH, has an FtsH-like topology, and is capable of introducing endoproteolytic cleavages into SecY (also an FtsH substrate). However, HtpX does not have an ATPase activity and will only act against cytoplasmic regions of a target membrane protein. Thus, HtpX and FtsH have overlapping and/or complementary functions, which are especially important at high temperature; in E. coli and Xylella fastidiosa, HtpX is heat-inducible, while in Streptococcus gordonii it is not.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф╕вА0А0АаАВbcd07338, M48B_HtpX_like, Peptidase M48 subfamily B HtpX-like membrane-bound metallopeptidase. This HtpX family of peptidase M48 subfamily B includes uncharacterized HtpX homologs and consists of proteins smaller than Ste24p, with homology restricted to the C-terminal half of Ste24p. HtpX expression is controlled by the Cpx stress response system, which senses abnormal membrane proteins. HtpX participates in the proteolytic quality control of these misfolded proteins by undergoing self-degradation and collaborating with FtsH, a membrane-bound and ATP-dependent protease, to eliminate them. HtpX, a zinc metalloprotease with an active site motif HEXXH, has an FtsH-like topology, and is capable of introducing endoproteolytic cleavages into SecY (also an FtsH substrate). However, HtpX does not have an ATPase activity and will only act against cytoplasmic regions of a target membrane protein. Thus, HtpX and FtsH have overlapping and/or complementary functions, which are especially important at high temperature; in E. coli and Xylella fastidiosa, HtpX is heat-inducible, while in Streptococcus gordonii it is not.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф╣вА0А0АаАВbcd07339, M48B_HtpX_like, Peptidase M48 subfamily B HtpX-like membrane-bound metallopeptidase. This HtpX family of peptidase M48 subfamily B includes uncharacterized HtpX homologs and consists of proteins smaller than Ste24p, with homology restricted to the C-terminal half of Ste24p. HtpX expression is controlled by the Cpx stress response system, which senses abnormal membrane proteins. HtpX participates in the proteolytic quality control of these misfolded proteins by undergoing self-degradation and collaborating with FtsH, a membrane-bound and ATP-dependent protease, to eliminate them. HtpX, a zinc metalloprotease with an active site motif HEXXH, has an FtsH-like topology, and is capable of introducing endoproteolytic cleavages into SecY (also an FtsH substrate). However, HtpX does not have an ATPase activity and will only act against cytoplasmic regions of a target membrane protein. Thus, HtpX and FtsH have overlapping and/or complementary functions, which are especially important at high temperature; in E. coli and Xylella fastidiosa, HtpX is heat-inducible, while in Streptococcus gordonii it is not.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф║вА0А0АаАВbcd07340, M48B_Htpx_like, Peptidase M48 subfamily B HtpX-like membrane-bound metallopeptidase. This HtpX family of peptidase M48 subfamily B includes uncharacterized HtpX homologs and consists of proteins smaller than Ste24p, with homology restricted to the C-terminal half of Ste24p. HtpX expression is controlled by the Cpx stress response system, which senses abnormal membrane proteins. HtpX participates in the proteolytic quality control of these misfolded proteins by undergoing self-degradation and collaborating with FtsH, a membrane-bound and ATP-dependent protease, to eliminate them. HtpX, a zinc metalloprotease with an active site motif HEXXH, has an FtsH-like topology, and is capable of introducing endoproteolytic cleavages into SecY (also an FtsH substrate). However, HtpX does not have an ATPase activity and will only act against cytoplasmic regions of a target membrane protein. Thus, HtpX and FtsH have overlapping and/or complementary functions, which are especially important at high temperature; in E. coli and Xylella fastidiosa, HtpX is heat-inducible, while in Streptococcus gordonii it is not.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф╗вА0А0АаАВюcd07341, M56_BlaR1_MecR1_like, Peptidase M56-like including those in BlaR1 and MecR1, integral membrane metallopeptidase. This family contains peptidase M56, which includes zinc metalloprotease domain in MecR1 as well as BlaR1. MecR1 is a transmembrane beta-lactam sensor/signal transducer protein that regulates the expression of an altered penicillin-binding protein PBP2a, which resists inactivation by beta-lactam antibiotics, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). BlaR1 regulates the inducible expression of a class A beta-lactamase that hydrolytically destroys certain ?-lactam antibiotics in MRSA. Both, MecR1 and BlaR1, are transmembrane proteins that consist of four transmembrane helices, a cytoplasmic zinc protease domain, and the soluble C-terminal extracellular sensor domain, and are highly similar in sequence and function. The signal for protein expression is transmitted by site-specific proteolytic cleavage of both the transducer, which auto-activates, and the repressor, which is inactivated, unblocking gene transcription. All members contain the zinc metalloprotease motif (HEXXH). Homologs of this peptidase domain are also found in a number of other bacterial genome sequences, most of which are as yet uncharacterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф╝вА0А0АаАВOcd07342, M48C_Oma1_like, M48C peptidase, integral membrane endopeptidase. This subfamily contains peptidase M48C Oma1 (also called mitochondrial metalloendopeptidase OMA1) protease homologs that are mostly uncharacterized. Oma1 is part of the quality control system in the inner membrane of mitochondria, with its catalytic site facing the matrix space. It cleaves and thereby promotes the turnover of mistranslated or misfolded membrane proteins. Oma1 can cleave the misfolded multi-pass membrane protein Oxa1, thus exerting a function similar to the ATP-dependent m-AAA protease for quality control of inner membrane proteins; it cleaves a misfolded polytopic membrane protein at multiple sites. It has been proposed that in the absence of m-AAA protease, proteolysis of Oxa1 is mediated by Oma1 in an ATP-independent manner. Oma1 is part of highly conserved mitochondrial metallopeptidases, with homologs present in higher eukaryotes, eubacteria and archaebacteria, all containing the zinc binding motif (HEXXH). It forms a high molecular mass complex in the inner membrane, possibly a homo-hexamer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф╜вА0А0АаАВcd07343, M48A_Zmpste24p_like, Peptidase M48 subfamily A, a type 1 CaaX endopeptidase. This family contains peptidase family M48 subfamily A which includes a number of well-characterized genes such as those found in humans (ZMPSTE24, also known as farnesylated protein-converting enzyme 1 or FACE-1 or Hs Ste24), Taenia solium metacestode (TsSte24p), Arabidopsis (AtSte24) and yeast (Ste24p). Ste24p contains the zinc metalloprotease motif (HEXXH), likely exposed on the cytoplasmic side. It is thought to be intimately associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regardless of whether its genes possess the conventional signal motif (KKXX) in the C-terminal. Proteins in this family proteolytically remove the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins. Ste24p is involved in the post-translational processing of prelamin A to mature lamin A, a major component of the nuclear envelope. ZmpSte24 deficiency causes an accumulation of prelamin A leading to lipodystrophy and other disease phenotypes, while mutations in this gene or in that encoding its substrate, prelamin A, result in a series of human inherited diseases known as laminopathies, the most severe of which are Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and restrictive dermopathy (RD) which arise due to unsuccessful maturation of prelamin A. Two forms of mandibuloacral dysplasia, a condition that causes a variety of abnormalities involving bone development, skin pigmentation, and fat distribution, are caused by mutations in two different genes; mutations in the LMNA gene, which normally provides instructions for making lamin A and lamin C, cause mandibuloacral dysplasia with A-type lipodystrophy (MAD-A), and mutations in the ZMPSTE24 gene cause mandibuloacral dysplasia with B-type lipodystrophy (MAD-B). Within cells, these genes are involved in maintaining the structure of the nucleus and may play a role in many cellular processes. Certain HIV protease inhibitors have been shown to inhibit the enzymatic activity of ZMPSTE24, but not enzymes involved in prelamin A processing.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф╛вА0А0АаАВ°cd07344, M48_yhfN_like, Peptidase M48 YhfN-like, a novel minigluzincin. M48 YhfN-like protease is considered as a CaaX prenyl protease 1 homolog, with most of the sequences in this family as yet uncharacterized. It contains the zinc metalloprotease motif (HEXXH), likely exposed on the cytoplasmic side. It is probably associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regardless of whether its genes possess the conventional signal motif (KKXX) in the C-terminal. Proteins in this family proteolytically remove the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins. This novel family of related proteins consist of the soluble minimal scaffold similar to the catalytic domains of the integral-membrane metallopeptidase M48 and M56, thus called minigluzincins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф┐вА0А0АаАВдcd07345, M48A_Ste24p-like, Peptidase M48 subfamily A-like, putative CaaX prenyl protease. This family contains peptidase family M48 subfamily A-like CaaX prenyl protease 1, most of which are uncharacterized. Some of these contain tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats at the C-terminus. Proteins in this family contain the zinc metalloprotease motif (HEXXH), likely exposed on the cytoplasmic side. They are thought to be possibly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regardless of whether their genes possess the conventional signal motif (KKXX) in the C-terminal. These proteins putatively remove the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins proteolytically.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф└вА0А0АаАВ╨cd07347, harmonin_N_like, N-terminal protein-binding module of harmonin and similar domains, also known as HHD (harmonin homology domain). This domain is found in harmonin, and similar proteins such as delphilin, and whirlin. These are postsynaptic density-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing scaffold proteins. Harmonin and whirlin are organizers of the Usher protein network of the inner ear and the retina, delphilin is found at the cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. This domain is also found in CCM2 (also called malcavernin; C7orf22/chromosome 7 open reading frame 22; OSM). CCM2 along with CCM1 and CCM3 constitutes a set of proteins which when mutated are responsible for cerebral cavernous malformations, an autosomal dominant neurovascular disease characterized by cerebral hemorrhages and vascular malformations in the central nervous system. CCM2 plays many functional roles. CCM2 functions as a scaffold involved in small GTPase Rac-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation when the cell is under hyperosmotic stress. It associates with CCM1 in the signaling cascades that regulate vascular integrity and participates in HEG1 (the transmembrane receptor heart of glass 1) mediated endothelial cell junctions. CCM proteins also inhibit the activation of small GTPase RhoA and its downstream effector Rho kinase (ROCK) to limit vascular permeability. CCM2 mediates TrkA-dependent cell death via its N-terminal PTB domain in pediatric neuroblastic tumours; the C-terminal domain of malcavernin represented here has also been refered to as the Karet domain. Harmonin contains a single copy of this domain at its N-terminus which binds specifically to a short internal peptide fragment of the cadherin 23 cytoplasmic domain (a component of the Usher protein network). Whirlin contains two copies of this domain; the first of these has been assayed for interaction with the cytoplasmic domain of cadherin 23 and no interaction could be detected.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎъвА0А0АаАВюcd07348, NR_LBD_NGFI-B, The ligand binding domain of Nurr1, a member of conserved family of nuclear receptors. The ligand binding domain of Nerve growth factor-induced-B (NGFI-B): NGFI-B is a member of the nuclear#steroid receptor superfamily. NGFI-B is classified as an orphan receptor because no ligand has yet been identified. NGFI-B is an early immediate gene product of the embryo development that is rapidly produced in response to a variety of cellular signals including nerve growth factor. It is involved in T-cell-mediated apoptosis, as well as neuronal differentiation and function. NGFI-B regulates transcription by binding to a specific DNA target upstream of its target genes and regulating the rate of transcriptional initiation. Like other members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, NGFI-B has a central well conserved DNA binding domain (DBD), a variable N-terminal domain, a flexible hinge and a C-terminal ligand binding domain (LBD).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЪвА0А0АаАВPcd07349, NR_LBD_SHP, The ligand binding domain of DAX1 protein, a nuclear receptor lacking DNA binding domain. The ligand binding domain of the Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP): SHP is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. SHP has a ligand binding domain, but lacks the DNA binding domain, typical to almost all of the nuclear receptors. It functions as a transcriptional coregulator by directly interacting with other nuclear receptors through its AF-2 motif. The closest relative of SHP is DAX1 and they can form heterodimer. SHP is an orphan receptor, lacking an identified ligand.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЫвА0А0АаАВ#cd07350, NR_LBD_Dax1, The ligand binding domain of DAX1 protein, a nuclear receptor lacking DNA binding domain. The ligand binding domain of the DAX1 protein: DAX1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on chromosome X gene 1) is a nuclear receptor with a typical ligand binding domain, but lacks the DNA binding domain. DAX1 plays an important role in the normal development of several hormone-producing tissues. Duplications of the region of the X chromosome containing DAX1 cause dosage sensitive sex reversal. DAX1 acts as a global repressor of many nuclear receptors, including SF-1, LRH-1, ERR, ER, AR and PR. DAX1 can form homodimer and heterodimerizes with its alternatively spliced isoform DAX1A and other nuclear receptors such as SHP, ERalpha and SF-1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЬвА0А0АаАВccd07353, harmonin_N, N-terminal protein-binding module of harmonin. Harmonin is a postsynaptic density-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing scaffold protein, which organizes the Usher protein network of the inner ear and the retina. Harmonin contains a single copy of this domain, which is found at the N-terminus of all three harmonin isoform classes (a, b and c), and which preceeds the first PDZ protein-binding domain, PDZ1. This harmonin_N domain binds specifically to a short internal peptide fragment of the cadherin 23 cytoplasmic domain; cadherin 23 is a component of the Usher protein network.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎывА0А0АаАВ╥cd07354, HN_L-delphilin-R1_like, first harmonin_N_like domain (repeat 1) of L-delphilin, and related domains. This subgroup contains the first of two harmonin_N_like domains of an alternatively spliced longer variant of mouse delphilin (L-delphilin, isoform 1), and related domains. Delphilin is a scaffold protein which binds the glutamate receptor delta-2 (GRID2) subunit and the monocarboxylate transporter 2 at the cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. The N-terminus of L-delphilin contains this harmonin_N_like domain preceded by a postsynaptic density-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) protein-binding domain, PDZ1. L-delphilin, in common with the shorter C-terminal isoforms (S-delphilin/delphilin alpha and delphilin beta) has a second harmonin_N_like domain (not belonging to this subgroup) and a second PDZ domain, PDZ2. This first harmonin_N_like domain is a putative protein-binding module based on its sequence similarity to the N-terminal domain of harmonin.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎьвА0А0АаАВ│cd07355, HN_L-delphilin-R2_like, second harmonin_N_like domain (repeat 2) of L-delphilin, and related domains. This subgroup contains the second of two harmonin_N_like domains of an alternatively spliced longer variant of mouse delphilin (L-delphilin), and related domains. Delphilin is a postsynaptic density-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing scaffold protein which binds the glutamate receptor delta-2 (GRID2) subunit and the monocarboxylate transporter 2 at the cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. This harmonin_N_like domain in L-delphilin follows the second PDZ protein-binding domain, PDZ2; it is also found in the shorter C-terminal isoforms (S-delphilin/delphilin alpha and delphilin beta). It is a putative protein-binding module based on its sequence similarity to the N-terminal domain of harmonin. The first harmonin_N_like domain of L-delphilin belongs to a different subgroup and is missing from S-delphilin.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎэвА0А0АаАВыcd07356, HN_L-whirlin_R1_like, first harmonin_N_like domain (repeat 1) of the long isoform of whirlin, and related domains. This subgroup contains the first of two harmonin_N_like domains of the long isoform of whirlin, and related domains. Whirlin is a postsynaptic density-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing scaffold protein which binds various components of the Usher protein network of the inner ear and the retina: erythrocyte protein p55, usherin, VlGR1, and myosin XVa. The long isoform of whirlin contains two harmonin_N_like domains, and three PDZ protein-binding domains, PDZ1-3. This first harmonin_N_like domain precedes PDZ1, and is a putative protein-binding module based on its sequence similarity to the N-terminal domain of harmonin. This first harmonin_N_like domain has been assayed for interaction with the cytoplasmic domain of cadherin 23 (a component of the Usher network and an interacting partner of the harmonin N-domain), however no interaction could be detected. The short whirlin isoform, derived from an alternative start ATG, lacks this first harmonin_N_like domain. The short isoform has in common with the long isoform, the second harmonin_N_like domain (designated repeat 2, not present in this subgroup), and PDZ3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎювА0А0АаАВ▐cd07357, HN_L-whirlin_R2_like, second harmonin_N_like domain (repeat 2) of the long isoform of whirlin, and related domains. This subgroup contains the second of two harmonin_N_like domains found in the long isoform of whirlin, and related domains. Whirlin is a postsynaptic density-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing scaffold protein which binds various components of the Usher protein network of the inner ear and the retina: erythrocyte protein p55, usherin, VlGR1, and myosin XVa. The long isoform of whirlin contains two harmonin_N_like domains, and three PDZ protein-binding domains, PDZ1-3. The short whirlin isoform, derived from an alternative start ATG, lacks the first harmonin_N_like domain but has in common with the long isoform, this second harmonin_N_like domain (designated repeat 2, included in this subgroup) and PDZ3. This second harmonin_N_like domain is a putative protein-binding module based on its sequence similarity to the N-terminal domain of harmonin.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎявА0А0АаАВНcd07358, HN_PDZD7_like, harmonin_N_like domain, a protein-binding module of PDZ domain-containing protein 7 and related proteins. Human PDZD7 is a scaffolding protein which associates with the Usher Syndrome protein network, and localizes to the stereocilia Ankle-link. Usher syndrome is the leading cause of genetic deaf-blindness. PDZD7 has a role as in Usher syndrome type 2 (and not in USH1) in humans. Whirlin, Usherin and GRP98 are other USH2 proteins. The latter two form the ankle links and whirlin is thought to be a scaffold for protein interactions at these links. PDZD7, whirlin, and harmonin (an USH1 protein) have a similar domain composition. The domain represented here is a putative protein-binding module based on its sequence similarity to the N-terminal domain of harmonin. Cooperative effects of mutations in PDZD7 and Usherin, and in PDZD7 and GPR98, result in a digenic USH2 phenotype.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎЁвА0А0АаАВ cd07359, PCA_45_Doxase_B_like, Subunit B of the Class III Extradiol dioxygenase, Protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase, and simlar enzymes. This subfamily of class III extradiol dioxygenases consists of a number of proteins with known enzymatic activities: Protocatechuate (PCA) 4,5-dioxygenase (LigAB), 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase (MhpB), 3-O-Methylgallate Dioxygenase, 2-aminophenol 1,6-dioxygenase, as well as proteins without any known enzymatic activity. These proteins play essential roles in the degradation of aromatic compounds by catalyzing the incorporation of both atoms of molecular oxygen into their preferred substrates. As members of the Class III extradiol dioxygenase family, the enzymes use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon. LigAB-like class III enzymes are usually composed of two subunits, designated A and B, which form a tetramer composed of two copies of each subunit. This model represents the catalytic subunit, B.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWвА0А0АаАВ5cd07361, MEMO_like, Memo (mediator of ErbB2-driven cell motility) is co-precipitated with the C terminus of ErbB2, a protein involved in cell motility. This subfamily is composed of Memo (mediator of ErbB2-driven cell motility) and similar proteins. Memo is a protein that is co-precipitated with the C terminus of ErbB2, a protein involved in cell motility. It is required for the ErbB2-driven cell mobility and is found in protein complexes with cofilin, ErbB2 and PLCgamma1. However, Memo is not homologous to any known signaling proteins, and its function in ErbB2 signaling is not known. Structural studies show that Memo binds directly to a specific ErbB2-derived phosphopeptide. Memo is homologous to class III nonheme iron-dependent extradiol dioxygenases, however, no metal binding or enzymatic activity can be detected for Memo. This subfamily also contains a few members containing a C-terminal AMMECR1-like domain. The AMMECR1 protein was proposed to be a regulatory factor that is potentially involved in the development of AMME contiguous gene deletion syndrome.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWвА0А0АаАВ&cd07362, HPCD_like, Class III extradiol dioxygenases with similarity to homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the key ring cleavage step in the metabolism of homoprotocatechuate. This subfamily of class III extradiol dioxygenases consists of two types of proteins with known enzymatic activities; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate (homoprotocatechuate) 2,3-dioxygenase (HPCD) and 2-amino-5-chlorophenol 1,6-dioxygenase. HPCD catalyzes the key ring cleavage step in the metabolism of homoprotocatechuate (hpca), a central intermediate in the bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds. The enzyme incorporates both atoms of molecular oxygen into hpca, resulting in aromatic ring-opening to yield the product alpha-hydroxy-delta-carboxymethyl cis-muconic semialdehyde. 2-amino-5-chlorophenol 1,6-dioxygenase catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2-amino-5-chlorophenol, which is an intermediate during p-chloronitrobenzene degradation. The enzyme is probably a heterotetramer composed of two alpha and two beta subunits. Alpha and beta subunits share significant sequence similarity and both belong to this family. Like all Class III extradiol dioxygenases, these enzymes use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWвА0А0АаАВЁcd07363, 45_DOPA_Dioxygenase, The Class III extradiol dioxygenase, 4,5-DOPA Dioxygenase, catalyzes the incorporation of both atoms of molecular oxygen into 4,5-dihydroxy-phenylalanine. This subfamily is composed of plant 4,5-DOPA Dioxygenase, the uncharacterized Escherichia coli protein Jw3007, and similar proteins. 4,5-DOPA Dioxygenase catalyzes the incorporation of both atoms of molecular oxygen into 4,5-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (4,5-DOPA). The reaction results in the opening of the cyclic ring between carbons 4 and 5 and producing an unstable seco-DOPA that rearranges to betalamic acid. 4,5-DOPA Dioxygenase is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of the plant pigment betalain. Homologs of DODA are present not only in betalain-producing plants but also in bacteria and archaea. This enzyme is a member of the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group of enzymes which use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWвА0А0АаАВOcd07364, PCA_45_Dioxygenase_B, Subunit B of the Class III extradiol dioxygenase, Protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of protocatechuate. Protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase (LigAB) catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of protocatechuate (or 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, PCA), an intermediate in the breakdown of lignin and other compounds. Protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase is an aromatic ring opening dioxygenase belonging to the class III extradiol enzyme family, a group of enyzmes that cleaves aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon using a non-heme Fe(II). LigAB is composed of two subunits, designated A and B, which form a tetramer composed of two copies of each subunit. The B subunit (LigB) is the catalytic subunit of LigAB.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW вА0А0АаАВcd07365, MhpB_like, Subunit B of the Class III Extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase, 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase (MhpB), which catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate. 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase (MhpB) catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate, yielding the product 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-nona-2,4-diene 1,9-dicarboxylate. It is an essential enzyme in the beta-phenylpropionic degradation pathway, in which beta-phenylpropionic is first hydrolyzed to produce 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate. The enzyme is a member of the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group of enzymes which use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon. LigAB-like class III enzymes are usually composed of two subunits, designated A and B, which form a tetramer composed of two copies of each subunit. This model represents the catalytic subunit, B. MhpB is likely to be a tetramer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW!вА0А0АаАВМcd07366, 3MGA_Dioxygenase, Subunit B of the Class III Extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase, 3-O-Methylgallate Dioxygenase, which catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 3-O-Methylgallate. 3-O-Methylgallate Dioxygenase catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 3-O-Methylgallate (3MGA) between carbons 2 and 3. 3-O-Methylgallate Dioxygenase is a key enzyme in the syringate degradation pathway, in which the syringate is first converted to 3-O-Methylgallate by O-demethylase. This enzyme is a member of the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group of enzymes which uses a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon. LigAB-like enzymes are usually composed of two subunits, designated A and B, which form a tetramer composed of two copies of each subunit. This model represents the catalytic subunit, B.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW"вА0А0АаАВ╗cd07367, CarBb, CarBb is the B subunit of the Class III Extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase, 2-aminophenol 1,6-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2-aminophenyl-2,3-diol. CarBb is the B subunit of 2-aminophenol 1,6-dioxygenase (CarB), which catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2-aminophenyl-2,3-diol. It is a key enzyme in the carbazole degradation pathway isolated from bacterial strains with carbazole degradation ability. The enzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two A and two B subunits. CarB belongs to the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group of enzymes which use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon. Although the enzyme was originally isolated as a meta-cleavage enzyme for 2'-aminobiphenyl-2,3-diol involved in carbazole degradation, it has also shown high specificity for 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW#вА0А0АаАВcd07368, PhnC_Bs_like, PhnC is a Class III Extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase involved in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) catabolic pathway. This subfamily is composed of Burkholderia sp. PhnC and similar poteins. PhnC is one of nine protein products encoded by the phn locus. These proteins are involved in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) catabolic pathway. PhnC is a member of the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group os enzymes which use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon. LigAB-like enzymes are usually composed of two subunits, designated A and B, which form a tetramer composed of two copies of each subunit. This model represents the catalytic subunit, B.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW$вА0А0АаАВ▀cd07369, PydA_Rs_like, PydA is a Class III Extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase required for the degradation of 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (HP). This subfamily is composed of Rhizobium sp. PydA and similar proteins. PydA is required for the degradation of 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (HP), an intermediate in the Leucaena toxin mimosine degradation pathway. It is a member of the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group of enzymes that use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon. LigAB-like enzymes are usually composed of two subunits, designated A and B, which form a tetramer composed of two copies of each subunit. This model represents the catalytic subunit, B.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW%вА0А0АаАВ cd07370, HPCD, The Class III extradiol dioxygenase, homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase, catalyzes the key ring cleavage step in the metabolism of homoprotocatechuate. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate (homoprotocatechuate) 2,3-dioxygenase (HPCD) catalyzes the key ring cleavage step in the metabolism of homoprotocatechuate (hpca), a central intermediate in the bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds. The enzyme incorporates both atoms of molecular oxygen into hpca, resulting in aromatic ring-opening to yield alpha-hydroxy-delta-carboxymethyl cis-muconic semialdehyde. HPCD is a member of the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group of enzymes which use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW&вА0А0АаАВicd07371, 2A5CPDO_AB, The alpha and beta subunits of the Class III extradiol dioxygenase, 2-amino-5-chlorophenol 1,6-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2-amino-5-chlorophenol. This subfamily contains both alpha and beta subunits of 2-amino-5-chlorophenol 1,6-dioxygenase (2A5CPDO), which catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2-amino-5-chlorophenol, an intermediate during p-chloronitrobenzene degradation. 2A5CPDO is a member of the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group of enzymes which use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon. The active enzyme is probably a heterotetramer, composed of two alpha and two beta subunits. Alpha and beta subunits share significant sequence similarity and may have evolved by gene duplication.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW'вА0А0АаАВ╕cd07372, 2A5CPDO_B, The beta subunit of the Class III extradiol dioxygenase, 2-amino-5-chlorophenol 1,6-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2-amino-5-chlorophenol. 2-amino-5-chlorophenol 1,6-dioxygenase (2A5CPDO), catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2-amino-5-chlorophenol, which is an intermediate during p-chloronitrobenzene degradation. This enzyme is a member of the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group of enzymes which use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon. The active 2A5CPDO enzyme is probably a heterotetramer, composed of two alpha and two beta subunits. The alpha and beta subunits share significant sequence similarity and may have evolved by gene duplication. This model describes the beta subunit, which contains a putative metal binding site with two conserved histidines; these residues are equivalent to two out of three Fe(II) binding residues present in the catalytic subunit dioxygenase LigB. The alpha subunit does not contain these potential metal binding residues. The 2A5CPDO beta subunit may be the catalytic subunit of the enzyme.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW(вА0А0АаАВ╢cd07373, 2A5CPDO_A, The alpha subunit of the Class III extradiol dioxygenase, 2-amino-5-chlorophenol 1,6-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2-amino-5-chlorophenol. 2-amino-5-chlorophenol 1,6-dioxygenase (2A5CPDO) catalyzes the oxidization and subsequent ring-opening of 2-amino-5-chlorophenol, which is an intermediate during p-chloronitrobenzene degradation. This enzyme is a member of the class III extradiol dioxygenase family, a group of enzymes which use a non-heme Fe(II) to cleave aromatic rings between a hydroxylated carbon and an adjacent non-hydroxylated carbon. The active enzyme is probably a heterotetramer, composed of two alpha and two beta subunits. The alpha and beta subunits share significant sequence similarity and may have evolved by gene duplication. This model describes the alpha subunit, which does not contain a potential metal binding site and may not possess catalytic activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW)вА0А0АаАВвcd07374, CYTH-like_Pase, CYTH-like (also known as triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme (TTM)-like) Phosphatases. CYTH-like superfamily enzymes hydrolyze triphosphate-containing substrates and require metal cations as cofactors. They have a unique active site located at the center of an eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel tunnel (the triphosphate tunnel). The name CYTH originated from the gene designation for bacterial class IV adenylyl cyclases (CyaB), and from thiamine triphosphatase. Class IV adenylate cyclases catalyze the conversion of ATP to 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) and PPi. Thiamine triphosphatase is a soluble cytosolic enzyme which converts thiamine triphosphate to thiamine diphosphate. This domain superfamily also contains RNA triphosphatases, membrane-associated polyphosphate polymerases, tripolyphosphatases, nucleoside triphosphatases, nucleoside tetraphosphatases and other proteins with unknown functions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВЦcd07375, Anticodon_Ia_like, Anticodon-binding domain of class Ia aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and similar domains. This domain is found in a variety of class Ia aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, C-terminal to the catalytic core domain. It recognizes and specifically binds to the anticodon of the tRNA. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases catalyze the transfer of cognate amino acids to the 3'-end of their tRNAs by specifically recognizing cognate from non-cognate amino acids. Members include valyl-, leucyl-, isoleucyl-, cysteinyl-, arginyl-, and methionyl-tRNA synthethases. This superfamily also includes a domain from MshC, an enzyme in the mycothiol biosynthetic pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW@вА0А0АаАВ$cd07376, PLPDE_III_DSD_D-TA_like, Type III Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)-Dependent Enzymes Similar to D-Serine Dehydratase and D-Threonine Aldolase. This family includes eukaryotic D-serine dehydratases (DSD), cryptic DSDs from bacteria, D-threonine aldolases (D-TA), low specificity D-TAs, and similar uncharacterized proteins. DSD catalyzes the dehydration of D-serine to aminoacrylate, which is rapidly hydrolyzed to pyruvate and ammonia. D-TA reversibly catalyzes the aldol cleavage of D-threonine into glycine and acetaldehyde, and the synthesis of D-threonine from glycine and acetaldehyde. Members of this family are fold type III PLP-dependent enzymes, similar to bacterial alanine racemase (AR), which contains an N-terminal PLP-binding TIM barrel domain and a C-terminal beta-sandwich domain. AR exists as homodimers with active sites that lie at the interface between the TIM barrel domain of one subunit and the beta-sandwich domain of the other subunit. Based on similarity to AR, it is possible members of this family also form dimers in solution.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ЧвА0А0АаАВ╞cd07377, WHTH_GntR, Winged helix-turn-helix (WHTH) DNA-binding domain of the GntR family of transcriptional regulators. This CD represents the winged HTH DNA-binding domain of the GntR (named after the gluconate operon repressor in Bacillus subtilis) family of bacterial transcriptional regulators and their putative homologs found in eukaryota and archaea. The GntR family has over 6000 members distributed among almost all bacterial species, which is comprised of FadR, HutC, MocR, YtrA, AraR, PlmA, and other subfamilies for the regulation of the most varied biological process. The monomeric proteins of the GntR family are characterized by two function domains: a small highly conserved winged helix-turn-helix prokaryotic DNA binding domain in the N-terminus, and a very diverse regulatory ligand-binding domain in the C-terminus for effector-binding/oligomerization, which provides the basis for the subfamily classifications. Binding of the effector to GntR-like transcriptional regulators is presumed to result in a conformational change that regulates the DNA-binding affinity of the repressor. The GntR-like proteins bind as dimers, where each monomer recognizes a half-site of 2-fold symmetric DNA sequences.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWJвА0А0АаАВicd07378, MPP_ACP5, Homo sapiens acid phosphatase 5 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. Acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5) removes the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker from lysosomal proteins. The exact site of dephosphorylation is not clear. Evidence suggests dephosphorylation may take place in a prelysosomal compartment as well as in the lysosome. ACP5 belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;LвА0А0АаАВYcd07379, MPP_239FB, Homo sapiens 239FB and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. 239FB (Fetal brain protein 239) is thought to play a role in central nervous system development, but its specific role in unknown. 239FB is expressed predominantly in human fetal brain from a gene located in the chromosome 11p13 region associated with the mental retardation component of the WAGR (Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary anomalies, Mental retardation) syndrome. Orthologous brp-like (brain protein 239-like) proteins have been identified in the invertebrate amphioxus group and in vertebrates. 239FB belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;MвА0А0АаАВpcd07380, MPP_CWF19_N, Schizosaccharomyces pombe CWF19 and related proteins, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. CWF19 cell cycle control protein (also known as CWF19-like 1 (CWF19L1) in Homo sapiens), N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. CWF19 contains C-terminal domains similar to that found in the CwfJ cell cycle control protein. The metallophosphatase domain belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;NвА0А0АаАВ|cd07381, MPP_CapA, CapA and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. CapA is one of three membrane-associated enzymes in Bacillus anthracis that is required for synthesis of gamma-polyglutamic acid (PGA), a major component of the bacterial capsule. The YwtB and PgsA proteins of Bacillus subtilis are closely related to CapA and are also included in this alignment model. CapA belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;OвА0А0АаАВ░cd07382, MPP_DR1281, Deinococcus radiodurans DR1281 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. DR1281 is an uncharacterized Deinococcus radiodurans protein with a domain that belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;PвА0А0АаАВcd07383, MPP_Dcr2, Saccharomyces cerevisiae DCR2 phosphatase and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. DCR2 phosphatase (Dosage-dependent Cell Cycle Regulator 2) functions together with DCR1 (Gid8) in a common pathway to accelerate initiation of DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetic analysis suggests that DCR1 functions upstream of DCR2. DCR2 interacts with and dephosphorylates Sic1, an inhibitor of mitotic cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes, which may serve to trigger the initiation of cell division. DCR2 belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;QвА0А0АаАВГcd07384, MPP_Cdc1_like, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC1 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. Cdc1 (also known as XlCdc1 in Xenopus laevis) is an endoplasmic reticulum-localized transmembrane lipid phosphatase with a metallophosphatase domain facing the ER lumen. In budding yeast, the gene encoding CDC1 is essential while nonlethal mutations cause defects in Golgi inheritance and actin polarization. Cdc1 mutant cells accumulate an unidentified phospholipid, suggesting that Cdc1 is a lipid phosphatase. Cdc1 mutant cells also have highly elevated intracellular calcium levels suggesting a possible role for Cdc1 in calcium regulation. The 5' flanking region of Cdc1 is a regulatory region with conserved binding site motifs for AP1, AP2, Sp1, NF-1 and CREB. DNA polymerase delta consists of at least four subunits - Pol3, Cdc1, Cdc27, and Cdm1. This group also contains Saccharomyces cerevisiae TED1 (Trafficking of Emp24p/Erv25p-dependent cargo disrupted 1), which acts together with Emp24p and Erv25p in cargo exit from the ER, and human MPPE1. The human MPPE1 gene is a candidate susceptibility gene for bipolar disorder. These proteins belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;RвА0А0АаАВcd07385, MPP_YkuE_C, Bacillus subtilis YkuE and related proteins, C-terminal metallophosphatase domain. YkuE is an uncharacterized Bacillus subtilis protein with a C-terminal metallophosphatase domain and an N-terminal twin-arginine (RR) motif. An RR-signal peptide derived from the Bacillus subtilis YkuE protein can direct Tat-dependent secretion of agarase in Streptomyces lividans. This is an indication that YkuE is transported by the Bacillus subtilis Tat (Twin-arginine translocation) pathway machinery. YkuE belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;SвА0А0АаАВ=cd07386, MPP_DNA_pol_II_small_archeal_C, archeal DNA polymerase II, small subunit, C-terminal metallophosphatase domain. The small subunit of the archeal DNA polymerase II contains a C-terminal metallophosphatase domain. This domain is thought to be functionally active because the active site residues required for phosphoesterase activity in other members of this superfamily are intact. The archeal replicative DNA polymerases are thought to possess intrinsic phosphatase activity that hydrolyzes the pyrophosphate released during nucleotide polymerization. This domain belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;TвА0А0АаАВ░cd07387, MPP_PolD2_C, PolD2 (DNA polymerase delta, subunit 2), C-terminal domain. PolD2 (DNA polymerase delta, subunit 2) is an auxiliary subunit of the eukaryotic DNA polymerase delta (PolD) complex thought to play a regulatory role and to serve as a scaffold for PolD assembly by interacting simultaneously with all of the other three subunits. PolD2 is catalytically inactive and lacks the active site residues required for phosphoesterase activity in other members of this superfamily. PolD2 is also involved in the recruitment of several proteins regulating DNA metabolism, including p21, PDIP1, PDIP38, PDIP46, and WRN. Human PolD consists of four subunits: p125 (PolD1), p50 (PolD2), p66(PolD3), and p12(PolD4). PolD is one of three major replicases in eukaryotes. PolD also plays an essential role in translesion DNA synthesis, homologous recombination, and DNA repair. Within the PolD complex, PolD2 tightly associates with PolD3. PolD2 belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;UвА0А0АаАВ╒cd07388, MPP_Tt1561, Thermus thermophilus Tt1561 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. This family includes bacterial proteins related to Tt1561 (also known as Aq1956 in Aquifex aeolicus), an uncharacterized Thermus thermophilus protein. The conserved domain present in members of this family belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets, and is thought to allow for productive metal coordination. However, the active site residues required for phosphoesterase activity in other members of this superfamily are poorly conserved in this functionally uncharacterized family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;VвА0А0АаАВcd07389, MPP_PhoD, Bacillus subtilis PhoD and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. PhoD (also known as alkaline phosphatase D/APaseD in Bacillus subtilis) is a secreted phosphodiesterase encoded by phoD of the Pho regulon in Bacillus subtilis. PhoD homologs are found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea. PhoD contains a twin arginine (RR) motif and is transported by the Tat (Twin-arginine translocation) translocation pathway machinery (TatAyCy). This family also includes the Fusarium oxysporum Fso1 protein. PhoD belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;WвА0А0АаАВГcd07390, MPP_AQ1575, Aquifex aeolicus AQ1575 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. This family includes bacterial and archeal proteins homologous to AQ1575, an uncharacterized Aquifex aeolicus protein. AQ1575 may play an accessory role in DNA repair, based on the close proximity of its gene to Holliday junction resolvasome genes. The domain present in members of this family belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;XвА0А0АаАВcd07391, MPP_PF1019, Pyrococcus furiosus PF1019 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. This family includes bacterial and archeal proteins homologous to PF1019, an uncharacterized Pyrococcus furiosus protein. The domain present in members of this family belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;YвА0А0АаАВЁcd07392, MPP_PAE1087, Pyrobaculum aerophilum PAE1087 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. PAE1087 is an uncharacterized Pyrobaculum aerophilum protein with a metallophosphatase domain. The domain present in members of this family belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;ZвА0А0АаАВяcd07393, MPP_DR1119, Deinococcus radiodurans DR1119 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. DR1119 is an uncharacterized Deinococcus radiodurans protein with a metallophosphatase domain. The domain present in members of this family belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;[вА0А0АаАВдcd07394, MPP_Vps29, Homo sapiens Vps29 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. Vps29 (vacuolar sorting protein 29), also known as vacuolar membrane protein Pep11, is a subunit of the retromer complex which is responsible for the retrieval of mannose-6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) from the endosomes for retrograde transport back to the Golgi. Vps29 has a phosphoesterase fold that acts as a protein interaction scaffold for retromer complex assembly as well as a phosphatase with specificity for the cytoplasmic tail of the MPR. The retromer includes the following 5 subunits: Vps35, Vps26, Vps29, and a dimer of the sorting nexins Vps5 (Snx1), and Vps17 (Snx2). Vps29 belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА5вА0А0АаАВcd07395, MPP_CSTP1, Homo sapiens CSTP1 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. CSTP1 (complete S-transactivated protein 1) is an uncharacterized Homo sapiens protein with a metallophosphatase domain, that is transactivated by the complete S protein of hepatitis B virus. CSTP1 belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;\вА0А0АаАВ╛cd07396, MPP_Nbla03831, Homo sapiens Nbla03831 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. Nbla03831 (also known as LOC56985) is an uncharacterized Homo sapiens protein with a domain that belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;]вА0А0АаАВcd07397, MPP_NostocDevT-like, Nostoc DevT and similar proteins, metallophosphatase domain. DevT (Alr4674) is a putative protein phosphatase from Nostoc PCC 7120 (Anabaena PCC 7120). DevT mutants form mature heterocysts, but they are unable to fix N(2) and must be supplied with a source of combined nitrogen in order to survive. Anabaena DevT shows homology to phosphatases of the PPP family and displays a Mn(2+)-dependent phosphatase activity. DevT is constitutively expressed in both vegetative cells and heterocysts, and is not regulated by NtcA. The heterocyst regulator HetR may exert a certain inhibition on the expression of devT. Under diazotrophic growth conditions, DevT protein accumulates specifically in mature heterocysts. The role that DevT plays in a late essential step of heterocyst differentiation is still unknown. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;^вА0А0АаАВZcd07398, MPP_YbbF-LpxH, Escherichia coli YbbF/LpxH and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. YbbF/LpxH is an Escherichia coli UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase thought to catalyze the fourth step of lipid A biosynthesis, in which a precursor UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine is hydrolyzed to yield 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate and UMP. YbbF belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;_вА0А0АаАВ cd07399, MPP_YvnB, Bacillus subtilis YvnB and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. YvnB (BSU35040) is an uncharacterized Bacillus subtilis protein with a metallophosphatase domain. This family includes bacterial and eukaryotic proteins similar to YvnB. YvnB belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;`вА0А0АаАВ?cd07400, MPP_1, Uncharacterized subfamily, metallophosphatase domain. Uncharacterized subfamily of the MPP superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;aвА0А0АаАВрcd07401, MPP_TMEM62_N, Homo sapiens TMEM62, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. TMEM62 (transmembrane protein 62) is an uncharacterized Homo sapiens transmembrane protein with an N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. TMEM62 belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;bвА0А0АаАВ°cd07402, MPP_GpdQ, Enterobacter aerogenes GpdQ and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. GpdQ (glycerophosphodiesterase Q, also known as Rv0805 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is a binuclear metallophosphoesterase from Enterobacter aerogenes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of mono-, di-, and triester substrates, including some organophosphate pesticides and products of the degradation of nerve agents. The GpdQ homolog, Rv0805, has 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity. GpdQ and Rv0805 belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;cвА0А0АаАВ▓cd07403, MPP_TTHA0053, Thermus thermophilus TTHA0053 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. TTHA0053 is an uncharacterized Thermus thermophilus protein with a domain that belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;dвА0А0АаАВcd07404, MPP_MS158, Microscilla MS158 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. MS158 is an uncharacterized Microscilla protein with a metallophosphatase domain. Microscilla proteins MS152, and MS153 are also included in this family. The domain present in members of this family belongs to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;eвА0А0АаАВcd07405, MPP_UshA_N, Escherichia coli UshA and related proteins, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. UshA is a bacterial periplasmic enzyme with UDP-sugar hydrolase and dinucleoside-polyphosphate hydrolase activities associated with its N-terminal metallophosphatase domain, and 5'-nucleotidase activity associated with its C-terminal domain. UshA has been studied in Escherichia coli where it is expressed from the ushA gene as an immature precursor and proteolytically cleaved to form a mature product upon export to the periplasm. UshA hydrolyzes many different nucleotides and nucleotide derivatives and has been shown to degrade external UDP-glucose to uridine, glucose 1-phosphate and phosphate for utilization by the cell. The N-terminal metallophosphatase domain belongs to a large superfamily of distantly related metallophosphatases (MPPs) that includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;fвА0А0АаАВNcd07406, MPP_CG11883_N, Drosophila melanogaster CG11883 and related proteins, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. CG11883 is an uncharacterized Drosophila melanogaster UshA-like protein with two domains, an N-terminal metallophosphatase domain and a C-terminal nucleotidase domain. The N-terminal metallophosphatase domain belongs to a large superfamily of distantly related metallophosphatases (MPPs) that includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;gвА0А0АаАВPcd07407, MPP_YHR202W_N, Saccharomyces cerevisiae YHR202W and related proteins, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. YHR202W is an uncharacterized Saccharomyces cerevisiae UshA-like protein with two domains, an N-terminal metallophosphatase domain and a C-terminal nucleotidase domain. The N-terminal metallophosphatase domain belongs to a large superfamily of distantly related metallophosphatases (MPPs) that includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;hвА0А0АаАВХcd07408, MPP_SA0022_N, Staphylococcus aureus SA0022 and related proteins, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. SA0022 is an uncharacterized Staphylococcus aureus UshA-like protein with two putative domains, an N-terminal metallophosphatase domain and a C-terminal nucleotidase domain. SA0022 also contains a putative C-terminal cell wall anchor domain. The N-terminal metallophosphatase domain belongs to a large superfamily of distantly related metallophosphatases (MPPs) that includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;iвА0А0АаАВdcd07409, MPP_CD73_N, CD73 ecto-5'-nucleotidase and related proteins, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. CD73 is a mammalian ecto-5'-nucleotidase expressed in endothelial cells and lymphocytes that catalyzes the conversion of 5'-AMP to adenosine in the final step of a pathway that generates adenosine from ATP. This pathway also includes a CD39 nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase that mediates the dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP and then to 5'-AMP. These enzymes all have an N-terminal metallophosphatase domain and a C-terminal 5'nucleotidase domain. The N-terminal metallophosphatase domain belongs to a large superfamily of distantly related metallophosphatases (MPPs) that includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;jвА0А0АаАВcd07410, MPP_CpdB_N, Escherichia coli CpdB and related proteins, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. CpdB is a bacterial periplasmic protein with an N-terminal metallophosphatase domain and a C-terminal 3'-nucleotidase domain. This alignment model represents the N-terminal metallophosphatase domain, which has 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase activity, hydrolyzing the 2',3'-cyclic phosphates of adenosine, guanosine, cytosine and uridine to yield nucleoside and phosphate. CpdB also hydrolyzes the chromogenic substrates p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP), bis(PNPP) and p-nitrophenyl phosphorylcholine (NPPC). CpdB is thought to play a scavenging role during RNA hydrolysis by converting the non-transportable nucleotides produced by RNaseI to nucleosides which can easily enter a cell for use as a carbon source. This family also includes YfkN, a Bacillus subtilis nucleotide phosphoesterase with two copies of each of the metallophosphatase and 3'-nucleotidase domains. The N-terminal metallophosphatase domain belongs to a large superfamily of distantly related metallophosphatases (MPPs) that includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;kвА0А0АаАВPcd07411, MPP_SoxB_N, Thermus thermophilus SoxB and related proteins, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. SoxB (sulfur oxidation protein B) is a periplasmic thiosulfohydrolase and an essential component of the sulfur oxidation pathway in archaea and bacteria. SoxB has a dinuclear manganese cluster and is thought to catalyze the release of sulfate from a protein-bound cysteine S-thiosulfonate. SoxB is expressed from the sox (sulfur oxidation) gene cluster, which encodes 15 other sox genes, and has two domains, an N-terminal metallophosphatase domain and a C-terminal 5'-nucleotidase domain. SoxB binds the SoxYZ complex and is thought to function as a sulfate-thiohydrolase. SoxB is closely related to the UshA, YchR, and CpdB proteins, all of which have the same two-domain architecture. The N-terminal metallophosphatase domain belongs to a large superfamily of distantly related metallophosphatases (MPPs) that includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;lвА0А0АаАВcd07412, MPP_YhcR_N, Bacillus subtilis YhcR endonuclease and related proteins, N-terminal metallophosphatase domain. YhcR is a Bacillus subtilis sugar-nonspecific endonuclease. It cleaves endonucleolytically to yield nucleotide 3'-monophosphate products, similar to Staphylococcus aureus micrococcal nuclease. YhcR appears to be located in the cell wall, and is thought to be a substrate for a Bacillus subtilis sortase. YhcR is the major calcium-activated nuclease of B. subtilis. The N-terminal metallophosphatase domain belongs to a large superfamily of distantly related metallophosphatases (MPPs) that includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;mвА0А0АаАВьcd07413, MPP_PA3087, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA3087 and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. PA3087 is an uncharacterized protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a metallophosphatase domain that belongs to the phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPP) family. The PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;nвА0А0АаАВxcd07414, MPP_PP1_PPKL, PP1, PPKL (PP1 and kelch-like) enzymes, and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. PP1 (protein phosphatase type 1) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that regulates many cellular processes including: cell-cycle progression, protein synthesis, muscle contraction, carbohydrate metabolism, transcription and neuronal signaling, through its interaction with at least 180 known targeting proteins. PP1 occurs in all tissues and regulates many pathways, ranging from cell-cycle progression to carbohydrate metabolism. Also included here are the PPKL (PP1 and kelch-like) enzymes including the PPQ, PPZ1, and PPZ2 fungal phosphatases. These PPKLs have a large N-terminal kelch repeat in addition to a C-terminal phosphoesterase domain. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which PP1 belongs, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;oвА0А0АаАВ ,cd07415, MPP_PP2A_PP4_PP6, PP2A, PP4, and PP6 phosphoprotein phosphatases, metallophosphatase domain. PP2A-like family of phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP's) including PP4 and PP6. PP2A (Protein phosphatase 2A) is a critical regulator of many cellular activities. PP2A comprises about 1% of total cellular proteins. PP2A, together with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), accounts for more than 90% of all serine/threonine phosphatase activities in most cells and tissues. The PP2A subunit in addition to having a catalytic domain homologous to PP1, has a unique C-terminal tail, containing a motif that is conserved in the catalytic subunits of all PP2A-like phosphatases including PP4 and PP6, and has an important role in PP2A regulation. The PP2A-like family of phosphatases all share a similar heterotrimeric architecture, that includes: a 65kDa scaffolding subunit (A), a 36kDa catalytic subunit (C), and one of 18 regulatory subunits (B). The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which PP2A belongs, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;pвА0А0АаАВcd07416, MPP_PP2B, PP2B, metallophosphatase domain. PP2B (calcineurin) is a unique serine/threonine protein phosphatase in its regulation by a second messenger (calcium and calmodulin). PP2B is involved in many biological processes including immune responses, the second messenger cAMP pathway, sodium/potassium ion transport in the nephron, cell cycle progression in lower eukaryotes, cardiac hypertrophy, and memory formation. PP2B is highly conserved from yeast to humans, but is absent from plants. PP2B is a heterodimer consisting of a catalytic subunit (CnA) and a regulatory subunit (CnB); CnB contains four Ca2+ binding motifs referred to as EF hands. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which PP2B belongs, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;qвА0А0АаАВ■cd07417, MPP_PP5_C, PP5, C-terminal metallophosphatase domain. Serine/threonine protein phosphatase-5 (PP5) is a member of the PPP gene family of protein phosphatases that is highly conserved among eukaryotes and widely expressed in mammalian tissues. PP5 has a C-terminal phosphatase domain and an extended N-terminal TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) domain containing three TPR motifs. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which PP5 belongs, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;rвА0А0АаАВ cd07418, MPP_PP7, PP7, metallophosphatase domain. PP7 is a plant phosphoprotein phosphatase that is highly expressed in a subset of stomata and thought to play an important role in sensory signaling. PP7 acts as a positive regulator of signaling downstream of cryptochrome blue light photoreceptors. PP7 also controls amplification of phytochrome signaling, and interacts with nucleotidediphosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2), a positive regulator of phytochrome signalling. In addition, PP7 interacts with heat shock transcription factor HSF and up-regulates protective heat shock proteins. PP7 may also play a role in salicylic acid-dependent defense signaling. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which PP7 belongs, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАMвА0А0АаАВЮcd07419, MPP_Bsu1_C, Arabidopsis thaliana Bsu1 phosphatase and related proteins, C-terminal metallophosphatase domain. Bsu1 encodes a nuclear serine-threonine protein phosphatase found in plants and protozoans. Bsu1 has a C-terminal phosphatase domain and an N-terminal Kelch-repeat domain. Bsu1 is preferentially expressed in elongating plant cells. It modulates the phosphorylation state of Bes1, a transcriptional regulator phosphorylated by the glycogen synthase kinase Bin2, as part of a steroid hormone signal transduction pathway. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which Bsu1 belongs, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;sвА0А0АаАВ╢cd07420, MPP_RdgC, Drosophila melanogaster RdgC and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. RdgC (retinal degeneration C) is a vertebrate serine-threonine protein phosphatase that is required to prevent light-induced retinal degeneration. In addition to its catalytic domain, RdgC has two C-terminal EF hands. Homologs of RdgC include the human phosphatases protein phosphatase with EF hands 1 and -2 (PPEF-1 and -2). PPEF-1 transcripts are present at low levels in the retina, PPEF-2 transcripts and PPEF-2 protein are present at high levels in photoreceptors. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which RdgC belongs, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;tвА0А0АаАВcd07421, MPP_Rhilphs, Rhilph phosphatases, metallophosphatase domain. Rhilphs (Rhizobiales/ Rhodobacterales/ Rhodospirillaceae-like phosphatases) are a phylogenetically distinct group of PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatases), found only in land plants. They are named for their close relationship to to PPP phosphatases from alpha-Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales and Rhodospirillaceae. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which the Rhilphs belong, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАPвА0А0АаАВ kcd07422, MPP_ApaH, Escherichia coli ApaH and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. ApaH (also known as symmetrically cleaving Ap4A hydrolase and bis(5'nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase) is a bacterial member of the PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family of serine/threonine phosphatases that hydrolyzes the nucleotide-signaling molecule diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) into two ADP and also hydrolyzes Ap(5)A, Gp(4)G, and other extending compounds. Null mutations in apaH result in high intracellular levels of Ap(4)A which correlate with multiple phenotypes, including a decreased expression of catabolite-repressible genes, a reduction in the expression of flagellar operons, and an increased sensitivity to UV and heat. Ap4A hydrolase is important in responding to heat shock and oxidative stress via regulating the concentration of Ap4A in bacteria. Ap4A hydrolase is also thought to play a role in siderophore production, but the mechanism by which ApaH interacts with siderophore pathways in unknown. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which ApaH belongs, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, and PrpA/PrpB. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;uвА0А0АаАВ 2cd07423, MPP_Prp_like, Bacillus subtilis PrpE and related proteins, metallophosphatase domain. PrpE (protein phosphatase E) is a bacterial member of the PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family of serine/threonine phosphatases and a key signal transduction pathway component controlling the expression of spore germination receptors GerA and GerK in Bacillus subtilis. PrpE is closely related to ApaH (also known symmetrical Ap(4)A hydrolase and bis(5'nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase). PrpE has specificity for phosphotyrosine only, unlike the serine/threonine phosphatases to which it is related. The Bacilli members of this family are single domain proteins while the other members have N- and C-terminal domains in addition to this phosphatase domain. Pnkp is the end-healing and end-sealing component of an RNA repair system present in bacteria. It is composed of three catalytic modules: an N-terminal polynucleotide 5' kinase, a central 2',3' phosphatase, and a C-terminal ligase. Pnkp is a Mn(2+)-dependent phosphodiesterase-monoesterase that dephosphorylates 2',3'-cyclic phosphate RNA ends. An RNA binding site is suggested by a continuous tract of positive surface potential flanking the active site. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which PrpE belongs, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. The PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;vвА0А0АаАВЛcd07424, MPP_PrpA_PrpB, PrpA and PrpB, metallophosphatase domain. PrpA and PrpB are bacterial type I serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphatases thought to modulate the expression of proteins that protect the cell upon accumulation of misfolded proteins in the periplasm. The PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) family, to which PrpA and PrpB belong, is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. This family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;wвА0А0АаАВ╘cd07425, MPP_Shelphs, Shewanella-like phosphatases, metallophosphatase domain. This family includes bacterial, eukaryotic, and archeal proteins orthologous to the Shewanella cold-active protein-tyrosine phosphatase, CAPTPase. CAPTPase is an uncharacterized protein that belongs to the Shelph (Shewanella-like phosphatase) family of PPP (phosphoprotein phosphatases). The PPP family is one of two known protein phosphatase families specific for serine and threonine. In addition to Shelps, the PPP family also includes: PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin), PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, Bsu1, RdgC, PrpE, PrpA/PrpB, and ApA4 hydrolase. The PPP catalytic domain is defined by three conserved motifs (-GDXHG-, -GDXVDRG- and -GNHE-). The PPP enzyme family is ancient with members found in all eukaryotes, and in most bacterial and archeal genomes. Dephosphorylation of phosphoserines and phosphothreonines on target proteins plays a central role in the regulation of many cellular processes. PPPs belong to the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. MPPs are functionally diverse, but all share a conserved domain with an active site consisting of two metal ions (usually manganese, iron, or zinc) coordinated with octahedral geometry by a cage of histidine, aspartate, and asparagine residues. The MPP superfamily includes: Mre11/SbcD-like exonucleases, Dbr1-like RNA lariat debranching enzymes, YfcE-like phosphodiesterases, purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), YbbF-like UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolases, and acid sphingomyelinases (ASMases). The conserved domain is a double beta-sheet sandwich with a di-metal active site made up of residues located at the C-terminal side of the sheets. This domain is thought to allow for productive metal coordination.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;xвА0А0АаАВ╖cd07429, Cby_like, Chibby, a nuclear inhibitor of Wnt/beta-catenin mediated transcription, and similar proteins. Chibby(Cby) is a well-conserved nuclear protein that functions as part of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Specifically, Cby binds directly to beta-catenin by interacting with its central region, which harbors armadillo repeats. Cby-beta-catenin interactions may also involve 14-3-3 proteins. By competing with other binding partners of beta-catenin, the Tcf/Lef transcription factors, Cby inhibits transcriptional activation. Cby has been shown to play a role in adipocyte differentiation. The C-terminal region of Cby appears to contain an alpha-helical coiled-coil motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВ╡cd07430, GH15_N, Glycoside hydrolase family 15, N-terminal domain. Members of this family are N-terminal domains uniquely found in bacterial and archaeal glucoamylases and glucodextranases. Glucoamylase (glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase; 4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase; amyloglucosidase; exo-1,4-alpha-glucosidase; gamma-amylase; lysosomal alpha-glucosidase; EC 3.2.1.3) hydrolyzes beta-1,4-glucosidic linkages of starch, glycogen and malto-oligosaccharides, releasing beta-D-glucose from the non-reducing end. Glucodextranase (glucan 1,6-alpha-glucosidase; exo-1,6-alpha-glucosidase; EC 3.2.1.70) uses an inverting reaction mechanism to hydrolyze alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages of dextran and related oligosaccharides, releasing beta-D-glucose from the non-reducing end. These N-terminal domains adopt a structure consisting of antiparallel beta-strands, divided into two beta-sheets, with one sheet wrapped by an extended polypeptide, which appears to stabilize the domain. The function of these domains in the enzymes is as yet unknown. However, it is suggested that domain N of bacterial GA is involved in folding and/or the thermostability of the A domain that forms an (alpha/alpha)6-barrel structure.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВ$cd07431, PHP_PolIIIA, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of alpha-subunit of bacterial polymerase III. PolIIIAs that contain an N-terminal PHP domain have been classified into four basic groups based on genome composition, phylogenetic, and domain structural analysis: polC, dnaE1, dnaE2, and dnaE3. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is one of the five eubacterial DNA polymerases that is responsible for the replication of the DNA duplex. The alpha subunit of DNA polymerase III core enzyme catalyzes the reaction for polymerizing both DNA strands. The PolIIIA PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination, and like other PHP structures, exhibits a distorted (beta/alpha) 7 barrel and coordinates up to 3 metals. Initially, it was proposed that PHP region might be involved in pyrophosphate hydrolysis, but such activity has not been found. It has been shown that the PHP domain of PolIIIA has a trinuclear metal complex and is capable of proofreading activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCтвА0А0АаАВ'cd07432, PHP_HisPPase, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of Histidinol phosphate phosphatase. HisPPase catalyzes the eighth step of histidine biosynthesis, in which L-histidinol phosphate undergoes dephosphorylation to produce histidinol. HisPPase can be classified into two types: the bifunctional HisPPase found in proteobacteria that belongs to the DDDD superfamily and the monofunctional Bacillus subtilis type that is a member of the PHP family. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. The PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination. The PHP domain of HisPPase is structurally homologous to other members of the PHP family that have a distorted (beta/alpha)7 barrel fold with a trinuclear metal site on the C-terminal side of the barrel.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCувА0А0АаАВУcd07433, PHP_PolIIIA_DnaE1, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of alpha-subunit of bacterial polymerase III DnaE1. PolIIIAs that contain an N-terminal PHP domain have been classified into four basic groups based on genome composition, phylogenetic, and domain structural analysis: polC, dnaE1, dnaE2, and dnaE3. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is one of the five eubacterial DNA polymerases that are responsible for the replication of the DNA duplex. PolIIIA core enzyme catalyzes the reaction for polymerizing both DNA strands. dnaE1 is the longest compared to dnaE2 and dnaE3. A unique motif was also identified in dnaE1 and dnaE3 genes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCфвА0А0АаАВPcd07434, PHP_PolIIIA_DnaE2, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of alpha-subunit of bacterial polymerase III at DnaE2 gene. PolIIIA DnaE2 plays a role in SOS mutagenesis/translesion synthesis and has dominant effects in determining GC variability in the bacterial genome. PolIIIAs that contain an N-terminal PHP domain have been classified into four basic groups based on genome composition, phylogenetic, and domain structural analysis: polC, dnaE1, dnaE2, and dnaE3. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is one of the five eubacterial DNA polymerases that are responsible for the replication of the DNA duplex. PolIIIA core enzyme catalyzes the reaction for polymerizing both DNA strands. PolC PHP is located in a different location compared to dnaE1, 2, and 3. dnaE1 is the longest compared to dnaE2 and dnaE3. A unique motif was also identified in dnaE1 and dnaE3 genes. The PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination. PHP domains found in DnaEs of thermophilic origin exhibit 3'-5' exonuclease activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCхвА0А0АаАВ│cd07435, PHP_PolIIIA_POLC, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of alpha-subunit of bacterial polymerase III at PolC gene. DNA polymerase III alphas (PolIIIAs) that contain a PHP domain have been classified into four basic groups based on phylogenetic and domain structural analyses: polC, dnaE1, dnaE2, and dnaE3. The PolC group is distinct from the other three and is clustered together. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is one of the five eubacterial DNA polymerases that are responsible for the replication of the DNA duplex. The alpha subunit of DNA polymerase III core enzyme catalyzes the reaction for polymerizing both DNA strands. PolC PHP is located in different location compare to dnaE1, 2, and 3. The PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination.The PHP domain of PolC is structurally homologous to other members of the PHP family that have a distorted (beta/alpha)7 barrel fold with a trinuclear metal site on the C-terminal side of the barrel. PHP domains found in dnaEs of thermophilic origin exhibit 3'-5' exonuclease activity. In contrast, PolC PHP lacks detectable nuclease activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCцвА0А0АаАВ┌cd07436, PHP_PolX, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of bacterial polymerase X. The bacterial/archaeal X-family DNA polymerases (PolXs) have a PHP domain at their C-terminus. The bacterial/archaeal PolX core domain and PHP domain interact with each other and together are involved in metal dependent 3'-5' exonuclease activity. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. The PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination. PolX is found in all kingdoms, however bacterial PolXs have a completely different domain structure from eukaryotic PolXs. Bacterial PolX has an extended conformation in contrast to the common closed 'right hand' conformation for DNA polymerases. This extended conformation is stabilized by the PHP domain. The PHP domain of PolX is structurally homologous to other members of the PHP family that has a distorted (beta/alpha)7 barrel fold with a trinuclear metal site on the C-terminal side of the barrel.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCчвА0А0АаАВ>cd07437, PHP_HisPPase_Ycdx_like, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of Ycdx like. PHP Ycdx-like is a stand alone PHP domain similar to Ycdx E. coli protein with an unknown physiological role. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. The PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination. It has also been shown that the PHP domain functions in DNA repair. The PHP structures have a distorted (beta/alpha)7 barrel fold with a trinuclear metal site on the C-terminal side of the barrel. YcdX may be involved in swarming.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCшвА0А0АаАВcd07438, PHP_HisPPase_AMP, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of Histidinol phosphate phosphatase (HisPPase) AMP bound. The PHP domain of this HisPPase family has an unknown function. It has a second domain inserted in the middle that binds adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP). The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. HisPPase catalyzes the eighth step of histidine biosynthesis, in which L-histidinol phosphate undergoes dephosphorylation to give histidinol. The PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination. The PHP domain of HisPPase is structurally homologous to the other members of the PHP family that have a distorted (beta/alpha)7 barrel fold with a trinuclear metal site on the C-terminal side of the barrel.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCщвА0А0АаАВQcd07439, FANCE_c-term, Fanconi anemia complementation group E protein, C-terminal domain. Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with increased susceptibility to various cancers, bone marrow failure, cardiac, renal, and limb malformations, and other characteristics. Cells are highly sensitive to DNA damaging agents. A multi-subunit protein complex, the FA core complex, is responsible for ubiquitination of the protein FANCD2 in response to DNA damage. This monoubiquitination results in a downstream effect on homology-directed DNA repair. FANCE is part of the FA core complex and its C-terminal domain, which is modeled here, has been shown to directly interact with FANCD2. The domain contains a five-fold repeat of a structural unit similar to ARM and HEAT repeats. FANCE appears conserved in metazoa and in plants.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВicd07440, RGS, Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) domain superfamily. The RGS domain is an essential part of the Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS) protein family, a diverse group of multifunctional proteins that regulate cellular signaling events downstream of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). RGS proteins play critical regulatory roles as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) of the heterotrimeric G-protein G-alpha-subunits. While inactive, G-alpha-subunits bind GDP, which is released and replaced by GTP upon agonist activation. GTP binding leads to dissociation of the alpha-subunit and the beta-gamma-dimer, allowing them to interact with effectors molecules and propagate signaling cascades associated with cellular growth, survival, migration, and invasion. Deactivation of the G-protein signaling controlled by the RGS domain accelerates GTPase activity of the alpha subunit by hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, which results in the reassociation of the alpha-subunit with the beta-gamma-dimer and thereby inhibition of downstream activity. As a major G-protein regulator, RGS domain containing proteins are involved in many crucial cellular processes such as regulation of intracellular trafficking, glial differentiation, embryonic axis formation, skeletal and muscle development, and cell migration during early embryogenesis. RGS proteins are also involved in apoptosis and cell proliferation, as well as modulation of cardiac development. Several RGS proteins can fine-tune immune responses, while others play important roles in neuronal signals modulation. Some RGS proteins are principal elements needed for proper vision.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрєвА0А0АаАВ┴cd07441, CRD_SFRP3, Cysteine-rich domain of the secreted frizzled-related protein 3 (SFRP3, alias FRZB), a Wnt antagonist. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the secreted frizzled-related protein 3 (SFRP3, alias FRZB), which plays important roles in embryogenesis and postnatal development as an antagonist of Wnt proteins, key players in a number of fundamental cellular processes. SFRPs antagonize the activation of Wnt signaling by binding to the CRD domains of frizzled proteins (Fz), thereby preventing Wnt proteins from binding to these receptors. SFRPs are also known to have functions unrelated to Wnt, as enhancers of procollagen cleavage by the TLD proteinases. SFRPs and Fz proteins both contain CRD domains, but SFRPs lack the seven-pass transmembrane domain which is an integral part of Fzs. SFRP3 regulates Wnt signaling activity in bone development and homeostasis. It is also involved in the control of planar cell polarity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╛вА0А0АаАВcd07442, CRD_SFRP4, Cysteine-rich domain of the secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4), a Wnt antagonist. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the secreted frizzled-related Protein 4 (SFRP4), which regulates the activity of Wnt proteins, key players in a number of fundamental cellular processes such as embryogenesis and postnatal development. SFRPs antagonize the activation of Wnt signaling by binding to the CRDs domains of frizzled (Fz) proteins, thereby preventing Wnt proteins from binding to these receptors. SFRPs are also known to have functions unrelated to Wnt, as enhancers of procollagen cleavage by the TLD proteinases. SFRPs and Fz proteins both contain CRD domains, but SFRPs lack the seven-pass transmembrane domain which is an integral part of Fzs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0┐вА0А0АаАВ>cd07443, CRD_SFRP1, Cysteine-rich domain of the secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), a regulator of Wnt activity. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), which regulates the activity of Wnt proteins, key players in a number of fundamental cellular processes such as embryogenesis and postnatal development. SFRPs antagonize the activation of Wnt signaling by binding to the CRDs domains of frizzled (Fz) proteins, thereby preventing Wnt proteins from binding to these receptors. SFRPs are also known to have functions unrelated to Wnt, as enhancers of procollagen cleavage by the TLD proteinases. SFRPs and Fz proteins both contain CRD domains, but SFRPs lack the seven-pass transmembrane domain which is an integral part of Fzs. SFRP1 is expressed in many tissues and is involved in the regulation of Wnt signaling in osteoblasts, leading to enhanced trabecular bone formation in adults; it has also been shown to control the growth of retinal ganglion cell axons and the elongation of the antero-posterior axis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0└вА0А0АаАВ!cd07444, CRD_SFRP5, Cysteine-rich domain of the secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5), a regulator of Wnt activity. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the secreted frizzled-related Protein 5 (SFRP5), which regulates the activity of Wnt proteins, key players in a number of fundamental cellular processes such as embryogenesis and postnatal development. SFRPs antagonize the activation of Wnt signaling by binding to the CRD domains of frizzled (Fz) proteins, thereby preventing Wnt proteins from binding to these receptors. SFRPs are also known to have functions unrelated to Wnt, as enhancers of procollagen cleavage by the TLD proteinases. SFRPs and Fz proteins both contain CRD domains, but SFRPs lack the seven-pass transmembrane domain which is an integral part of Fzs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0┴вА0А0АаАВcd07445, CRD_corin_1, One of two cysteine-rich domains of the corin protein, a type II transmembrane serine protease . The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential component of corin, a type II transmembrane serine protease which functions as the convertase of the pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (pro-ANP) in the heart. Corin contains two CRDs in its extracellular region, which play an important role in recognition of the physiological substrate, pro-ANP. This model characterizes the first (N-terminal) CRD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0┬вА0А0АаАВcd07446, CRD_SFRP2, Cysteine-rich domain of the secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2), a regulator of Wnt activity. The cysteine-rich-domain (CRD) is an essential part of the secreted frizzled related protein 2 (SFRP2), which regulates the activity of Wnt proteins, key players in a number of fundamental cellular processes such as embryogenesis and postnatal development. SFRPs antagonize the activation of Wnt signaling by binding to CRD domains of frizzled (Fz) proteins, thereby preventing Wnt proteins from binding to these receptors. SFRPs and Fz proteins both contain CRD domains, but SFRPs lack the seven-pass transmembrane domain which is an integral part of Fzs. As a Wnt antagonist, SFRP2 regulates Nkx2.2 expression in the ventral spinal cord and anteroposterior axis elongation. SFRP2 also has a Wnt-independent function as an enhancer of procollagen cleavage by the TLD proteinases. SFRP2 binds both procollagen and TLD, thus facilitating the enzymatic reaction by bringing together the proteinase and its substrate.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0├вА0А0АаАВ4cd07447, CRD_Carboxypeptidase_Z, Cysteine-rich domain of carboxypeptidase Z, a member of the carboxypeptidase E family. The cysteine-rich-domain (CRD) is an essential part of carboxypeptidase Z, a member of the carboxypeptidase E family of metallocarboxypeptidases. This is a group of Zn-dependent enzymes implicated in the intra- and extracellular processing of proteins. Carboxypeptidase Z removes C-terminal basic amino acid residues from its substrates, particularly arginine. The CRD acts as a ligand-binding domain for Wnts involved in developmental processes. CPZ binds and may process Wnt-4, CPZ has also been found to enhance the induction of the homeobox gene Cdx1. During vertebrate embryogenesis, the CRD of CPZ upregulates Pax3, a Wnt reporter gene essential for patterning of somites and limb development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0─вА0А0АаАВcd07448, CRD_FZ4, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain of the frizzled 4 (Fz4) receptor. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 4 (Fz4) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and the Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata. Frizzled 4 (Fz4) activates the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C of the Wnt/Ca(2+) signaling pathway during retinal angiogenesis. Mutations in Fz4 lead to familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), a hereditary ocular disorder characterized by failure of the peripheral retinal vascularization. In addition, the interplay between Fz4 and norrin as a receptor-ligand pair plays an important role in vascular development in the retina and inner ear in a Wnt-independent manner.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0┼вА0А0АаАВаcd07449, CRD_FZ3, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of the frizzled 3 (Fz3) receptor. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 3 (Fz3) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata. Fz3 plays a vital role in the anterior-posterior guidance of commissural axons. Knockout mice without Fz3 show defects in fiber tracts in the rostral CNS.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╞вА0А0АаАВ┘cd07450, CRD_FZ6, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of the frizzled 6 (Fz6) receptor. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 6 (Fz6) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata. Frizzled 6 (Fz6) is expressed in the skin and hair follicles and controls hair patterning in mammals using a Fz-dependent tissue polarity system, which is similar to the one that patterns the Drosophila cuticle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╟вА0А0АаАВФcd07451, CRD_SMO, Cysteine-rich domain of the smoothened receptor (Smo) integral membrane protein. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is part of the smoothened receptor (Smo), an integral membrane protein and one of the key players in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, critical for development, cell growth and migration, as well as stem cell maintenance. The CRD of Smo is conserved in vertebrates and can also be identified in invertebrates. The precise function of the CRD in Smo is unknown. Mutations in the Drosophila CRD disrupt Smo activity in vivo, while deletion of the CRD in mammalian cells does not seem to affect the activity of overexpressed Smo.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╚вА0А0АаАВ@cd07452, CRD_sizzled, Cysteine-rich domain of the sizzled protein. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the sizzled protein, which regulates bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling by stabilizing chordin, and plays a critical role in the patterning of vertebrate and invertebrate embryos. Sizzled also functions in the ventral region as a Wnt inhibitor and modulates canonical Wnt signaling. Sizzled proteins belong to the secreted frizzled-related protein family (SFRP), and have be identified in the genomes of birds, fishes and frogs, but not mammals.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╔вА0А0АаАВЯcd07453, CRD_crescent, Cysteine-rich domain of the crescent protein. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the crescent protein, a member of the secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP) family, which regulates convergent extension movements (CEMs) during gastrulation and neurulation. Xenopus laevis crescent efficiently forms inhibitory complexes with Wnt5a and Wnt11, but this effect is cancelled in the presence of another member of the SFRP family, Frzb1. A potential role for Crescent in head formation is to regulate a non-canonical Wnt pathway positively in the adjacent posterior mesoderm, and negatively in the overlying anterior neuroectoderm.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╩вА0А0АаАВОcd07454, CRD_LIN_17, Cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of LIN_17. A cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential component of a number of cell surface receptors, which are involved in multiple signal transduction pathways, particularly in modulating the activity of the Wnt proteins, which play a fundamental role in the early development of metazoans. CRD is also found in secreted frizzled related proteins (SFRPs), which lack the transmembrane segment found in the frizzled protein. The CRD domain is also present in the alpha-1 chain of mouse type XVIII collagen, in carboxypeptidase Z, several receptor tyrosine kinases, and the mosaic transmembrane serine protease corin. The CRD domain is well conserved in metazoans - 10 frizzled proteins have been identified in mammals, 4 in Drosophila and 3 in Caenorhabditis elegans. CRD domains have also been identified in multiple tandem copies in a Dictyostelium discoideum protein. Very little is known about the mechanism by which CRD domains interact with their ligands. The domain contains 10 conserved cysteines. The protein lin-17 is involved in cell type specification during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╦вА0А0АаАВQcd07455, CRD_Collagen_XVIII, Cysteine-rich domain of the variant 3 of collagen XVIII (V3C18 ). The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the variant 3 of collagen XVIII (V3C18), which regulates major cellular functions such as the differential epithelial morphogenesis of early lung and kidney development. V3C18 is a 170 kD protein, which is proteolotically processed into the CRD-containing 50 kD glucoprotein precursor that binds Wnt3a through its CRD domain and suppresses the Wnt3a-induced stabilization of beta catenin. Full-length V3C18 is unable to inhibit Wnt signaling.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╠вА0А0АаАВ╫cd07456, CRD_FZ5_like, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of receptors similar to frizzled 5. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 5 (Fz5) and frizzled 8 (Fz8) receptors, and similar proteins. This domain is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. The CRD domain is well conserved in metazoans - 10 frizzled proteins have been identified in mammals, 4 in Drosophila and 3 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Very little is known about the mechanism by which CRD domains interact with their ligands. The domain contains 10 conserved cysteines.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0═вА0А0АаАВ┘cd07457, CRD_FZ9_like, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of receptors similar to frizzled 9. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 9 (Fz9) and frizzled 10 (Fz10) receptors, and similar proteins. This domain is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. The CRD domain is well conserved in metazoans - 10 frizzled proteins have been identified in mammals, 4 in Drosophila and 3 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Very little is known about the mechanism by which CRD domains interact with their ligands. The domain contains 10 conserved cysteines.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╬вА0А0АаАВъcd07458, CRD_FZ1_like, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of receptors similar to frizzled 1. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 1 (Fz1), frizzled 2 (Fz2), and frizzled 7 (Fz7) receptors, and similar proteins. This domain is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. The CRD domain is well conserved in metazoans - 10 frizzled proteins have been identified in mammals, 4 in Drosophila and 3 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Very little is known about the mechanism by which CRD domains interact with their ligands. The domain contains 10 conserved cysteines.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╧вА0А0АаАВcd07459, CRD_TK_ROR_like, Cysteine-rich domain of tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror) proteins, a conserved family of tyrosine kinases that function in various processes, including neuronal and skeletal development, cell polarity, and cell movement. Ror proteins are receptors of Wnt proteins, which are key players in a number of fundamental cellular processes in embryogenesis and postnatal development. In different cellular contexts, Ror proteins can either activate or repress transcription of Wnt target genes, and can modulate Wnt signaling by sequestering Wnt ligands. In addition, a number of Wnt-independent functions have been proposed for both Ror1 and Ror2.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╨вА0А0АаАВcd07460, CRD_FZ5, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of the frizzled 5 (Fz5) receptor.proteins. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 5 (Fz5) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata. Fz5 plays critical regulating roles in the yolk sac and placental angiogenesis, in the maturation of the Paneth cell phenotype, in governing the neural potential of progenitors in the developing retina, and in neuronal survival in the parafascicular nucleus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╤вА0А0АаАВ╢cd07461, CRD_FZ8, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of the frizzled 8 (Fz8) receptor. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 8 (Fz8) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata. Xenopus Fz8 is important in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways controlling the transcriptional activation of target genes Siamois and Xnr3 in the animal caps of late blastula.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╥вА0А0АаАВ3cd07462, CRD_FZ10, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of the frizzled 10 (Fz10) receptor. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 10 (Fz10) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata. The cellular functon of Fz10 is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╙вА0А0АаАВзcd07463, CRD_FZ9, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of the frizzled 9 (Fz9) receptor. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 9 (Fz9) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata. Fz9 may play a signaling role in lymphoid development and maturation, particularly at points where B cells undergo self-renewal prior to further differentiation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╘вА0А0АаАВзcd07464, CRD_FZ2, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of the frizzled 2 (Fz2) receptor. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 2 (Fz2) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata. Fz2 is involved in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and in the activation of protein kinase C and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╒вА0А0АаАВcd07465, CRD_FZ1, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of the frizzled 1 (Fz1) receptor. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 1 (Fz1) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╓вА0А0АаАВ╢cd07466, CRD_FZ7, Cysteine-rich Wnt-binding domain (CRD) of the frizzled 7 (Fz7) receptor. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential extracellular portion of the frizzled 7 (Fz7) receptor, and is required for binding Wnt proteins, which play fundamental roles in many aspects of early development, such as cell and tissue polarity, neural synapse formation, and the regulation of proliferation. Fz proteins serve as Wnt receptors for multiple signal transduction pathways, including both beta-catenin dependent and -independent cellular signaling, as well as the planar cell polarity pathway and Ca(2+) modulating signaling pathway. CRD containing Fzs have been found in diverse species from amoebas to mammals. 10 different frizzled proteins are found in vertebrata. Xenopus Fz7 is important in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways controlling the transcriptional activation of target genes Siamois and Xnr3 in the animal caps of late blastula.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╫вА0А0АаАВ cd07467, CRD_TK_ROR1, Cysteine-rich domain of tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (Ror1), a conserved family of tyrosine kinases that function in various processes, including neuronal and skeletal development, cell polarity, and cell movement. Ror proteins are receptors of Wnt proteins, which are key players in a number of fundamental cellular processes in embryogenesis and postnatal development. In different cellular contexts, Ror proteins can either activate or repress transcription of Wnt target genes, and can modulate Wnt signaling by sequestering Wnt ligands. In addition, a number of Wnt-independent functions have been proposed for both Ror1 and Ror2.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0╪вА0А0АаАВ¤cd07468, CRD_TK_ROR2, Cysteine-rich domain of tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror2), a conserved family of tyrosine kinases that function in various processes, including neuronal and skeletal development, cell polarity, and cell movement. Ror proteins are receptors of Wnt proteins, which are key players in a number of fundamental cellular processes in embryogenesis and postnatal development. In different cellular contexts, Ror proteins can either activate or repress transcription of Wnt target genes, and can modulate Wnt signaling by sequestering Wnt ligands. In addition, a number of Wnt-independent functions have been proposed for both Ror1 and Ror2.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0┘вА0А0АаАВ┴cd07469, CRD_TK_ROR_related, Cysteine-rich domain of proteins similar to tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors. The cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is an essential part of the tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror) proteins, a conserved family of tyrosine kinases that function in various processes, including neuronal and skeletal development, cell polarity, and cell movement. Ror proteins are receptors of Wnt proteins, which are key players in a number of fundamental cellular processes in embryogenesis and postnatal development. In different cellular contexts, Ror proteins can either activate or repress transcription of Wnt target genes, and can modulate Wnt signaling by sequestering Wnt ligands.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0┌вА0А0АаАВЇcd07470, CYTH-like_mRNA_RTPase, CYTH-like mRNA triphosphatase (RTPase) component of the mRNA capping apparatus. This subgroup includes fungal and protozoal RTPases. RTPase catalyzes the first step in the mRNA cap formation process, the removal of the gamma-phosphate of triphosphate terminated pre-mRNA. This activity is metal-dependent. The 5'-end of the resulting mRNA diphosphate is subsequently capped with GMP by RNA guanylytransferase, and then further modified by one or more methyltransferases. The mRNA cap-forming activity is an essential step in mRNA processing. The RTPases are not conserved among eukarya. The structure and mechanism of this fungal RTPase domain group is different from that of higher eukaryotes. This subgroup belongs to the CYTH/triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme (TTM)-like superfamily, whose enzymes have a unique active site located within an eight-stranded beta barrel. The RTPase domain of the mimivirus RTPase-GTase fusion mRNA capping enzyme also belongs to this subgroup.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВcd07472, HmuY_like, Bacterial proteins similar to Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY and the C-terminal domain of PARMER_03218. HmuY is a hemophore that scavenges heme from infected hosts and delivers it to the outer membrane receptor HmuR. Related but uncharacterized proteins do not appear to share the specific heme-binding site. The C-terminal domain of PARMER_03128, an uncharacterized protein from Parabacteroides merdae, plus related proteins from Bacteroidetes, appear to be a distantly related family and have been included in this model.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@&вА0А0АаАВЬcd07473, Peptidases_S8_Subtilisin_like, Peptidase S8 family domain in Subtilisin-like proteins. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжчвА0А0АаАВ╚cd07474, Peptidases_S8_subtilisin_Vpr-like, Peptidase S8 family domain in Vpr-like proteins. The maturation of the peptide antibiotic (lantibiotic) subtilin in Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 includes posttranslational modifications of the propeptide and proteolytic cleavage of the leader peptide. Vpr was identified as one of the proteases, along with WprA, that are capable of processing subtilin. Asp, Ser, His triadPeptidases S8 or Subtilases are a serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжшвА0А0АаАВ5cd07475, Peptidases_S8_C5a_Peptidase, Peptidase S8 family domain in Streptococcal C5a peptidases. Streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCP), is a highly specific protease and adhesin/invasin. The subtilisin-like protease domain is located at the N-terminus and contains a protease-associated domain inserted into a loop. There are three fibronectin type III (Fn) domains at the C-terminus. SCP binds to integrins with the help of Arg-Gly-Asp motifs which are thought to stabilize conformational changes required for substrate binding. Peptidases S8 or Subtilases are a serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжщвА0А0АаАВ cd07476, Peptidases_S8_thiazoline_oxidase_subtilisin-like_protease, Peptidase S8 family domain in Thiazoline oxidase/subtilisin-like proteases. Thiazoline oxidase/subtilisin-like protease is produced by the symbiotic bacteria Prochloron spp. that inhabit didemnid family ascidians. The cyclic peptides of the patellamide class found in didemnid extracts are now known to be synthesized by the Prochloron spp. The prepatellamide is heterocyclized to form thiazole and oxazoline rings and the peptide is cleaved to form the two cyclic patellamides A and C. Subtilases, or subtilisin-like serine proteases, have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure (an example of convergent evolution).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжъвА0А0АаАВ]cd07477, Peptidases_S8_Subtilisin_subset, Peptidase S8 family domain in Subtilisin proteins. This group is composed of many different subtilisins: Pro-TK-subtilisin, subtilisin Carlsberg, serine protease Pb92 subtilisin, and BPN subtilisins just to name a few. Pro-TK-subtilisin is a serine protease from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis and consists of a signal peptide, a propeptide, and a mature domain. TK-subtilisin is matured from pro-TK-subtilisin upon autoprocessing and degradation of the propeptide. Unlike other subtilisins though, the folding of the unprocessed form of pro-TK-subtilisin is induced by Ca2+ binding which is almost completed prior to autoprocessing. Ca2+ is required for activity unlike the bacterial subtilisins. The propeptide is not required for folding of the mature domain unlike the bacterial subtilases because of the stability produced from Ca2+ binding. Subtilisin Carlsberg is extremely similar in structure to subtilisin BPN'/Novo thought it has a 30% difference in amino acid sequence. The substrate binding regions are also similar and 2 possible Ca2+ binding sites have been identified recently. Subtilisin Carlsberg possesses the highest commercial importance as a proteolytic additive for detergents. Serine protease Pb92, the serine protease from the alkalophilic Bacillus strain PB92, also contains two calcium ions and the overall folding of the polypeptide chain closely resembles that of the subtilisins. Members of the peptidases S8 and S35 clan include endopeptidases, exopeptidases and also a tripeptidyl-peptidase. The S8 family has an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The S53 family contains a catalytic triad Glu/Asp/Ser. The stability of these enzymes may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжывА0А0АаАВscd07478, Peptidases_S8_CspA-like, Peptidase S8 family domain in CspA-like proteins. GSP (germination-specific protease) converts the spore peptidoglycan hydrolase (SleC) precursor to an active enzyme during germination of Clostridium perfringens S40 spores. Analysis of an enzyme fraction of GSP showed that it was composed of a gene cluster containing the processed forms of products of cspA, cspB, and cspC which are positioned in a tandem array just upstream of the 5' end of sleC. The amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the csp genes showed significant similarity and showed a high degree of homology with those of the catalytic domain and the oxyanion binding region of subtilisin-like serine proteases. Members of the peptidases S8 and S35 clan include endopeptidases, exopeptidases and also a tripeptidyl-peptidase. The S8 family has an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The S53 family contains a catalytic triad Glu/Asp/Ser. The stability of these enzymes may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжьвА0А0АаАВcd07479, Peptidases_S8_SKI-1_like, Peptidase S8 family domain in SKI-1-like proteins. SKI-1 (type I membrane-bound subtilisin-kexin-isoenzyme) proteins are secretory Ca2+-dependent serine proteinases cleave at nonbasic residues: Thr, Leu, and Lys. SKI-1s play a critical role in the regulation of the synthesis and metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. Members of the peptidases S8 and S35 clan include endopeptidases, exopeptidases and also a tripeptidyl-peptidase. The S8 family has an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The S53 family contains a catalytic triad Glu/Asp/Ser. The stability of these enzymes may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжэвА0А0АаАВСcd07480, Peptidases_S8_12, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 12. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжювА0А0АаАВcd07481, Peptidases_S8_BacillopeptidaseF-like, Peptidase S8 family domain in BacillopeptidaseF-like proteins. Bacillus subtilis produces and secretes proteases and other types of exoenzymes at the end of the exponential phase of growth. The ones that make up this group is known as bacillopeptidase F, encoded by bpr, a serine protease with high esterolytic activity which is inhibited by PMSF. Like other members of the peptidases S8 family these have a Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of these enzymes may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжявА0А0АаАВ:cd07482, Peptidases_S8_Lantibiotic_specific_protease, Peptidase S8 family domain in Lantiobiotic (lanthionine-containing antibiotics) specific proteases. Lantiobiotic (lanthionine-containing antibiotics) specific proteases are very similar in structure to serine proteases. Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesised antimicrobial agents derived from ribosomally synthesised peptides with antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria. The proteases that cleave the N-terminal leader peptides from lantiobiotics include: epiP, nsuP, mutP, and nisP. EpiP, from Staphylococcus, is thought to cleave matured epidermin. NsuP, a dehydratase from Streptococcus and NisP, a membrane-anchored subtilisin-like serine protease from Lactococcus cleave nisin. MutP is highly similar to epiP and nisP and is thought to process the prepeptide mutacin III of S. mutans. Members of the peptidases S8 (subtilisin and kexin) and S53 (sedolisin) clan include endopeptidases and exopeptidases. The S8 family has an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. Serine acts as a nucleophile, aspartate as an electrophile, and histidine as a base. The S53 family contains a catalytic triad Glu/Asp/Ser with an additional acidic residue Asp in the oxyanion hole, similar to that of subtilisin. The serine residue here is the nucleophilic equivalent of the serine residue in the S8 family, while glutamic acid has the same role here as the histidine base. However, the aspartic acid residue that acts as an electrophile is quite different. In S53 the it follows glutamic acid, while in S8 it precedes histidine. The stability of these enzymes may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. There is a great diversity in the characteristics of their members: some contain disulfide bonds, some are intracellular while others are extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures, and others at high or low pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжЁвА0А0АаАВОcd07483, Peptidases_S8_Subtilisin_Novo-like, Peptidase S8 family domain in Subtilisin_Novo-like proteins. Subtilisins are a group of alkaline proteinases originating from different strains of Bacillus subtilis. Novo is one of the strains that produced enzymes belonging to this group. The enzymes obtained from the Novo and BPN' strains are identical. The Carlsburg and Novo subtilisins are thought to have arisen from a common ancestral protein. They have similar peptidase and esterase activities, pH profiles, catalyze transesterification reactions, and are both inhibited by diispropyl fluorophosphate, though they differ in 85 positions in the amino acid sequence. Members of the peptidases S8 and S35 clan include endopeptidases, exopeptidases and also a tripeptidyl-peptidase. The S8 family has an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The S53 family contains a catalytic triad Glu/Asp/Ser with an additional acidic residue Asp in the oxyanion hole, similar to that of subtilisin.. The stability of these enzymes may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжёвА0А0АаАВ8cd07484, Peptidases_S8_Thermitase_like, Peptidase S8 family domain in Thermitase-like proteins. Thermitase is a non-specific, trypsin-related serine protease with a very high specific activity. It contains a subtilisin like domain. The tertiary structure of thermitase is similar to that of subtilisin BPN'. It contains a Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad. Members of the peptidases S8 (subtilisin and kexin) and S53 (sedolisin) clan include endopeptidases and exopeptidases. The S8 family has an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. Serine acts as a nucleophile, aspartate as an electrophile, and histidine as a base. The S53 family contains a catalytic triad Glu/Asp/Ser with an additional acidic residue Asp in the oxyanion hole, similar to that of subtilisin. The serine residue here is the nucleophilic equivalent of the serine residue in the S8 family, while glutamic acid has the same role here as the histidine base. However, the aspartic acid residue that acts as an electrophile is quite different. In S53 the it follows glutamic acid, while in S8 it precedes histidine. The stability of these enzymes may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. There is a great diversity in the characteristics of their members: some contain disulfide bonds, some are intracellular while others are extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures, and others at high or low pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжЄвА0А0АаАВ¤cd07485, Peptidases_S8_Fervidolysin_like, Peptidase S8 family domain in Fervidolysin. Fervidolysin found in Fervidobacterium pennivorans is an extracellular subtilisin-like keratinase. It is contains a signal peptide, a propeptide, and a catalytic region. The tertiary structure of fervidolysin is similar to that of subtilisin. It contains a Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad and is a member of the peptidase S8 (subtilisin and kexin) family. The catalytic triad is similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but it does not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. Serine acts as a nucleophile, aspartate as an electrophile, and histidine as a base. The S53 family contains a catalytic triad Glu/Asp/Ser with an additional acidic residue Asp in the oxyanion hole, similar to that of subtilisin. The serine residue here is the nucleophilic equivalent of the serine residue in the S8 family, while glutamic acid has the same role here as the histidine base. However, the aspartic acid residue that acts as an electrophile is quite different. In S53, it follows glutamic acid, while in S8 it precedes histidine. The stability of these enzymes may be enhanced by calcium; some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. There is a great diversity in the characteristics of their members: some contain disulfide bonds, some are intracellular while others are extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures, and others at high or low pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжєвА0А0АаАВПcd07487, Peptidases_S8_1, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 1. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжЇвА0А0АаАВПcd07488, Peptidases_S8_2, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 2. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжївА0А0АаАВЪcd07489, Peptidases_S8_5, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 5. gap in seq This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжЎвА0А0АаАВПcd07490, Peptidases_S8_6, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 6. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжўвА0А0АаАВПcd07491, Peptidases_S8_7, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 7. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАж°вА0А0АаАВПcd07492, Peptidases_S8_8, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 8. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАж∙вА0А0АаАВПcd07493, Peptidases_S8_9, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 9. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАж·вА0А0АаАВСcd07494, Peptidases_S8_10, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 10. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАж√вА0А0АаАВСcd07496, Peptidases_S8_13, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 13. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАж№вА0А0АаАВСcd07497, Peptidases_S8_14, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 14. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАж¤вА0А0АаАВСcd07498, Peptidases_S8_15, Peptidase S8 family domain, uncharacterized subfamily 15. This family is a member of the Peptidases S8 or Subtilases serine endo- and exo-peptidase clan. They have an Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad similar to that found in trypsin-like proteases, but do not share their three-dimensional structure and are not homologous to trypsin. The stability of subtilases may be enhanced by calcium, some members have been shown to bind up to 4 ions via binding sites with different affinity. Some members of this clan contain disulfide bonds. These enzymes can be intra- and extracellular, some function at extreme temperatures and pH values.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАж■вА0А0АаАВOcd07499, HAD_CBAP, molecular class B acid phosphatases, similar to Escherichia coli AphA. class B acid phosphatases (CBAPs) have been detected in a minority of bacterial species which include a number of major pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. This family includes the CBAP Escherichia coli AphA. The purified enzyme is a broad-spectrum nucleotidase highly active against both 3'- and 5'-mononucleotides and monodeoxynucleotides, which can also act as a phosphotransferase. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс:вА0А0АаАВKcd07500, HAD_PSP, phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP), similar to Methanococcus Jannaschii PSP and Saccharomyces cerevisiae SER2p. This family includes Methanococcus jannaschii PSP, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphoserine phosphatase SER2p, EC 3.1.3.3, which participates in a pathway whereby serine and glycine are synthesized from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate; phosphoserine phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospho-L-serine to L-serine and inorganic phosphate, the third reaction in this pathway. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс;вА0А0АаАВcd07501, HAD_MDP-1_like, eukaryotic hypothetical phosphotyrosine phosphatase MDP-1 and related phosphatases, similar to Bacillus cereus phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase and Streptomyces FkbH. This family includes eukaryotic magnesium-dependent phosphatase-1 (MDP-1) which is most likely a phosphotyrosine phosphatase catalyzing the dephosphorylation of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, Bacillus cereus phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase (phosphonatase)which catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphonoacetaldehyde to acetaldehyde and phosphate using Mg(II) as cofactor, and sequences annotated as FkbH including BafAIV an FkbH-like protein from Streptomyces griseus encoded in ORF12 of the bafilomycin synthesis gene cluster. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс<вА0А0АаАВ╡cd07502, HAD_PNKP-C, C-terminal phosphatase domain of T4 polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP) and related phosphatases. This family includes the C-terminal domain of the bifunctional enzyme T4 polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase, PNKP. The PNKP phosphatase domain can catalyze the hydrolytic removal of the 3'-phosphoryl of DNA, RNA and deoxynucleoside 3'-monophosphates. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс=вА0А0АаАВсcd07503, HAD_HisB-N, histidinol phosphate phosphatase and related phosphatases. This family includes the N-terminal domain of the Escherichia coli bifunctional enzyme histidinol-phosphate phosphatase/imidazole-glycerol-phosphate dehydratase, HisB. The N-terminal histidinol-phosphate phosphatase domain catalyzes the dephosphorylation of histidinol phosphate, the eight step of L-histidine biosynthesis. This family also includes Escherichia coli GmhB phosphatase which is highly specific for D-glycero-D-manno-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate, it removes the C(7)phosphate and not the C(1)phosphate, and this is the third essential step of lipopolysaccharide heptose biosynthesis. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс>вА0А0АаАВcd07504, HAD_5NT, haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-like 5'-nucleotidases similar to human cytosolic IIIA and IIIB. 5'-nucleotidases dephosphorylate nucleoside 5prime-monophosphates. This family includes human 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIA (cN-IIIA, previously called cN-III; NT5C3A) the main pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase in erythrocytes which dephosphorylates the pyrimidine nucleotides CMP, UMP, TMP, and the purine 7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m7GM), and possesses phosphotransferase activity. It also includes human 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IIIB (cN-IIIB; NT5C3B) which has a strong preference for m7GMP, dephosphorylates CMP and UMP and, with significantly lower efficiency, GMP and AMP, and can also act as a phosphotransferase. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс?вА0А0АаАВ│cd07505, HAD_BPGM-like, beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family of the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolase superfamily. This family represents the beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family of the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolase superfamily. Family members include Lactococcus lactis beta-PGM, a mutase which catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) and D-glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatases GPP1 and GPP2 that dephosphorylate DL-glycerol-3-phosphate and DOG1 and DOG2 that dephosphorylate 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, and Escherichia coli 6-phosphogluconate phosphatase YieH. It belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс@вА0А0АаАВяcd07506, HAD_like, uncharacterized family of the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolase superfamily. The haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases are a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (C-Cl bond hydrolysis), azetidine hydrolase (C-N bond hydrolysis); phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase (C-P bond hydrolysis), phosphoserine phosphatase and phosphomannomutase (CO-P bond hydrolysis), P-type ATPases (PO-P bond hydrolysis) and many others. Members are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсAвА0А0АаАВ.cd07507, HAD_Pase, haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily phosphatase similar to Pyrococcus horikoshii mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase and Persephonella marina glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase. This family includes Pyrococcus horikoshii and Thermus thermophilus HB27 mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatases (MpgPs) which catalyze the dephosphorylation of alpha-mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate (MPG) to produce alpha-mannosylglycerate (MG), and Persephonella marina glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (GpgP) which catalyzes the dephosphorylation of glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate (GPG) to produce glucosylglycerate (GG). It also includes Methanococcoides burtonii MpgP protein which is able to dephosphorylate GPG to GG, and MPG to MG. Similar flexibilities in substrate specificity have been confirmed in vitro for the MpgPs from Thermus thermophiles and Pyrococcus horikoshii. Screens with natural substrates have not yet detected activity for another member Escherichia Coli YedP. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсBвА0А0АаАВ0cd07508, HAD_Pase_UmpH-like, haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily phosphatases, UmpH/NagD family. Phosphatases in this UmpH/NagD family include Escherichia coli UmpH UMP phosphatase/NagD nucleotide phosphatase , Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1692 glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatase, human PGP phosphoglycolate phosphatase, Schizosaccharomyces pombe PHO2 p-nitrophenylphosphatase, Bacillus AraL a putative sugar phosphatase, and Plasmodium falciparum para nitrophenyl phosphate phosphatase PNPase. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсCвА0А0АаАВ'cd07509, HAD_PPase, inorganic pyrophosphatase similar to a human phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (LHPP). LHPP hydrolyzes nitrogen-phosphorus bonds in phospholysine, phosphohistidine and imidodiphosphate as well as oxygen-phosphorus bonds in inorganic pyrophosphate in vitro. This family also includes human haloacid dehalogenase like hydrolase domain containing 2 protine (HDHD2) a phosphatase which may be involved in polygenic hypertension. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсDвА0А0АаАВ╟cd07510, HAD_Pase_UmpH-like, UmpH/NagD family phosphatase, similar to human PGP phosphoglycolate phosphatase and Schizosaccharomyces pombe PHO2 p-nitrophenylphosphatase. This subfamily includes the phosphoglycolate phosphatases (human PGP and Arabidopsis thaliana PGLP2) and p-nitrophenylphosphatases (Schizosaccharomyces pombe PHO2 and Saccharomyces PHO13p). It belongs to the UmpH/NagD phosphatase family, and to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсEвА0А0АаАВcd07511, HAD_like, uncharacterized family of the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolase superfamily, similar to the uncharacterized human CECR5 (cat eye syndrome critical region protein 5). This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсFвА0А0АаАВNcd07512, HAD_PGPase, haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily phosphoglycolate phosphatase, similar to Rhodobacter sphaeroides CbbZ. Phosphoglycolate phosphatase catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphoglycolate; its activity requires divalent cations, especially Mg++. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсGвА0А0АаАВcd07514, HAD_Pase, phosphatase, similar to Thermoplasma acidophilum TA0175 phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PCPase), and Pyrococcus horikoshii PH1421, a magnesium-dependent phosphatase; belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily. Thermoplasma acidophilum TA0175 phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGPase) catalyzes the magnesium-dependent dephosphorylation of phosphoglycolate. This family also includes Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 PH1421, a magnesium-dependent phosphatase. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсHвА0А0АаАВэcd07515, HAD-like, uncharacterized family of the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolase superfamily. The haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases are a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (C-Cl bond hydrolysis), azetidine hydrolase (C-N bond hydrolysis); phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase (C-P bond hydrolysis), phosphoserine phosphatase and phosphomannomutase (CO-P bond hydrolysis), P-type ATPases (PO-P bond hydrolysis) and many others. Members are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсIвА0А0АаАВcd07516, HAD_Pase, phosphatase, similar to Escherichia coli Cof and Thermotoga maritima TM0651; belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily. Escherichia coli Cof is involved in the hydrolysis of HMP-PP (4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine pyrophosphate, an intermediate in thiamin biosynthesis), Cof also has phosphatase activity against the coenzymes pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and FMN. Thermotoga maritima TM0651 acts as a phosphatase with a phosphorylated carbohydrate molecule as a possible substrate. Escherichia coli YbhA is also a member of this family and catalyzes the dephosphorylation of PLP, YbhA can also hydrolyze erythrose-4-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bis-phosphate. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсJвА0А0АаАВ8cd07517, HAD_HPP, phosphatase, similar to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482 BT4131 hexose phosphate phosphatase; belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482 BT4131 is a phosphatase with preference for hexose phosphates. In addition this family includes uncharacterized Bacillus subtilis YkrA, a putative phosphatase and uncharacterized Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS10394 a putative bifunctional phosphatase/peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсKвА0А0АаАВ@cd07518, HAD_YbiV-Like, Escherichia coli YbiV sugar phosphatase/phosphotransferase and related proteins; belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily. Escherichia coli YbiV can act as both a sugar phosphatase and as a phosphotransferase. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсLвА0А0АаАВ4cd07519, HAD_PTase, hydrolase domain of the bifunctional HAD hydrolase/UbiA family prenyltransferase proteins and related domains; belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily. This family includes bifunctional enzymes that have both an N-terminal HAD hydrolase domain and a C-terminal UbiA family prenyltransferase domain. The haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases are a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (C-Cl bond hydrolysis), azetidine hydrolase (C-N bond hydrolysis); phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase (C-P bond hydrolysis), phosphoserine phosphatase and phosphomannomutase (CO-P bond hydrolysis), P-type ATPases (PO-P bond hydrolysis) and many others. Members are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases. Many characterized members of the UbiA prenyltransferase family are aromatic prenyltransferases (PTases) and play an important role in the biosynthesis of heme, chlorophyll, vitamin E, and vitamin K. PTases catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсMвА0А0АаАВяcd07520, HAD_like, uncharacterized family of the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolase superfamily. The haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases are a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (C-Cl bond hydrolysis), azetidine hydrolase (C-N bond hydrolysis); phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase (C-P bond hydrolysis), phosphoserine phosphatase and phosphomannomutase (CO-P bond hydrolysis), P-type ATPases (PO-P bond hydrolysis) and many others. Members are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсNвА0А0АаАВ1cd07521, HAD_FCP1-like, human CTD phosphatase subunit 1 (CTDP1/FCP1) and related proteins; belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily. Human CTDP1/FCP1 is a protein phosphatase which dephosphorylates the phosphorylated C terminus (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. CTD phosphorylation is a key mechanism of regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. CTDP1/FCP1 may have other roles in in transcription regulation independent of its phosphatase activity. This family also includes human translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 50 (TIMM50), CTD small phosphatase like (CTDSPL) and CTD small phosphatase like 2 (CTDSPL2), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (nuclear envelope morphology protein 1) Nem1p, and Xenopus Dullard. Yeast Nem1p in complex with Spo7p dephosphorylates the nuclear membrane-associated phosphatidic acid phosphatase, Smp2p, which may be part of a signaling cascade playing a role in nuclear membrane biogenesis. Xenopus Dullard is a potential regulator of neural tube development. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсOвА0А0АаАВacd07522, HAD_cN-II, cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II (cN-II) similar to human NT5DC1 (5'-nucleotidase domain-containing protein 1) and NT5DC2. Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II (cN-II), also known as purine 5'-nucleotidase, IMP-GMP specific nucleotidase, or high Km 5prime-nucleotidase, catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 6-hydroxypurine nucleoside monophosphates. It is ubiquitously expressed and likely to play an important role in the regulation of purine nucleotide interconversions and in the regulation of IMP and GMP pools within the cell. It is also acts as a phosphotransferase, catalyzing the reverse reaction, the transfer of a phosphate from a monophosphate substrate to a nucleoside acceptor, to form a nucleoside monophosphate. The nucleoside acceptor is preferentially inosine and deoxyinosine, phosphate donors include any 6-hydroxypurine monophosphate substrate of the nucleotidase reaction. Both the dephosphorylation and phosphotransferase reactions are allosterically activated by adenine-based nucleotides and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсPвА0А0АаАВcd07523, HAD_YsbA-like, uncharacterized family of the haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily, similar to the uncharacterized Lactococcus lactis YsbA. The specific function of Lactococcus lactis YsbA is unknown. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсQвА0А0АаАВнcd07524, HAD_Pase, phosphatase, similar to Bacillus subtilis MtnX; belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily. Bacillus subtilis recycles two toxic byproducts of polyamine metabolism, methylthioadenosine and methylthioribose, into methionine by a salvage pathway. The sixth reaction in this pathway is catalyzed by B. subtilis MtnX: the dephosphorylation of 2- hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate (HKMTP- 1-P) into 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene. The hydrolysis of HK-MTP-1-P is a two-step mechanism involving the formation of a transiently phosphorylated aspartyl intermediate. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсRвА0А0АаАВэcd07525, HAD_like, uncharacterized family of the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolase superfamily. The haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases are a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (C-Cl bond hydrolysis), azetidine hydrolase (C-N bond hydrolysis); phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase (C-P bond hydrolysis), phosphoserine phosphatase and phosphomannomutase (CO-P bond hydrolysis), P-type ATPases (PO-P bond hydrolysis) and many others. Members are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсSвА0А0АаАВьcd07526, HAD_BPGM_like, subfamily of beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family, similar to Escherichia coli 6-phosphogluconate phosphatase YieH. This subfamily includes Escherichia coli YieH/HAD3 an 6-phosphogluconate phosphatase, which can hydrolyzed purines and pyrimidines as secondary substrates. It belongs to the beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family whose other members include Lactococcus lactis beta-PGM, a mutase which catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) and D-glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatases GPP1 and GPP2 that dephosphorylate DL-glycerol-3-phosphate, and DOG1 and DOG2 that dephosphorylate 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсTвА0А0АаАВcd07527, HAD_ScGPP-like, subfamily of beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family, similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae DL-glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase (GPP1p/ Rhr2p and GPP2p/HOR2p) and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase (DOG1p and DOG2p). This subfamily includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae DL-glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase (GPP1p/ Rhr2p and GPP2p/HOR2p) and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase (DOG1p and DOG2p). GPP1p and GPP2p are involved in glycerol biosynthesis, GPP1 is induced in response to both anaerobic and hyperosmotic stress, GPP2 is induced in response to hyperosmotic or oxidative stress, and during diauxic shift; overexpression of DOG1 or DOG2 confers 2-deoxyglucose resistance. These belong to the beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family whose other members include Lactococcus lactis beta-PGM, a mutase which catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) and D-glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), and Escherichia coli 6-phosphogluconate phosphatase YieH. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсUвА0А0АаАВ╖cd07528, HAD_CbbY-like, subfamily of beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family, similar to Rhodobacter sphaeroides xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate phosphatase CbbY. This family includes Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Arabidopsis thaliana xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate phosphatase CbbY which convert xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate (a potent inhibitor of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, Rubisco), to the non-inhibitory compound xylulose-5-phosphate. It belongs to the beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family whose other members include Lactococcus lactis beta-PGM, a mutase which catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) and D-glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatases GPP1 and GPP2 that dephosphorylate DL-glycerol-3-phosphate and DOG1 and DOG2 that dephosphorylate 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, and Escherichia coli 6-phosphogluconate phosphatase YieH. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсVвА0А0АаАВ)cd07529, HAD_AtGPP-like, subfamily of beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family, similar to Arabidopsis thaliana Gpp1 and Gpp2. This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana AtGpp1 and AtGpp2, and Drosophila GS1-like protein (Dmel\Gs1l) of unknown function. AtGpp1 and AtGpp2 are constitutively expressed in all the Arabidopsis tissues and unaffected under abiotic stress. Overexpression of AtGpp2 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants increases the specific DL-glycerol-3-phosphatase activity and improves the plants tolerance to salt, osmotic and oxidative stress. It belongs to the beta-phosphoglucomutase-like family whose other members include Lactococcus lactis beta-PGM, a mutase which catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) and D-glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatases GPP1 and GPP2 that dephosphorylate DL-glycerol-3-phosphate and DOG1 and DOG2 that dephosphorylate 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, and Escherichia coli 6-phosphogluconate phosphatase YieH. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсWвА0А0АаАВ═cd07530, HAD_Pase_UmpH-like, UmpH/NagD family phosphatase, similar to Escherichia coli UmpH UMP phosphatase/NagD nucleotide phosphatase and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1692 glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatase. Escherichia coli UmpH/NagD is a ribonucleoside tri-, di-, and monophosphatase with a preference for purines, it shows peak activity with UMP and functions in UMP-degradation. It is also an effective phosphatase with AMP, GMP and CMP. Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphatase, Rv1692 is a glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatase. Rv1692 is the final enzyme involved in glycerophospholipid recycling/catabolism. This subfamily belongs to the UmpH/NagD phosphatase family, and to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсXвА0А0АаАВєcd07531, HAD_Pase_UmpH-like, UmpH/NagD family phosphatase, similar to Bacillus AraL phosphatase, a putative sugar phosphatase. Bacillus subtilis AraL is a phosphatase displaying activity towards different sugar phosphate substrates; it is encoded by the arabinose metabolic operon araABDLMNPQ-abfA and may play a role in the dephosphorylation of substrates related to l-arabinose metabolism. This subfamily belongs to the UmpH/NagD phosphatase family, and to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсYвА0А0АаАВcd07532, HAD_PNPase_UmpH-like, UmpH/NagD family phosphatase para nitrophenyl phosphate phosphatase, similar to Plasmodium falciparum PNPase. Plasmodium falciparum para nitrophenyl phosphate phosphatase (PNPase) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of thiamine monophosphate to thiamine, other substrates on which its active are nucleotides, phosphorylated sugars, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, and paranitrophenyl phosphate. This subfamily belongs to the UmpH/NagD phosphatase family, and to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсZвА0А0АаАВcd07533, HAD_like, uncharacterized family of the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolase superfamily, similar to Parvibaculum lavamentivorans HAD-superfamily hydrolase, subfamily IA, variant 1. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс[вА0А0АаАВYcd07534, HAD_CAP, molecular class C acid phosphatases, similar to Haemophilus influenzae e (P4) acid phosphatase; belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase superfamily. Molecular class C acid phosphatases (CAPs) are nonspecific acid phosphatases with generally broad substrate specificity and optimum activity at neutral to acidic pH. Members include Haemophilus influenzae lipoprotein e (P4), Elizabethkingia meningosepticum OlpA, Helicobacter pylori HppA, Enterobacter sp. 4 acid phosphatase PhoI, and Streptococcus pyogenes M1 GAS LppC. Lipoprotein e (P4) exhibits phosphomonoesterase activity with aryl phosphate substrates including nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), tyrosine phosphate, phenyl phosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate. The role of P4 in NAD+ uptake appears to be the dephosphorylation of NMN to nicotinamide riboside, which is then taken up by the organism. Elizabethkingia meningosepticum OlpA is a broad-spectrum nucleotidase with preference for 5'-nucleotides, it efficiently hydrolyzes nucleotide monophosphates, with a strong preference for 5'-nucleotides and for 3'-AMP; OlpA can also hydrolyze sugar phosphates and beta-glycerol phosphate, although with a lower efficiency. Helicobacter pylori HppA is also a 5' nucleotidase. Members of this family belong to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс\вА0А0АаАВcd07535, HAD_VSP, vegetative storage proteins similar to soybean VSPalpha and VSPbeta proteins; belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like superfamily. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] vegetative storage protein VSPalpha and VSPbeta levels were identified as storage proteins due to their abundance and pattern of expression in plant tissues, they accumulate to almost one-half the amount of soluble leaf protein when soybean plants are continually depodded. They possess acid phosphatase activity which appears to be low compared to several other plant acid phosphatases, it increases in the leaves of depodded soybean plants, but to no more than 0.1% of the total acid phosphatase activity in these leaves. This acid phosphatase activity has maximal activity at pH 5.0 - 5.5, and can liberate Pi from different substrates such as napthyl acid phosphate, carboxyphenyl phosphate, sugar-phosphates, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, ATP, ADP, PPi, and short chain polyphosphates; they cleave phosphoenolpyruvate, ATP, ADP, PPI, and polyphosphates most efficiently. This family belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase-like (HAD) hydrolases, a large superfamily of diverse enzymes that catalyze carbon or phosphoryl group transfer reactions on a range of substrates, using an active site aspartate in nucleophilic catalysis. Soybean VSPalpha and VSPbeta lack this active site aspartate, other members of this family have this aspartate and may be more active. Members of this superfamily include 2-L-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, azetidine hydrolase, phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphomannomutase, P-type ATPases and many others. HAD hydrolases are found in all three kingdoms of life, and most genomes are predicted to contain multiple HAD-like proteins. Members possess a highly conserved alpha/beta core domain, and many also possess a small cap domain, the fold and function of which is variable. HAD hydrolases are sometimes referred to as belonging to the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс]вА0А0АаАВicd07536, P-type_ATPase_APLT, Aminophospholipid translocases (APLTs), similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dnf1-3p, Drs2p, Neo1p, and human ATP8A2, -9B, -10D, -11B, and -11C. Aminophospholipid translocases (APLTs), also known as type 4 P-type ATPases, act as flippases, and translocate specific phospholipids from the exoplasmic leaflet to the cytoplasmic leaflet of biological membranes. Yeast Dnf1 and Dnf2 mediate the transport of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylcholine from the outer to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Mammalian ATP11C may selectively transports PS and PE from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane to the inner leaflet. The yeast Neo1p localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex and plays a role in membrane trafficking within the endomembrane system. Human putative ATPase phospholipid transporting 9B, ATP9B, localizes to the trans-golgi network in a CDC50 protein-independent manner. It also includes Arabidopsis phospholipid flippases including ALA1, and Caenorhabditis elegans flippases, including TAT-1, the latter has been shown to facilitate the inward transport of phosphatidylserine. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс^вА0А0АаАВicd07538, P-type_ATPase, uncharacterized subfamily of P-type ATPase transporters. This subfamily contains P-type ATPase transporters of unknown function. The P-type ATPases, are a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids. They are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle. A general characteristic of P-type ATPases is a bundle of transmembrane helices which make up the transport path, and three domains on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Members include pumps that transport various light metal ions, such as H(+), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+), pumps that transport indispensable trace elements, such as Zn(2+) and Cu(2+), pumps that remove toxic heavy metal ions, such as Cd2+, and pumps such as aminophospholipid translocases which transport phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс_вА0А0АаАВicd07539, P-type_ATPase, uncharacterized subfamily of P-type ATPase transporters. This subfamily contains P-type ATPase transporters of unknown function. The P-type ATPases, are a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids. They are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle. A general characteristic of P-type ATPases is a bundle of transmembrane helices which make up the transport path, and three domains on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Members include pumps that transport various light metal ions, such as H(+), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+), pumps that transport indispensable trace elements, such as Zn(2+) and Cu(2+), pumps that remove toxic heavy metal ions, such as Cd2+, and pumps such as aminophospholipid translocases which transport phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс`вА0А0АаАВШcd07541, P-type_ATPase_APLT_Neo1-like, Aminophospholipid translocases (APLTs), similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Neo1p and human putative APLT, ATP9B. Aminophospholipid translocases (APLTs), also known as type 4 P-type ATPases, act as a flippases, and translocate specific phospholipids from the exoplasmic leaflet to the cytoplasmic leaflet of biological membranes. The yeast Neo1 gene is an essential gene; Neo1p localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex and plays a role in membrane trafficking within the endomembrane system. Also included in this sub family is human putative ATPase phospholipid transporting 9B, ATP9B, which localizes to the trans-golgi network in a CDC50 protein-independent manner. Levels of ATP9B, along with levels of other ATPase genes, may contribute to expressivity of and atypical presentations of Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), and the ATP9B gene has recently been identified as a putative Alzheimer's disease loci. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсaвА0А0АаАВ╤cd07542, P-type_ATPase_cation, P-type cation-transporting ATPases, similar to human ATPase type 13A2 (ATP13A2) protein and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ypk9p. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yph9p localizes to the yeast vacuole and may play a role in sequestering heavy metal ions, its deletion confers sensitivity for growth for cadmium, manganese, nickel or selenium. Human ATP13A2 (PARK9/CLN12) is a lysosomal transporter with zinc as the possible substrate. Mutation in the ATP13A2 gene has been linked to Parkinson's disease and Kufor-Rakeb syndrome, and to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. ATP13A3/AFURS1 is a candidate gene for oculo auriculo vertebral spectrum (OAVS), being one of nine genes included in a 3q29 microduplication in a patient with OAVS. Mutation in the human ATP13A4 may be involved in a speech-language disorder. This subfamily also includes zebrafish ATP13A2 a lysosome-specific transmembrane ATPase protein of unknown function which plays a crucial role during embryonic development, its deletion is lethal. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсbвА0А0АаАВ cd07543, P-type_ATPase_cation, P-type cation-transporting ATPases, similar to human cation-transporting ATPase type 13A1 (ATP13A1) and Saccharomyces manganese-transporting ATPase 1 Spf1p. Saccharomyces Spf1p may mediate manganese transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); one consequence of deletion of SPF1 is severe ER stress. This subfamily also includes Arabidopsis thaliana MIA (Male Gametogenesis Impaired Anthers) protein which is highly abundant in the endoplasmic reticulum and small vesicles of developing pollen grains and tapetum cells. The MIA gene functionally complements a mutant in the SPF1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of ATP13A1 has been followed during mouse development, ATP13A1 transcript expression showed an increase as development progressed, with the highest expression at the peak of neurogenesis. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсcвА0А0АаАВZcd07544, P-type_ATPase_HM, P-type heavy metal-transporting ATPase; uncharacterized subfamily. Uncharacterized subfamily of the heavy metal-transporting ATPases (Type IB ATPases) which transport heavy metal ions (Cu(+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), etc.) across biological membranes. The characteristic N-terminal heavy metal associated (HMA) domain of this group is essential for the binding of metal ions. This subclass of P-type ATPase is also referred to as CPx-type ATPases because their amino acid sequences contain a characteristic CPC or CPH motif associated with a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids and N-terminal ion-binding sequences. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсdвА0А0АаАВ╡cd07545, P-type_ATPase_Cd-like, P-type heavy metal-transporting ATPase, similar to Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258 CadA, a cadmium-efflux ATPase. CadA from gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258 is required for full Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) resistance. This subfamily also includes CadA, from the gram-negative bacilli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia D457R, which is a cadmium efflux pump acquired as part of a cluster of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes from gram-positive bacteria. This subclass of P-type ATPase is also referred to as CPx-type ATPases because their amino acid sequences contain a characteristic CPC or CPH motif associated with a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids and N-terminal ion-binding sequences. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсeвА0А0АаАВаcd07546, P-type_ATPase_Pb_Zn_Cd2-like, P-type heavy metal-transporting ATPase, similar to Escherichia coli ZntA which is selective for Pb(2+), Zn(2+), and Cd(2+). Escherichia coli ZntA mediates resistance to toxic levels of selected divalent metal ions. ZntA has the highest selectivity for Pb(2+), followed by Zn(2+) and Cd(2+); it also shows low levels of activity with Cu(2+), Ni(2+), and Co(2+). It is upregulated by the transcription factor ZntR at high zinc concentrations. This subclass of P-type ATPase is also referred to as CPx-type ATPases because their amino acid sequences contain a characteristic CPC or CPH motif associated with a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids and N-terminal ion-binding sequences. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсfвА0А0АаАВdcd07548, P-type_ATPase-Cd_Zn_Co_like, P-type heavy metal-transporting ATPase, similar to Bacillus subtilis CadA which appears to transport cadmium, zinc and cobalt but not copper out of the cell. Bacillus subtilis CadA/YvgW appears to transport cadmium, zinc and cobalt but not copper, out of the cell. Functions in metal ion resistance and cellular metal ion homeostasis. CadA/YvgW is also important for sporulation in B. subtilis, the significant specific expression of the cadA/yvgW gene during the late stage of sporulation, is controlled by forespore-specific sigma factor, sigma G, and mother cell-specific sigma factor, sigma E. This subfamily also includes Helicobacter pylori CadA an essential resistance pump with ion specificity towards Cd(2+), Zn(2+) and Co(2+), and Zn-transporting ATPase, ZiaA(N) in Synechocystis PCC 6803. Transcription of ziaA is induced by Zn under the control of the Zn responsive repressor ZiaR. This subclass of P-type ATPase is also referred to as CPx-type ATPases because their amino acid sequences contain a characteristic CPC or CPH motif associated with a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids and N-terminal ion-binding sequences. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсgвА0А0АаАВkcd07550, P-type_ATPase_HM, P-type heavy metal-transporting ATPase; uncharacterized subfamily. Uncharacterized subfamily of the heavy metal-transporting ATPases (Type IB ATPases) which transport heavy metal ions (Cu(+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), etc.) across biological membranes. The characteristic N-terminal heavy metal associated (HMA) domain of this group is essential for the binding of metal ions. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсhвА0А0АаАВcd07551, P-type_ATPase_HM_ZosA_PfeT-like, P-type heavy metal-transporting ATPase, similar to Bacillus subtilis ZosA/PfeT which transports copper, and perhaps zinc under oxidative stress, and perhaps ferrous iron. Bacillus subtilis ZosA/PfeT (previously known as YkvW) transports copper, it may also transport zinc under oxidative stress and may also be involved in ferrous iron efflux. ZosA/PfeT is expressed under the regulation of the peroxide-sensing repressor PerR. It is involved in competence development. Disruption of the zosA/pfeT gene results in low transformability. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсiвА0А0АаАВ9cd07552, P-type_ATPase_Cu-like, P-type heavy metal-transporting ATPase, similar to Archaeoglobus fulgidus CopB, a Cu(2+)-ATPase. Archaeoglobus fulgidus CopB transports Cu(2+) from the cytoplasm to the exterior of the cell using ATP as energy source, it transports preferentially Cu(2+) over Cu(+), it is activated by Cu(2+) with high affinity and partially by Cu(+) and Ag(+). This subclass of P-type ATPase is also referred to as CPx-type ATPases because their amino acid sequences contain a characteristic CPC or CPH motif associated with a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids and N-terminal ion-binding sequences. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсjвА0А0АаАВZcd07553, P-type_ATPase_HM, P-type heavy metal-transporting ATPase; uncharacterized subfamily. Uncharacterized subfamily of the heavy metal-transporting ATPases (Type IB ATPases) which transport heavy metal ions (Cu(+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), etc.) across biological membranes. The characteristic N-terminal heavy metal associated (HMA) domain of this group is essential for the binding of metal ions. This subclass of P-type ATPase is also referred to as CPx-type ATPases because their amino acid sequences contain a characteristic CPC or CPH motif associated with a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids and N-terminal ion-binding sequences. This subfamily belongs to the P-type ATPases, a large family of integral membrane transporters that are of critical importance in all kingdoms of life. They generate and maintain (electro-) chemical gradients across cellular membranes, by translocating cations, heavy metals and lipids, and are distinguished from other main classes of transport ATPases (F- , V- , and ABC- type) by the formation of a phosphorylated (P-) intermediate state in the catalytic cycle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсkвА0А0АаАВтcd07556, Nucleotidyl_cyc_III, Class III nucleotidyl cyclases. Class III nucleotidyl cyclases are the largest, most diverse group of nucleotidyl cyclases (NC's) containing prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins. They can be divided into two major groups; the mononucleotidyl cyclases (MNC's) and the diguanylate cyclases (DGC's). The MNC's, which include the adenylate cyclases (AC's) and the guanylate cyclases (GC's), have a conserved cyclase homology domain (CHD), while the DGC's have a conserved GGDEF domain, named after a conserved motif within this subgroup. Their products, cyclic guanylyl and adenylyl nucleotides, are second messengers that play important roles in eukaryotic signal transduction and prokaryotic sensory pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВ╥cd07557, trimeric_dUTPase, Trimeric dUTP diphosphatases. Trimeric dUTP diphosphatases, or dUTPases, are the most common family of dUTPase, found in bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea. They catalyze the hydrolysis of the dUTP-Mg complex (dUTP-Mg) into dUMP and pyrophosphate. This reaction is crucial for the preservation of chromosomal integrity as it removes dUTP and therefore reduces the cellular dUTP/dTTP ratio, and prevents dUTP from being incorporated into DNA. It also provides dUMP as the precursor for dTTP synthesis via the thymidylate synthase pathway. dUTPases are homotrimeric, except some monomeric viral dUTPases, which have been shown to mimic a trimer. Active sites are located at the subunit interface.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВ7cd07559, ALDH_ACDHII_AcoD-like, Ralstonia eutrophus NAD+-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase II and Staphylococcus aureus AldA1 (SACOL0154)-like. Included in this CD is the NAD+-dependent, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase II (AcDHII, AcoD, EC=1.2.1.3) from Ralstonia (Alcaligenes) eutrophus H16 involved in the catabolism of acetoin and ethanol, and similar proteins, such as, the dimeric dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase of the acetoin dehydrogenase enzyme system of Klebsiella pneumonia. Also included are sequences similar to the NAD+-dependent chloroacetaldehyde dehydrogenases (AldA and AldB) of Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 which are involved in the degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane, as well as, the uncharacterized aldehyde dehydrogenase from Staphylococcus aureus (AldA1, locus SACOL0154) and other similar sequences.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0oвА0А0АаАВ╛cd07560, Peptidase_S41_CPP, C-terminal processing peptidase; serine protease family S41. The C-terminal processing peptidase (CPP, EC 3.4.21.102) also known as tail-specific protease (tsp), the photosystem II D1 C-terminal processing protease (D1P), and other related S41 protease family members are present in this CD. CPP is synthesized as a precursor form with a carboxyl-terminal extension. It specifically recognizes a C-terminal tripeptide, Xaa-Yaa-Zaa, in which Xaa is preferably Ala or Leu, Yaa is preferably Ala or Tyr and Zaa is preferably Ala, but then cleaves at a variable distance from the C-terminus. The C-terminal carboxylate group is essential, and proteins where this group is amidated are not substrates. This family of proteases contains the PDZ domain that promotes protein-protein interactions and is important for substrate recognition. The active site consists of a serine/lysine catalytic dyad. The bacterial CCP-1 is believed to be important for the degradation of incorrectly synthesized proteins as well as protection from thermal and osmotic stresses. In E. coli, it is involved in the cleavage of a C-terminal peptide of 11 residues from the precursor form of penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3). In the plant chloroplast, the enzyme removes the C-terminal extension of the D1 polypeptide of photosystem II, allowing the light-driven assembly of the tetranuclear manganese cluster, which is responsible for photosynthetic water oxidation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0tвА0А0АаАВacd07561, Peptidase_S41_CPP_like, C-terminal processing peptidase-like; serine protease family S41. Bacterial protease homologs of the S41 family related to C-terminal processing peptidase (CPP). CPP-1 is believed to be important for the degradation of incorrectly synthesized proteins as well as protection from thermal and osmotic stresses. CPP is synthesized with an extension on its carboxyl-terminus and specifically recognizes a C-terminal tripeptide, but cleaves at variable distance from the C-terminus. The CPP active site consists of a serine/lysine catalytic dyad. Conservation of these residues is seen in the CPP-like proteins of this group. CPP proteins contain a PDZ domain that promotes protein-protein interactions and is important for substrate recognition however, most of CPP-like proteins only have an internal fragment or lack the PDZ domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0uвА0А0АаАВkcd07562, Peptidase_S41_TRI, Tricorn protease; serine protease family S41. The tricorn protease (TRI), a member of the S41 peptidase family and named for its tricorn-like shape, exists only in some archaea and eubacteria. It has been shown to act as a carboxypeptidase, involved in the degradation of proteasomal products to preferentially yield di- and tripeptides, with subsequent and final degradations to free amino acid residues by tricorn interacting factors, F1, F2 and F3. Tricorn is a hexameric D3-symmetric protease of 720kD, and can self-associate further into a giant icosahedral capsid structure containing twenty copies of the complex. Each tricorn peptidase monomer consists of five structural domains: a six-bladed beta-propeller and a seven-bladed beta-propeller that limit access to the active site, the two domains (C1 and C2) that carry the active site residues, and a PDZ-like domain (proposed to be important for substrate recognition) between the C1 and C2 domains. The active site tetrad residues are distributed between the C1 and C2 domains, with serine and histidine on C1 and serine and glutamate on C2.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0vвА0А0АаАВ╠cd07563, Peptidase_S41_IRBP, Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein; serine protease family S41. Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) is a homolog of the S41 protease, C-terminal processing peptidase (CTPase) family. It is thought to facilitate the compartmentalization of the visual cycle that requires poorly soluble and potentially toxic retinoids to cross the aqueous subretinal space between the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). IRBP is secreted by photoreceptors into the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) where it is rapidly turned over by a combination of RPE and photoreceptor endocytosis. It is the most abundant soluble protein component of the IPM, consisting of homologous modules, each repeat structure arising through the duplication (as in teleost IRBP) or quadruplication (in tetrapods) of an ancient gene, arisen in the early evolution of the vertebrate eye. IRBP has been shown to promote the release of all-trans retinol from photoreceptors and facilitates its delivery to the RPE. Conversely, IRBP can promote the release of 11-cis-retinal from the RPE, prevent its isomerization in the subretinal space, and transfer it to photoreceptors. In vivo evidence implicates IRBP as a retinoid transporter in the visual cycle, suggesting a critical role for IRBP in cone function essential for human vision. IRBP is a dominant autoimmune antigen in the eye; IRBP proteolysis analysis has proven a useful biomarker for autoimmune uveitis (AU) disorders, a major cause of blindness. This family also includes a chlamydia-secreted protein, designated chlamydia protease-like activity factor (CPAF), known to degrade host proteins, enabling Chlamydia to evade host defenses and replicate.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0wвА0А0АаАВЦcd07564, nitrilases_CHs, Nitrilases, cyanide hydratase (CH)s, and similar proteins (class 1 nitrilases). Nitrilases (nitrile aminohydrolases, EC:3.5.5.1) hydrolyze nitriles (RCN) to ammonia and the corresponding carboxylic acid. Most nitrilases prefer aromatic nitriles, some prefer arylacetonitriles and others aliphatic nitriles. This group includes the nitrilase cyanide dihydratase (CDH), which hydrolyzes inorganic cyanide (HCN) to produce formate. It also includes cyanide hydratase (CH), which hydrolyzes HCN to formamide. This group includes four Arabidopsis thaliana nitrilases (Ath)NIT1-4. AthNIT1-3 have a strong substrate preference for phenylpropionitrile (PPN) and other nitriles which may originate from the breakdown of glucosinolates. The product of PPN hydrolysis, phenylacetic acid has auxin activity. AthNIT1-3 can also convert indoacetonitrile to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, auxin), but with a lower affinity and velocity. From their expression patterns, it has been speculated that NIT3 may produce IAA during the early stages of germination, and that NIT3 may produce IAA during embryo development and maturation. AthNIT4 has a strong substrate specificity for the nitrile, beta-cyano-L-alanine (Ala(CN)), an intermediate of cyanide detoxification. AthNIT4 has both a nitrilase activity and a nitrile hydratase (NHase) activity, which generate aspartic acid and asparagine respectively from Ala(CN). NHase catalyzes the hydration of nitriles to their corresponding amides. This subgroup belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of belong to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0фвА0А0АаАВwcd07565, aliphatic_amidase, aliphatic amidases (class 2 nitrilases). Aliphatic amidases catalyze the hydrolysis of short-chain aliphatic amides to form ammonia and the corresponding organic acid. This group includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) AmiE, the amidase from Geobacillus pallidus RAPc8 (RAPc8 amidase), and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) AmiE and AmiF. PaAimE and HpAmiE hydrolyze various very short aliphatic amides, including propionamide, acetamide and acrylamide. HpAmiF is a formamidase which specifically hydrolyzes formamide. These proteins belong to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 2. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer. HpAmiE , HpAmiF, and RAPc8 amidase, and PaAimE appear to be homohexameric enzymes, trimer of dimers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0хвА0А0АаАВcd07566, ScNTA1_like, Saccharomyces cerevisiae N-terminal amidase NTA1, and related proteins (class 3 nitrilases). Saccharomyces cerevisiae NTA1 functions in the N-end rule protein degradation pathway. It specifically deaminates the N-terminal asparagine and glutamine residues of substrates of this pathway, to aspartate and glutamate respectively, these latter are the destabilizing residues. This subgroup belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0цвА0А0АаАВиcd07567, biotinidase_like, biotinidase and vanins (class 4 nitrilases). These secondary amidases participate in vitamin recycling. Biotinidase (EC 3.5.1.12) has both a hydrolase and a transferase activity. It hydrolyzes free biocytin or small biotinyl-peptides produced during the proteolytic degradation of biotin-dependent carboxylases, to release free biotin (vitamin H), and it can transfer biotin to acceptor molecules such as histones. Biotinidase deficiency in humans is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neurological and cutaneous symptoms. This subgroup includes the three human vanins, vanin1-3. Vanins are ectoenzymes, Vanin-1, and -2 are membrane associated, vanin-3 is secreted. They are pantotheinases (EC 3.5.1.92, pantetheine hydrolase), which convert pantetheine, to pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol, a potent anti-oxidant). They are potential targets for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory disorders. Vanin-1 deficient mice lacking free cysteamine are less susceptible to intestinal inflammation, and expression of vanin-1 and -3 is induced as part of the inflammatory-regenerative differentiation program of human epidermis. This subgroup belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 4. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0чвА0А0АаАВ3cd07568, ML_beta-AS_like, mammalian-like beta-alanine synthase (beta-AS) and similar proteins (class 5 nitrilases). This family includes mammalian-like beta-AS (EC 3.5.1.6, also known as beta-ureidopropionase or N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase). This enzyme catalyzes the third and final step in the catabolic pyrimidine catabolic pathway responsible for the degradation of uracil and thymine, the hydrolysis of N-carbamyl-beta-alanine and N-carbamyl-beta-aminoisobutyrate to the beta-amino acids, beta-alanine and beta-aminoisobutyrate respectively. This family belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 5. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer. Beta-ASs from this subgroup are found in various oligomeric states, dimer (human), hexamer (calf liver), decamer (Arabidopsis and Zea mays), and in the case of Drosophila melanogaster beta-AS, as a homooctamer assembled as a left-handed helical turn, with the possibility of higher order oligomers formed by adding dimers at either end. Rat beta-AS changes its oligomeric state (hexamer, trimer, dodecamer) in response to allosteric effectors. Eukaryotic Saccharomyces kluyveri beta-AS belongs to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0швА0А0АаАВОcd07569, DCase, N-carbamyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase (DCase, class 6 nitrilases). DCase hydrolyses N-carbamyl-D-amino acids to produce D-amino acids. It is an important biocatalyst in the pharmaceutical industry, producing useful D-amino acids for example in the preparation of beta-lactam antibiotics. This subgroup belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 6. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer. Agrobacterium radiobacter DCase forms a tetramer (dimer of dimers). Some DCases may form trimers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0щвА0А0АаАВ╓cd07570, GAT_Gln-NAD-synth, Glutamine aminotransferase (GAT, glutaminase) domain of glutamine-dependent NAD synthetases (class 7 and 8 nitrilases). Glutamine-dependent NAD synthetases are bifunctional enzymes, which have an N-terminal GAT domain and a C-terminal NAD+ synthetase domain. The GAT domain is a glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) which hydrolyses L-glutamine to L-glutamate and ammonia. The ammonia is used by the NAD+ synthetase domain in the ATP-dependent amidation of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide. Glutamine aminotransferases are categorized depending on their active site residues into different unrelated classes. This class of GAT domain belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to classes 7 and 8. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer. Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine-dependent NAD+ synthetase forms a homooctamer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ъвА0А0АаАВ╫cd07571, ALP_N-acyl_transferase, Apolipoprotein N-acyl transferase (class 9 nitrilases). ALP N-acyl transferase (Lnt), is an essential membrane-bound enzyme in gram-negative bacteria, which catalyzes the N-acylation of apolipoproteins, the final step in lipoprotein maturation. This is a reverse amidase (i.e. condensation) reaction. This subgroup belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 9.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ывА0А0АаАВУcd07572, nit, Nit1, Nit 2, and related proteins, and the Nit1-like domain of NitFhit (class 10 nitrilases). This subgroup includes mammalian Nit1 and Nit2, the Nit1-like domain of the invertebrate NitFhit, and various uncharacterized bacterial and archaeal Nit-like proteins. Nit1 and Nit2 are candidate tumor suppressor proteins. In NitFhit, the Nit1-like domain is encoded as a fusion protein with the non-homologous tumor suppressor, fragile histidine triad (Fhit). Mammalian Nit1 and Fhit may affect distinct signal pathways, and both may participate in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Nit1 is a negative regulator in T cells. Overexpression of Nit2 in HeLa cells leads to a suppression of cell growth through cell cycle arrest in G2. These Nit proteins and the Nit1-like domain of NitFhit belong to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 10.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ьвА0А0АаАВ▐cd07573, CPA, N-carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase (CPA) (class 11 nitrilases). CPA (EC 3.5.1.53, also known as N-carbamoylputrescine amidase and carbamoylputrescine hydrolase) converts N-carbamoylputrescine to putrescine, a step in polyamine biosynthesis in plants and bacteria. This subgroup includes Arabidopsis thaliana CPA, also known as nitrilase-like 1 (NLP1), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa AguB. This subgroup belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 11. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer; P. aeruginosa AugB is a homohexamer, Arabidopsis thaliana NLP1 is a homooctomer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0эвА0А0АаАВ=cd07574, nitrilase_Rim1_like, Uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily; some members of this subgroup have an N-terminal RimI domain (class 12 nitrilases). Some members of this subgroup are implicated in post-translational modification, as they contain an N-terminal GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) protein RimI family domain. The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 12. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ювА0А0АаАВOcd07575, Xc-1258_like, Xanthomonas campestris XC1258 and related proteins, members of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). Uncharacterized subgroup belonging to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup either represents a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer. XC1258 is a homotetramer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0явА0А0АаАВTcd07576, R-amidase_like, Pseudomonas sp. MCI3434 R-amidase and related proteins (putative class 13 nitrilases). Pseudomonas sp. MCI3434 R-amidase hydrolyzes (R,S)-piperazine-2-tert-butylcarboxamide to form (R)-piperazine-2-carboxylic acid. It does so with strict R-stereoselectively. Its preferred substrates are carboxamide compounds which have the amino or imino group connected to their beta- or gamma-carbon. This subgroup belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group. It has been suggested that this subgroup represents a new class. Members of the nitrilase superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer. Native R-amidase however appears to be a monomer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ЁвА0А0АаАВccd07577, Ph0642_like, Pyrococcus horikoshii Ph0642 and related proteins, members of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). Uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily. This superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. Pyrococcus horikoshii Ph0642 is a hypothetical protein belonging to this subgroup. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). This subgroup was classified as belonging to class 13, which represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ёвА0А0АаАВfcd07578, nitrilase_1_R1, First nitrilase domain of an uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). Members of this subgroup have two nitrilase domains. This is the first of those two domains. The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). Class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup represents either a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ЄвА0А0АаАВhcd07579, nitrilase_1_R2, Second nitrilase domain of an uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). Members of this subgroup have two nitrilase domains. This is the second of those two domains. The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). Class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup represents either a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0євА0А0АаАВщcd07580, nitrilase_2, Uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). Class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup represents either a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ЇвА0А0АаАВщcd07581, nitrilase_3, Uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). Class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup represents either a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ївА0А0АаАВщcd07582, nitrilase_4, Uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). Class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup represents either a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ЎвА0А0АаАВщcd07583, nitrilase_5, Uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). Class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup represents either a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0ўвА0А0АаАВщcd07584, nitrilase_6, Uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). Class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup represents either a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0°вА0А0АаАВщcd07585, nitrilase_7, Uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). Class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup represents either a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0∙вА0А0АаАВщcd07586, nitrilase_8, Uncharacterized subgroup of the nitrilase superfamily (putative class 13 nitrilases). The nitrilase superfamily is comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13). Class 13 represents proteins that at the time were difficult to place in a distinct similarity group; this subgroup represents either a new class or one that was included previously in class 13. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0·вА0А0АаАВ2cd07587, ML_beta-AS, mammalian-like beta-alanine synthase (beta-AS) and similar proteins (class 5 nitrilases). This subgroup includes mammalian-like beta-AS (EC 3.5.1.6, also known as beta-ureidopropionase or N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase). This enzyme catalyzes the third and final step in the catabolic pyrimidine catabolic pathway responsible for the degradation of uracil and thymine, the hydrolysis of N-carbamyl-beta-alanine and N-carbamyl-beta-aminoisobutyrate to the beta-amino acids, beta-alanine and beta-aminoisobutyrate respectively. This subgroup belongs to a larger nitrilase superfamily comprised of nitrile- or amide-hydrolyzing enzymes and amide-condensing enzymes, which depend on a Glu-Lys-Cys catalytic triad. This superfamily has been classified in the literature based on global and structure based sequence analysis into thirteen different enzyme classes (referred to as 1-13), this subgroup corresponds to class 5. Members of this superfamily generally form homomeric complexes, the basic building block of which is a homodimer. Beta-ASs from this subgroup are found in various oligomeric states, dimer (human), hexamer (calf liver), decamer (Arabidopsis and Zea mays), and in the case of Drosophila melanogaster beta-AS, as a homooctamer assembled as a left-handed helical turn, with the possibility of higher order oligomers formed by adding dimers at either end. Rat beta-AS changes its oligomeric state (hexamer, trimer, dodecamer) in response to allosteric effectors. Eukaryotic Saccharomyces kluyveri beta-AS belongs to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0√вА0А0АаАВёcd07588, BAR_Amphiphysin, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Amphiphysins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. Amphiphysins function primarily in endocytosis and other membrane remodeling events. They contain an N-terminal BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix (an N-BAR), a variable central domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. This subfamily is composed of different isoforms of amphiphysin and Bridging integrator 2 (Bin2). Amphiphysin I proteins, enriched in the brain and nervous system, contain domains that bind clathrin, Adaptor Protein complex 2 (AP2), dynamin and synaptojanin. They function in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Some amphiphysin II isoforms, also called Bridging integrator 1 (Bin1), are localized in many different tissues and may function in intracellular vesicle trafficking. In skeletal muscle, Bin1 plays a role in the organization and maintenance of the T-tubule network. Bin2 is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells and is upregulated during granulocyte differentiation. The N-BAR domains of amphiphysins form a curved dimer with a positively-charged concave face that can drive membrane bending and curvature.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╕вА0А0АаАВпcd07589, BAR_DNMBP, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Dynamin Binding Protein. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. DyNamin Binding Protein (DNMBP), also called Tuba, is a Cdc42-specific Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) that binds dynamin and various actin regulatory proteins. It serves as a link between dynamin function, Rho GTPase signaling, and actin dynamics. It plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. DNMBP contains BAR and SH3 domains as well as a Dbl Homology domain (DH domain), which harbors GEF activity. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions. The BAR domain of DNMBP may be involved in binding to membranes. The gene encoding DNMBP is a candidate gene for late onset Alzheimer's disease.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╣вА0А0АаАВNcd07590, BAR_Bin3, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Bridging integrator 3. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. Bridging integrator 3 (Bin3) is widely expressed in many tissues except in the brain. It plays roles in regulating filamentous actin localization and in cell division. In humans, the Bin3 gene is located in chromosome 8p21.3, a region that is implicated in cancer suppression. Homozygous inactivation of the Bin3 gene in mice led to the development of cataracts and an increased likelihood of lymphomas during aging, suggesting a role for Bin3 in lens development and cancer suppression. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV║вА0А0АаАВ╦cd07591, BAR_Rvs161p, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reduced viability upon starvation protein 161 and similar proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. This subfamily is composed of fungal proteins with similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reduced viability upon starvation protein 161 (Rvs161p) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hob3 (homolog of Bin3). S. cerevisiae Rvs161p plays a role in regulating cell polarity, actin cytoskeleton polarization, vesicle trafficking, endocytosis, bud formation, and the mating response. It forms a heterodimer with another BAR domain protein Rvs167p. Rvs161p and Rvs167p share common functions but are not interchangeable. Their BAR domains cannot be replaced with each other and the overexpression of one cannot suppress the mutant phenotypes of the other. S. pombe Hob3 is important in regulating filamentous actin localization and may be required in activating Cdc42 and recruiting it to cell division sites. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╗вА0А0АаАВ╞cd07592, BAR_Endophilin_A, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Endophilin-A. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. Endophilins are accessory proteins, localized at synapses, which interact with the endocytic proteins, dynamin and synaptojanin. They are essential for synaptic vesicle formation from the plasma membrane. They interact with voltage-gated calcium channels, thus linking vesicle endocytosis to calcium regulation. They also play roles in virus budding, mitochondrial morphology maintenance, receptor-mediated endocytosis inhibition, and endosomal sorting. Endophilins contain an N-terminal N-BAR domain (BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix), followed by a variable region containing proline clusters, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. They are classified into two types, A and B. Vertebrates contain three endophilin-A isoforms. Endophilin-A proteins are enriched in the brain and play multiple roles in receptor-mediated endocytosis. They tubulate membranes and regulate calcium influx into neurons to trigger the activation of the endocytic machinery. They are also involved in the sorting of plasma membrane proteins, actin filament assembly, and the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles for fusion with endosomes. The BAR domains of endophilin-A1 and A3 form crescent-shaped dimers that can detect membrane curvature and drive membrane bending.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╝вА0А0АаАВcd07593, BAR_MUG137_fungi, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Meiotically Up-regulated Gene 137 protein and similar proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions including organelle biogenesis, membrane trafficking or remodeling, and cell division and migration. This subfamily is composed predominantly of uncharacterized fungal proteins with similarity to Schizosaccharomyces pombe Meiotically Up-regulated Gene 137 protein (MUG137), which may play a role in meiosis and sporulation in fission yeast. MUG137 contains an N-terminal BAR domain and a C-terminal SH3 domain, similar to endophilins. Endophilins play roles in synaptic vesicle formation, virus budding, mitochondrial morphology maintenance, receptor-mediated endocytosis inhibition, and endosomal sorting. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╜вА0А0АаАВcd07594, BAR_Endophilin_B, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Endophilin-B. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. Endophilins play roles in synaptic vesicle formation, virus budding, mitochondrial morphology maintenance, receptor-mediated endocytosis inhibition, and endosomal sorting. Endophilins contain an N-terminal N-BAR domain (BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix), followed by a variable region containing proline clusters, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. They are classified into two types, A and B. Vertebrates contain two endophilin-B isoforms. Endophilin-B proteins are cytoplasmic proteins expressed mainly in the heart, placenta, and skeletal muscle.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╛вА0А0АаАВСcd07595, BAR_RhoGAP_Rich-like, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Rich-like Rho GTPase Activating Proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. This subfamily is composed of Rho and Rac GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) with similarity to GAP interacting with CIP4 homologs proteins (Rich). Members contain an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Rho GAP domain, and a C-terminal prolin-rich region. Vertebrates harbor at least three Rho GAPs in this subfamily including Rich1, Rich2, and SH3-domain binding protein 1 (SH3BP1). Rich1 and Rich2 play complementary roles in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. Rich1 is a Cdc42- and Rac-specific GAP that binds to polarity proteins through the scaffold protein angiomotin and plays a role in maintaining the integrity of tight junctions. Rich2 is a Rac GAP that interacts with CD317 and plays a role in actin cytoskeleton organization and the maintenance of microvilli in polarized epithelial cells. SH3BP1 is a Rac GAP that inhibits Rac-mediated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced membrane ruffling. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions. The BAR domain of Rich1 has been shown to form oligomers, bind membranes and induce membrane tubulation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV┐вА0А0АаАВcd07596, BAR_SNX, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Sorting Nexins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. Sorting nexins (SNXs) are Phox homology (PX) domain containing proteins that are involved in regulating membrane traffic and protein sorting in the endosomal system. SNXs differ from each other in their lipid-binding specificity, subcellular localization and specific function in the endocytic pathway. A subset of SNXs also contain BAR domains. The PX-BAR structural unit determines the specific membrane targeting of SNXs. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV└вА0А0АаАВФcd07597, BAR_SNX8, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Sorting Nexin 8. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. Sorting nexins (SNXs) are Phox homology (PX) domain containing proteins that are involved in regulating membrane traffic and protein sorting in the endosomal system. SNXs differ from each other in their lipid-binding specificity, subcellular localization and specific function in the endocytic pathway. A subset of SNXs also contain BAR domains. The PX-BAR structural unit determines the specific membrane targeting of SNXs. SNX8 and the yeast counterpart Mvp1p are involved in sorting and delivery of late-Golgi proteins, such as carboxypeptidase Y, to vacuoles. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV┴вА0А0АаАВ╫cd07598, BAR_FAM92, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Family with sequence similarity 92 (FAM92). BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions including organelle biogenesis, membrane trafficking or remodeling, and cell division and migration. This group is composed of proteins from the family with sequence similarity 92 (FAM92), which were originally identified by the presence of the unknown domain DUF1208. This domain shows similarity to the BAR domains of sorting nexins. Mammals contain at least two member types, FAM92A and FAM92B, which may exist in many variants. The Xenopus homolog of FAM92A1, xVAP019, is essential for embryo survival and cell differentiation. FAM92A1 may be involved in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV┬вА0А0АаАВmcd07599, BAR_Rvs167p, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reduced viability upon starvation protein 167 and similar proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. This subfamily is composed of fungal proteins with similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reduced viability upon starvation protein 167 (Rvs167p) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hob1 (homolog of Bin1). S. cerevisiae Rvs167p plays a role in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, endocytosis, and sporulation. It forms a heterodimer with another BAR domain protein Rvs161p. Rvs161p and Rvs167p share common functions but are not interchangeable. Their BAR domains cannot be replaced with each other and the overexpression of one cannot suppress the mutant phenotypes of the other. Rvs167p also interacts with the GTPase activating protein (GAP) Gyp5p, which is involved in ER to Golgi vesicle trafficking. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV├вА0А0АаАВ?cd07600, BAR_Gvp36, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Golgi vesicle protein of 36 kDa and similar proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions including organelle biogenesis, membrane trafficking or remodeling, and cell division and migration. Proteomic analysis shows that Golgi vesicle protein of 36 kDa (Gvp36) may be involved in vesicular trafficking and nutritional adaptation. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deficient in Gvp36 shows defects in growth, in actin cytoskeleton polarization, in endocytosis, in vacuolar biogenesis, and in the cell cycle. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV─вА0А0АаАВqcd07601, BAR_APPL, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Adaptor protein, Phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and Leucine zipper containing proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. Adaptor protein, Phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and Leucine zipper containing (APPL) proteins are effectors of the small GTPase Rab5 that function in endosome-mediated signaling. They contain BAR, pleckstrin homology (PH) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. They form homo- and hetero-oligomers that are mediated by their BAR domains, and are localized to cytoplasmic membranes. Vertebrates contain two APPL proteins, APPL1 and APPL2. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV┼вА0А0АаАВ·cd07602, BAR_RhoGAP_OPHN1-like, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Oligophrenin1-like Rho GTPase Activating Proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. This subfamily is composed of Rho and Rac GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) with similarity to oligophrenin1 (OPHN1). Members contain an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and a Rho GAP domain. Some members contain a C-terminal SH3 domain. Vertebrates harbor at least three Rho GAPs in this subfamily including OPHN1, GTPase Regulator Associated with Focal adhesion kinase (GRAF), GRAF2, and an uncharacterized protein called GAP10-like. OPHN1, GRAF and GRAF2 show GAP activity towards RhoA and Cdc42. In addition, OPHN1 is active towards Rac. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions. The BAR domains of OPHN1 and GRAF directly interact with their Rho GAP domains and inhibit their activity. The autoinhibited proteins are able to bind membranes and tubulate liposomes, showing that the membrane-tubulation and GAP-inhibitory functions of the BAR domains can occur simultaneously.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╞вА0А0АаАВбcd07603, BAR_ACAPs, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of ArfGAP with Coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain containing proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. This subfamily is composed of ACAPs (ArfGAP with Coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain containing proteins), which are Arf GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) containing an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, an Arf GAP domain, and C-terminal ankyrin (ANK) repeats. Vertebrates contain at least three members, ACAP1, ACAP2, and ACAP3. ACAP1 and ACAP2 are Arf6-specific GAPs, involved in the regulation of endocytosis, phagocytosis, cell adhesion and migration, by mediating Arf6 signaling. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╟вА0А0АаАВhcd07604, BAR_ASAPs, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain containing proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. This subfamily is composed of ASAPs (ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain containing proteins), which are Arf GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) with similarity to ACAPs (ArfGAP with Coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain containing proteins) in that they contain an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, an Arf GAP domain, and ankyrin (ANK) repeats. However, ASAPs contain an additional C-terminal SH3 domain. ASAPs function in regulating cell growth, migration, and invasion. Vertebrates contain at least three members, ASAP1, ASAP2, and ASAP3. ASAP1 and ASAP2 shows GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity towards Arf1 and Arf5. They do not show GAP activity towards Arf6, but is able to mediate Arf6 signaling by binding stably to GTP-Arf6. ASAP3 is an Arf6-specific GAP. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions. The BAR domain of ASAP1 mediates membrane bending, is essential for function, and autoinhibits GAP activity by interacting with the PH and/or Arf GAP domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╚вА0А0АаАВеcd07605, I-BAR_IMD, Inverse (I)-BAR, also known as the IRSp53/MIM homology Domain (IMD), a dimerization module that binds and bends membranes. Inverse (I)-BAR (or IMD) is a member of the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain family. It is a dimerization and lipid-binding module that bends membranes and induces membrane protrusions in the opposite direction compared to classical BAR and F-BAR domains, which produce membrane invaginations. IMD domains are found in Insulin Receptor tyrosine kinase Substrate p53 (IRSp53), Missing in Metastasis (MIM), and Brain-specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 1-Associated Protein 2-like (BAIAP2L) proteins. These are multi-domain proteins that act as scaffolding proteins and transducers of a variety of signaling pathways that link membrane dynamics and the underlying actin cytoskeleton. Most members contain an N-terminal IMD, an SH3 domain, and a WASP homology 2 (WH2) actin-binding motif at the C-terminus, exccept for MIM which does not carry an SH3 domain. Some members contain additional domains and motifs. The IMD domain binds and bundles actin filaments, binds membranes and produces membrane protrusions, and interacts with the small GTPase Rac.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╔вА0А0АаАВ╘cd07606, BAR_SFC_plant, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of the plant protein SCARFACE (SFC). BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions including organelle biogenesis, membrane trafficking or remodeling, and cell division and migration. The plant protein SCARFACE (SFC), also called VAscular Network 3 (VAN3), is a plant ACAP (ArfGAP with Coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain containing protein), an Arf GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) that plays a role in the trafficking of auxin efflux regulators from the plasma membrane to the endosome. It is required for the normal vein patterning in leaves. SCF contains an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, an Arf GAP domain, and C-terminal ankyrin (ANK) repeats. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╩вА0А0АаАВcd07607, BAR_SH3P_plant, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of the plant SH3 domain-containing proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions including organelle biogenesis, membrane trafficking or remodeling, and cell division and migration. This group is composed of proteins with similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana SH3 domain-containing proteins 1 (SH3P1) and 2 (SH3P2). SH3P1 is involved in the trafficking of clathrin-coated vesicles. It is localized at the plasma membrane and is associated with vesicles of the trans-Golgi network. Yeast complementation studies reveal that SH3P1 has similar functions to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rvs167p, which is involved in endocytosis and actin cytoskeletal arrangement. Members of this group contain an N-terminal BAR domain and a C-terminal SH3 domain. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╦вА0А0АаАВ·cd07608, BAR_ArfGAP_fungi, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of uncharacterized fungal Arf GAP proteins. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions including organelle biogenesis, membrane trafficking or remodeling, and cell division and migration. This group is composed of uncharacterized fungal proteins containing an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and an Arf GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) domain. These proteins may play roles in Arf-mediated functions involving membrane dynamics. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╠вА0А0АаАВLcd07609, BAR_SIP3_fungi, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of fungal Snf1p-interacting protein 3. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions including organelle biogenesis, membrane trafficking or remodeling, and cell division and migration. This group is composed of mostly uncharacterized fungal proteins with similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf1p-interacting protein 3 (SIP3). These proteins contain an N-terminal BAR domain followed by a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain. SIP3 interacts with SNF1 protein kinase and activates transcription when anchored to DNA. It may function in the SNF1 pathway. BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV═вА0А0АаАВ┬cd07610, FCH_F-BAR, The Extended FES-CIP4 Homology (FCH) or F-BAR (FCH and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs) domain, a dimerization module that binds and bends membranes. F-BAR domains are dimerization modules that bind and bend membranes and are found in proteins involved in membrane dynamics and actin reorganization. F-BAR domain containing proteins, also known as Pombe Cdc15 homology (PCH) family proteins, include Fes and Fer tyrosine kinases, PACSINs/Syndapins, FCHO, PSTPIP, CIP4-like proteins and srGAPs. Many members also contain an SH3 domain and play roles in endocytosis. F-BAR domains form banana-shaped dimers with a positively-charged concave surface that binds to negatively-charged lipid membranes. They can induce membrane deformation in the form of long tubules. These tubules have diameters larger than those observed with N-BARs. The F-BAR domains of some members such as NOSTRIN and Rgd1 are important for the subcellular localization of the protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╬вА0А0АаАВ#cd07611, BAR_Amphiphysin_I_II, The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of Amphiphysin I and II. BAR domains are dimerization, lipid binding and curvature sensing modules found in many different proteins with diverse functions. Amphiphysins function primarily in endocytosis and other membrane remodeling events. They contain an N-terminal BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix (an N-BAR), a variable central domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Amphiphysin I proteins, enriched in the brain and nervous system, contain domains that bind clathrin, Adaptor Protein complex 2 (AP2), dynamin and synaptojanin. They function in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Some amphiphysin II isoforms, also called Bridging integrator 1 (Bin1), are localized in many different tissues and may function in intracellular vesicle trafficking. In skeletal muscle, Bin1 plays a role in the organization and maintenance of the T-tubule network. The N-BAR domain of amphiphysin forms a curved dimer with a positively-charged concave face that can drive membrane bending and curvature. Human autoantibodies to amphiphysin-1 hinder GABAergic signaling and contribute to the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome. Mutations in amphiphysin-2 (BIN1) are associated with autosomal recessive centronuclear myopathy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАV╧вА0А0АаАВ│вА0А0АаАВ*cd07771, FGGY_RhuK, L-rhamnulose kinases; a subfamily of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is predominantly composed of bacterial L-rhamnulose kinases (RhuK, also known as rhamnulokinase; EC 2.7.1.5), which are encoded by the rhaB gene and catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of L-rhamnulose to produce L-rhamnulose-1-phosphate and ADP. Some uncharacterized homologous sequences are also included in this subfamily. The prototypical member of this subfamily is Escherichia coli RhuK, which exists as a monomer composed of two large domains. The ATP binding site is located in the cleft between the two domains. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. The presence of divalent Mg2+ or Mn2+ is required for catalysis. Although an intramolecular disulfide bridge is present in Rhuk, disulfide formation is not important to the regulation of RhuK enzymatic activity. Members of this subfamily belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА═вА0А0АаАВ╬cd07772, FGGY_NaCK_like, Novosphingobium aromaticivorans carbohydrate kinase-like proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is predominantly composed of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with similarity to carbohydrate kinase from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans (NaCK). These proteins may catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to their carbohydrate substrates. They belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╬вА0А0АаАВдcd07773, FGGY_FK, L-fuculose kinases; a subfamily of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is composed of bacterial L-fuculose kinases (FK, also known as fuculokinase, EC 2.7.1.51), which catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of L-fuculose to produce L-fuculose-1-phosphate and ADP. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ is required for enzymatic activity. FKs belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╧вА0А0АаАВ/cd07774, FGGY_1, uncharacterized subgroup; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is composed of uncharacterized carbohydrate kinases. They are sequence homologous to bacterial glycerol kinase and have been classified as members of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. The monomers of FGGY proteins contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╨вА0А0АаАВцcd07775, FGGY_AI-2K, Autoinducer-2 kinases; a subfamily of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is composed of bacterial autoinducer-2 (AI-2) kinases and similar proteins. AI-2 is a small chemical quorum-sensing signal involved in interspecies communication in bacteria. Cytoplasmic autoinducer-2 kinase, encoded by the lsrK gene from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lsr (luxS regulated) operon, is the prototypical member of this subfamily. AI-2 kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of intracellular AI-2 to phospho-AI-2, which leads to the inactivation of lsrR, the repressor of the lsr operon. Members of this family are homologs of glycerol kinase-like proteins and belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╤вА0А0АаАВncd07776, FGGY_D-XK_euk, eukaryotic D-xylulose kinases; a subfamily of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is composed of eukaryotic D-xylulose kinases (XK, also known as xylulokinase; EC 2.7.1.17), which catalyze the rate-limiting step in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) and ADP. They belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. Members of this subfamily are similar to bacterial D-XKs, which exist as dimers with active sites that lie at the interface between two large domains. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ is required for catalytic activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>┤вА0А0АаАВwcd07777, FGGY_SHK_like, sedoheptulokinase-like proteins; a subfamily of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is predominantly composed of uncharacterized bacterial and eukaryotic proteins with similarity to human sedoheptulokinase (SHK, also known as D-altro-heptulose or heptulokinase, EC 2.7.1.14) encoded by the carbohydrate kinase-like (CARKL/SHPK) gene. SHK catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of sedoheptulose to produce sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and ADP. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ might be required for catalytic activity. Members of this subfamily belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╡вА0А0АаАВВcd07778, FGGY_L-RBK_like, L-ribulokinase-like proteins; a subfamily of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is composed of a group of putative bacterial L-ribulokinases (RBK; EC 2.7.1.16) and similar proteins. L-RBK catalyzes the MgATP-dependent phosphorylation of a variety of sugar substrates. Members of this subfamily belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╘вА0А0АаАВ┐cd07779, FGGY_ygcE_like, uncharacterized ygcE-like proteins. This subfamily consists of uncharacterized hypothetical bacterial proteins with similarity to Escherichia coli sugar kinase ygcE , whose functional roles are not yet clear. Escherichia coli ygcE is recognized by this model, but is not present in the alignment as it contains a deletion relative to other members of the group. These proteins belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╢вА0А0АаАВ;cd07781, FGGY_RBK, Ribulokinases; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is predominantly composed of bacterial ribulokinases (RBK) which catalyze the MgATP-dependent phosphorylation of L(or D)-ribulose to produce L(or D)-ribulose 5-phosphate and ADP. RBK also phosphorylates a variety of other sugar substrates including ribitol and arabitol. The reason why L-RBK can phosphorylate so many different substrates is not yet clear. The presence of Mg2+ is required for catalytic activity. This group belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╓вА0А0АаАВУcd07782, FGGY_YpCarbK_like, Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis carbohydrate kinase-like subgroup; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is composed of the uncharacterized Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis carbohydrate kinase that has been named glyerol/xylulose kinase and similar uncharacterized proteins from bacteria and eukaryota. Carbohydrate kinases catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of their carbohydrate substrate to produce phosphorylated sugar and ADP. The presence of Mg2+ is required for catalytic activity. This subgroup shows high homology to characterized ribulokinases and belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╖вА0А0АаАВМcd07783, FGGY_CarbK-RPE_like, Carbohydrate kinase and ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase fusion proteins-like; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is composed of uncharacterized proteins with similarity to carbohydrate kinases. Some members are carbohydrate kinase and ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase fusion proteins. Carbohydrate kinases catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of their carbohydrate substrate to produce phosphorylated sugar and ADP. The presence of Mg2+ is required for catalytic activity. This subgroup shows high homology to characterized ribulokinases and belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╪вА0А0АаАВ[cd07786, FGGY_EcGK_like, Escherichia coli glycerol kinase-like proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is composed of mostly bacterial and archaeal glycerol kinases (GK), including the well characterized proteins from Escherichia coli (EcGK), Thermococcus kodakaraensis (TkGK), and Enterococcus casseliflavus (EnGK). GKs contain two large domains separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. The high affinity ATP binding site of EcGK is created only by a substrate-induced conformational change, which is initiated by protein-protein interactions through complex formation with enzyme IIAGlc (also known as IIIGlc), the glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein of the phosphotransferase system (PTS). EcGK exists in a dimer-tetramer equilibrium. IIAGlc binds to both EcGK dimer and tetramer, and inhibits the uptake and subsequent metabolism of glycerol and maltose. Another well-known allosteric regulator of EcGK is fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), which binds to the EcGK tetramer and plays an essential role in the stabilization of the inactive tetrameric form. EcGK requires Mg2+ for its enzymatic activity. Members in this subgroup belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┘вА0А0АаАВоcd07789, FGGY_CsGK_like, Cellulomonas sp. glycerol kinase-like proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup corresponds to a small group of bacterial glycerol kinases (GK) with similarity to Cellulomonas sp. glycerol kinase (CsGK). CsGK might exist as a dimer. Its monomer is composed of two large domains separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. The regulation of the catalytic activity of this group has not yet been examined. Members in this subgroup belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┌вА0А0АаАВcd07791, FGGY_GK2_bacteria, bacterial glycerol kinase 2-like proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup corresponds to a group of putative bacterial glycerol kinases (GK), which may be coded by the GK-like gene, GK2. Sequence comparison shows members in this CD are homologs of Escherichia coli GK. They retain all functionally important residues, and may catalyze the Mg-ATP dependent phosphorylation of glycerol to yield glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). GKs belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА█вА0А0АаАВЙcd07792, FGGY_GK1-3_metazoa, Metazoan glycerol kinase 1 and 3-like proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup corresponds to a group of metazoan glycerol kinases (GKs), coded by X chromosome-linked GK genes, and glycerol kinase (GK)-like proteins, coded by autosomal testis-specific GK-like genes (GK-like genes, GK1 and GK3). Sequence comparison shows that metazoan GKs and GK-like proteins in this family are closely related to the bacterial GKs, which catalyze the Mg-ATP dependent phosphorylation of glycerol to yield glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). The metazoan GKs do have GK enzymatic activity. However, the GK-like metazoan proteins do not exhibit GK activity and their biological functions are not yet clear. Some of them lack important functional residues involved in the binding of ADP and Mg2+, which may result in the loss of GK catalytic function. Others that have conserved catalytic residues have lost their GK activity as well; the reason remains unclear. It has been suggested the conserved catalytic residues might facilitate them performing a distinct function. GKs belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╕вА0А0АаАВЖcd07793, FGGY_GK5_metazoa, metazoan glycerol kinase 5-like proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup corresponds to a group of metazoan putative glycerol kinases (GK), which may be coded by the GK-like gene, GK5. Sequence comparison shows members of this group are homologs of bacterial GKs, and they retain all functionally important residues. However, GK-like proteins in this family do not have detectable GK activity. The reason remains unclear. It has been suggested tha the conserved catalytic residues might facilitate them performing a distinct function. GKs belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╣вА0А0АаАВЯcd07794, FGGY_GK_like_proteobact, Proteobacterial glycerol kinase-like proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup corresponds to a small group of proteobacterial glycerol kinase (GK)-like proteins, including the glycerol kinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, take up glycerol passively by facilitated diffusion. In contrast, P. aeruginosa may also utilize a binding protein-dependent active transport system to mediate glycerol transportation. The glycerol kinase subsequently phosphorylates the intracellular glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). GKs belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▐вА0А0АаАВжcd07795, FGGY_ScGut1p_like, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gut1p and related proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup corresponds to a small group of fungal glycerol kinases (GK), including Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gut1p/YHL032Cp, which phosphorylates glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate in the cytosol. Glycerol utilization has been considered as the sole source of carbon and energy in S. cerevisiae, and is mediated by glycerol kinase and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is encoded by the GUT2 gene. Members in this family show high similarity to their prokaryotic and eukaryotic homologs. GKs belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▀вА0А0АаАВ╖cd07796, FGGY_NHO1_plant, Arabidopsis NHO1 and related proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup includes Arabidopsis NHO1 (also known as NONHOST1, or noh-host resistant 1) and other putative plant glycerol kinases, which share strong homology with glycerol kinases from bacteria, fungi, and animals. Nonhost resistance of plants refers to the phenomenon observed when all members of a plant species are typically resistant to a specific parasite. NHO1 is required for nonspecific resistance to nonhost Pseudomonas bacteria, it is also required for resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. This subgroup belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрвА0А0АаАВ╬cd07798, FGGY_AI-2K_like, Autoinducer-2 kinase-like proteins; belongs to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup consists of uncharacterized hypothetical bacterial proteins with similarity to bacterial autoinducer-2 (AI-2) kinases, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of intracellular AI-2 to phospho-AI-2, leading to the inactivation of lsrR, the repressor of the lsr operon. Members of this subgroup belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсвА0А0АаАВюcd07802, FGGY_L-XK, L-xylulose kinases; a subfamily of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is composed of bacterial L-xylulose kinases (L-XK, also known as L-xylulokinase; EC 2.7.1.53), which catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of L-xylulose to produce L-xylulose 5-phosphate and ADP. The presence of Mg2+ might be required for catalytic activity. Some uncharacterized sequences are also included in this subfamily. L-XKs belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases, the monomers of which contain two large domains, which are separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>║вА0А0АаАВcd07803, FGGY_D-XK, D-xylulose kinases; a subgroup of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subfamily is predominantly composed of bacterial D-xylulose kinases (XK, also known as xylulokinase; EC 2.7.1.17), which catalyze the rate-limiting step in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) and ADP. Some uncharacterized sequences are also included in this subfamily. The prototypical member of this subfamily is Escherichia coli xylulokinase (EcXK), which exists as a dimer. Each monomer consists of two large domains separated by an open cleft that forms an active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. XKs do not have any known allosteric regulators, and they may have weak but significant activity in the absence of substrate. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ is required for catalytic activity. Members of this subfamily belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАувА0А0АаАВNcd07804, FGGY_XK_like_1, uncharacterized xylulose kinase-like proteins; a subgroup of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is composed of uncharacterized bacterial and archaeal xylulose kinases-like proteins with similarity to bacterial D-xylulose kinases (XK, also known as xylulokinase; EC 2.7.1.17), which catalyze the rate-limiting step in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) and ADP. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ is required for catalytic activity. D-XK exists as a dimer with an active site that lies at the interface between the N- and C-terminal domains. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. Members of this subgroup belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАфвА0А0АаАВ!cd07805, FGGY_XK_like_2, uncharacterized xylulose kinase-like proteins; a subgroup of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is composed of uncharacterized proteins with similarity to bacterial D-Xylulose kinases (XK, also known as xylulokinase; EC 2.7.1.17), which catalyze the rate-limiting step in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) and ADP. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ is required for catalytic activity. D-XK exists as a dimer with an active site that lies at the interface between the N- and C-terminal domains. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. Members of this subgroup belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАхвА0А0АаАВcd07808, FGGY_D-XK_EcXK-like, Escherichia coli xylulokinase-like D-xylulose kinases; a subgroup of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is predominantly composed of bacterial D-xylulose kinases (XK, also known as xylulokinase; EC 2.7.1.17), which catalyze the rate-limiting step in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) and ADP. D-xylulose has been used as a source of carbon and energy by a variety of microorganisms. Some uncharacterized sequences are also included in this subgroup. The prototypical member of this CD is Escherichia coli xylulokinase (EcXK), which exists as a dimer. Each monomer consists of two large domains separated by an open cleft that forms an active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ is required for catalytic activity. Members of this subgroup belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАцвА0А0АаАВЩcd07809, FGGY_D-XK_1, D-xylulose kinases, subgroup 1; members of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is composed of D-xylulose kinases (XK, also known as xylulokinase; EC 2.7.1.17) from bacteria and eukaryota. They share high sequence similarity with Escherichia coli xylulokinase (EcXK), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) and ADP. Some uncharacterized sequences are also included in this subfamily. EcXK exists as a dimer. Each monomer consists of two large domains separated by an open cleft that forms an active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ might be required for catalytic activity. Members of this subgroup belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАчвА0А0АаАВPcd07810, FGGY_D-XK_2, D-xylulose kinases, subgroup 2; members of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is predominantly composed of bacterial D-xylulose kinases (XK, also known as xylulokinase; EC 2.7.1.17). They share high sequence similarity with Escherichia coli xylulokinase (EcXK), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) and ADP. EcXK exists as a dimer. Each monomer consists of two large domains separated by an open cleft that forms an active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ might be required for catalytic activity. Members of this subgroup belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАшвА0А0АаАВМcd07811, FGGY_D-XK_3, D-xylulose kinases, subgroup 3; members of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup is composed of proteobacterial D-xylulose kinases (XK, also known as xylulokinase; EC 2.7.1.17). They share high sequence similarity with Escherichia coli xylulokinase (EcXK), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P) and ADP. Some uncharacterized sequences are also included in this subfamily. EcXK exists as a dimer. Each monomer consists of two large domains separated by an open cleft that forms an active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain. The presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ might be required for catalytic activity. Members of this subgroup belong to the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАщвА0А0АаАВЯcd07812, SRPBCC, START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC (SRPBCC) ligand-binding domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket; they bind diverse ligands. Included in this superfamily are the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, and the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), as well as the SRPBCC domains of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of this superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓╓вА0А0АаАВcd07813, COQ10p_like, Coenzyme Q-binding protein COQ10p and similar proteins. Coenzyme Q-binding protein COQ10p and similar proteins. COQ10p is a hydrophobic protein located in the inner membrane of mitochondria that binds coenzyme Q (CoQ), also called ubiquinone, which is an essential electron carrier of the respiratory chain. Deletion of the gene encoding COQ10p (COQ10 or YOL008W) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in respiratory defect because of the inability to oxidize NADH and succinate. COQ10p may function in the delivery of CoQ (Q6 in budding yeast) to its proper location for electron transport. The human homolog, called Q-binding protein COQ10 homolog A (COQ10A), is able to fully complement for the absence of COQ10p in fission yeast. Human COQ10A also has a splice variant COQ10B. COQ10p belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓╫вА0А0АаАВ└cd07814, SRPBCC_CalC_Aha1-like, Putative hydrophobic ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of Micromonospora echinospora CalC, human Aha1, and related proteins. This family includes the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain of Micromonospora echinospora CalC, human Aha1, and related proteins. Proteins in this group belong to the SRPBCC domain superfamily of proteins, which bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. MeCalC confers resistance to the enediyne, calicheamicin gamma 1 (CLM), by a self sacrificing mechanism which results in inactivation of both CalC and the highly reactive diradical enediyne species. MeCalC can also inactivate two other enediynes, shishijimicin and namenamicin. A crucial Gly of the MeCalC CLM resistance mechanism is not conserved in this subgroup. This family also includes the C-terminal, Bet v1-like domain of Aha1, one of several co-chaperones, which regulate the dimeric chaperone Hsp90. Aha1 promotes dimerization of the N-terminal domains of Hsp90, and stimulates its low intrinsic ATPase activity, and may regulate the dwell time of Hsp90 with client proteins. Aha1 can act as either a positive or negative regulator of chaperone-dependent activation, depending on the client protein, but the mechanisms by which these opposing functions are achieved are unclear. Aha1 is upregulated in a number of tumor lines co-incident with the activation of several signaling kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓╪вА0А0АаАВ╠cd07815, SRPBCC_PITP, Lipid-binding SRPBCC domain of Class I and Class II Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Proteins. This family includes the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain of the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) family of lipid transfer proteins. This family of proteins includes Class 1 PITPs (PITPNA/PITPalpha and PITPNB/PITPbeta, Drosophila vibrator and related proteins), Class IIA PITPs (PITPNM1/PITPalphaI/Nir2, PITPNM2/PITPalphaII/Nir3, Drosophila RdgB, and related proteins), and Class IIB PITPs (PITPNC1/RdgBbeta and related proteins). The PITP family belongs to the SRPBCC domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. In vitro, PITPs bind phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), as well as phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) but with a lower affinity. They transfer these lipids from one membrane compartment to another. The cellular roles of PITPs include inositol lipid signaling, PtdIns metabolism, and membrane trafficking. Class III PITPs, exemplified by the Sec14p family, are found in yeast and plants but are unrelated in sequence and structure to Class I and II PITPs and belong to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓┘вА0А0АаАВWcd07816, Bet_v1-like, Ligand-binding bet_v_1 domain of major pollen allergen of white birch (Betula verrucosa), Bet v 1, and related proteins. This family includes the ligand binding domain of Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa) and related proteins. In addition to birch Bet v 1, this family includes other plant intracellular pathogenesis-related class 10 (PR-10) proteins, norcoclaurine synthases (NCSs), cytokinin binding proteins (CSBPs), major latex proteins (MLPs), and ripening-related proteins. It belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. Members of this family binds a diverse range of ligands. Bet v 1 can bind brassinosteroids, cytokinins, flavonoids and fatty acids. Hyp-1, a PR-10 from Hypericum perforatum/St. John's wort, catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of emodin to the bioactive naphthodianthrone hypericin. NCSs catalyze the condensation of dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde to (S)-norcoclaurine, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids such as morphine. The role of MLPs is unclear; however, they are associated with fruit and flower development and in pathogen defense responses. A number of PR-10 proteins in this subgroup, including Bet v 1, have in vitro RNase activity, the biological significance of which is unclear. Bet v 1 family proteins have a conserved glycine-rich P (phosphate-binding)-loop proximal to the entrance of the ligand-binding pocket. However, its conformation differs from that of the canonical P-loop structure found in nucleotide-binding proteins. Several PR-10 members including Bet v1 are allergenic. Cross-reactivity of Bet v 1 with homologs from plant foods results in birch-fruit syndrome.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓┌вА0А0АаАВ█cd07817, SRPBCC_8, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓█вА0А0АаАВ█cd07818, SRPBCC_1, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓▄вА0А0АаАВ█cd07819, SRPBCC_2, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓▌вА0А0АаАВ█cd07820, SRPBCC_3, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓▐вА0А0АаАВїcd07821, PYR_PYL_RCAR_like, Pyrabactin resistance 1 (PYR1), PYR1-like (PYL), regulatory component of abscisic acid receptors (RCARs), and related proteins. The PYR/PYL/RCAR-like family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins are receptors involved in signal transduction. They bind abscisic acid (ABA) and mediate its signaling. ABA is a vital plant hormone, which regulates plant growth, development, and response to environmental stresses. Upon binding ABA, these plant proteins interact with a type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C), such as ABI1 and ABI2, and inhibit their activity. When ABA is bound, a loop (designated the gate/CL2 loop) closes over the ligand binding pocket, resulting in the weakening of the inactive PYL dimer and facilitating type 2C protein phosphatase binding. In the ABA:PYL1:ABI1 complex, the gate blocks substrate access to the phosphatase active site. A conserved Trp from PP2C inserts into PYL to lock the receptor in a closed formation. This group also contains Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 MxaD. The mxaD gene is located within the mxaFJGIR(S)ACKLDEHB cluster which encodes proteins involved in methanol oxidation. MxaD may participate in the periplasmic electron transport chain for oxidation of methanol. Mutants lacking MxaD exhibit a reduced growth on methanol, and a lower rate of respiration with methanol.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓▀вА0А0АаАВ█cd07822, SRPBCC_4, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓рвА0А0АаАВ█cd07823, SRPBCC_5, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓свА0А0АаАВ█cd07824, SRPBCC_6, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓твА0А0АаАВ█cd07825, SRPBCC_7, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓увА0А0АаАВнcd07826, SRPBCC_CalC_Aha1-like_9, Putative hydrophobic ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subgroup of CalC- and Aha1-like proteins. SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain of a functionally uncharacterized subgroup of CalC- and Aha1-like proteins. This group shows similarity to the SRPBCC domains of Micromonospora echinospora CalC (a protein which confers resistance to enediynes) and human Aha1 (one of several co-chaperones which regulate the dimeric chaperone Hsp90), and belongs to the SRPBCC domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓фвА0А0АаАВИcd07827, RHD-n, N-terminal sub-domain of the Rel homology domain (RHD). Proteins containing the Rel homology domain (RHD) are metazoan transcription factors. The RHD is composed of two structural sub-domains; this model characterizes the N-terminal sub-domain, which may be distantly related to the DNA-binding domain found in P53. The C-terminal sub-domain has an immunoglobulin-like fold and serves as a dimerization module that also binds DNA (see cd00102). The RHD is found in NF-kappa B, nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), the tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP), and the arthropod proteins Dorsal and Relish (Rel).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВжcd07828, nitrobindin, nitrobindin heme-binding domain. Nitrobindin is a heme-containing lipocalin that may reversibly bind nitric oxide. This heme-binding domain forms a beta barrel structure, and in a small family of proteins from tetrapods, it is found C-terminal to a THAP zinc finger domain (a sequence-specific DNA binding domain). Members of this group are putatively related to fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1$вА0А0АаАВвА0А0АаАВ5cd08038, LARP_2, La RNA-binding domain of La-related protein 2. This domain is found in vertebrate La-related protein 2 (LARP2). A variety of La-related proteins (LARPs or La ribonucleoproteins), with differing domain architecture, appear to function as RNA-binding proteins in eukaryotic cellular processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАW?вА0А0АаАВ╟cd08039, Adenylation_DNA_ligase_Fungal, Adenylation domain of uncharacterized fungal ATP-dependent DNA ligase-like proteins. ATP-dependent polynucleotide ligases catalyze phosphodiester bond formation using nicked nucleic acid substrates with the high energy nucleotide of ATP as a cofactor in a three step reaction mechanism. DNA ligases play a vital role in the diverse processes of DNA replication, recombination and repair. ATP-dependent ligases are present in many organisms such as viruses, bacteriophages, eukarya, archaea and bacteria. This group is composed of uncharacterized fungal proteins with similarity to ATP-dependent DNA ligases. ATP dependent DNA ligases have a highly modular architecture consisting of a unique arrangement of two or more discrete domains including a DNA-binding domain, an adenylation (nucleotidyltransferase (NTase)) domain, and an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB)-fold domain. The adenylation domain binds ATP and contains many of the active-site residues. The adenylation and C-terminal OB-fold domains comprise a catalytic core unit that is common to most members of the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family. The catalytic core unit contains six conserved sequence motifs (I, III, IIIa, IV, V and VI) that define this family of related nucleotidyltransferases. This model characterizes the adenylation domain of this group of uncharacterized fungal proteins. It is not known whether these proteins also contain an OB-fold domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒tвА0А0АаАВcd08040, OBF_DNA_ligase_family, The Oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB)-fold domain is a DNA-binding module that is part of the catalytic core unit of ATP dependent DNA ligases. ATP-dependent polynucleotide ligases catalyze phosphodiester bond formation using nicked nucleic acid substrates with the high energy nucleotide of ATP as a cofactor in a three step reaction mechanism. DNA ligases play a vital role in the diverse processes of DNA replication, recombination and repair. ATP dependent DNA ligases have a highly modular architecture consisting of a unique arrangement of two or more discrete domains including a DNA-binding domain, an adenylation (nucleotidyltransferase (NTase)) domain, and an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB)-fold domain. The adenylation and C-terminal OB-fold domains comprise a catalytic core unit that is common to most members of the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family. The catalytic core unit contains six conserved sequence motifs (I, III, IIIa, IV, V and VI) that define this family of related nucleotidyltransferases. The OB-fold domain contacts the nicked DNA substrate and is required for the ATP-dependent DNA ligase nucleotidylation step. The RxDK motif (motif VI), which is essential for ATP hydrolysis, is located in the OB-fold domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWbвА0А0АаАВ┘cd08041, OBF_kDNA_ligase_like, The Oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB)-fold domain of kDNA ligase-like ATP-dependent DNA ligases is a DNA-binding module that is part of the catalytic core unit. ATP-dependent polynucleotide ligases catalyze phosphodiester bond formation using nicked nucleic acid substrates with the high energy nucleotide of ATP as a cofactor in a three step reaction mechanism. DNA ligases play a vital role in the diverse processes of DNA replication, recombination and repair. ATP-dependent ligases are present in many organisms such as viruses, bacteriohages, eukarya, archaea and bacteria. The mitochondrial DNA of parasitic protozoan is highly unusual. It is termed the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and consists of circular DNA molecules (maxicircles) and several thousand smaller circular molecules (minicircles). This group is composed of kDNA ligase, Chlorella virus DNA ligase, and similar proteins. kDNA ligase and Chlorella virus DNA ligase are the smallest known ATP-dependent ligases. They are involved in DNA replication or repair. ATP dependent DNA ligases have a highly modular architecture consisting of a unique arrangement of two or more discrete domains. The adenylation and oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB)-fold domains comprise a catalytic core unit that is common to most members of the ATP-dependent DNA ligase family. The catalytic core unit contains six conserved sequence motifs (I, III, IIIa, IV, V and VI) that define this family of related nucleotidyltransferases. The OB-fold domain contacts the nicked DNA substrate and is required for the ATP-dependent DNA ligase nucleotidylation step. The RxDK motif (motif VI), which is essential for ATP hydrolysis, is located in the OB-fold domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWcвА0А0АаАВдcd08044, TAF5_NTD2, TAF5_NTD2 is the second conserved N-terminal region of TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 5 (TAF5), involved in forming Transcription Factor IID (TFIID). The TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 5 (TAF5) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP and are involved in forming Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. TAF5 contains three domains, two conserved sequence motifs at the N-terminal and one at the C-terminal region. TFIID is one of seven General Transcription Factors (GTF) (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIID) involved in accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes. TFIID plays an important role in the recognition of promoter DNA and assembly of the preinitiation complex. TFIID complex is composed of the TBP and at least 13 TAFs. In yeast and human cells, TAFs have been found as components of other complexes besides TFIID. TAF5 may play a major role in forming TFIID and its related complexes. TAFs from various species were originally named by their predicted molecular weight or their electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels. A new, unified nomenclature for the pol II TAFs has been suggested to show the relationship between TAF orthologs and paralogs. TAF5 has a paralog gene (TAF5L) which has a redundant function. Several hypotheses are proposed for TAFs functions such as serving as activator-binding sites, core-promoter recognition or a role in essential catalytic activity. C-terminus of TAF5 contains six WD40 repeats that likely form a closed beta propeller structure and may be involved in protein-protein interaction. The first part of the TAF5 N-terminal (TAF5_NTD1) homodimerizes in the absence of other TAFs. The second conserved N-terminal part of TAF5 (TAF5_NTD2) has an alpha-helical domain. One study has shown that TAF5_NTD2 homodimerizes only at high concentration of calcium but not any other metals. No dimerization was observed in other structural studies of TAF_NTD2. Several TAFs interact via histone-fold (HFD) motifs; HFD is the interaction motif involved in heterodimerization of the core histones and their assembly into nucleosome octamer. However, TAF5 does not have a HFD motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░НвА0А0АаАВcd08045, TAF4, TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 4 (TAF4) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP and is involved in forming Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. The TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 4 (TAF4) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP and are involved in forming the Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. TFIID is one of seven General Transcription Factors (GTF) (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIID) that are involved in accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II in eukaryote. TFIID plays an important role in the recognition of promoter DNA and assembly of the pre-initiation complex. TFIID complex is composed of the TBP and at least 13 TAFs. TAFs from various species were originally named by their predicted molecular weight or their electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels. A new, unified nomenclature for the pol II TAFs has been suggested to show the relationship between TAF orthologs and paralogs. Several hypotheses are proposed for TAFs functions such as serving as activator-binding sites, core-promoter recognition or a role in essential catalytic activity. Each TAF, with the help of a specific activator, is required only for the expression of subset of genes and is not universally involved for transcription as are GTFs. In yeast and human cells, TAFs have been found as components of other complexes besides TFIID. Several TAFs interact via histone-fold (HFD) motifs; HFD is the interaction motif involved in heterodimerization of the core histones and their assembly into nucleosome octamers. The minimal HFD contains three alpha-helices linked by two loops and is found in core histones, TAFS and many other transcription factors. TFIID has a histone octamer-like substructure. TAF4 domain interacts with TAF12 and makes a novel histone-like heterodimer that binds DNA and has a core promoter function of a subset of genes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзНвА0А0АаАВicd08047, TAF7, TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 7 (TAF7) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP and is involved in forming Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. The TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 7 (TAF7) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP and are involved in forming the Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. TFIID is one of seven General Transcription Factors (GTF) (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIID) that are involved in accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes. TFIID plays an important role in the recognition of promoter DNA and assembly of the preinitiation complex. TFIID complex is composed of the TBP and at least 13 TAFs. TAFs are named after their electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels in different species. A new, unified nomenclature has been suggested for the pol II TAFs to show the relationship between TAF orthologs and paralogs. Several hypotheses are proposed for TAFs functions such as serving as activator-binding sites, core-promoter recognition or a role in essential catalytic activity. Each TAF, with the help of a specific activator, is required only for expression of subset of genes and is not universally involved for transcription as are GTFs. TAF7 is involved in the regulation of the transition from PIC assembly to initiation and elongation. In yeast and human cells, TAFs have been found as components of other complexes besides TFIID. Several TAFs interact via histone-fold (HFD) motifs; the HFD is the interaction motif involved in heterodimerization of the core histones and their assembly into nucleosome octamers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзОвА0А0АаАВ╠cd08048, TAF11, TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 11 (TAF11) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP and is involved in forming Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. The TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 11 (TAF11) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP and are involved in forming the Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. TFIID is one of seven General Transcription Factors (GTF) (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIID) that are involved in accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes. TFIID plays an important role in the recognition of promoter DNA and assembly of the pre-initiation complex. TFIID complex is composed of the TBP and at least 13 TAFs. TAFs from various species were originally named by their predicted molecular weight or their electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels. A new, unified nomenclature for the pol II TAFs has been suggested to show the relationship between TAF orthologs and paralogs. Several hypotheses are proposed for TAFs functions such as serving as activator-binding sites, core-promoter recognition or a role in essential catalytic activity. TAF11 interacts with the ligand binding domains of the nuclear receptors for vitamin D3 and thyroid hormone. TAF11 also directly interacts with TFIIA, acting as a bridging factor that stabilizes the TFIIA-TBP-DNA complex. Each TAF, with the help of a specific activator, is required only for the expression of subset of genes and is not universally involved for transcription as are GTFs. In yeast and human cells, TAFs have been found as components of other complexes besides TFIID. Several TAFs interact via histone-fold (HFD) motifs; HFD is the interaction motif involved in heterodimerization of the core histones and their assembly into nucleosome octamers. The minimal HFD contains three alpha-helices linked by two loops and is found in core histones, TAFS and many other transcription factors. TFIID has a histone octamer-like substructure. The TAF11 domain is structurally analogous to histone H3 and interacts with TAF13, making a novel histone-like heterodimer. The dimer may be structurally and functionally similar to the spt3 protein within the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзПвА0А0АаАВ[cd08049, TAF8, TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 8. The TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 8 (TAF8) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP, and is involved in forming the Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. TFIID is one of seven General Transcription Factors (GTF) (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIID) that are involved in accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes. TFIID plays an important role in the recognition of promoter DNA and the assembly of the preinitiation complex. The TFIID complex is composed of the TBP and at least 13 TAFs. TAFs from various species were originally named by their predicted molecular weight or their electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels. A new, unified nomenclature for the pol II TAFs has been suggested to show the relationship between TAF orthologs and paralogs. Several hypotheses are proposed for TAFs' functions, such as serving as activator-binding sites, involvement in the core-promoter recognition, or a role in the essential catalytic activity of the complex. The mouse ortholog of TAF8 is called taube nuss protein (TBN), and is required for early embryonic development. TBN mutant mice exhibit disturbances in the balance between cell death and cell survival in the early embryo. TAF8 plays a role in the differentiation of preadipocyte fibroblasts to adipocytes; it is also required for the integration of TAF10 into the TAF complex. In yeast and human cells, TAFs have been found as components of other complexes besides TFIID. TAF8 is also a component of a small TAF complex (SMAT), which contains TAF8, TAF10 and SUPT7L. Several TAFs interact via histone-fold motifs. The histone fold (HFD) is the interaction motif involved in heterodimerization of the core histones and their assembly into nucleosome octamer. TAF8 contains an H4 related histone fold motif, and interacts with several subunits of TFIID, including TBP and the histone-fold protein TAF10. Currently, five HF-containing TAF pairs have been described or suggested to exist in TFIID: TAF6-TAF9, TAF4-TAF12, TAF11-TAF13, TAF8-TAF10 and TAF3-TAF10.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░ЗвА0А0АаАВсcd08050, TAF6, TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 6 (TAF6) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP and is involved in forming Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. The TATA Binding Protein (TBP) Associated Factor 6 (TAF6) is one of several TAFs that bind TBP and are involved in forming Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) complex. TFIID is one of seven General Transcription Factors (GTFs) (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIID) that are involved in accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes. TFIID plays an important role in the recognition of promoter DNA and assembly of the pre-initiation complex. TFIID complex is composed of the TBP and at least 13 TAFs. TAFs are named after their electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels in different species. A new, unified nomenclature has been suggested for the pol II TAFs to show the relationship between TAF orthologs and paralogs. Several hypotheses are proposed for TAFs functions such as serving as activator-binding sites, core-promoter recognition or a role in essential catalytic activity. These TAFs, with the help of specific activators, are required only for expression of a subset of genes and are not universally involved for transcription as are GTFs. In yeast and human cells, TAFs have been found as components of other complexes besides TFIID. Several TAFs interact via histone-fold (HFD) motifs; the HFD is the interaction motif involved in heterodimerization of the core histones and their assembly into nucleosome octamers. The minimal HFD contains three alpha-helices linked by two loops and is found in core histones, TAFs and many other transcription factors. TFIID has a histone octamer-like substructure. TAF6 is a shared subunit of histone acetyltransferase complex SAGA and TFIID complexes. TAF6 domain interacts with TAF9 and makes a novel histone-like heterodimer that is structurally related to histones H4 and H3. TAF6 may also interact with the downstream core promoter element (DPE).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзРвА0А0АаАВыcd08051, gp6_gp15_like, Head-Tail Connector Proteins gp6 and gp15, and similar proteins. Members of this family include the proteins gp6 and gp15 from bacteriophage HK97 and SPP1, respectively. They are critical in the assembly of the connector, a specialized structure that serves as an interface for head and tail attachment, as well as a point at which DNA exits the head during infection by the bacteriophage. They form dodecameric ring structures that comprise the middle ring of the connector, located between the portal protein (attached to the head) and the gp7/gp16 ring (attached to the tail). They are components of the mature phage and the absence or mutation of HK97 gp6 or SPP1 gp15, respectively, result in defective head-tail joining and the absence of mature phage particles. The genome maps of HK97 and SPP1 show that genes encoding gp6 and gp15 are in the same relative position on the genome, located adjacent to the major capsid protein (MCP) gene and in between head and tail genes. Also included in this family is the uncharacterized Bacillus subtilis Yqbg protein, whose gene is part of the unusual genetic element called skin. The Yqbg gene is surrounded with genes similar to genes in the Bacillus subtilis prophage-like element PBSX, which encode for proteins comprising contractile-tailed phage-like particles that are produced upon mitomycin C treatment. Yqbg likely acts as a head-tail connector protein, similar to gp6 and gp15, of the PBSX-like prophage encoded in the skin element.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWdвА0А0АаАВWcd08053, Yqbg, Putative Head-Tail Connector Protein Yqbg from Bacillus subtilis and similar proteins. The uncharacterized Bacillus subtilis Yqbg protein, whose gene is part of the unusual genetic element called skin, shows a similar structure to the connector proteins gp6 and gp15 from bacteriophage HK97 and SPP1, respectively. gp6 and gp15 are critical in the assembly of the connector, a specialized structure that serves as an interface for head and tail attachment, as well as a point at which DNA exits the head during infection by the bacteriophage. They form dodecameric ring structures that comprise the middle ring of the connector, located between the portal protein (attached to the head) and the gp7/gp16 ring (attached to the tail). The Yqbg gene is surrounded with genes similar to genes in the Bacillus subtilis prophage-like element PBSX, which encode for proteins comprising contractile-tailed phage-like particles that are produced upon mitomycin C treatment. Yqbg likely acts as a head-tail connector protein, similar to gp6 and gp15, of the PBSX-like prophage encoded in the skin element.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWeвА0А0АаАВcd08344, MhqB_like_N, N-terminal domain of MhqB, a type I extradiol dioxygenase, and similar proteins. This subfamily contains the N-terminal, non-catalytic, domain of Burkholderia sp. NF100 MhqB and similar proteins. MhqB is a type I extradiol dioxygenase involved in the catabolism of methylhydroquinone, an intermediate in the degradation of fenitrothion. The purified enzyme has shown extradiol ring cleavage activity toward 3-methylcatechol. Fe2+ was suggested as a cofactor, the same as most other enzymes in the family. Burkholderia sp. NF100 MhqB is encoded on the plasmid pNF1. The type I family of extradiol dioxygenases contains two structurally homologous barrel-shaped domains at the N- and C-terminal. The active-site metal is located in the C-terminal barrel and plays an essential role in the catalytic mechanism.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╝вА0А0АаАВеcd08345, Fosfomycin_RP, Fosfomycin resistant protein. This family contains three types of fosfomycin resistant protein. Fosfomycin inhibits the enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-3-enolpyruvyltransferase (MurA), which catalyzes the first committed step in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. The three types of fosfomycin resistance proteins, employ different mechanisms to render fosfomycin [(1R,2S)-epoxypropylphosphonic acid] inactive. FosB catalyzes the addition of L-cysteine to the epoxide ring of fosfomycin. FosX catalyzes the addition of a water molecule to the C1 position of the antibiotic with inversion of configuration at C1. FosA catalyzes the addition of glutathione to the antibiotic fosfomycin, making it inactive. Catalytic activities of both FosX and FosA are Mn(II)-dependent, but FosB is activated by Mg(II). Fosfomycin resistant proteins are evolutionarily related to glyoxalase I and type I extradiol dioxygenases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╜вА0А0АаАВ░cd08346, PcpA_N_like, N-terminal domain of Sphingobium chlorophenolicum 2,6-dichloro-p-hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase (PcpA), and similar proteins. The N-terminal domain of Sphingobium chlorophenolicum (formerly Sphingomonas chlorophenolica) 2,6-dichloro-p-hydroquinone1,2-dioxygenase (PcpA), and similar proteins. PcpA is a key enzyme in the pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation pathway, catalyzing the conversion of 2,6-dichloro-p-hydroquinone to 2-chloromaleylacetate. This domain belongs to a conserved domain superfamily that is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╛вА0А0АаАВ▒cd08347, PcpA_C_like, C-terminal domain of Sphingobium chlorophenolicum 2,6-dichloro-p-hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase (PcpA), and similar proteins. The C-terminal domain of Sphingobium chlorophenolicum (formerly Sphingomonas chlorophenolica) 2,6-dichloro-p-hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase (PcpA), and similar proteins. PcpA is a key enzyme in the pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation pathway, catalyzing the conversion of 2,6-dichloro-p-hydroquinone to 2-chloromaleylacetate. This domain belongs to a conserved domain superfamily that is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс┐вА0А0АаАВ?cd08348, BphC2-C3-RGP6_C_like, The single-domain 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenases. This subfamily contains Rhodococcus globerulus P6 BphC2-RGP6 and BphC3-RGP6, and similar proteins. BphC catalyzes the extradiol ring cleavage reaction of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl, yielding 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoic acid. This is the third step in the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) degradation pathway (bph pathway). This subfamily of BphCs belongs to the type I extradiol dioxygenase family, which require a metal in the active site in its catalytic mechanism. Most type I extradiol dioxygenases are activated by Fe(II). Polychlorinated biphenyl degrading bacteria demonstrate a multiplicity of BphCs. For example, three types of BphC enzymes have been found in Rhodococcus globerulus (BphC1-RGP6 - BphC3-RGP6), all three enzymes are type I extradiol dioxygenases. BphC2-RGP6 and BphC3-RGP6 are one-domain dioxygenases, which form hexamers. BphC1-RGP6 has an internal duplication, it is a two-domain dioxygenase which forms octamers, its two domains do not belong to this subfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс└вА0А0АаАВїcd08349, BLMA_like, Bleomycin binding protein (BLMA) and similar proteins. BLMA also called Bleomycin resistance protein, confers Bm resistance by directly binding to Bm. Bm is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced naturally by actinomycetes. It is a potent anti-cancer drug, which acts as a strong DNA-cutting agent, thereby causing cell death. BLMA is produced by actinomycetes to protect themselves against their own lethal compound. BLMA has two identically-folded subdomains, with the same alpha/beta fold; these two halves have no sequence similarity. BLMAs are dimers and each dimer binds to two Bm molecules at the Bm-binding pockets formed at the dimer interface; two Bm molecules are bound per dimer. BLMA belongs to a conserved domain superfamily that is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. As for the larger superfamily, this family contains members with or without domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс┴вА0А0АаАВєcd08350, BLMT_like, BLMT, a bleomycin resistance protein encoded on the transposon Tn5, and similar proteins. BLMT is a bleomycin (Bm) resistance protein, encoded by the ble gene on the transposon Tn5. This protein confers a survival advantage to Escherichia coli host cells. Bm is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced naturally by actinomycetes. It is a potent anti-cancer drug, which acts as a strong DNA-cutting agent, thereby causing cell death. BLMT has strong binding affinity to Bm and it protects against this lethal compound through drug sequestering. BLMT has two identically-folded subdomains, with the same alpha/beta fold; these two halves have no sequence similarity. BLMT is a dimer with two Bm-binding pockets formed at the dimer interface.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс┬вА0А0АаАВvcd08351, ChaP_like, ChaP, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the antitumor agent chartreusin (cha), and similar proteins. ChaP is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the potent antitumor agent chartreusin (cha). Cha is an aromatic polyketide glycoside produced by Streptomyces chartreusis. ChaP may play a role as a meta-cleavage dioxygenase in the oxidative rearrangement of the anthracyclic polyketide. ChaP belongs to a conserved domain superfamily that is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс├вА0А0АаАВЩcd08352, VOC_Bs_YwkD_like, vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) family protein Bacillus subtilis YwkD and similar proteins. uncharacterized subfamily of vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) family contains Bacillus subtilis YwkD and similar proteins. The vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс─вА0А0АаАВcd08353, VOC_like, uncharacterized subfamily of vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) family. The vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс┼вА0А0АаАВcd08354, VOC_like, uncharacterized subfamily of vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) family. The vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╞вА0А0АаАВсcd08355, TioX_like, Micromonospora sp. TioX and similar proteins. Micromonospora sp. TioX is encoded by a gene of the thiocoraline biosynthetic gene cluster. Thiocoraline is a thiodepsipeptide with potent antitumor activity. TioX may be involved in thiocoraline resistance or secretion. TioX belongs to vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily that is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╟вА0А0АаАВncd08356, VOC_CChe_VCA0619_like, uncharacterized subfamily of vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) family. uncharacterized subfamily of vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) family contains Vibrio cholerae VCA0619 and similar proteins. The VOC superfamily is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╚вА0А0АаАВ>cd08357, VOC_like, uncharacterized subfamily of vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) familyprotein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. The vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╔вА0А0АаАВЕcd08358, GLOD4_N, N-terminal domain of human glyoxalase domain-containing protein 4 and similar proteins. Uncharacterized subfamily of the vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily contains human glyoxalase domain-containing protein 4 and similar proteins. VOC is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╩вА0А0АаАВcd08359, VOC_like, uncharacterized subfamily of vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) family. The vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╦вА0А0АаАВ0cd08360, MhqB_like_C, C-terminal domain of Burkholderia sp. NF100 MhqB and similar proteins. This subfamily contains the C-terminal, catalytic, domain of Burkholderia sp. NF100 MhqB and similar proteins. MhqB is a type I extradiol dioxygenase involved in the catabolism of methylhydroquinone, an intermediate in the degradation of fenitrothion. The purified enzyme has shown extradiol ring cleavage activity toward 3-methylcatechol. Fe2+ was suggested as a cofactor, the same as most other enzymes in the family. Burkholderia sp. NF100 MhqB is encoded on the plasmid pNF1. The type I family of extradiol dioxygenases contains two structurally homologous barrel-shaped domains at the N- and C-terminal. The active-site metal is located in the C-terminal barrel and plays an essential role in the catalytic mechanism.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╠вА0А0АаАВ/cd08361, PpCmtC_N, N-terminal domain of 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate-3,4-dioxygenase (PpCmtC). This subfamily contains the N-terminal, non-catalytic, domain of PpCmtC. 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate-3,4-dioxygenase (CmtC of Pseudomonas putida F1) is a dioxygenase involved in the eight-step catabolism pathway of p-cymene. CmtC acts upon the reaction intermediate 2,3-dihydroxy-p-cumate, yielding 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-6-oxo-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoate. The CmtC belongs to the type I family of extradiol dioxygenases. Fe2+ was suggested as a cofactor, same as other enzymes in the family. The type I family of extradiol dioxygenases contains two structurally homologous barrel-shaped domains at the N- and C-terminal. The active-site metal is located in the C-terminal barrel and plays an essential role in the catalytic mechanism.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс═вА0А0АаАВ cd08362, BphC5-RrK37_N_like, N-terminal, non-catalytic, domain of BphC5 (2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase) from Rhodococcus rhodochrous K37, and similar proteins. 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (BphC) catalyzes the extradiol ring cleavage reaction of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl, the third step in the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) degradation pathway (bph pathway). The enzyme contains a N-terminal and a C-terminal domain of similar structure fold, resulting from an ancient gene duplication. BphC belongs to the type I extradiol dioxygenase family, which requires a metal in the active site for its catalytic activity. Polychlorinated biphenyl degrading bacteria demonstrate multiplicity of BphCs. Bacterium Rhodococcus rhodochrous K37 has eight genes encoding BphC enzymes. This family includes the N-terminal domain of BphC5-RrK37. The crystal structure of the protein from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans has a Mn(II)in the active site, although most proteins of type I extradiol dioxygenases are activated by Fe(II).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╬вА0А0АаАВJcd08363, FosB, fosfomycin resistant protein subfamily FosB. This subfamily family contains FosB, a fosfomycin resistant protein. FosB is a Mg(2+)-dependent L-cysteine thiol transferase. Fosfomycin inhibits the enzyme UDP-nacetylglucosamine-3-enolpyruvyltransferase (MurA), which catalyzes the first committed step in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. FosB catalyzes the Mg(II) dependent addition of L-cysteine to the epoxide ring of fosfomycin, (1R,2S)-epoxypropylphosphonic acid, rendering it inactive. FosB is evolutionarily related to glyoxalase I and type I extradiol dioxygenases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╧вА0А0АаАВЛcd08364, FosX, fosfomycin resistant protein subfamily FosX. This subfamily family contains FosX, a fosfomycin resistant protein. FosX is a Mn(II)-dependent fosfomycin-specific epoxide hydrolase. Fosfomycin inhibits the enzyme UDP-Nacetylglucosamine-3-enolpyruvyltransferase (MurA), which catalyzes the first committed step in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. FosX catalyzes the addition of a water molecule to the C1 position of the antibiotic with inversion of the configuration at C1 in the presence of Mn(II). The hydrated fosfomycin loses the inhibition activity. FosX is evolutionarily related to glyoxalase I and type I extradiol dioxygenases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╨вА0А0АаАВ█cd08365, APC10-like1, APC10-like DOC1 domains of E3 ubiquitin ligases that mediate substrate ubiquitination. This model represens the APC10-like DOC1 domain of multi-domain proteins present in E3 ubiquitin ligases. E3 ubiquitin ligases mediate substrate ubiquitination (or ubiquitylation), a component of the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway for selective proteolytic degradation. APC10/DOC1 domains such as those present in HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus) and Cullin-RING (Really Interesting New Gene) E3 ubiquitin ligase proteins, HECTD3, and CUL7, respectively, are also included here. CUL7 is a member of the Cullin-RING ligase family and functions as a molecular scaffold assembling a SCF-ROC1-like E3 ubiquitin ligase complex consisting of Skp1, CUL7, Fbx29 F-box protein, and ROC1 (RING-box protein 1) and promotes ubiquitination. CUL7 is a multi-domain protein with a C-terminal cullin domain that binds ROC1 and a centrally positioned APC10/DOC1 domain. HECTD3 contains a C-terminal HECT domain which contains the active site for ubiquitin transfer onto substrates, and an N-terminal APC10/DOC1 domain which is responsible for substrate recognition and binding. An APC10/DOC1 domain homolog is also present in HERC2 (HECT domain and RLD2), a large multi-domain protein with three RCC1-like domains (RLDs), additional internal domains including zinc finger ZZ-type and Cyt-b5 (Cytochrome b5-like Heme/Steroid binding) domains, and a C-terminal HECT domain. Recent studies have shown that the protein complex HERC2-RNF8 coordinates ubiquitin-dependent assembly of DNA repair factors on damaged chromosomes. Also included in this hierarchy is an uncharacterized APC10/DOC1-like domain found in a multi-domain protein, which also contains CUB, zinc finger ZZ-type, and EF-hand domains. The APC10/DOC1 domain forms a beta-sandwich structure that is related in architecture to the galactose-binding domain-like fold; their sequences are quite dissimilar, however, and are not included here.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒cвА0А0АаАВScd08366, APC10, APC10 subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) that mediates substrate ubiquitination. This model represents the single domain protein APC10, a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which is a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase. E3 ubiquitin ligases mediate substrate ubiquitination (or ubiquitylation), a vital component of the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway for selective proteolytic degradation. The APC (also known as the cyclosome), is a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls important transitions in mitosis and the G1 phase by ubiquitinating regulatory proteins, thereby targeting them for degradation. In mitosis, the APC initiates sister chromatid separation by ubiquitinating the anaphase inhibitor securin and triggers exit from mitosis by ubiquitinating cyclin B. The C-terminus of APC10 binds to CDC27/APC3, an APC subunit that contains multiple tetratrico peptide repeats. APC10 domains are homologous to the DOC1 domains present in the HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus) E3 ubiquitin ligase protein, and the Cullin-RING (Really Interesting New Gene) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. The APC10/DOC1 domain forms a beta-sandwich structure that is related in architecture to the galactose-binding domain-like fold; their sequences are quite dissimilar, however, and are not included here.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒dвА0А0АаАВїcd08367, P53, P53 DNA-binding domain. P53 is a tumor suppressor gene product; mutations in p53 or lack of expression are found associated with a large fraction of all human cancers. P53 is activated by DNA damage and acts as a regulator of gene expression that ultimatively blocks progression through the cell cycle. P53 binds to DNA as a tetrameric transcription factor. In its inactive form, p53 is bound to the ring finger protein Mdm2, which promotes its ubiquitinylation and subsequent proteosomal degradation. Phosphorylation of p53 disrupts the Mdm2-p53 complex, while the stable and active p53 binds to regulatory regions of its target genes, such as the cyclin-kinase inhibitor p21, which complexes and inactivates cdk2 and other cyclin complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░ЖвА0А0АаАВВcd08368, LIM, LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers. LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎївА0А0АаАВ1cd08369, FMT_core, Formyltransferase, catalytic core domain. Formyltransferase, catalytic core domain. The proteins of this superfamily contain a formyltransferase domain that hydrolyzes the removal of a formyl group from its substrate as part of a multistep transfer mechanism, and this alignment model represents the catalytic core of the formyltransferase domain. This family includes the following known members; Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase (GART), Formyl-FH4 Hydrolase, Methionyl-tRNA Formyltransferase, ArnA, and 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (FDH). Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase (GART) catalyzes the third step in de novo purine biosynthesis, the transfer of a formyl group to 5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide. Formyl-FH4 Hydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (formyl-FH4) to FH4 and formate. Methionyl-tRNA Formyltransferase transfers a formyl group onto the amino terminus of the acyl moiety of the methionyl aminoacyl-tRNA, which plays important role in translation initiation. ArnA is required for the modification of lipid A with 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (Ara4N) that leads to resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) and clinical antimicrobials such as polymyxin. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH) catalyzes the conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, a precursor for nucleotide biosynthesis, to tetrahydrofolate. Members of this family are multidomain proteins. The formyltransferase domain is located at the N-terminus of FDH, Methionyl-tRNA Formyltransferase and ArnA, and at the C-terminus of Formyl-FH4 Hydrolase. Prokaryotic Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase (GART) is a single domain protein while eukaryotic GART is a trifunctional protein that catalyzes the second, third and fifth steps in de novo purine biosynthesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌@вА0А0АаАВ╤cd08370, FMT_C_like, Carboxy-terminal domain of Formyltransferase and similar domains. This family represents the C-terminal domain of formyltransferase and similar proteins. This domain is found in a variety of enzymes with formyl transferase and alkyladenine DNA glycosylase activities. The proteins with formyltransferase function include methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase, ArnA, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and HypX proteins. Although most proteins with formyl transferase activity contain this C-terminal domain, prokaryotic glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GART), a single domain protein, only contains the core catalytic domain. Thus, the C-terminal domain is not required for formyl transferase catalytic activity and may be involved in substrate binding. Some members of this family have shown nucleic acid binding capacity. The C-terminal domain of methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase is involved in tRNA binding. Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase is a distant member of this family with very low sequence similarity to other members. It catalyzes the first step in base excision repair (BER) by cleaving damaged DNA bases within double-stranded DNA to produce an abasic site and shows ability to bind to DNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌OвА0А0АаАВ▀cd08371, Lumazine_synthase-like, lumazine synthase and riboflavin synthase; involved in the riboflavin (vitamin B2) biosynthetic pathway. This superfamily contains lumazine synthase (6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase, LS) and riboflavin synthase (RS). Both enzymes play important roles in the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) which are essential cofactors for the catalysis of a wide range of redox reactions. These cofactors are also involved in many other processes involving DNA repair, circadian time-keeping, light sensing, and bioluminescence. Riboflavin is biosynthesized in plants, fungi and certain microorganisms; as animals lack the necessary enzymes to produce this vitamin, they acquire it from dietary sources. In the final steps of the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway, LS catalyzes the condensation of the 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione with 3,4-dihydroxy- 2-butanone-4-phosphate to release water, inorganic phosphate and 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine (DMRL), and RS catalyzes a dismutation of DMRL which yields riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. In the latter reaction, a four-carbon moiety is transferred between two DMRL molecules serving as donor and acceptor, respectively. Both the LS and RS catalyzed reactions are thermodynamically irreversible and can proceed in the absence of a catalyst. In bacteria and eukaryotes, there are two types of LS: type-I LS forms homo-pentamers or icosahedrally arranged dodecamers of pentamers, type-II LS forms decamers (dimers of pentamers). In archaea LSs and RSs appear to have diverged early in the evolution of archaea from a common ancestor.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌\вА0А0АаАВ cd08372, EEP, Exonuclease-Endonuclease-Phosphatase (EEP) domain superfamily. This large superfamily includes the catalytic domain (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase or EEP domain) of a diverse set of proteins including the ExoIII family of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases, inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (INPP5), neutral sphingomyelinases (nSMases), deadenylases (such as the vertebrate circadian-clock regulated nocturnin), bacterial cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB), deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase1), the endonuclease domain of the non-LTR retrotransposon LINE-1, and related domains. These diverse enzymes share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds; their substrates range from nucleic acids to phospholipids and perhaps proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА║вА0А0АаАВccd08373, C2A_Ferlin, C2 domain first repeat in Ferlin. Ferlins are involved in vesicle fusion events. Ferlins and other proteins, such as Synaptotagmins, are implicated in facilitating the fusion process when cell membranes fuse together. There are six known human Ferlins: Dysferlin (Fer1L1), Otoferlin (Fer1L2), Myoferlin (Fer1L3), Fer1L4, Fer1L5, and Fer1L6. Defects in these genes can lead to a wide range of diseases including muscular dystrophy (dysferlin), deafness (otoferlin), and infertility (fer-1, fertilization factor-1). Structurally they have 6 tandem C2 domains, designated as (C2A-C2F) and a single C-terminal transmembrane domain, though there is a new study that disputes this and claims that there are actually 7 tandem C2 domains with another C2 domain inserted between C2D and C2E. In a subset of them (Dysferlin, Myoferlin, and Fer1) there is an additional conserved domain called DysF. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-II topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпУвА0А0АаАВccd08374, C2F_Ferlin, C2 domain sixth repeat in Ferlin. Ferlins are involved in vesicle fusion events. Ferlins and other proteins, such as Synaptotagmins, are implicated in facilitating the fusion process when cell membranes fuse together. There are six known human Ferlins: Dysferlin (Fer1L1), Otoferlin (Fer1L2), Myoferlin (Fer1L3), Fer1L4, Fer1L5, and Fer1L6. Defects in these genes can lead to a wide range of diseases including muscular dystrophy (dysferlin), deafness (otoferlin), and infertility (fer-1, fertilization factor-1). Structurally they have 6 tandem C2 domains, designated as (C2A-C2F) and a single C-terminal transmembrane domain, though there is a new study that disputes this and claims that there are actually 7 tandem C2 domains with another C2 domain inserted between C2D and C2E. In a subset of them (Dysferlin, Myoferlin, and Fer1) there is an additional conserved domain called DysF. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the sixth C2 repeat, C2E, and has a type-II topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпФвА0А0АаАВАcd08375, C2_Intersectin, C2 domain present in Intersectin. A single instance of the C2 domain is located C terminally in the intersectin protein. Intersectin functions as a scaffolding protein, providing a link between the actin cytoskeleton and the components of endocytosis and plays a role in signal transduction. In addition to C2, intersectin contains several additional domains including: Eps15 homology domains, SH3 domains, a RhoGEF domain, and a PH domain. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. The members here have topology I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпХвА0А0АаАВ@cd08376, C2B_MCTP_PRT, C2 domain second repeat found in Multiple C2 domain and Transmembrane region Proteins (MCTP). MCTPs are involved in Ca2+ signaling at the membrane. MCTP is composed of a variable N-terminal sequence, three C2 domains, two transmembrane regions (TMRs), and a short C-terminal sequence. It is one of four protein classes that are anchored to membranes via a transmembrane region; the others being synaptotagmins, extended synaptotagmins, and ferlins. MCTPs are the only membrane-bound C2 domain proteins that contain two functional TMRs. MCTPs are unique in that they bind Ca2+ but not phospholipids. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-II topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЦвА0А0АаАВcd08377, C2C_MCTP_PRT, C2 domain third repeat found in Multiple C2 domain and Transmembrane region Proteins (MCTP). MCTPs are involved in Ca2+ signaling at the membrane. The cds in this family contain multiple C2 domains as well as a C-terminal PRT domain. It is one of four protein classes that are anchored to membranes via a transmembrane region; the others being synaptotagmins, extended synaptotagmins, and ferlins. MCTPs are the only membrane-bound C2 domain proteins that contain two functional TMRs. MCTPs are unique in that they bind Ca2+ but not phospholipids. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the third C2 repeat, C2C, and has a type-II topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЧвА0А0АаАВ[cd08378, C2B_MCTP_PRT_plant, C2 domain second repeat found in Multiple C2 domain and Transmembrane region Proteins (MCTP); plant subset. MCTPs are involved in Ca2+ signaling at the membrane. Plant-MCTPs are composed of a variable N-terminal sequence, four C2 domains, two transmembrane regions (TMRs), and a short C-terminal sequence. It is one of four protein classes that are anchored to membranes via a transmembrane region; the others being synaptotagmins, extended synaptotagmins, and ferlins. MCTPs are the only membrane-bound C2 domain proteins that contain two functional TMRs. MCTPs are unique in that they bind Ca2+ but not phospholipids. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-II topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпШвА0А0АаАВ[cd08379, C2D_MCTP_PRT_plant, C2 domain fourth repeat found in Multiple C2 domain and Transmembrane region Proteins (MCTP); plant subset. MCTPs are involved in Ca2+ signaling at the membrane. Plant-MCTPs are composed of a variable N-terminal sequence, four C2 domains, two transmembrane regions (TMRs), and a short C-terminal sequence. It is one of four protein classes that are anchored to membranes via a transmembrane region; the others being synaptotagmins, extended synaptotagmins, and ferlins. MCTPs are the only membrane-bound C2 domain proteins that contain two functional TMRs. MCTPs are unique in that they bind Ca2+ but not phospholipids. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the fourth C2 repeat, C2D, and has a type-II topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЩвА0А0АаАВ]cd08380, C2_PI3K_like, C2 domain present in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). C2 domain present in all classes of PI3Ks. PI3Ks (AKA phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinases) regulate cell processes such as cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and motility. PI3Ks work on phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositide (4)P (PtdIns (4)P),2 or PtdIns(4,5)P2. Specifically they phosphorylate the D3 hydroxyl group of phosphoinositol lipids on the inositol ring. There are 3 classes of PI3Ks based on structure, regulation, and specificity. All classes contain a C2 domain, a PIK domain, and a kinase catalytic domain. In addition some PI3Ks contain a Ras-binding domain and/or a p85-binding domain. Class II PI3Ks contain both of these as well as a PX domain, and a C-terminal C2 domain containing a nuclear localization signal. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains members with the first C2 repeat, C2A, and a type-I topology, as well as some with a single C2 repeat.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЪвА0А0АаАВ(cd08381, C2B_PI3K_class_II, C2 domain second repeat present in class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). There are 3 classes of PI3Ks based on structure, regulation, and specificity. All classes contain a N-terminal C2 domain, a PIK domain, and a kinase catalytic domain. Unlike class I and class III, class II PI3Ks have additionally a PX domain and a C-terminal C2 domain containing a nuclear localization signal both of which bind phospholipids though in a slightly different fashion. PI3Ks (AKA phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinases) regulate cell processes such as cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and motility. PI3Ks work on phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositide (4)P (PtdIns (4)P),2 or PtdIns(4,5)P2. Specifically they phosphorylate the D3 hydroxyl group of phosphoinositol lipids on the inositol ring. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЫвА0А0АаАВ)cd08382, C2_Smurf-like, C2 domain present in Smad ubiquitination-related factor (Smurf)-like proteins. A single C2 domain is found in Smurf proteins, C2-WW-HECT-domain E3s, which play an important role in the downregulation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Smurf proteins also regulate cell shape, motility, and polarity by degrading small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases). C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. Members here have type-II topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЬвА0А0АаАВ_cd08383, C2A_RasGAP, C2 domain (first repeat) of Ras GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). RasGAPs suppress Ras function by enhancing the GTPase activity of Ras proteins resulting in the inactive GDP-bound form of Ras. In this way it can control cellular proliferation and differentiation. The proteins here all contain either a single C2 domain or two tandem C2 domains, a Ras-GAP domain, and a pleckstrin homology (PH)-like domain. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. Members here have a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЭвА0А0АаАВ▌cd08384, C2B_Rabphilin_Doc2, C2 domain second repeat present in Rabphilin and Double C2 domain. Rabphilin is found neurons and in neuroendrocrine cells, while Doc2 is found not only in the brain but in tissues, including mast cells, chromaffin cells, and osteoblasts. Rabphilin and Doc2s share highly homologous tandem C2 domains, although their N-terminal structures are completely different: rabphilin contains an N-terminal Rab-binding domain (RBD),7 whereas Doc2 contains an N-terminal Munc13-1-interacting domain (MID). C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЮвА0А0АаАВ Фcd08385, C2A_Synaptotagmin-1-5-6-9-10, C2A domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmins 1, 5, 6, 9, and 10. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 1, a member of class 1 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain and endocranium and localized to the synaptic vesicles and secretory granules. It functions as a Ca2+ sensor for fast exocytosis as do synaptotagmins 5, 6, and 10. It is distinguished from the other synaptotagmins by having an N-glycosylated N-terminus. Synaptotagmins 5, 6, and 10, members of class 3 synaptotagmins, are located primarily in the brain and localized to the active zone and plasma membrane. They is distinguished from the other synaptotagmins by having disulfide bonds at its N-terminus. Synaptotagmin 6 also regulates the acrosome reaction, a unique Ca2+-regulated exocytosis, in sperm. Synaptotagmin 9, a class 5 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain and localized to the synaptic vesicles. It is thought to be a Ca2+-sensor for dense-core vesicle exocytosis. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЯвА0А0АаАВ╕cd08386, C2A_Synaptotagmin-7, C2A domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmin 7. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 7, a member of class 2 synaptotagmins, is located in presynaptic plasma membranes in neurons, dense-core vesicles in endocrine cells, and lysosomes in fibroblasts. It has been shown to play a role in regulation of Ca2+-dependent lysosomal exocytosis in fibroblasts and may also function as a vesicular Ca2+-sensor. It is distinguished from the other synaptotagmins by having over 12 splice forms. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпавА0А0АаАВcd08387, C2A_Synaptotagmin-8, C2A domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmin 8. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпбвА0А0АаАВcd08388, C2A_Synaptotagmin-4-11, C2A domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmins 4 and 11. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmins 4 and 11, class 4 synaptotagmins, are located in the brain. Their functions are unknown. They are distinguished from the other synaptotagmins by having and Asp to Ser substitution in their C2A domains. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпввА0А0АаАВ╗cd08389, C2A_Synaptotagmin-14_16, C2A domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmins 14 and 16. Synaptotagmin 14 and 16 are membrane-trafficking proteins in specific tissues outside the brain. Both of these contain C-terminal tandem C2 repeats, but only Synaptotagmin 14 has an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a putative fatty-acylation site. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium and this is indeed the case here. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпгвА0А0АаАВ ┌cd08390, C2A_Synaptotagmin-15-17, C2A domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmins 15 and 17. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. It is thought to be involved in the trafficking and exocytosis of secretory vesicles in non-neuronal tissues and is Ca2+ independent. Human synaptotagmin 15 has 2 alternatively spliced forms that encode proteins with different C-termini. The larger, SYT15a, contains a N-terminal TM region, a putative fatty-acylation site, and 2 tandem C terminal C2 domains. The smaller, SYT15b, lacks the C-terminal portion of the second C2 domain. Unlike most other synaptotagmins it is nearly absent in the brain and rather is found in the heart, lungs, skeletal muscle, and testis. Synaptotagmin 17 is located in the brain, kidney, and prostate and is thought to be a peripheral membrane protein. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпдвА0А0АаАВRcd08391, C2A_C2C_Synaptotagmin_like, C2 domain first and third repeat in Synaptotagmin-like proteins. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains either the first or third repeat in Synaptotagmin-like proteins with a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпевА0А0АаАВrcd08392, C2A_SLP-3, C2 domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmin-like protein 3. All Slp members basically share an N-terminal Slp homology domain (SHD) and C-terminal tandem C2 domains (named the C2A domain and the C2B domain) with the SHD and C2 domains being separated by a linker sequence of various length. SHD of Slp (except for the Slp4-SHD) function as a specific Rab27A/B-binding domain. In addition to Slp, rabphilin, Noc2, and Munc13-4 also function as Rab27-binding proteins. Little is known about the expression or localization of Slp3. The C2A domain of Slp3 is Ca2+ dependent. It has been demonstrated that Slp3 promotes dense-core vesicle exocytosis. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпжвА0А0АаАВЬcd08393, C2A_SLP-1_2, C2 domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmin-like proteins 1 and 2. All Slp members basically share an N-terminal Slp homology domain (SHD) and C-terminal tandem C2 domains (named the C2A domain and the C2B domain) with the SHD and C2 domains being separated by a linker sequence of various length. Slp1/JFC1 and Slp2/exophilin 4 promote granule docking to the plasma membrane. Additionally, their C2A domains are both Ca2+ independent, unlike Slp3 and Slp4/granuphilin which are Ca2+ dependent. It is thought that SHD (except for the Slp4-SHD) functions as a specific Rab27A/B-binding domain. In addition to Slps, rabphilin, Noc2, and Munc13-4 also function as Rab27-binding proteins. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпзвА0А0АаАВcd08394, C2A_Munc13, C2 domain first repeat in Munc13 (mammalian uncoordinated) proteins. C2-like domains are thought to be involved in phospholipid binding in a Ca2+ independent manner in both Unc13 and Munc13. Caenorabditis elegans Unc13 has a central domain with sequence similarity to PKC, which includes C1 and C2-related domains. Unc13 binds phorbol esters and DAG with high affinity in a phospholipid manner. Mutations in Unc13 results in abnormal neuronal connections and impairment in cholinergic neurotransmission in the nematode. Munc13 is the mammalian homolog which are expressed in the brain. There are 3 isoforms (Munc13-1, -2, -3) and are thought to play a role in neurotransmitter release and are hypothesized to be high-affinity receptors for phorbol esters. Unc13 and Munc13 contain both C1 and C2 domains. There are two C2 related domains present, one central and one at the carboxyl end. Munc13-1 contains a third C2-like domain. Munc13 interacts with syntaxin, synaptobrevin, and synaptotagmin suggesting a role for these as scaffolding proteins. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-II topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпивА0А0АаАВcd08395, C2C_Munc13, C2 domain third repeat in Munc13 (mammalian uncoordinated) proteins. C2-like domains are thought to be involved in phospholipid binding in a Ca2+ independent manner in both Unc13 and Munc13. Caenorabditis elegans Unc13 has a central domain with sequence similarity to PKC, which includes C1 and C2-related domains. Unc13 binds phorbol esters and DAG with high affinity in a phospholipid manner. Mutations in Unc13 results in abnormal neuronal connections and impairment in cholinergic neurotransmission in the nematode. Munc13 is the mammalian homolog which are expressed in the brain. There are 3 isoforms (Munc13-1, -2, -3) and are thought to play a role in neurotransmitter release and are hypothesized to be high-affinity receptors for phorbol esters. Unc13 and Munc13 contain both C1 and C2 domains. There are two C2 related domains present, one central and one at the carboxyl end. Munc13-1 contains a third C2-like domain. Munc13 interacts with syntaxin, synaptobrevin, and synaptotagmin suggesting a role for these as scaffolding proteins.C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the third C2 repeat, C2C, and has a type-II topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпйвА0А0АаАВ\cd08397, C2_PI3K_class_III, C2 domain present in class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). PI3Ks (AKA phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinases) regulate cell processes such as cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and motility. PI3Ks work on phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositide (4)P (PtdIns (4)P),2 or PtdIns(4,5)P2. Specifically they phosphorylate the D3 hydroxyl group of phosphoinositol lipids on the inositol ring. There are 3 classes of PI3Ks based on structure, regulation, and specificity. All classes contain a C2 domain, a PIK domain, and a kinase catalytic domain. These are the only domains identified in the class III PI3Ks present in this cd. In addition some PI3Ks contain a Ras-binding domain and/or a p85-binding domain. Class II PI3Ks contain both of these as well as a PX domain, and a C-terminal C2 domain containing a nuclear localization signal. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпквА0А0АаАВcd08398, C2_PI3K_class_I_alpha, C2 domain present in class I alpha phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). PI3Ks (AKA phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinases) regulate cell processes such as cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and motility. PI3Ks work on phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositide (4)P (PtdIns (4)P),2 or PtdIns(4,5)P2. Specifically they phosphorylate the D3 hydroxyl group of phosphoinositol lipids on the inositol ring. There are 3 classes of PI3Ks based on structure, regulation, and specificity. All classes contain a C2 domain, a PIK domain, and a kinase catalytic domain. The members here are class I, alpha isoform PI3Ks and contain both a Ras-binding domain and a p85-binding domain. Class II PI3Ks contain both of these as well as a PX domain, and a C-terminal C2 domain containing a nuclear localization signal. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. Members have a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАплвА0А0АаАВcd08399, C2_PI3K_class_I_gamma, C2 domain present in class I gamma phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). PI3Ks (AKA phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinases) regulate cell processes such as cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and motility. PI3Ks work on phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositide (4)P (PtdIns (4)P),2 or PtdIns(4,5)P2. Specifically they phosphorylate the D3 hydroxyl group of phosphoinositol lipids on the inositol ring. There are 3 classes of PI3Ks based on structure, regulation, and specificity. All classes contain a C2 domain, a PIK domain, and a kinase catalytic domain. The members here are class I, gamma isoform PI3Ks and contain both a Ras-binding domain and a p85-binding domain. Class II PI3Ks contain both of these as well as a PX domain, and a C-terminal C2 domain containing a nuclear localization signal. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. Members have a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпмвА0А0АаАВЙcd08400, C2_Ras_p21A1, C2 domain present in RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RasA1). RasA1 is a GAP1 (GTPase activating protein 1), a Ras-specific GAP member, which suppresses Ras function by enhancing the GTPase activity of Ras proteins resulting in the inactive GDP-bound form of Ras. In this way it can control cellular proliferation and differentiation. RasA1 contains a C2 domain, a Ras-GAP domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH)-like domain, a SH3 domain, and 2 SH2 domains. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. Members here have a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпнвА0А0АаАВCcd08401, C2A_RasA2_RasA3, C2 domain first repeat present in RasA2 and RasA3. RasA2 and RasA3 are GAP1s (GTPase activating protein 1s ), Ras-specific GAP members, which suppresses Ras function by enhancing the GTPase activity of Ras proteins resulting in the inactive GDP-bound form of Ras. In this way it can control cellular proliferation and differentiation. RasA2 and RasA3 are both inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate-binding proteins and contain an N-terminal C2 domain, a Ras-GAP domain, a pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain which localizes it to the plasma membrane, and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) a zinc binding domain. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАповА0А0АаАВуcd08402, C2B_Synaptotagmin-1, C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmin 1. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 1, a member of the class 1 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain and endocranium and localized to the synaptic vesicles and secretory granules. It functions as a Ca2+ sensor for fast exocytosis. It, like synaptotagmin-2, has an N-glycosylated N-terminus. Synaptotagmin 4, a member of class 4 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain. It functions are unknown. It, like synaptotagmin-11, has an Asp to Ser substitution in its C2A domain. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАппвА0А0АаАВёcd08403, C2B_Synaptotagmin-3-5-6-9-10, C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmins 3, 5, 6, 9, and 10. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 3, a member of class 3 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain and localized to the active zone and plasma membrane. It functions as a Ca2+ sensor for fast exocytosis. It, along with synaptotagmins 5,6, and 10, has disulfide bonds at its N-terminus. Synaptotagmin 9, a class 5 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain and localized to the synaptic vesicles. It is thought to be a Ca2+-sensor for dense-core vesicle exocytosis. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп░вА0А0АаАВ╘cd08404, C2B_Synaptotagmin-4, C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmin 4. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 4, a member of class 4 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain. It functions are unknown. It, like synaptotagmin-11, has an Asp to Ser substitution in its C2A domain. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп▒вА0А0АаАВ╣cd08405, C2B_Synaptotagmin-7, C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmin 7. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 7, a member of class 2 synaptotagmins, is located in presynaptic plasma membranes in neurons, dense-core vesicles in endocrine cells, and lysosomes in fibroblasts. It has been shown to play a role in regulation of Ca2+-dependent lysosomal exocytosis in fibroblasts and may also function as a vesicular Ca2+-sensor. It is distinguished from the other synaptotagmins by having over 12 splice forms. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп▓вА0А0АаАВ╪cd08406, C2B_Synaptotagmin-12, C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmin 12. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 12, a member of class 6 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain. It functions are unknown. It, like synaptotagmins 8 and 13, do not have any consensus Ca2+ binding sites. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп│вА0А0АаАВ┌cd08407, C2B_Synaptotagmin-13, C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmin 13. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 13, a member of class 6 synaptotagmins, is located in the brain. It functions are unknown. It, like synaptotagmins 8 and 12, does not have any consensus Ca2+ binding sites. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп┤вА0А0АаАВ╝cd08408, C2B_Synaptotagmin-14_16, C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmins 14 and 16. Synaptotagmin 14 and 16 are membrane-trafficking proteins in specific tissues outside the brain. Both of these contain C-terminal tandem C2 repeats, but only Synaptotagmin 14 has an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a putative fatty-acylation site. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium and this is indeed the case here. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп╡вА0А0АаАВ ]cd08409, C2B_Synaptotagmin-15, C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmin 15. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. It is thought to be involved in the trafficking and exocytosis of secretory vesicles in non-neuronal tissues and is Ca2+ independent. Human synaptotagmin 15 has 2 alternatively spliced forms that encode proteins with different C-termini. The larger, SYT15a, contains a N-terminal TM region, a putative fatty-acylation site, and 2 tandem C terminal C2 domains. The smaller, SYT15b, lacks the C-terminal portion of the second C2 domain. Unlike most other synaptotagmins it is nearly absent in the brain and rather is found in the heart, lungs, skeletal muscle, and testis. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп╢вА0А0АаАВТcd08410, C2B_Synaptotagmin-17, C2 domain second repeat present in Synaptotagmin 17. Synaptotagmin is a membrane-trafficking protein characterized by a N-terminal transmembrane region, a linker, and 2 C-terminal C2 domains. Synaptotagmin 17 is located in the brain, kidney, and prostate and is thought to be a peripheral membrane protein. Previously all synaptotagmins were thought to be calcium sensors in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion, but it has been shown that not all of them bind calcium. Of the 17 identified synaptotagmins only 8 bind calcium (1-3, 5-7, 9, 10). The function of the two C2 domains that bind calcium are: regulating the fusion step of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (C2A) and binding to phosphatidyl-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) in the absence of calcium ions and to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in their presence (C2B). C2B also regulates also the recycling step of synaptic vesicles. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the second C2 repeat, C2B, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп╖вА0А0АаАВЭcd08411, PBP2_OxyR, The C-terminal substrate-binding domain of the LysR-type transcriptional regulator OxyR, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily. OxyR senses hydrogen peroxide and is activated through the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond. The OxyR activation induces the transcription of genes necessary for the bacterial defense against oxidative stress. The OxyR of LysR-type transcriptional regulator family is composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The C-terminal domain also contains the redox-active cysteines that mediate the redox-dependent conformational switch. Thus, the interaction between the OxyR-tetramer and DNA is notably different between the oxidized and reduced forms. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпчвА0А0АаАВДcd08412, PBP2_PAO1_like, The C-terminal substrate-binding domain of putative LysR-type transcriptional regulator PAO1-like, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily. This family includes the C-terminal substrate domain of a putative LysR-type transcriptional regulator from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1and its closely related homologs. The LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) are composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The genes controlled by the LTTRs have diverse functional roles including amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of N2 fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to a name a few. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the substrate-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-like transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпшвА0А0АаАВ cd08413, PBP2_CysB_like, The C-terminal substrate domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators CysB-like contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. CysB is a transcriptional activator of genes involved in sulfate and thiosulfate transport, sulfate reduction, and cysteine synthesis. In Escherichia coli, the regulation of transcription in response to sulfur source is attributed to two transcriptional regulators, CysB and Cbl. CysB, in association with Cbl, downregulates the expression of ssuEADCB operon which is required for the utilization of sulfur from aliphatic sulfonates, in the presence of cysteine. Also, Cbl and CysB together directly function as transcriptional activators of tauABCD genes, which are required for utilization of taurine as sulfur source for growth. Like many other members of the LTTR family, CysB is composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the substrate-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-like transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпщвА0А0АаАВ╬cd08414, PBP2_LTTR_aromatics_like, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators involved in the catabolism of aromatic compounds and that of other related regulators, contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the C-terminal substrate binding domain of LTTRs involved in degradation of aromatic compounds, such as CbnR, BenM, CatM, ClcR and TfdR, as well as that of other transcriptional regulators clustered together in phylogenetic trees, including XapR, HcaR, MprR, IlvR, BudR, AlsR, LysR, and OccR. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the substrate-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-like transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпъвА0А0АаАВуcd08415, PBP2_LysR_opines_like, The C-terminal substrate-domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators involved in the catabolism of opines and that of related regulators, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the C-terminal substrate-domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators, OccR and NocR, involved in the catabolism of opines and that of LysR for lysine biosynthesis which clustered together in phylogenetic trees. Opines, such as octopine and nopaline, are low molecular weight compounds found in plant crown gall tumors that are produced by the parasitic bacterium Agrobacterium. There are at least 30 different opines identified so far. Opines are utilized by tumor-colonizing bacteria as a source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. NocR and OccR belong to the family of LysR-type transcriptional regulators that positively regulates the catabolism of nopaline and octopine, respectively. Both nopaline and octopalin are arginine derivatives. In Agrobacterium tumefaciens, NocR regulates expression of the divergently transcribed nocB and nocR genes of the nopaline catabolism (noc) region. OccR protein activates the occQ operon of the Ti plasmid in response to octopine. This operon encodes proteins required for the uptake and catabolism of octopine. The occ operon also encodes the TraR protein, which is a quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator of the Ti plasmid tra regulon. LysR is the transcriptional activator of lysA gene encoding diaminopimelate decarboxylase, an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of diaminopimelate to produce lysine. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпывА0А0АаАВ;cd08416, PBP2_MdcR, The C-terminal substrate-binding domian of LysR-type transcriptional regulator MdcR, which involved in the malonate catabolism contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family includes the C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) MdcR that controls the expression of the malonate decarboxylase (mdc) genes. Like other members of the LTTRs, MdcR is a positive regulatory protein for its target promoter and composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2). The PBP2 are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the substrate- binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-like transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпьвА0А0АаАВшcd08417, PBP2_Nitroaromatics_like, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators that involved in the catabolism of nitroaromatic/naphthalene compounds and that of related regulators; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators involved in the catabolism of dinitrotoluene and similar compounds, such as DntR, NahR, and LinR. The transcription of the genes encoding enzymes involved in such degradation is regulated and expression of these enzymes is enhanced by inducers, which are either an intermediate in the metabolic pathway or compounds to be degraded. Also included are related LysR-type regulators clustered together in phylogenetic trees, including NodD, ToxR, LeuO, SyrM, TdcA, and PnbR. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпэвА0А0АаАВ8cd08418, PBP2_TdcA, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator TdcA, which is involved in the degradation of L-serine and L-threonine, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. TdcA, a member of the LysR family, activates the expression of the anaerobically-regulated tdcABCDEFG operon which is involved in the degradation of L-serine and L-threonine to acetate and propionate, respectively. The tdc operon is comprised of one regulatory gene tdcA and six structural genes, tdcB to tdcG. The expression of the tdc operon is affected by several transcription factors including the cAMP receptor protein (CRP), integration host factor (IHF), histone-like protein (HU), and the operon specific regulators TdcA and TcdR. TcdR is divergently transcribed from the operon and encodes a small protein that is required for efficient expression of the Escherichia coli tdc operon. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпювА0А0АаАВ]cd08419, PBP2_CbbR_RubisCO_like, The C-terminal substrate binding of LysR-type transcriptional regulator (CbbR) of RubisCO operon, which is involved in the carbon dioxide fixation, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. CbbR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, is required to activate expression of RubisCO, one of two unique enzymes in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle pathway. All plants, cyanobacteria, and many autotrophic bacteria use the CBB cycle to fix carbon dioxide. Thus, this cycle plays an essential role in assimilating CO2 into organic carbon on earth. The key CBB cycle enzyme is ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), which catalyzes the actual CO2 fixation reaction. The CO2 concentration affects the expression of RubisCO genes. It has also shown that NADPH enhances the DNA-binding ability of the CbbR. RubisCO is composed of eight large (CbbL) and eight small subunits (CbbS). The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпявА0А0АаАВУcd08420, PBP2_CysL_like, C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator CysL, which activates the transcription of the cysJI operon encoding sulfite reductase, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. CysL, also known as YwfK, is a regular of sulfur metabolism in Bacillus subtilis. Sulfur is required for the synthesis of proteins and essential cofactors in all living organism. Sulfur can be assimilated either from inorganic sources (sulfate and thiosulfate), or from organic sources (sulfate esters, sulfamates, and sulfonates). CysL activates the transcription of the cysJI operon encoding sulfite reductase, which reduces sulfite to sulfide. Both cysL mutant and cysJI mutant are unable to grow using sulfate or sulfite as the sulfur source. Like other LysR-type regulators, CysL also negatively regulates its own transcription. In Escherichia coli, three LysR-type activators are involved in the regulation of sulfur metabolism: CysB, Cbl and MetR. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЁвА0А0АаАВlcd08421, PBP2_LTTR_like_1, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LysR-transcriptional regulators comprise the largest family of prokaryotic transcription factor. Homologs of some of LTTRs with similar domain organizations are also found in the archaea and eukaryotic organisms. The LTTRs are composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The genes controlled by the LTTRs have diverse functional roles including amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to a name a few. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпёвА0А0АаАВЕcd08422, PBP2_CrgA_like, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA and its related homologs, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding domain. This CD includes the substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA and its related homologs. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis further showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЄвА0А0АаАВlcd08423, PBP2_LTTR_like_6, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LysR-transcriptional regulators comprise the largest family of prokaryotic transcription factor. Homologs of some of LTTRs with similar domain organizations are also found in the archaea and eukaryotic organisms. The LTTRs are composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The genes controlled by the LTTRs have diverse functional roles including amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to a name a few. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпєвА0А0АаАВ:cd08425, PBP2_CynR, The C-terminal substrate-binding domain of the LysR-type transcriptional regulator CynR, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. CynR is a LysR-like transcriptional regulator of the cyn operon, which encodes genes that allow cyanate to be used as a sole source of nitrogen. The operon includes three genes in the following order: cynT (cyanate permease), cynS (cyanase), and cynX (a protein of unknown function). CynR negatively regulates its own expression independently of cyanate. CynR binds to DNA and induces bending of DNA in the presence or absence of cyanate, but the amount of bending is decreased by cyanate. The CynR of LysR-type transcriptional regulator family is composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2). The PBP2 are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЇвА0А0АаАВlcd08426, PBP2_LTTR_like_5, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LysR-transcriptional regulators comprise the largest family of prokaryotic transcription factor. Homologs of some of LTTRs with similar domain organizations are also found in the archaea and eukaryotic organisms. The LTTRs are composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The genes controlled by the LTTRs have diverse functional roles including amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to a name a few. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпївА0А0АаАВlcd08427, PBP2_LTTR_like_2, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LysR-transcriptional regulators comprise the largest family of prokaryotic transcription factor. Homologs of some of LTTRs with similar domain organizations are also found in the archaea and eukaryotic organisms. The LTTRs are composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The genes controlled by the LTTRs have diverse functional roles including amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to a name a few. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпЎвА0А0АаАВБcd08428, PBP2_IciA_ArgP, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator, ArgP (IciA), for arginine exporter (ArgO); contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. The inhibitor of chromosomal replication (iciA) protein encoded by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is implicated in chromosome replication initiation in vitro, has been identified as arginine permease (ArgP), a LysR-type transcriptional regulator for arginine outward transport, based on the same amino sequence and similar DNA binding targets. Arp has been shown to regulate various targets including DnaA (replication), ArgO (arginine export), dapB (lysine biosynthesis), and gdhA (glutamate biosynthesis). With abundant nutrition, ArgP activates the DnaA gene (to increase replication) and the ArgO (to export redundant molecules). However, when nutrition supply is limited, it is suggested that ArgP might function as an inhibitor of chromosome replication in order to slow replication. This substrate-binding domain has significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпўвА0А0АаАВэcd08429, PBP2_NhaR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional activator of the nhaA gene, encoding Na+/H+ antiporter, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. NhaR is a positive regulator of the LysR family and is known to be an activator of the nhaA gene encoding a Na(+)/H(+) antiporter. In Escherichia coli, NhaA is the vital antiporter that protects against high sodium stress, and it is essential for growth in high sodium levels, while NhaB becomes essential only if NhaA is not available. The nhaA gene of nhaAR operon is induced by monovalent cations. The nhaR of the operon activates nhaAR, as well as the osmC transcription which is induced at elevated osmolarity. OsmC is transcribed from the two overlapping promoters (osmCp1 and osmP2) and that NhaR is shown to activate only the expression of osmCp1. NhaR also activates the transcription of the pgaABCD operon which is required for production of the biofilm adhesion, poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (PGA) .Thus, it is suggested that NhaR has an extended role in promoting bacterial survival. This substrate-binding domain has significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп°вА0А0АаАВгcd08430, PBP2_IlvY, The C-terminal substrate binding of LysR-type transcriptional regulator IlvY, which activates the expression of ilvC gene that encoding acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase for the biosynthesis of branched amino acids; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. In Escherichia coli, IlvY is required for the regulation of ilvC gene expression that encodes acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase (AHIR), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, valine, and leucine). The ilvGMEDA operon genes encode remaining enzyme activities required for the biosynthesis of these amino acids. Activation of ilvC transcription by IlvY requires the additional binding of a co-inducer molecule (either alpha-acetolactate or alpha-acetohydoxybutyrate, the substrates for AHIR) to a preformed complex of IlvY protein-DNA. Like many other LysR-family members, IlvY negatively auto-regulates the transcription of its own divergently transcribed ilvY gene in an inducer-independent manner. This substrate-binding domain has significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп∙вА0А0АаАВ╔cd08431, PBP2_HupR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator, HupR, which regulates expression of the heme uptake receptor HupA; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. HupR, a member of the LysR family, activates hupA transcription under low-iron conditions in the presence of hemin. The expression of many iron-uptake genes, such as hupA, is regulated at the transcriptional level by iron and an iron-binding repressor protein called Fur (ferric uptake regulation). Under iron-abundant conditions with heme, the active Fur repressor protein represses transcription of the iron-uptake gene hupA, and prevents transcriptional activation via HupR. Under low-iron conditions with heme, the Fur repressor is inactive and transcription of the hupA is allowed. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп·вА0А0АаАВоcd08432, PBP2_GcdR_TrpI_HvrB_AmpR_like, The C-terminal substrate domain of LysR-type GcdR, TrPI, HvR and beta-lactamase regulators, and that of other closely related homologs; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the C-terminal substrate domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators involved in controlling the expression of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GcdH), S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, cell division protein FtsW, tryptophan synthase, and beta-lactamase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп√вА0А0АаАВ¤cd08433, PBP2_Nac, The C-teminal substrate binding domain of LysR-like nitrogen assimilation control (NAC) protein, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. The NAC is a LysR-type transcription regulator that activates expression of operons such as hut (histidine utilization) and ure (urea utilization), allowing use of non-preferred (poor) nitrogen sources, and represses expression of operons, such as glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), allowing assimilation of the preferred nitrogen source. The expression of the nac gene is fully dependent on the nitrogen regulatory system (NTR) and the sigma54-containing RNA polymerase (sigma54-RNAP). In response to nitrogen starvation, NTR system activates the expression of nac, and NAC activates the expression of hut, ure, and put (proline utilization). NAC is not involved in the transcription of Sigma70-RNAP operons such as glnA, which directly respond by the NTR system, but activates the transcription of sigma70-RNAP dependent operons such as hut. Hence, NAC allows the coupling of sigma70-RNAP dependent operons to the sigma54-RNAP dependent NTR system. This substrate-binding domain has significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп№вА0А0АаАВёcd08434, PBP2_GltC_like, The substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator GltC, which activates gltA expression of glutamate synthase operon, contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. GltC, a member of the LysR family of bacterial transcriptional factors, activates the expression of gltA gene of glutamate synthase operon and is essential for cell growth in the absence of glutamate. Glutamate synthase is a heterodimeric protein that encoded by gltA and gltB, whose expression is subject to nutritional regulation. GltC also negatively auto-regulates its own expression. This substrate-binding domain has strong homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп¤вА0А0АаАВJcd08435, PBP2_GbpR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of galactose-binding protein regulator contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. Galactose-binding protein regulator (GbpR), a member of the LysR family of bacterial transcriptional regulators, regulates the expression of chromosomal virulence gene chvE. The chvE gene is involved in the uptake of specific sugars, in chemotaxis to these sugars, and in the VirA-VirG two-component signal transduction system. In the presence of an inducing sugar such as L-arabinose, D-fucose, or D-galactose, GbpR activates chvE expression, while in the absence of an inducing sugar, GbpR represses expression. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп■вА0А0АаАВlcd08436, PBP2_LTTR_like_3, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LysR-transcriptional regulators comprise the largest family of prokaryotic transcription factor. Homologs of some of LTTRs with similar domain organizations are also found in the archaea and eukaryotic organisms. The LTTRs are composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The genes controlled by the LTTRs have diverse functional roles including amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to a name a few. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп вА0А0АаАВ`cd08437, PBP2_MleR, The substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator MleR which required for malolactic fermentation, contains type 2 periplasmic binidning fold. MleR, a transcription activator of malolactic fermentation system, is found in gram-positive bacteria and belongs to the lysR family of bacterial transcriptional regulators. The mleR gene is required for the expression and induction of malolactic fermentation. This substrate binding domain has significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ╨cd08438, PBP2_CidR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-like transcriptional regulator CidR, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the substrate binding domain of CidR which positively up-regulates the expression of cidABC operon in the presence of acetic acid produced by the metabolism of excess glucose. The CidR affects the control of murein hydrolase activity by enhancing cidABC expression in the presence of acetic acid. Thus, up-regulation of cidABC expression results in increased murein hydrolase activity. This substrate binding domain has significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ°cd08439, PBP2_LrhA_like, The C-terminal substrate domain of LysR-like regulator LrhA (LysR homologue A) and that of closely related homologs, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the LrhA subfamily of LysR-like bacterial transcriptional regulators, including LrhA, HexA, PecT, and DgdR. LrhA is involved in control of the transcription of flagellar, motility, and chemotaxis genes by regulating the synthesis and concentration of FlhD(2)C(2), the master regulator for the expression of flagellar and chemotaxis genes. The LrhA protein has strong homology to HexA and PecT from plant pathogenic bacteria, in which HexA and PecT act as repressors of motility and of virulence factors, such as exoenzymes required for lytic reactions. DgdR also shares similar characteristics to those of LrhA, HexA and PecT. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВmcd08440, PBP2_LTTR_like_4, TThe C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LysR-transcriptional regulators comprise the largest family of prokaryotic transcription factor. Homologs of some of LTTRs with similar domain organizations are also found in the archaea and eukaryotic organisms. The LTTRs are composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The genes controlled by the LTTRs have diverse functional roles including amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to a name a few. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ:cd08441, PBP2_MetR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator metR, which regulates the expression of methionine biosynthetic genes, contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. MetR, a member of the LysR family, is a positive regulator for the metA, metE, metF, and metH genes. The sulfur-containing amino acid methionine is the universal initiator of protein synthesis in all known organisms and its derivative S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and autoinducer-2 (AI-2) are involved in various cellular processes. SAM plays a central role as methyl donor in methylation reactions, which are essential for the biosynthesis of phospholipids, proteins, DNA and RNA. The interspecies signaling molecule AI-2 is involved in cell-cell communication process (quorum sensing) and gene regulation in bacteria. Although methionine biosynthetic enzymes and metabolic pathways are well conserved in bacteria, the regulation of methionine biosynthesis involves various regulatory mechanisms. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, MetJ and MetR regulate the expression of methionine biosynthetic genes. The MetJ repressor negatively regulates the E. coli met genes, except for metH. Several of these genes are also under the positive control of MetR with homocysteine as a co-inducer. In Bacillus subtilis, the met genes are controlled by S-box termination-antitermination system. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ╗cd08442, PBP2_YofA_SoxR_like, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators, YofA and SoxR, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. YofA is a LysR-like transcriptional regulator of cell growth in Bacillus subtillis. YofA controls cell viability and the formation of constrictions during cell division. YofaA positively regulates expression of the cell division gene ftsW, and thus is essential for cell viability during stationary-phase growth of Bacillus substilis. YofA shows significant homology to SoxR from Arthrobacter sp. TE1826. SoxR is a negative regulator for the sarcosine oxidase gene soxA. Sarcosine oxidase catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of sarcosine, which is involved in the metabolism of creatine and choline. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВcd08443, PBP2_CysB, The C-terminal substrate domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator CysB contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. CysB is a transcriptional activator of genes involved in sulfate and thiosulfate transport, sulfate reduction, and cysteine synthesis. In Escherichia coli, the regulation of transcription in response to sulfur source is attributed to two transcriptional regulators, CysB and Cbl. CysB, in association with Cbl, downregulates the expression of ssuEADCB operon which is required for the utilization of sulfur from aliphatic sulfonates, in the presence of cysteine. Also, Cbl and CysB together directly function as transcriptional activators of tauABCD genes, which are required for utilization of taurine as sulfur source for growth. Like many other members of the LTTR family, CysB is composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ Rcd08444, PBP2_Cbl, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator Cbl, which is required for expression of sulfate starvation-inducible (ssi) genes, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. Cbl is a member of the LysR transcriptional regulators that comprise the largest family of prokaryotic transcription factor. Cbl shows high sequence similarity to CysB, the LysR-type transcriptional activator of genes involved in sulfate and thiosulfate transport, sulfate reduction, and cysteine synthesis. In Escherichia coli, the function of Cbl is required for expression of sulfate starvation-inducible (ssi) genes, coupled with the biosynthesis of cysteine from the organic sulfur sources (sulfonates). The ssi genes include the ssuEADCB and tauABCD operons encoding uptake systems for organosulfur compounds, aliphatic sulfonates, and taurine. The genes in these operons encode an ABC-type transport system required for uptake of aliphatic sulfonates and a desulfonation enzyme. Both Cbl and CysB require expression of the tau and ssu genes. Like many other members of the LTTR family, the Cbl is composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ═cd08445, PBP2_BenM_CatM_CatR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators involved in benzoate catabolism; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the C-terminal of LysR-type transcription regulators, BenM, CatM, and CatR, which are involved in the benzoate catabolism. The BenM and CatM are paralogs with overlapping functions. BenM responds synergistically to two effectors, benzoate and cis,cis-muconate, to activate expression of the benABCDE operon which is involved in benzoate catabolism, while CatM responses only to muconate. BenM and CatM share high protein sequence identity and bind to the operator-promoter regions that have similar DNA sequences. In Pseudomonas species, phenolic compounds are converted by different enzymes to central intermediates, such as protocatechuate and catechols. Generally, unsubstituted compounds, such as benzoate, are metabolized by an ortho-cleavage pathway. The catBCA operon encodes three enzymes of the ortho-pathway required for benzoate catabolism: muconate lactonizing enzyme I, muconolactone isomerase, and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. CatR normally responds to benzoate and cis,cis-muconate, an inducer molecule, to activate transcription of the catBCA operon, whose gene products convert benzoate to catechol. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the substrate-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-like transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ$cd08446, PBP2_Chlorocatechol, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators involved in the chlorocatechol catabolism, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the substrate binding domain of LysR-type regulators CbnR, ClcR and TfdR, which are involved in the regulation of chlorocatechol breakdown. The chlorocatechol-degradative pathway is often found in bacteria that can use chlorinated aromatic compounds as carbon and energy sources. CbnR is found in the 3-chlorobenzoate degradative bacterium Ralstonia eutropha NH9 and forms a tetramer. CbnR activates the expression of the cbnABCD genes, which are responsible for the degradation of chlorocatechol converted from 3-chlorobenzoate and are transcribed divergently from cbnR. In soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida, the 3-chlorocatechol-degradative pathway is encoded by clcABD operon, which requires the divergently transcribed clcR for activation. TfdR is involved in the activation of tfdA and tfdB gene expression. These genes encode enzymes for the conversion of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenol. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░ вА0А0АаАВ6cd08447, PBP2_LTTR_aromatics_like_1, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to regulators involved in the catabolism of aromatic compounds, contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type regulator similar to CbnR which is involved in the regulation of chlorocatechol breakdown. The transcription of the genes encoding enzymes involved in such degradation is regulated and expression of these enzymes is enhanced by inducers, which are either an intermediate in the metabolic pathway or compounds to be degraded. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░ вА0А0АаАВ6cd08448, PBP2_LTTR_aromatics_like_2, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to regulators involved in the catabolism of aromatic compounds, contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type regulator similar to CbnR which is involved in the regulation of chlorocatechol breakdown. The transcription of the genes encoding enzymes involved in such degradation is regulated and expression of these enzymes is enhanced by inducers, which are either an intermediate in the metabolic pathway or compounds to be degraded. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВcd08449, PBP2_XapR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator XapR involved in xanthosine catabolism, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. In Escherichia coli, XapR is a positive regulator for the expression of xapA gene, encoding xanthosine phosphorylase, and xapB gene, encoding a polypeptide similar to the nucleotide transport protein NupG. As an operon, the expression of both xapA and xapB is fully dependent on the presence of both XapR and the inducer xanthosine. Expression of the xapR is constitutive but not auto-regulated, unlike many other LysR family proteins. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВЬcd08450, PBP2_HcaR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator HcaR in involved in 3-phenylpropionic acid catabolism, contains the type2 periplasmic binding fold. HcaR, a member of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators, controls the expression of the hcA1, A2, B, C, and D operon, encoding for the 3-phenylpropionate dioxygenase complex and 3-phenylpropionate-2',3'-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, that oxidizes 3-phenylpropionate to 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl) propionate. Dioxygenases play an important role in protecting the cell against the toxic effects of dioxygen. The expression of hcaR is negatively auto-regulated, as for other members of the LysR family, and is strongly repressed in the presence of glucose. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░ вА0А0АаАВДcd08451, PBP2_BudR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcrptional regulator BudR, which is responsible for activation of the expression of the butanediol operon genes; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of BudR regulator, which is responsible for induction of the butanediol formation pathway under fermentative growth conditions. Three enzymes are involved in the production of 1 mol of 2,3 butanediol from the condensation of 2 mol of pyruvate with acetolactate and acetoin as intermediates: acetolactate synthetase, acetolactate decarboxylase, and acetoin reductase. In Klebsiella terrigena, BudR regulates the expression of the budABC operon genes, encoding these three enzymes of the butanediol pathway. In many bacterial species, the use of this pathway can prevent intracellular acidification by diverting metabolism from acid production to the formation of neutral compounds (acetoin and butanediol). This substrate-binding domain has significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВFcd08452, PBP2_AlsR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type trnascriptional regulator AlsR, which regulates acetoin formation under stationary phase growth conditions; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. AlsR is responsible for activating the expression of the acetoin operon (alsSD) in response to inducing signals such as glucose and acetate. Like many other LysR family proteins, AlsR is transcribed divergently from the alsSD operon. The alsS gene encodes acetolactate synthase, an enzyme involved in the production of acetoin in cells of stationary-phase. AlsS catalyzes the conversion of two pyruvate molecules to acetolactate and carbon dioxide. Acetolactate is then converted to acetoin at low pH by acetolactate decarboxylase which encoded by the alsD gene. Acetoin is an important physiological metabolite excreted by many microorganisms grown on glucose or other fermentable carbon sources. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ╛cd08453, PBP2_IlvR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator, IlvR, involved in the biosynthesis of isoleucine, leucine and valine; contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. The IlvR is an activator of the upstream and divergently transcribed ilvD gene, which encodes dihydroxy acid dehydratase that participates in isoleucine, leucine, and valine biosynthesis. As in the case of other members of the LysR family, the expression of ilvR gene is repressed in the presence of its own gene product. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВcd08456, PBP2_LysR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR, transcriptional regulator for lysine biosynthesis, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LysR, the transcriptional activator of lysA encoding diaminopimelate decarboxylase, catalyses the decarboxylation of diaminopimelate to produce lysine. The LysR-transcriptional regulators comprise the largest family of prokaryotic transcription factor. Homologs of some of LTTRs with similar domain organizations are also found in the archaea and eukaryotic organisms. The LTTRs are composed of two functional domains joined by a linker helix involved in oligomerization: an N-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domain, which is responsible for the DNA-binding specificity, and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain, which is structurally homologous to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins. As also observed in the periplasmic binding proteins, the C-terminal domain of the bacterial transcriptional repressor undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding which in turn changes the DNA binding affinity of the repressor. The genes controlled by the LTTRs have diverse functional roles including amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to a name a few. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВacd08457, PBP2_OccR, The C-terminal substrate-domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator, OccR, involved in the catabolism of octopine, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the C-terminal substrate-domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator OccR, which is involved in the catabolism of octopine. Opines are low molecular weight compounds found in plant crown gall tumors produced by the parasitic bacterium Agrobacterium. There are at least 30 different opines identified so far. Opines are utilized by tumor-colonizing bacteria as a source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. In Agrobacterium tumefaciens, OccR protein activates the occQ operon of the Ti plasmid in response to octopine. This operon encodes proteins required for the uptake and catabolism of octopine, an arginine derivative. The occ operon also encodes the TraR protein, which is a quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator of the Ti plasmid tra regulon. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВЬcd08458, PBP2_NocR, The C-terminal substrate-domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator, NocR, involved in the catabolism of nopaline, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the C-terminal substrate-domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator NocR, which is involved in the catabolism of nopaline. Opines are low molecular weight compounds found in plant crown gall tumors produced by the parasitic bacterium Agrobacterium. There are at least 30 different opines identified so far. Opines are utilized by tumor-colonizing bacteria as a source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. In Agrobacterium tumefaciens, NocR regulates expression of the divergently transcribed nocB and nocR genes of the nopaline catabolism (noc) region. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ cd08459, PBP2_DntR_NahR_LinR_like, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators that are involved in the catabolism of dinitrotoluene, naphthalene and gamma-hexachlorohexane; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes LysR-like bacterial transcriptional regulators, DntR, NahR, and LinR, which are involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds. The transcription of the genes encoding enzymes involved in such degradation is regulated and expression of these enzymes is enhanced by inducers, which are either an intermediate in the metabolic pathway or compounds to be degraded. DntR from Burkholderia species controls genes encoding enzymes for oxidative degradation of the nitro-aromatic compound 2,4-dinitrotoluene. The active form of DntR is homotetrameric, consisting of a dimer of dimers. NahR is a salicylate-dependent transcription activator of the nah and sal operons for naphthalene degradation. Salicylic acid is an intermediate of the oxidative degradation of the aromatic ring in soil bacteria. LinR positively regulates expression of the genes (linD and linE) encoding enzymes for gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (a haloorganic insecticide) degradation. Expression of linD and linE are induced by their substrates, 2,5-dichlorohydroquinone (2,5-DCHQ) and chlorohydroquinone (CHQ). The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ,cd08460, PBP2_DntR_like_1, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to DntR, which is involved in the catabolism of dinitrotoluene; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to DntR, NahR, and LinR, which are involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds. The transcription of the genes encoding enzymes involved in such degradation is regulated and expression of these enzymes is enhanced by inducers, which are either an intermediate in the metabolic pathway or compounds to be degraded. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ,cd08461, PBP2_DntR_like_3, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to DntR, which is involved in the catabolism of dinitrotoluene; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to DntR, NahR, and LinR, which are involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds. The transcription of the genes encoding enzymes involved in such degradation is regulated and expression of these enzymes is enhanced by inducers, which are either an intermediate in the metabolic pathway or compounds to be degraded. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВОcd08462, PBP2_NodD, The C-terminal substsrate binding domain of NodD family of LysR-type transcriptional regulators that regulates the expression of nodulation (nod) genes; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. The nodulation (nod) genes in soil bacteria play important roles in the development of nodules. nod genes are involved in synthesis of Nod factors that are required for bacterial entry into root hairs. Thirteen nod genes have been identified and are classified into five transcription units: nodD, nodABCIJ, nodFEL, nodMNT, and nodO. NodD is negatively auto-regulates its own expression of nodD gene, while other nod genes are inducible and positively regulated by NodD in the presence of flavonoids released by plant roots. This substrate-binding domain has significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ,cd08463, PBP2_DntR_like_4, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to DntR, which is involved in the catabolism of dinitrotoluene; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to DntR, NahR, and LinR, which are involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds. The transcription of the genes encoding enzymes involved in such degradation is regulated and expression of these enzymes is enhanced by inducers, which are either an intermediate in the metabolic pathway or compounds to be degraded. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ,cd08464, PBP2_DntR_like_2, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to DntR, which is involved in the catabolism of dinitrotoluene; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator similar to DntR, NahR, and LinR, which are involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds. The transcription of the genes encoding enzymes involved in such degradation is regulated and expression of these enzymes is enhanced by inducers, which are either an intermediate in the metabolic pathway or compounds to be degraded. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВ$cd08465, PBP2_ToxR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator ToxR regulates the expression of the toxoflavin biosynthesis genes; contains the type 2 periplasmic bindinig fold. In soil bacterium Burkholderia glumae, ToxR regulates the toxABCDE and toxFGHI operons in the presence of toxoflavin as a coinducer. Additionally, the expression of both operons requires a transcriptional activator, ToxJ, whose expression is regulated by the TofI or TofR quorum-sensing system. The biosynthesis of toxoflavin is suggested to be synthesized in a pathway common to the synthesis of riboflavin. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВcd08466, PBP2_LeuO, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator LeuO, an activator of leucine synthesis operon, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LeuO, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, was originally identified as an activator of the leucine synthesis operon (leuABCD). Subsequently, LeuO was found to be not a specific regulator of the leu gene but a global regulator of unrelated various genes. LeuO activates bglGFB (utilization of beta-D-glucoside) and represses cadCBA (lysine decarboxylation) and dsrA (encoding a regulatory small RNA for translational control of rpoS and hns). LeuO also regulates the yjjQ-bglJ operon which coding for a LuxR-type transcription factor. In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, LeuO is a positive regulator of ompS1 (encoding an outer membrane), ompS2 (encoding a pathogenicity determinant), and assT, while LeuO represses the expression of OmpX and Tpx. Both osmS1 and osmS2 influence virulence in the mouse model of Salmonella. In Vibrio cholerae, LeuO is involved in control of biofilm formation and in the stringent response. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВcd08467, PBP2_SyrM, The C-terminal substrate binding of LysR-type symbiotic regulator SyrM, which activates expression of nodulation gene NodD3, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. Rhizobium is a nitrogen fixing bacteria present in the roots of leguminous plants, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen to the soil. Most Rhizobium species possess multiple nodulation (nod) genes for the development of nodules. For example, Rhizobium meliloti possesses three copies of nodD genes. NodD1 and NodD2 activate nod operons when Rhizobium is exposed to inducers synthesized by the host plant, while NodD3 acts independent of plant inducers and requires the symbiotic regulator SyrM for nod gene expression. SyrM activates the expression of the regulatory nodulation gene nodD3. In turn, NodD3 activates expression of syrM. In addition, SyrM is involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВcd08468, PBP2_Pa0477, The C-terminal substrate biniding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-like transcriptional regulator Pa0477 related to DntR, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LysR-type transcriptional regulator Pa0477 is related to DntR, which controls genes encoding enzymes for oxidative degradation of the nitro-aromatic compound 2,4-dinitrotoluene. The transcription of the genes encoding enzymes involved in such degradation is regulated and expression of these enzymes is enhanced by inducers, which are either an intermediate in the metabolic pathway or compounds to be degraded. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВdcd08469, PBP2_PnbR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator PnbR, which is involved in regulating the pnb genes encoding enzymes for 4-nitrobenzoate catabolism, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. PnbR is the regulator of one or both of the two pnb genes that encoding enzymes for 4-nitrobenzoate catabolism. In Pseudomonas putida strain, pnbA encodes a 4-nitrobenzoate reductase, which is responsible for catalyzing the direct reduction of 4-nitrobenzoate to 4-hydroxylaminobenzoate, and pnbB encodes a 4-hydroxylaminobenzoate lyase, which catalyzes the conversion of 4-hydroxylaminobenzoate to 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and ammonium. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВБcd08470, PBP2_CrgA_like_1, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding domain. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 1. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВcd08471, PBP2_CrgA_like_2, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 2. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░ вА0А0АаАВcd08472, PBP2_CrgA_like_3, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 3. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░!вА0А0АаАВcd08473, PBP2_CrgA_like_4, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 4. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░"вА0А0АаАВcd08474, PBP2_CrgA_like_5, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 5. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░#вА0А0АаАВcd08475, PBP2_CrgA_like_6, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 6. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░$вА0А0АаАВcd08476, PBP2_CrgA_like_7, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 7. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░%вА0А0АаАВcd08477, PBP2_CrgA_like_8, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 8. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░&вА0А0АаАВPcd08478, PBP2_CrgA, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding domain. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis further showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░'вА0А0АаАВcd08479, PBP2_CrgA_like_9, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 9. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░(вА0А0АаАВБcd08480, PBP2_CrgA_like_10, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator CrgA-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) CrgA-like 10. The LTTRs are acting as both auto-repressors and activators of target promoters, controlling operons involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as amino acid biosynthesis, CO2 fixation, antibiotic resistance, degradation of aromatic compounds, nodule formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and synthesis of virulence factors, to name a few. In contrast to the tetrameric form of other LTTRs, CrgA from Neisseria meningitides assembles into an octameric ring, which can bind up to four 63-bp DNA oligonucleotides. Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed that the CrgA-like regulators form a subclass of the LTTRs that function as octamers. The CrgA is an auto-repressor of its own gene and activates the expression of the mdaB gene which coding for an NADPH-quinone reductase and that its action is increased by MBL (alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone), an inducer of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░)вА0А0АаАВzcd08481, PBP2_GcdR_like, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators GcdR-like, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. GcdR is involved in the glutaconate/glutarate-specific activation of the Pg promoter driving expression of a glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase-encoding gene (gcdH). The GcdH protein is essential for the anaerobic catabolism of many aromatic compounds and some alicyclic and dicarboxylic acids. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░*вА0А0АаАВАcd08482, PBP2_TrpI, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator TrpI, which is involved in control of tryptophan synthesis, contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. TrpI and indoleglycerol phosphate (InGP), are required to activate transcription of the trpBA, the genes for tryptophan synthase. The trpBA is induced by the InGp substrate, rather than by tryptophan, but the exact mechanism of the activation event is not known. This substrate-binding domain of TrpI shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░+вА0А0АаАВ┴cd08483, PBP2_HvrB, The C-terminal substrate-binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator HvrB, an activator of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase expression, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. The transcriptional regulator HvrB of the LysR family is required for the light-dependent activation of both ahcY, which encoding the enzyme S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) that responsible for the reversible hydrolysis of AdoHcy to adenosine and homocysteine, and orf5, a gene of unknown. The topology of this C-terminal domain of HvrB is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░,вА0А0АаАВЦcd08484, PBP2_LTTR_beta_lactamase, The C-terminal substrate-domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators for beta-lactamase genes, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD includes the C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators, BlaA and AmpR, that are involved in control of the expression of beta-lactamase genes. Beta-lactamases are responsible for bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins. BlaA (a constitutive class A penicillinase) belongs to the LysR family of transcriptional regulators, while BlaB (an inducible class C cephalosporinase or AmpC) can be referred to as a penicillin-binding protein, but it does not act as a beta-lactamase. AmpR regulates the expression of beta-lactamases in many enterobacterial strains and many other gram-negative bacilli. In contrast to BlaA, AmpR acts an activator only in the presence of the beta-lactam inducer. In the absence of the inducer, AmpR acts as a repressor. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░-вА0А0АаАВcd08485, PBP2_ClcR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator ClcR involved in the chlorocatechol catabolism, contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. In soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida, the ortho-pathways of catechol and 3-chlorocatechol are central catabolic pathways that convert aromatic and chloroaromaric compounds to tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. The 3-chlorocatechol-degradative pathway is encoded by clcABD operon, which requires the divergently transcribed clcR and an intermediate of the pathway, 2-chloromuconate, as an inducer for activation. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░.вА0А0АаАВ└cd08486, PBP2_CbnR, The C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator, CbnR, involved in the chlorocatechol catabolism, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate binding domain of LysR-type regulator CbnR which is involved in the regulation of chlorocatechol breakdown. The chlorocatechol-degradative pathway is often found in bacteria that can use chlorinated aromatic compounds as carbon and energy sources. CbnR is found in the 3-chlorobenzoate degradative bacterium Ralstonia eutropha NH9 and forms a tetramer. CbnR activates the expression of the cbnABCD genes, which are responsible for the degradation of chlorocatechol converted from 3-chlorobenzoate and are transcribed divergently from cbnR. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░/вА0А0АаАВncd08487, PBP2_BlaA, The C-terminal substrate-binding domain of LysR-type trnascriptional regulator BlaA which involved in control of the beta-lactamase gene expression; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the C-terminal substrate binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator, BlaA, that involved in control of the expression of beta-lactamase genes, blaA and blaB. Beta-lactamases are responsible for bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins. The blaA gene is located just upstream of blaB in the opposite direction and regulates the expression of the blaB. BlaA also negatively auto-regulates the expression of its own gene, blaA. BlaA (a constitutive class A penicllinase) belongs to the LysR family of transcriptional regulators, whereas BlaB (an inducible class C cephalosporinase or AmpC) can be referred to as a penicillin binding protein but it does not act as a beta-lactamase. The topology of this substrate-binding domain is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░0вА0А0АаАВcd08488, PBP2_AmpR, The C-terminal substrate domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulator AmpR that involved in control of the expression of beta-lactamase gene ampC, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. AmpR acts as a transcriptional activator by binding to a DNA region immediately upstream of the ampC promoter. In the absence of a beta-lactam inducer, AmpR represses the synthesis of beta-lactamase, whereas expression is induced in the presence of a beta-lactam inducer. The AmpD, AmpG, and AmpR proteins are involved in the induction of AmpC-type beta-lactamase (class C) which produced by enterobacterial strains and many other gram-negative bacilli. The activation of ampC by AmpR requires ampG for induction or high-level expression of AmpC. It is probable that the AmpD and AmpG work together to modulate the ability of AmpR to activate ampC expression. This substrate-binding domain shows significant homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░1вА0А0АаАВXcd08489, PBP2_NikA, The substrate-binding component of an ABC-type nickel import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the periplasmic substrate-binding domain of nickel transport system, which functions in the import of nickel and in the control of chemotactic response away from nickel. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel transport system is comprised of five subunits NikABCDE: the two pore-forming integral inner membrane proteins NikB and NikC; the two inner membrane-associated proteins with ATPase activity NikD and NikE; and the periplasmic nickel binding NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзвА0А0АаАВJcd08490, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_3, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзвА0А0АаАВLcd08491, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_12, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз вА0А0АаАВKcd08492, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_15, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз!вА0А0АаАВZcd08493, PBP2_DppA_like, The substrate-binding component of an ABC-type dipeptide import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the substrate-binding domain of an ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type dipeptide import system. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз"вА0А0АаАВJcd08494, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_6, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз#вА0А0АаАВJcd08495, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_8, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз$вА0А0АаАВMcd08496, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_9, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA can bind peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino-acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз%вА0А0АаАВKcd08497, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_14, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз&вА0А0АаАВJcd08498, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_2, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз'вА0А0АаАВcd08499, PBP2_Ylib_like, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type peptide import system Ylib contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the periplasmic substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type peptide transport system YliB. Although the ligand specificity of Ylib protein is not known, it shares significant sequence similarity to the ABC-type dipeptide and oligopeptide binding proteins. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз(вА0А0АаАВJcd08500, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_4, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз)вА0А0АаАВ@cd08501, PBP2_Lpqw, The substrate-binding domain of mycobacterial lipoprotein Lpqw contains type 2 periplasmic binding fold. LpqW is one of key players in synthesis and transport of the unique components of the mycobacterial cell wall which is a complex structure rich in two related lipoglycans, the phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and lipoarabinomannans (LAMs). Lpqw is a highly conserved lipoprotein that transport intermediates from a pathway for mature PIMs production into a pathway for LAMs biosynthesis, thus controlling the relative abundance of these two essential components of cell wall. LpqW is thought to have been adapted by the cell-wall biosynthesis machinery of mycobacteria and other closely related pathogens, evolving to play an important role in PIMs/LAMs biosynthesis. Most of periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the LpqW protein. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз*вА0А0АаАВKcd08502, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_16, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз+вА0А0АаАВKcd08503, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_17, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз,вА0А0АаАВRcd08504, PBP2_OppA, The substrate-binding component of an ABC-type oligopetide import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the periplasmic substrate-binding component of an ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type oligopeptide transport system comprised of 5 subunits. The transport system OppABCDEF contains two homologous integral membrane proteins OppB and OppF that form the translocation pore; two homologous nucleotide-binding domains OppD and OppF that drive the transport process through binding and hydrolysis of ATP; and the substrate-binding protein or receptor OppA that determines the substrate specificity of the transport system. The dipeptide (DppA) and oligopeptide (OppA) binding proteins differ in several ways. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз-вА0А0АаАВKcd08505, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_18, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз.вА0А0АаАВ╠cd08506, PBP2_clavulanate_OppA2, The substrate-binding domain of an oligopeptide binding protein (OppA2) from the biosynthesis pathway of the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. Clavulanic acid (CA), a clinically important beta-lactamase inhibitor, is one of a family of clavams produced as secondary metabolites by fermentation of Streptomyces clavuligeru. The biosynthesis of CA proceeds via multiple steps from the precursors, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and arginine. CA possesses a characteristic (3R,5R) stereochemistry essential for reaction with penicillin-binding proteins and beta-lactamases. Two genes (oppA1 and oppA2) in the clavulanic acid gene cluster encode oligopeptide-binding proteins that are required for CA biosynthesis. OppA1/2 is involved in the binding and transport of peptides across the cell membrane of Streptomyces clavuligerus. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз/вА0А0АаАВ_cd08507, PBP2_SgrR_like, The C-terminal solute-binding domain of DNA-binding transcriptional regulator SgrR is related to the ABC-type oligopeptide-binding proteins and contains the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold. A novel family of SgrR transcriptional regulator contains a two-domain structure with an N terminal DNA-binding domain of the winged helix family and a C-terminal solute-binding domain. The C-terminal domain shows strong homology with the ABC-type oligopeptide-binding protein family, a member of the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold protein (PBP2) superfamily that also includes the C-terminal substrate-binding domain of LysR-type transcriptional regulators. SgrR (SugaR transport-related Regulator) is negatively autoregulated and activates transcription of divergent operon SgrS, which encodes a small RNA required for recovery from glucose-phosphate stress. Hence, the small RNA SgrS and SgrR, the transcription factor that controls sgrS expression, are both required for recovery from glucose-phosphate stress. Most of periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз0вА0А0АаАВHcd08508, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_1, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз1вА0А0АаАВCcd08509, PBP2_TmCBP_oligosaccharides_like, The substrate binding domain of a cellulose-binding protein from Thermotoga maritima contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the substrate-binding domain of a cellulose-binding protein from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima (TmCBP) and its closest related proteins. TmCBP binds a variety of lengths of beta-1,4-linked glucose oligomers, ranging from two sugar rings (cellobiose) to five (cellopentose). TmCBP is structurally homologous to domains I and III of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type oligopeptide-binding proteins and thus belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein (PBP2) superfamily. The type 2 periplasmic binding proteins are soluble ligand-binding components of ABC or tripartite ATP-independent transporters and chemotaxis systems. Members of the PBP2 superfamily function in uptake of a variety of metabolites in bacteria such as amino acids, carbohydrate, ions, and polyamines. Ligands are then transported across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis or electrochemical ion gradient. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз2вА0А0АаАВ Hcd08510, PBP2_Lactococcal_OppA_like, The substrate binding component of an ABC-type lactococcal OppA-like transport system contains. This family represents the substrate binding domain of an ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type oligopeptide import system from Lactococcus lactis and other gram-positive bacteria, as well as its closet homologs from gram-negative bacteria. Oligopeptide-binding protein (OppA) from Lactococcus lactis can bind peptides of length from 4 to at least 35 residues without sequence preference. The oligopeptide import system OppABCDEF is consisting of five subunits: two homologous integral membrane proteins OppB and OppF that form the translocation pore; two homologous nucleotide-binding domains OppD and OppF that drive the transport process through binding and hydrolysis of ATP; and the substrate-binding protein or receptor OppA that determines the substrate specificity of the transport system. The dipeptide (DppA) and oligopeptide (OppA) binding proteins differ in several ways. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and also is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз3вА0А0АаАВNcd08511, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_5, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз4вА0А0АаАВJcd08512, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_7, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз5вА0А0АаАВЄcd08513, PBP2_thermophilic_Hb8_like, The substrate-binding component of ABC-type thermophilic oligopeptide-binding protein Hb8-like import systems, contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family includes the substrate-binding domain of an ABC-type oligopeptide-binding protein Hb8 from Thermus thermophilius and its closest homologs from other bacteria. The structural topology of this substrate-binding domain is similar to those of DppA from Escherichia coli and OppA from Salmonella typhimurium, and thus belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein (PBP2) superfamily. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. The type 2 periplasmic binding proteins are soluble ligand-binding components of ABC or tripartite ATP-independent transporters and chemotaxis systems. Members of the PBP2 superfamily function in uptake of a variety of metabolites in bacteria such as amino acids, carbohydrate, ions, and polyamines. Ligands are then transported across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis or electrochemical ion gradient. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз6вА0А0АаАВ├cd08514, PBP2_AppA_like, The substrate-binding component of the oligopeptide-binding protein, AppA, from Bacillus subtilis contains the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold. This family represents the substrate-binding domain of the oligopeptide-binding protein, AppA, from Bacillus subtilis and its closest homologs from other bacteria and archaea. Bacillus subtilis has three ABC-type peptide transport systems, a dipeptide-binding protein (DppA) and two oligopeptide-binding proteins (OppA and AppA) with overlapping specificity. The dipeptide (DppA) and oligopeptide (OppA) binding proteins differ in several ways. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and also is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз7вА0А0АаАВKcd08515, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_10, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз8вА0А0АаАВKcd08516, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_11, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз9вА0А0АаАВKcd08517, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_13, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз:вА0А0АаАВKcd08518, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_19, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз;вА0А0АаАВKcd08519, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_20, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз<вА0А0АаАВKcd08520, PBP2_NikA_DppA_OppA_like_21, The substrate-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC-type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like import system contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This CD represents the substrate-binding domain of an uncharacterized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) type nickel/dipeptide/oligopeptide-like transporter. The oligopeptide-binding protein OppA and the dipeptide-binding protein DppA show significant sequence similarity to NikA, the initial nickel receptor. The DppA binds dipeptides and some tripeptides and is involved in chemotaxis toward dipeptides, whereas the OppA binds peptides of a wide range of lengths (2-35 amino acid residues) and plays a role in recycling of cell wall peptides, which precludes any involvement in chemotaxis. Most of other periplasmic binding proteins are comprised of only two globular subdomains corresponding to domains I and III of the dipeptide/oligopeptide binding proteins. The structural topology of these domains is most similar to that of the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), which are responsible for the uptake of a variety of substrates such as phosphate, sulfate, polysaccharides, lysine/arginine/ornithine, and histidine. The PBP2 bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the PBP2 superfamily includes the ligand-binding domains from ionotropic glutamate receptors, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАз=вА0А0АаАВеcd08521, C2A_SLP, C2 domain first repeat present in Synaptotagmin-like proteins. All Slp members basically share an N-terminal Slp homology domain (SHD) and C-terminal tandem C2 domains (named the C2A domain and the C2B domain) with the SHD and C2 domains being separated by a linker sequence of various length. Slp1/JFC1 and Slp2/exophilin 4 promote granule docking to the plasma membrane. Additionally, their C2A domains are both Ca2+ independent, unlike the case in Slp3 and Slp4/granuphilin in which their C2A domains are Ca2+ dependent. It is thought that SHD (except for the Slp4-SHD) functions as a specific Rab27A/B-binding domain. In addition to Slps, rabphilin, Noc2, and Munc13-4 also function as Rab27-binding proteins. It has been demonstrated that Slp3 and Slp4/granuphilin promote dense-core vesicle exocytosis. Slp5 mRNA has been shown to be restricted to human placenta and liver suggesting a role in Rab27A-dependent membrane trafficking in specific tissues. C2 domains fold into an 8-standed beta-sandwich that can adopt 2 structural arrangements: Type I and Type II, distinguished by a circular permutation involving their N- and C-terminal beta strands. Many C2 domains are Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting modules that bind a wide variety of substances including bind phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Most C2 domain proteins are either signal transduction enzymes that contain a single C2 domain, such as protein kinase C, or membrane trafficking proteins which contain at least two C2 domains, such as synaptotagmin 1. However, there are a few exceptions to this including RIM isoforms and some splice variants of piccolo/aczonin and intersectin which only have a single C2 domain. C2 domains with a calcium binding region have negatively charged residues, primarily aspartates, that serve as ligands for calcium ions. This cd contains the first C2 repeat, C2A, and has a type-I topology.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп╕вА0А0АаАБ╧cd08523, Reeler_cohesin_like, Domains similar to the eukaryotic reeler domain and bacterial cohesins. This diverse family summarizes a set of distantly related domains, as revealed by structural similarity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўЁвА0А0АаАВ╓cd08524, Reelin_subrepeat_like, Tandem repeat subunit of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the subrepeats, which directly contact each other in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1). Genetic deficiency of reelin, or ApoER2 and VLDLR, or Dab1, all exhibit the same phenotypes, including ataxia, cortical layer inversion and abnormal positioning patterns.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВmcd08525, Reelin_subrepeat_1, N-terminal subrepeat in the tandem repeat unit of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the N-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the C-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▐вА0А0АаАВmcd08526, Reelin_subrepeat_2, C-terminal subrepeat in the tandem repeat unit of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the C-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the N-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▀вА0А0АаАВыcd08528, STKc_Nek10, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Never In Mitosis gene A (NIMA)-related kinase 10. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. No function has yet been ascribed to Nek10. The gene encoding Nek10 is a putative causative gene for breast cancer; it is located within a breast cancer susceptibility loci on chromosome 3p24. Nek10 is one in a family of 11 different Neks (Nek1-11) that are involved in cell cycle control. The Nek family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВ░cd08529, STKc_FA2-like, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii FA2 and similar proteins. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii FA2 was discovered in a genetic screen for deflagellation-defective mutants. It is essential for basal-body/centriole-associated microtubule severing, and plays a role in cell cycle progression. No cellular function has yet been ascribed to CNK4. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii FA2-like subfamily belongs to the (NIMA)-related kinase (Nek) family, which includes seven different Chlamydomonas Neks (CNKs 1-6 and Fa2). This subfamily contains FA2 and CNK4. The Nek family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВxcd08530, STKc_CNK2-like, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CNK2 and similar proteins. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CNK2 has both cilliary and cell cycle functions. It influences flagellar length through promoting flagellar disassembly, and it regulates cell size, through influencing the size threshold at which cells commit to mitosis. This subfamily belongs to the (NIMA)-related kinase (Nek) family, which includes seven different Chlamydomonas Neks (CNKs 1-6 and Fa2). This subfamily includes CNK1, and -2. The Nek family is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВYcd08531, SAM_PNT-ERG_FLI-1, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of ERG (Ets related gene) and FLI-1 (Friend leukemia integration 1) transcription factors. SAM Pointed domain of ERG/FLI-1 subfamily of ETS transcriptional regulators is a putative protein-protein interaction domain. The ERG and FLI regulators are involved in endothelial cell differentiation, bone morphogenesis and neural crest development. They are proto-oncogenes implicated in cancer development such as myeloid leukemia, Ewing's sarcoma and erythroleukemia. Members of this subfamily are potential targets for cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс═вА0А0АаАВxcd08532, SAM_PNT-PDEF-like, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of prostate-derived ETS factor. SAM Pointed domain of PDEF-like (Prostate-Derived ETS Factor) subfamily of ETS transcriptional regulators is a putative protein-protein interaction domain. In human males this activator is highly expressed in the prostate gland and enhances androgen-mediated activation of the PSA promoter though interaction with the DNA binding domain of androgen receptor. PDEF may play a role in prostate cancer development as well as in goblet cell formation and mucus production in the epithelial lining of respiratory and intestinal tracts.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╬вА0А0АаАВ-cd08533, SAM_PNT-ETS-1,2, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of ETS-1,2 family. SAM Pointed domain of ETS-1,2 family of transcriptional activators is a protein-protein interaction domain. It carries a kinase docking site and mediates interaction between ETS transcriptional activators and protein kinases. This group of transcriptional factors is involved in the Ras/MAP kinase signaling pathway. MAP kinases phosphorylate the transcription factors. Phosphorylated factors then recruit coactivators and enhance transactivation. Members of this group play a role in regulation of different embryonic developmental processes. ETS-1,2 transcriptional activators are proto-oncogenes involved in malignant transformation and tumor progression. They are potential molecular targets for selective cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╧вА0А0АаАВЯcd08534, SAM_PNT-GABP-alpha, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of GA-binding protein (GABP) alpha chain. SAM Pointed domain of GA-binding protein (GABP) alpha subfamily of ETS transcriptional regulators is a putative protein-protein interaction domain. This type of transcriptional regulators forms heterotetramers containing two alpha and two beta subunits. It interacts with GA repeats (purine rich repeats). GABP transcriptional factors control gene expression in cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cellular respiration. GABP participates in regulation of transmembrane receptors and key hormones especially in myeloid cells and at the neuromuscular junction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп╘вА0А0АаАВ╬cd08535, SAM_PNT-Tel_Yan, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of Tel/Yan protein. SAM Pointed domain of Tel (Translocation, Ets, Leukemia)/Yan subfamily of ETS transcriptional repressors is a protein-protein interaction domain. SAM Pointed domains of this type of regulators can interact with each other, forming head-to-tail homodimers or homooligomers, and/or interact with SAM Pointed domains of another subfamily of ETS factors forming heterodimers. The oligomeric form is able to block transcription of target genes and is involved in MAPK signaling. They participate in regulation of different processes during embryoniv development including hematopoietic differentiation and eye development. Tel/Yan transcriptional factors are frequent targets of chromosomal translocations resulting in fusions of SAM domain with new neighboring genes. Such chimeric proteins were found in different tumors. Members of this subfamily are potential targets for cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп╒вА0А0АаАВ]cd08536, SAM_PNT-Mae, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of Mae protein homolog. Mae (Modulator of the Activity of ETS) subfamily represents a group of SAM Pointed monodomain proteins. SAM Pointed domain is a protein-protein interaction domain. It can interact with other SAM pointed domains forming head-to-tail heterodimers and also provides a kinase docking site. For example, in Drosophila Mae is required for facilitating phosphorylation of the Yan factor and for blocking phosphorylation of the ETS-2 regulator. Mae interacts with the SAM Pointed domains of Yan and ETS-2. Binding enhances access of the kinase to the Yan phosphorylation site by providing a kinase docking site, or inhibits phosphorylation of ETS-2 by blocking its docking site. This type of factors participates in regulation of kinase signaling particularly during embryogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп╓вА0А0АаАВMcd08537, SAM_PNT-ESE-1-like, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of ESE-1 like ETS transcriptional regulators. SAM Pointed domain of ESE-1-like (Epithelium-Specific ETS) subfamily of ETS transcriptional regulators is a putative protein-protein interaction domain. SAM Pointed domain of ESE-1 provides a potential docking site for signaling kinase Pak1 in humans. ESE-1 factors are involved in regulation of gene expression in different types of epithelial cells. ESE-1 is expressed in many different organs including intestine, stomach, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, and prostate. The DNA binding consensus motif for ESE-1 consists of a purine-rich GGA[AT] core sequence. The expression profile of these factors is altered in epithelial cancers if compared to normal tissues. Members of this subfamily are potential targets for cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╨вА0А0АаАВ3cd08538, SAM_PNT-ESE-2-like, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of ESE-2 like ETS transcriptional regulators. SAM Pointed domain of ESE-2-like (Epithelium-Specific ETS) subfamily of ETS transcriptional regulators is a putative protein-protein interaction domain. It can act as a major transactivator by providing a potential docking site for co-activators. ESE-2 factors are involved in regulation of gene expression in a variety of epithelial (glandular and secretory) cells. ESE-2 mRNA was found in skin keratinocytes, salivary gland, mammary gland, stomach, prostate, and kidneys. The DNA binding consensus motif for ESE-2 consists of a GGA core and AT-rich flanks. The expression profiles of these factors are altered in epithelial cancers. Members of this subfamily are potential targets for cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╤вА0А0АаАВмcd08539, SAM_PNT-ESE-3-like, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of ESE-3 like ETS transcriptional regulators. SAM Pointed domain of ESE-3-like (Epithelium-Specific ETS) subfamily of ETS transcriptional regulators is a putative protein-protein interaction domain. It can act as a major transactivator by providing a potential docking site for co-activators. The ESE-3 transcriptional activator is involved in regulation of glandular epithelium differentiation through the MAP kinase signaling cascade. It is found to be expressed in glandular epithelium of prostate, pancreas, salivary gland, and trachea. Additionally, ESE-3 is differentially expressed during monocyte-derived dendritic cells development. DNA binding consensus motif for ESE-3 consists of purine-rich GGAA/T core sequence. The expression profiles of these factors are altered in epithelial cancers. Members of this subfamily are potential targets for cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╥вА0А0АаАВcd08540, SAM_PNT-ERG, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of ERG transcription factor. SAM Pointed domain of ERG subfamily of ETS transcriptional regulators is a putative protein-protein interaction domain. It may participate in formation of homodimers or heterodimers with ETS-2, Fli-1, ER81, and Pu-1. However, dimeric forms are inactive and SAM Pointed domain is not essential for dimerization, since ER81 and Pu-1 do not have it. In mouse, a regulator of this type binds the ESET histone H3-specific methyltransferase (human homolog is SETDB1), which leads to modification of the local chromatin structure through histone methylation. ERG regulators are involved in endothelial cell differentiation, bone morphogenesis and neural crest development. The Erg gene is a proto-oncogene. It is a target of chromosomal translocations resulting in fusions with other neighboring genes. Chimeric proteins were found in solid tumors such as myeloid leukemia or Ewing's sarcoma. Members of this subfamily are potential targets for cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп┌вА0А0АаАВ▌cd08541, SAM_PNT-FLI-1, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of friend leukemia integration 1 transcription activator. SAM Pointed domain of FLI-1 (Friend Leukemia Integration) subfamily of ETS transcriptional regulators is a putative protein-protein interaction domain. The FLI-1 protein participates in regulation of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and survival. The Fli-1 gene was initially described in Friend virus-induced erythroleukemias as a site for virus integration. It is highly expressed in hematopoietic tissues and at lower level in lungs, heart, and ovaries. Fli-1 is a proto-oncogene implicated in Ewing's sarcoma and erythroleukemia. Members of this subfamily are potential targets for cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╙вА0А0АаАВ╩cd08542, SAM_PNT-ETS-1, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of ETS-1. SAM Pointed domain of ETS-1 subfamily of ETS transcriptional activators is a protein-protein interaction domain. The ETS-1 activator is regulated by phosphorylation. It contains a docking site for the ERK2 MAP (Mitogen Activated Protein) kinase, while the ERK2 phosphorylation site is located in the N-terminal disordered region upstream of the SAM Pointed domain. Mutations of the kinase docking site residues inhibit phosphorylation. ETS-1 activators play a role in a number of different physiological processes, and they are expressed during embryonic development, including blood vessel formation, hematopoietic, lymphoid, neuronal and osteogenic differentiation. The Ets-1 gene is a proto-oncogene involved in progression of different tumors (including breast cancer, meningioma, and prostate cancer). Members of this subfamily are potential molecular targets for selective cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАп▄вА0А0АаАВpcd08543, SAM_PNT-ETS-2, Sterile alpha motif (SAM)/Pointed domain of ETS-2. SAM Pointed domain of ETS-2 subfamily of ETS transcriptional regulators is a protein-protein interaction domain. It contains a docking site for Cdk10 (cyclin-dependent kinase 10), a member of the Cdc2 kinase family. The interaction between ETS-2 and Cdk10 kinase inhibits ETS-2 transactivation activity in mammals. ETS-2 is also regulated by ERK2 MAP kinase. ETS-2, which is phosphorylated by ERK2, can interact with coactivators and enhance transactivation. ETS-2 transcriptional activators are involved in embryonic development and cell cycle control. The Ets-2 gene is a proto-oncogene. It is overexpressed in breast and prostate cancer cells and its overexpression is necessary for transformation of such cells. Members of ETS-2 subfamily are potential molecular targets for selective cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╘вА0А0АаАВПcd08544, Reeler, Reeler, the N-terminal domain of reelin, F-spondin, and a variety of other proteins. This domain is found at the N-terminus of F-spondin, a protein attached to the extracellular matrix, which plays roles in neuronal development and vascular remodelling. The F-spondin reeler domain has been reported to bind heparin. The reeler domain is also found at the N-terminus of reelin, an extracellular glycoprotein involved in the development of the brain cortex, and in a variety of other eukaryotic proteins with different domain architectures, including the animal ferric-chelate reductase 1 or stromal cell-derived receptor 2, a member of the cytochrome B561 family, which reduces ferric iron before its transport from the endosome to the cytoplasm. Also included is the insect putative defense protein 1, which is expressed upon bacterial infection and appears to contain a single reeler domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўёвА0А0АаАВ{cd08545, YcnI_like, Reeler-like domain of YcnI and similar proteins. YcnI is a copper-responsive gene of Bacillus subtilis. It is homologous to an uncharacterized protein from Nocardia farcinica, which shares a conserved three-dimensional structure with cohesins and the reeler domain. Some members in this YcnI_like family have C-terminal domains (DUF461) that may bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўЄвА0А0АаАВ║cd08546, cohesin_like, Cohesin domain, interaction parter of dockerin. Bacterial cohesin domains bind to a complementary protein domain named dockerin, and this interaction is required for the formation of the cellulosome, a cellulose-degrading complex. The cellulosome consists of scaffoldin, a noncatalytic scaffolding polypeptide, that comprises repeating cohesion modules and a single carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). Specific calcium-dependent interactions between cohesins and dockerins appear to be essential for cellulosome assembly. Cohesin modules are phylogenetically distributed into three groups: type I cohesin-dockerin interactions mediate assembly of a range of dockerin-borne enzymes to the complex, while type-II interactions mediate attachment of the cellulosome complex to the bacterial cell wall. Recently discovered type-III cohesins, such as found in the anchoring scaffoldin ScaE, appears to contribute to increased stability of the elaborate cellulosome complex. While the presence of cohesin and dockerin domains in a genome can be indicative of cellulolytic activity, cohesin domains may occur in a wider range of domain architectures, biological systems, and taxonomic lineages.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўєвА0А0АаАВ├cd08547, Type_II_cohesin, Type II cohesin domain, interaction partner of dockerin. Bacterial cohesin domains bind to a complementary protein domain named dockerin, and this interaction is required for the formation of the cellulosome, a cellulose-degrading complex. The cellulosome consists of scaffoldin, a noncatalytic scaffolding polypeptide, that comprises repeating cohesion modules and a single carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). Specific calcium-dependent interactions between cohesins and dockerins appear to be essential for cellulosome assembly. This subfamily represents type II cohesins; their interactions with dockerin mediate attachment of the cellulosome complex to the bacterial cell wall.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўЇвА0А0АаАВ┴cd08548, Type_I_cohesin_like, Type I cohesin domain, interaction partner of dockerin. Bacterial cohesin domains bind to a complementary protein domain named dockerin, and this interaction is required for the formation of the cellulosome, a cellulose-degrading complex. The cellulosome consists of scaffoldin, a noncatalytic scaffolding polypeptide, that comprises repeating cohesion modules and a single carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). Specific calcium-dependent interactions between cohesins and dockerins appear to be essential for cellulosome assembly. This subfamily represents type I cohesins; their interactions with dockerin mediate assembly of a range of dockerin-borne enzymes to the complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўївА0А0АаАВтcd08549, G1PDH_related, Glycerol-1-phosphate_dehydrogenase and related proteins. Bacterial and archeal glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase-like oxidoreductases. The proteins have similarity with glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (G1PDH). G1PDH plays a role in the synthesis of phosphoglycerolipids in gram-positive bacterial species. It catalyzes the reversibly reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glycerol-1-phosphate (G1P) in a NADH-dependent manner. Its activity requires Ni++ ion. It also contains archaeal Sn-glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gro1PDH) that plays an important role in the formation of the enantiomeric configuration of the glycerophosphate backbone (sn-glycerol-1-phosphate) of archaeal ether lipids.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзЗвА0А0АаАВcd08550, GlyDH-like, Glycerol_dehydrogenase-like. Families of proteins related to glycerol dehydrogenases. Glycerol dehydrogenases (GlyDH) is a key enzyme in the glycerol dissimilation pathway. In anaerobic conditions, many microorganisms utilize glycerol as a source of carbon through coupled oxidative and reductive pathways. One of the pathways involves the oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH catalyzed by glycerol dehydrogenases. Dihydroxyacetone is then phosphorylated by dihydroxyacetone kinase and enters the glycolytic pathway for further degradation. The activity of GlyDH is zinc-dependent. The zinc ion plays a role in stabilizing an alkoxide intermediate at the active site. Some subfamilies have not been characterized till now.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзИвА0А0АаАВАcd08551, Fe-ADH, iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenases (Fe-ADH)-like. Large metal-containing alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH), known as iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenases. They contain a dehydroquinate synthase-like protein structural fold and mostly contain iron. They are distinct from other alcohol dehydrogenases which contains different protein domains. There are several distinct families of alcohol dehydrogenases: Zinc-containing long-chain alcohol dehydrogenases; insect-type, or short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases; iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenases, and others. The iron-containing family has a Rossmann fold-like topology that resembles the fold of the zinc-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases, but lacks sequence homology, and differs in strand arrangement. ADH catalyzes the reversible oxidation of alcohol to acetaldehyde with the simultaneous reduction of NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзЙвА0А0АаАВhcd08553, PIN_Fcf1-like, PIN domain of rRNA-processing proteins, Fcf1 (Utp24, YDR339C), Utp23 (YOR004W), and other eukaryotic homologs. Fcf1 (FAF1-copurifying factor 1, also known as Utp24) and Utp23 (U three-associated protein 23) are essential proteins involved in pre-rRNA processing and 40S ribosomal subunit assembly. Components of the small subunit (SSU) processome, Fcf1 and Utp23 are essential nucleolar proteins that are required for processing of the 18S pre-rRNA at sites A0-A2. The Fcf1 protein was reported to interact with Pmc1p (vacuolar Ca2+ ATPase) and Cor1p (core subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex). The PIN (PilT N terminus) domains of these proteins are homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but apparently lack the H3TH domain or extensive arch/clamp region seen in the latter. PIN domains typically contain three or four conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues). The Fcf1 PIN domain subfamily has four of these putative active site residues. Point mutation studies showed that the conserved acidic residues in the putative active site of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fcf1 are essential for pre-rRNA processing at sites A1 and A2, whereas the presence of the Fcf1 protein itself is also required for cleavage at site A0. S. cerevisiae Utp23 lacks several of these key residues and mutation of the conserved acidic residues seen in Utp23 did not interfere with rRNA maturation and cell viability. The subfamily of Fcf1- and Utp23-like homologs found in eukaryotes (except fungi) posses three of the four conserved residues seen in S. cerevisiae Fcf1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт]вА0А0АаАВФcd08554, Cyt_b561, Eukaryotic cytochrome b(561). Cytochrome b(561) is a family of endosomal or secretory vesicle-specific electron transport proteins. They are integral membrane proteins that bind two heme groups non-covalently, and may have six alpha-helical trans-membrane segments. This is an exclusively eukaryotic family. Members of the prokaryotic cytochrome b561 family are not deemed homologous.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒iвА0А0АаАВНcd08555, PI-PLCc_GDPD_SF, Catalytic domain of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-like phosphodiesterases superfamily. The PI-PLC-like phosphodiesterases superfamily represents the catalytic domains of bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 4.6.1.13), eukaryotic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 3.1.4.11), glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GP-GDE, EC 3.1.4.46), sphingomyelinases D (SMases D) (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D, EC 3.1.4.41) from spider venom, SMases D-like proteins, and phospholipase D (PLD) from several pathogenic bacteria, as well as their uncharacterized homologs found in organisms ranging from bacteria and archaea to metazoans, plants, and fungi. PI-PLCs are ubiquitous enzymes hydrolyzing the membrane lipid phosphoinositides to yield two important second messengers, inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol (DAG). GP-GDEs play essential roles in glycerol metabolism and catalyze the hydrolysis of glycerophosphodiesters to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols that are major sources of carbon and phosphate. Both, PI-PLCs and GP-GDEs, can hydrolyze the 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds in different substrates, and utilize a similar mechanism of general base and acid catalysis with conserved histidine residues, which consists of two steps, a phosphotransfer and a phosphodiesterase reaction. This superfamily also includes Neurospora crassa ankyrin repeat protein NUC-2 and its Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterpart, Phosphate system positive regulatory protein PHO81, glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GP-GDE)-like protein SHV3 and SHV3-like proteins (SVLs). The residues essential for enzyme activities and metal binding are not conserved in these sequence homologs, which might suggest that the function of catalytic domains in these proteins might be distinct from those in typical PLC-like phosphodiesterases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒rвА0А0АаАВ-cd08556, GDPD, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain as found in prokaryota and eukaryota, and similar proteins. The typical glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) consists of a TIM barrel and a small insertion domain named the GDPD-insertion (GDPD-I) domain, which is specific for GDPD proteins. This family corresponds to both typical GDPD domain and GDPD-like domain which lacks the GDPD-I region. Members in this family mainly consist of a large family of prokaryotic and eukaryotic glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GP-GDEs, EC 3.1.4.46), and a number of uncharacterized homologs. Sphingomyelinases D (SMases D) (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D, EC 3.1.4.41) from spider venom, SMases D-like proteins, and phospholipase D (PLD) from several pathogenic bacteria are also included in this family. GDPD plays an essential role in glycerol metabolism and catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerophosphodiesters to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols are major sources of carbon and phosphate. Its catalytic mechanism is based on the metal ion-dependent acid-base reaction, which is similar to that of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLCs, EC 3.1.4.11). Both, GDPD related proteins and PI-PLCs, belong to the superfamily of PI-PLC-like phosphodiesterases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒sвА0А0АаАВ╡cd08557, PI-PLCc_bacteria_like, Catalytic domain of bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the catalytic domain present in bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 4.6.1.13) and their sequence homologs found in eukaryota. Bacterial PI-PLCs participate in Ca2+-independent PI metabolism, hydrolyzing the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol (PI) to produce phosphorylated myo-inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG). Although their precise physiological function remains unclear, bacterial PI-PLCs may function as virulence factors in some pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial PI-PLCs contain a single TIM-barrel type catalytic domain. Its catalytic mechanism is based on general base and acid catalysis utilizing two well conserved histidines, and consists of two steps, a phosphotransfer and a phosphodiesterase reaction. Eukaryotic homologs in this family are named as phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C X domain containing proteins (PI-PLCXD). They are distinct from the typical eukaryotic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLC, EC 3.1.4.11), which have a multidomain organization that consists of a PLC catalytic core domain, and various regulatory domains. The catalytic core domain is assembled from two highly conserved X- and Y-regions split by a divergent linker sequence. In contrast, eukaryotic PI-PLCXDs contain a single TIM-barrel type catalytic domain, X domain, which is closely related to that of bacterial PI-PLCs. Although the biological function of eukaryotic PI-PLCXDs still remains unclear, it may be distinct from that of typical eukaryotic PI-PLCs. This family also includes a distinctly different type of eukaryotic PLC, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (GPI-PLC), an integral membrane protein characterized in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. T. brucei GPI-PLC hydrolyzes the GPI-anchor on the variant specific glycoprotein (VSG), releasing dimyristyl glycerol (DMG), which may facilitate the evasion of the protozoan to the host's immune system. It does not require Ca2+ for its activity and is more closely related to bacterial PI-PLCs, but not mammalian PI-PLCs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒tвА0А0АаАВЮcd08558, PI-PLCc_eukaryota, Catalytic domain of eukaryotic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C and similar proteins. This family corresponds to the catalytic domain present in eukaryotic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 3.1.4.11) and similar proteins. The higher eukaryotic PI-PLCs play a critical role in most signal transduction pathways, controlling numerous cellular events such as cell growth, proliferation, excitation and secretion. They strictly require Ca2+ for the catalytic activity. They display a clear preference towards the hydrolysis of the more highly phosphorylated membrane phospholipids PI-analogues, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP), to generate two important second messengers in eukaryotic signal transduction cascades, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). InsP3 triggers inflow of calcium from intracellular stores, while DAG, together with calcium, activates protein kinase C, which then phosphorylates other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity. The eukaryotic PI-PLCs have a multidomain organization that consists of a PLC catalytic core domain, and various regulatory domains, such as the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, EF-hand motif, and C2 domain. The catalytic core domain is a TIM barrel with two highly conserved regions (X and Y) split by a linker region. The catalytic mechanism of eukaryotic PI-PLCs is based on general base and acid catalysis utilizing two well conserved histidines and consists of two steps, a phosphotransfer and a phosphodiesterase reaction. The mammalian PI-PLCs consist of 13 isozymes, which are classified into six-subfamilies, PI-PLC-delta (1,3 and 4), -beta(1-4), -gamma(1,2), -epsilon, -zeta, and -eta (1,2). Ca2+ is required for the activation of all forms of mammalian PI-PLCs, and the concentration of calcium influences substrate specificity. This family also includes metazoan phospholipase C related but catalytically inactive proteins (PRIP), which belong to a group of novel inositol trisphosphate binding proteins. Due to the replacement of critical catalytic residues, PRIP does not have PLC enzymatic activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒uвА0А0АаАВ[cd08559, GDPD_periplasmic_GlpQ_like, Periplasmic glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GlpQ) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in bacterial and eukaryotic glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GP-GDE, EC 3.1.4.46) similar to Escherichia coli periplasmic phosphodiesterase GlpQ. GP-GDEs are involved in glycerol metabolism and catalyze the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols, which are major sources of carbon and phosphate. In E. coli, there are two major G3P uptake systems: Glp and Ugp, which contain genes coding for two different GP-GDEs. GlpQ gene from the glp operon codes for a periplasmic phosphodiesterase GlpQ. GlpQ is a dimeric enzyme that hydrolyzes periplasmic glycerophosphodiesters, such as glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glycerophosphoethanolanmine (GPE), glycerophosphoglycerol (GPG), glycerophosphoinositol (GPI), and glycerophosphoserine (GPS), to the corresponding alcohols and G3P, which is subsequently transported into the cell through the GlpT transport system. Ca2+ is required for GlpQ enzymatic activity. This subfamily also includes some GP-GDEs in higher plants and their eukaryotic homologs, which show very high sequence similarities with bacterial periplasmic GP-GDEs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒vвА0А0АаАВЫcd08560, GDPD_EcGlpQ_like_1, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain similar to Escherichia coli periplasmic phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) include uncharacterized proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in a group of uncharacterized glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GP-GDE, EC 3.1.4.46) and their hypothetical homologs. Members in this subfamily show high sequence similarity to Escherichia coli periplasmic phosphodiesterase GlpQ, which catalyzes the Ca2+-dependent degradation of periplasmic glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒wвА0А0АаАВcd08561, GDPD_cytoplasmic_ScUgpQ2_like, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of Streptomyces coelicolor cytoplasmic phosphodiesterases UgpQ2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in a group of uncharacterized cytoplasmic phosphodiesterases which predominantly exist in bacteria. The prototype of this family is a putative cytoplasmic phosphodiesterase encoded by gene ulpQ2 (SCO1419) in the Streptomyces coelicolor genome. It is distantly related to the Escherichia coli cytoplasmic phosphodiesterases UgpQ that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerophosphodiesters at the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒xвА0А0АаАВqcd08562, GDPD_EcUgpQ_like, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain in Escherichia coli cytosolic glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase UgpQ and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in Escherichia coli cytosolic glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GP-GDE, EC 3.1.4.46), UgpQ, and similar proteins. GP-GDE plays an essential role in the metabolic pathway of E. coli. It catalyzes the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols, which are major sources of carbon and phosphate. E. coli possesses two major G3P uptake systems: Glp and Ugp, which contain genes coding for two distinct GP-GDEs. UgpQ gene from the E. coli ugp operon codes for a cytosolic phosphodiesterase GlpQ, which is the prototype of this family. Various glycerophosphodiesters, such as glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glycerophosphoethanolanmine (GPE), glycerophosphoglycerol (GPG), glycerophosphoinositol (GPI), and glycerophosphoserine (GPS), can only be hydrolyzed by UgpQ during transport at the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane to alcohols and G3P, which is a source of phosphate. In contrast to Ca2+-dependent periplasmic phosphodiesterase GlpQ, cytosolic phosphodiesterase UgpQ requires divalent cations, such as Mg2+, Co2+, or Mn2+, for its enzyme activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒yвА0А0АаАВТcd08563, GDPD_TtGDE_like, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (TtGDE, EC 3.1.4.46) and its uncharacterized homologs. Members in this family show high sequence similarity to Escherichia coli GP-GDE, which catalyzes the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols. Despite the fact that most of GDPD family members exist as the monomer, TtGDE can function as a dimeric unit. Its catalytic mechanism is based on the general base-acid catalysis, which is similar to that of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLCs, EC 3.1.4.11). A divalent metal cation is required for the enzyme activity of TtGDE.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒zвА0А0АаАВicd08564, GDPD_GsGDE_like, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of putative Galdieria sulphuraria glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in putative Galdieria sulphuraria glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GsGDE, EC 3.1.4.46) and its uncharacterized eukaryotic homologs. Members in this family show high sequence similarity to Escherichia coli GP-GDE, which catalyzes the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒{вА0А0АаАВhcd08565, GDPD_pAtGDE_like, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of putative Agrobacterium tumefaciens glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in putative Agrobacterium tumefaciens glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (pAtGDE, EC 3.1.4.46) and its uncharacterized homologs. Members in this family show high sequence similarity to Escherichia coli GP-GDE, which catalyzes the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒|вА0А0АаАВcd08566, GDPD_AtGDE_like, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in Agrobacterium tumefaciens glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (AtGDE, EC 3.1.4.46) and its uncharacterized eukaryotic homolgoues. Members in this family shows high sequence similarity to Escherichia coli GP-GDE, which catalyzes the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols. AtGDE exists as a hexamer that is a trimer of dimers, which is unique among current known GDPD family members. However, it remains unclear if the hexamer plays a physiological role in AtGDE enzymatic function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒}вА0А0АаАВЩcd08567, GDPD_SpGDE_like, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of putative Silicibacter pomeroyi glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in a group of uncharacterized bacterial glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GP-GDE, EC 3.1.4.46) and similar proteins. The prototype of this CD is a putative GP-GDE from Silicibacter pomeroyi (SpGDE). It shows high sequence similarity to Escherichia coli GP-GDE, which catalyzes the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒~вА0А0АаАВicd08568, GDPD_TmGDE_like, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of Thermotoga maritime and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in Thermotoga maritime glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (TmGDE, EC 3.1.4.46) and its uncharacterized homologs. Members in this family show high sequence similarity to Escherichia coli GP-GDE, which catalyzes the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols. TmGDE exists as a monomer that might be the biologically relevant form.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒вА0А0АаАВcd08570, GDPD_YPL206cp_fungi, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YPL206cp and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae YPL206cp and uncharacterized hypothetical homologs existing in fungi. The product of S. cerevisiae ORF YPL206c (PGC1), YPL206cp (Pgc1p), displays homology to bacterial and mammalian glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GP-GDE, EC 3.1.4.46), which catalyzes the degradation of glycerophosphodiesters to produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols. S. cerevisiae YPL206cp is an integral membrane protein with a single GDPD domain following by a short hydrophobic C-terminal tail that may function as a membrane anchor. This protein plays an essential role in the regulation of the cardiolipin (CL) biosynthetic pathway in yeast by removing the excess phosphatidylglycerol (PG) content of membranes via a phospholipase C-type degradation mechanism. YPL206cp has been characterized as a PG-specific phospholipase C that selectively catalyzes the cleavage of PG, not glycerophosphoinositol (GPI) or glycerophosphocholine (GPC), to diacylglycerol (DAG) and glycerophosphate. Members in this family are distantly related to S. cerevisiae YPL110cp, which selectively hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GPC), not glycerophosphoinositol (GPI), to generate choline and glycerolphosphate, and has been characterized as a cytoplasmic GPC-specific phosphodiesterase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒АвА0А0АаАВЙcd08571, GDPD_SHV3_plant, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase-like protein SHV3 and SHV3-like proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD) domain present in glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GP-GDE)-like protein SHV3 and SHV3-like proteins (SVLs), which may play an important role in cell wall organization. The prototype of this family is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored protein SHV3 encoded by shaven3 (shv3) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Members in this family show sequence homology to bacterial GP-GDEs (EC 3.1.4.46) that catalyze the hydrolysis of various glycerophosphodiesters, and produce sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols. Both, SHV3 and SVLs, have two tandemly repeated GDPD domains whose biochemical functions remain unclear. The residues essential for interactions with the substrates and calcium ions in bacterial GP-GDEs are not conserved in SHV3 and SVLs, which suggests that the function of GDPD domains in these proteins might be distinct from those in typical bacterial GP-GDEs. In addition, the two tandem repeats show low sequence similarity to each other, suggesting they have different biochemical function. Most members of this family are Arabidopsis-specific gene products. To date, SHV3 orthologues are only found in Physcomitrella patens.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒БвА0А0АаАВфcd08572, GDPD_GDE5_like, Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain of mammalian glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase GDE5-like proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain (GDPD) present in mammalian glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase GDE5-like proteins. GDE5 is widely expressed in mammalian tissues, with highest expression in spinal chord. Although its biological function remains unclear, mammalian GDE5 shows higher sequence homology to fungal and plant glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GP-GDEs, EC 3.1.4.46) than to other bacterial and mammalian GP-GDEs. It may also hydrolyze glycerophosphodiesters to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and the corresponding alcohols.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒ВвА0А0АаАВcd08772, GH43_62_32_68, Glycosyl hydrolase families: GH43, GH62, GH32, GH68. Members of the glycosyl hydrolase families 32, 43, 62 and 68 (GH32, GH43, GH62, GH68) all possess 5-bladed beta-propeller domains and comprise clans F and J, as classified by the carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZY). Clan F consists of families GH43 and GH62. GH43 includes beta-xylosidases, beta-xylanases, alpha-L-arabinases, and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases, using aryl-glycosides as substrates, while family GH62 contains alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55) that specifically cleave either alpha-1,2 or alpha-1,3-L-arabinofuranose sidechains from xylans. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Clan J consists of families GH32 and GH68. GH32 comprises sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolases, invertases, inulinases, levanases, eukaryotic fructosyltransferases, and bacterial fructanotransferases while GH68 consists of frucosyltransferases (FTFs) that include levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10); beta-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26); inulosucrase (EC 2.4.1.9), while GH68 consists of frucosyltransferases (FTFs) that include levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10); beta-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26); inulosucrase (EC 2.4.1.9), all of which use sucrose as their preferential donor substrate. Members of this clan are retaining enzymes (i.e. they retain the configuration at anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that catalyze hydrolysis in two steps involving a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate: an aspartate located close to the N-terminus acts as the catalytic nucleophile and a glutamate acts as the general acid/base; a conserved aspartate residue in the Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif stabilizes the transition state. Structures of all families in the two clans manifest a funnel-shaped active site that comprises two subsites with a single route for access by ligands.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒vвА0А0АаАВDcd08773, FpgNei_N, N-terminal domain of Fpg (formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, MutM)_Nei (endonuclease VIII) base-excision repair DNA glycosylases. DNA glycosylases maintain genome integrity by recognizing base lesions created by ionizing radiation, alkylating or oxidizing agents, and endogenous reactive oxygen species. These enzymes initiate the base-excision repair process, which is completed with the help of enzymes such as phosphodiesterases, AP endonucleases, DNA polymerases and DNA ligases. DNA glycolsylases cleave the N-glycosyl bond between the sugar and the damaged base, creating an AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site. The FpgNei DNA glycosylases represent one of the two structural superfamilies of DNA glycosylases that recognize oxidized bases (the other is the HTH-GPD superfamily exemplified by Escherichia coli Nth). Most FpgNei DNA glycosylases use their N-terminal proline residue as the key catalytic nucleophile, and the reaction proceeds via a Schiff base intermediate. One exception is mouse Nei-like glycosylase 3 (Neil3) which forms a Schiff base intermediate via its N-terminal valine. In addition to this FpgNei_N domain, FpgNei proteins have a helix-two-turn-helix (H2TH) domain and a zinc (or zincless)-finger motif which also contribute residues to the active site. FpgNei DNA glycosylases have a broad substrate specificity. They are bifunctional, in addition to the glycosylase (recognition) activity, they have a lyase (cleaving) activity on the phosphodiester backbone of the DNA at the AP site. This superfamily includes eukaryotic, bacterial, and viral proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ЮвА0А0АаАВ2cd08774, 14-3-3, 14-3-3 domain. 14-3-3 domain is an essential part of 14-3-3 proteins, a ubiquitous class of regulatory, phosphoserine/threonine-binding proteins found in all eukaryotic cells, including yeast, protozoa and mammalian cells. 14-3-3 proteins play important roles in many biological processes that are regulated by phosphorylation, including cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, protein trafficking, metabolic regulation and apoptosis. More than 300 binding partners of the 14-3-3 domain have been identified in all subcellular compartments and include transcription factors, signaling molecules, tumor suppressors, biosynthetic enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins and apoptosis factors. 14-3-3 binding can alter the conformation, localization, stability, phosphorylation state, activity as well as molecular interactions of a target protein. They function only as dimers, some preferring strictly homodimeric interaction, while others form heterodimers. Binding of the 14-3-3 domain to its target occurs in a phosphospecific manner where it binds to one of two consensus sequences of their target proteins; RSXpSXP (mode-1) and RXXXpSXP (mode-2). In some instances, 14-3-3 domain containing proteins are involved in regulation and signaling of a number of cellular processes in phosphorylation-independent manner. Many organisms express multiple isoforms: there are seven mammalian 14-3-3 family members (beta, gamma, eta, theta, epsilon, sigma, zeta), each encoded by a distinct gene, while plants contain up to 13 isoforms. The flexible C-terminal segment of 14-3-3 isoforms shows the highest sequence variability and may significantly contribute to individual isoform uniqueness by playing an important regulatory role by occupying the ligand binding groove and blocking the binding of inappropriate ligands in a distinct manner. Elevated amounts of 14-3-3 proteins are found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In protozoa, like Plasmodium or Cryptosporidium parvum 14-3-3 proteins play an important role in key steps of parasite development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'гвА0А0АаАВcd08775, DED_Caspase-like_r2, Death effector domain, repeat 2, of initator caspase-like proteins. Death Effector Domain (DED), second repeat, found in initator caspase-like proteins like caspase-8, -10 and c-FLIP. Caspases are aspartate-specific cysteine proteases with functions in apoptosis and immune signaling. Initiator caspases are the first to be activated following death- or inflammation-inducing signals. Caspase-8 and -10 are the initiators of death receptor mediated apoptosis. Together with FADD and the pseudo-caspase c-FLIP, they form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), whose formation is triggered by the activation of type 1 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors such as Fas, TNF receptor 1, and TRAIL receptor. Caspase-8 and -10 also play important functions in cell adhesion and motility. c-FLIP is a catalytically inactive homolog of the initator procaspases-8 and -10. It negatively influences apoptotic signaling by interfering with the efficient formation of DISC. All members contain two N-terminal DED domains and a C-terminal caspase domain. DEDs comprise a subfamily of the Death Domain (DD) superfamily. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓qвА0А0АаАВcd08776, DED_Caspase-like_r1, Death effector domain, repeat 1, of initator caspase-like proteins. Death Effector Domain (DED), first repeat, found in initator caspase-like proteins, like caspase-8 and -10 and c-FLIP. Caspases are aspartate-specific cysteine proteases with functions in apoptosis and immune signaling. Initiator caspases are the first to be activated following death- or inflammation-inducing signals. Caspase-8 and -10 are the initiators of death receptor mediated apoptosis. Together with FADD and the pseudo-caspase c-FLIP, they form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), whose formation is triggered by the activation of type 1 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors such as Fas, TNF receptor 1, and TRAIL receptor. Caspase-8 and -10 also play important functions in cell adhesion and motility. c-FLIP is a catalytically inactive homolog of the initator procaspases-8 and -10. It negatively influences apoptotic signaling by interfering with the efficient formation of DISC. All members contain two N-terminal DED domains and a C-terminal caspase domain. DEDs comprise a subfamily of the Death Domain (DD) superfamily. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓rвА0А0АаАВФcd08777, Death_RIP1, Death Domain of Receptor-Interacting Protein 1. Death domain (DD) found in Receptor-Interacting Protein 1 (RIP1) and related proteins. RIP kinases serve as essential sensors of cellular stress. Vertebrates contain several types containing a homologous N-terminal kinase domain and varying C-terminal domains. RIP1 harbors a C-terminal DD, which binds death receptors (DRs) including TNF receptor 1, Fas, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAILR1), and TRAILR2. It also interacts with other DD-containing adaptor proteins such as TRADD and FADD. RIP1 plays a crucial role in determining a cell's fate, between survival or death, following exposure to stress signals. It is important in the signaling of NF-kappaB and MAPKs, and it links DR-associated signaling to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Abnormal RIP1 function may result in ROS accumulation affecting inflammatory responses, innate immunity, stress responses, and cell survival. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў╨вА0А0АаАВДcd08778, Death_TNFRSF21, Death domain of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21. Death domain (DD) found in tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 (TNFRSF21), also called death receptor-6, DR6. DR6 is an orphan receptor that is expressed ubiquitously, but shows high expression in lymphoid organs, heart, brain and pancreas. Results from DR6(-/-) mice indicate that DR6 plays an important regulatory role for the generation of adaptive immunity. It may also be involved in tumor cell survival and immune evasion. In neuronal cells, it binds beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and activates caspase-dependent cell death. It may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓tвА0А0АаАВЮcd08779, Death_PIDD, Death Domain of p53-induced protein with a death domain. Death domain (DD) found in PIDD (p53-induced protein with a death domain) and similar proteins. PIDD is a component of the PIDDosome complex, which is an oligomeric caspase-activating complex involved in caspase-2 activation and plays a role in mediating stress-induced apoptosis. The PIDDosome complex is composed of three components, PIDD, RAIDD and caspase-2, which interact through their DDs and DD-like domains. The DD of PIDD interacts with the DD of RAIDD, which also contains a Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain (CARD) that interacts with the caspase-2 CARD. Autoproteolysis of PIDD determines the downstream signaling event, between pro-survival NF-kB or pro-death caspase-2 activation. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD, DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў╤вА0А0АаАВ■cd08780, Death_TRADD, Death Domain of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1-Associated Death Domain protein. Death domain (DD) of TRADD (TNF Receptor 1-Associated Death Domain or TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain) protein. TRADD is a central signaling adaptor for TNF-receptor 1 (TNFR1), mediating activation of Nuclear Factor -kappaB (NF-kB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), as well as caspase-dependent apoptosis. It also carries important immunological roles including germinal center formation, DR3-mediated T-cell stimulation, and TNFalpha-mediated inflammatory responses. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў╥вА0А0АаАВcd08781, Death_UNC5-like, Death domain found in Uncoordinated-5 homolog family. Death Domain (DD) found in Uncoordinated-5 (UNC-5) homolog family, which includes Unc5A, B, C and D in vertebrates. UNC5 proteins are receptors for secreted netrins (netrin-1, -3 and -4) that are involved in diverse processes like axonal guidance, neuronal migration, blood vessel patterning, and apoptosis. They are transmembrane proteins with an extracellular domain consisting of two immunoglobulin repeats, two thrombospondin type-I modules and an intracellular region containing a ZU-5 domain, UPA domain and a DD. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў╙вА0А0АаАВ@cd08782, Death_DAPK1, Death domain found in death-associated protein kinase 1. Death domain (DD) found in death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). DAPK1 is composed of several functional domains, including a kinase domain, a CaM regulatory domain, ankyrin repeats, a cytoskeletal-binding domain and a C-terminal DD. It plays important roles in a diverse range of signal transduction pathways including apoptosis, growth factor signalling, and autophagy. Loss of DAPK1 expression, usually because of DNA methylation, is implicated in many tumor types. DAPK1 is highly abundant in the brain and has also been associated with neurodegeneration. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў╘вА0А0АаАВcd08783, Death_MALT1, Death domain similar to that found in Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma-translocation gene 1. Death domain (DD) similar to that found in Malt1 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma-translocation gene 1). Malt1, together with Bcl10 (B-cell lymphoma 10), are the integral components of the CBM signalosome. They associate with CARD9 to form M-CBM (CBM complex in myeloid immune cells) and with CARMA1 to form L-CBM (CBM complex in lymphoid immune cells), to mediate activation of NF-kB and MAPK by ITAM-coupled receptors expressed on immune cells. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў╒вА0А0АаАВ╤cd08784, Death_DRs, Death Domain of Death Receptors. Death domain (DD) found in death receptor proteins. Death receptors are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, characterized by having a cytoplasmic DD. Known members of the family are Fas (CD95/APO-1), TNF-receptor 1 (TNFR1/TNFRSF1A/p55/CD120a), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1 /DR4), and receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2/DR5/APO-2/KILLER), as well as Death Receptor 3 (DR3/APO-3/TRAMP/WSL-1/LARD). They are involved in apoptosis signaling pathways. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў╓вА0А0АаАВПcd08785, CARD_CARD9-like, Caspase activation and recruitment domain of CARD9 and related proteins. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) found in CARD9, CARD14 (CARMA2), CARD10 (CARMA3), CARD11 (CARMA1) and BCL10. BCL10 (B-cell lymphoma 10), together with Malt1 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma-translocation gene 1), are integral components of the CBM signalosome. They associate with CARD9 to form M-CBM (CBM complex in myeloid immune cells), and with CARD11 to form L-CBM (CBM complex in lymphoid immune cells), which mediates activation of NF-kB and MAPK by ITAM-coupled receptors expressed on immune cells. BCL10/Malt1 also associates with CARD10, which is more widely expressed and is not restricted to hematopoietic cells, to play a role in GPCR-induced NF-kB activation. CARD14 has also been shown to associate with BCL10. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў╫вА0А0АаАВXcd08786, CARD_RIP2_CARD3, Caspase activation and recruitment domain of Receptor Interacting Protein 2. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) of Receptor Interacting Protein 2 (RIP2/RIPK2/RICK/CARDIAK/CARD3). RIP kinases serve as essential sensors of cellular stress. Vertebrates contain several types containing a homologous N-terminal kinase domain and varying C-terminal domains. RIP2 harbors a C-terminal CARD domain and functions as an effector kinase downstream of the pattern recognition receptors from the Nod-like (NLR)-family, NOD1 and NOD2, which recognizes bacterial peptidoglycans released upon infection. This cascade is implicated in inflammatory immune responses and the clearance of intracellular pathogens. RIP2 associates with NOD1 and NOD2 via CARD-CARD interactions. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓|вА0А0АаАВ]cd08787, CARD_NOD2_1_CARD15, Caspase activation and recruitment domain of NOD2, repeat 1. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) similar to that found in human NOD2 (CARD15), repeat 1. NOD2 is a member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, which plays a central role in the innate immune response. NLRs typically contain an N-terminal effector domain, a central nucleotide-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding region of several leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). In NOD2, as well as NOD1, the N-terminal effector domain is a CARD. NOD2 contains two N-terminal CARD repeats. Mutations in NOD2 have been associated with Crohns disease and Blau syndrome. Nod2-CARDs have been shown to interact with the CARD domain of the downstream effector RICK (RIP2, CARDIAK), a serine/threonine kinase. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓}вА0А0АаАВ]cd08788, CARD_NOD2_2_CARD15, Caspase activation and recruitment domain of NOD2, repeat 2. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) similar to that found in human NOD2 (CARD15), repeat 2. NOD2 is a member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, which plays a central role in the innate immune response. NLRs typically contain an N-terminal effector domain, a central nucleotide-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding region of several leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). In NOD2, as well as NOD1, the N-terminal effector domain is a CARD. NOD2 contains two N-terminal CARD repeats. Mutations in NOD2 have been associated with Crohns disease and Blau syndrome. Nod2-CARDs have been shown to interact with the CARD domain of the downstream effector RICK (RIP2, CARDIAK), a serine/threonine kinase. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў╪вА0А0АаАВ3cd08789, CARD_IPS-1_RIG-I, Caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) found in IPS-1 and RIG-I-like RNA helicases. Caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) found in IPS-1 (Interferon beta promoter stimulator protein 1) and Retinoic acid Inducible Gene I (RIG-I)-like DEAD box helicases. RIG-I-like helicases and IPS-1 play important roles in the induction of interferons in response to viral infection. They are crucial in triggering innate immunity and in developing adaptive immunity against viral pathogens. RIG-I-like helicases, including MDA5 and RIG-I, contain two N-terminal CARD domains and a C-terminal DEAD box RNA helicase domain. They are cytoplasmic RNA helicases that play an important role in host antiviral response by sensing incoming viral RNA. Upon activation, the signal is transferred to downstream pathways via the adaptor molecule IPS-1 (MAVS, VISA, CARDIF), leading to the induction of type I interferons. MDA5 and RIG-I associate with IPS-1 through a CARD-CARD interaction. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў┘вА0А0АаАВ$cd08790, DED_DEDD, Death Effector Domain of DEDD. Death Effector Domain (DED) found in DEDD. DEDD has been shown to block mitotic progression by inhibiting Cdk1 and to be involved in regulating the insulin signaling cascade. DEDD can bind to itself, to DEDD2, and to the two tandem DED-containing caspases, caspase-8 and -10. In general, DEDs comprise a subfamily of the Death Domain (DD) superfamily. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў┌вА0А0АаАВacd08791, DED_DEDD2, Death Effector Domain of DEDD2. Death Effector Domain (DED) found in DEDD2. DEDD2 has been shown to bind to itself, DEDD, and to the two tandem DED-containing caspases, caspase-8 and -10. It may play a role in apoptosis. In general, DEDs comprise a subfamily of the Death Domain (DD) superfamily. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes. In mammals, they are prominent components of the programmed cell death (apoptosis) pathway and are found in a number of other signaling pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓БвА0А0АаАВGcd08792, DED_Caspase_8_10_r1, Death effector domain, repeat 1, of initator caspases 8 and 10. Death Effector Domain (DED) found in caspase-8 and caspase-10, repeat 1. Caspases are aspartate-specific cysteine proteases with functions in apoptosis and immune signaling. Initiator caspases are the first to be activated following death- or inflammation-inducing signals. Caspase-8 and -10 are the initiators of death receptor mediated apoptosis, and they play partially redundant roles. Together with FADD and the pseudo-caspase c-FLIP, they form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), whose formation is triggered by the activation of type 1 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors such as Fas, TNF receptor 1, and TRAIL receptor. Caspase-8 and -10 also play important functions in cell adhesion and motility. They contain two N-terminal DED domains and a C-terminal caspase domain. DEDs comprise a subfamily of the Death Domain (DD) superfamily. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў█вА0А0АаАВcd08793, Death_IRAK4, Death domain of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4. Death Domain (DD) of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4). IRAKs are essential components of innate immunity and inflammation in mammals and other vertebrates. They are involved in signal transduction pathways involving IL-1 and IL-18 receptors, Toll-like receptors, nuclear factor-kappaB, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. IRAKs contain an N-terminal DD domain and a C-terminal kinase domain. IRAK4 is an active kinase that is also involved in T-cell receptor signaling pathways, implying that it may function in acquired immunity and not just in innate immunity. It is known as the master IRAK member because its absence strongly impairs TLR- and IL-1-mediated signaling and innate immune defenses, while the absence of other IRAK proteins only shows slight effects. IRAK4-deficient patients have impaired inflammatory responses and recurrent life-threatening infections. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў▄вА0А0АаАВCcd08794, Death_IRAK1, Death domain of Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase-1. Death Domain (DD) of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 1 (IRAK1). IRAKs are essential components of innate immunity and inflammation in mammals and other vertebrates. They are involved in signal transduction pathways involving IL-1 and IL-18 receptors, Toll-like receptors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). IRAKs contain an N-terminal DD domain and a C-terminal kinase domain. IRAK1 is an active kinase and also plays adaptor functions. It binds to the MyD88-IRAK4 complex via its DD, which facilitates its phosphorylation by IRAK4, activating it for further auto-phosphorylation. Hyper-phosphorylated IRAK1 forms a cytosolic complex with TRAF6, leading to the activation of NF-kB and MAPK pathways. IRAK1 is involved in autoimmunity and may be associated with lupus pathogenesis. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў▌вА0А0АаАВcd08795, Death_IRAK2, Death domain of Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase-2. Death Domain (DD) of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 1 (IRAK1). IRAKs are essential components of innate immunity and inflammation in mammals and other vertebrates. They are involved in signal transduction pathways involving IL-1 and IL-18 receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). IRAKs contain an N-terminal DD domain and a C-terminal kinase domain. IRAK2 is an essential component of several signaling pathways, including NF-kappaB and the IL-1 signaling pathways. It is an inactive kinase that participates in septic shock mediated by TLR4 and TLR9. It plays a redundant role with IRAK1 in early NF-kB and MAPK responses, and remains present at later stages whereas IRAK1 disappears. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ЕвА0А0АаАВДcd08796, Death_IRAK-M, Death domain of Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase-M. Death Domain (DD) of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase M (IRAK-M). IRAKs are essential components of innate immunity and inflammation in mammals and other vertebrates. They are involved in signal transduction pathways involving IL-1 and IL-18 receptors, Toll-like receptors(TLRs), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). IRAKs contain an N-terminal DD domain and a C-terminal kinase domain. IRAK-M, also called IRAK-3, is an inactive kinase present only in macrophages in an inducible manner. It is a negative regulator of TLR signaling and it contributes to the attenuation of NF-kB activation. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў▐вА0А0АаАВ√cd08797, Death_NFkB1_p105, Death domain of the Nuclear Factor-KappaB1 precursor protein p105. Death Domain (DD) of the Nuclear Factor-KappaB1 (NF-kB1) precursor protein p105. The NF-kB family of transcription factors play a central role in cardiovascular growth, stress response, and inflammation by controlling the expression of a network of different genes. There are five NF-kB proteins, all containing an N-terminal REL Homology Domain (RHD). NF-kB1 (or p50) is produced from the processing of the precursor protein p105, which contains ANK repeats and a C-terminal DD in addition to the RHD. It is regulated by the classical (or canonical) NF-kB pathway. In the cytosol, p50 forms an inactive complex with RelA (or p65) and the Inhibitor of NF-kB (IkB). Activation is triggered by the phosphorylation and degradation of IkB, resulting in the active DNA-binding p50-RelA dimer to migrate to the nucleus. The classical pathway regulates the majority of genes activated by NF-kB including those encoding cytokines, chemokines, leukocyte adhesion molecules, and anti-apoptotic factors. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў▀вА0А0АаАВgcd08798, Death_NFkB2_p100, Death domain of the Nuclear Factor-KappaB2 precursor protein p100. Death Domain (DD) of the Nuclear Factor-KappaB2 (NF-kB2) precursor protein p100. The NF-kB family of transcription factors play a central role in cardiovascular growth, stress response, and inflammation by controlling the expression of a network of different genes. There are five NF-kB proteins, all containing an N-terminal REL Homology Domain (RHD). NF-kB2 (or p52) is produced from the processing of the precursor protein p100, which contains ANK repeats and a C-terminal DD in addition to the RHD. It is regulated by the non-canonical NF-kB pathway. The p100 precursor is cytosolic and interacts with RelB. Upon phosphorylation by IKKalpha, p100 is processed to its 52kDa active, DNA-binding form and the p52/RelB complex is translocated into the nucleus. The non-canonical pathway plays a role in adaptive immunity and lymphorganogenesis. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ИвА0А0АаАВRcd08799, Death_UNC5C, Death domain found in Uncoordinated-5C. Death Domain (DD) found in Uncoordinated-5C (UNC5C). UNC5C is part of the UNC-5 homolog family. It is a receptor for the secreted netrin-1 and plays a role in axonal guidance, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. UNC5C plays a critical role in the development of spinal accessory motor neurons. Methylation of the UNC5C gene is associated with early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. UNC5 proteins are transmembrane proteins with an extracellular domain consisting of two immunoglobulin repeats, two thrombospondin type-I modules and an intracellular region containing a ZU-5 domain, UPA domain and a DD. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўрвА0А0АаАВ%cd08800, Death_UNC5A, Death domain found in Uncoordinated-5A. Death Domain (DD) found in Uncoordinated-5A (UNC5A). UNC5A is part of the UNC-5 homolog family. It is a receptor for the secreted netrin-1 and plays a critical role in neuronal development and differentiation, as well as axon-guidance. It also plays a role in regulating apoptosis in non-neuronal cells as a downstream target of p53. UNC5 proteins are transmembrane proteins with an extracellular domain consisting of two immunoglobulin repeats, two thrombospondin type-I modules and an intracellular region containing a ZU-5 domain, UPA domain and a DD. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўсвА0А0АаАВдcd08801, Death_UNC5D, Death domain found in Uncoordinated-5D. Death Domain (DD) found in Uncoordinated-5D (UNC5D). UNC5D is part of the UNC-5 homolog family. It is a receptor for the secreted netrin-1 and plays a role in axonal guidance, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. UNC5 proteins are transmembrane proteins with an extracellular domain consisting of two immunoglobulin repeats, two thrombospondin type-I modules and an intracellular region containing a ZU-5 domain, UPA domain and a DD. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ЛвА0А0АаАВУcd08802, Death_UNC5B, Death domain found in Uncoordinated-5B. Death Domain (DD) found in Uncoordinated-5B (UNC5B). UNC5B is part of the UNC-5 homolog family. It is a receptor for the secreted netrin-1 and plays a role in axonal guidance, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. UNC5B signaling is involved in the netrin-1-induced proliferation and migration of renal proximal tubular cells. It is also required for vascular patterning during embryonic development, and its activation inhibits sprouting angiogenesis. UNC5 proteins are transmembrane proteins with an extracellular domain consisting of two immunoglobulin repeats, two thrombospondin type-I modules and an intracellular region containing a ZU-5 domain, UPA domain and a DD. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓МвА0А0АаАВcd08803, Death_ank3, Death domain of Ankyrin-3. Death Domain (DD) of the human protein ankyrin-3 (ANK-3) and related proteins. Ankyrins are modular proteins comprising three conserved domains, an N-terminal membrane-binding domain containing ANK repeats, a spectrin-binding domain and a C-terminal DD. ANK-3, also called anykyrin-G (for general or giant), is found in neurons and at least one splice variant has been shown to be essential for propagation of action potentials as a binding partner to neurofascin and voltage-gated sodium channels. It is required for maintaining axo-dendritic polarity, and may be a genetic risk factor associated with bipolar disorder. ANK-3 may also play roles in other cell types. Mutations affecting ANK-3 pathways for Na channel localization are associated with Brugada syndrome, a potentially fatal arrythmia. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓НвА0А0АаАВ╙cd08804, Death_ank2, Death domain of Ankyrin-2. Death Domain (DD) of Ankyrin-2 (ANK-2) and related proteins. Ankyrins are modular proteins comprising three conserved domains, an N-terminal membrane-binding domain containing ANK repeats, a spectrin-binding domain and a C-terminal DD. ANK-2, also called ankyrin-B (for broadly expressed), is required for proper function of the Na/Ca ion exchanger-1 in cardiomyocytes, and is thought to function in linking integral membrane proteins to the underlying cytoskeleton. Human ANK-2 is associated with "Ankyrin-B syndrome", an atypical arrythmia disorder with risk of sudden cardiac death. It also plays key roles in the brain and striated muscle. Loss of ANK-2 is associated with significant nervous system defects and sarcomere disorganization. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўтвА0А0АаАВ/cd08805, Death_ank1, Death domain of Ankyrin-1. Death Domain (DD) of the human protein ankyrin-1 (ANK-1) and related proteins. Ankyrins are modular proteins comprising three conserved domains, an N-terminal membrane-binding domain containing ANK repeats, a spectrin-binding domain and a C-terminal DD. ANK-1, also called ankyrin-R (for restricted), is found in brain, muscle, and erythrocytes and is thought to function in linking integral membrane proteins to the underlying cytoskeleton. It plays a critical nonredundant role in erythroid development and is associated with hereditary spherocytosis (HS), a common disorder of the red cell membrane. The small alternatively-spliced variant, sANK-1, found in striated muscle and concentrated in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) binds obscurin and titin, which facilitates the anchoring of the network SR to the contractile apparatus. In general, DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўувА0А0АаАВ#cd08806, CARD_CARD14_CARMA2, Caspase activation and recruitment domain of CARD14-like proteins. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) similar to that found in CARD14, also known as BIMP2 or CARMA2 (caspase recruitment domain-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein 2). CARD14 has been identified as a novel member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) family that functions as upstream activators of BCL10 (B-cell lymphoma 10) and NF-kB signaling. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўфвА0А0АаАВ9cd08807, CARD_CARD10_CARMA3, Caspase activation and recruitment domain of CARD10-like proteins. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) similar to that found in CARD10, also known as CARMA3 (caspase recruitment domain-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein 3) or BIMP1. The CARMA3-BCL10-MALT1 signalosome plays a role in the GPCR-induced NF-kB activation. CARMA3 is more widely expressed than CARMA1, which is found only in hematopoietic cells. In endothelial and smooth muscle cells, CARMA3-mediated NF-kB activation induces pro-inflammatory signals within the vasculature and is a key factor in atherogenesis. In bronchial epithelial cells, CARMA3-mediated NF-kB signaling is important for the development of allergic airway inflammation. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўхвА0А0АаАВ┤cd08808, CARD_CARD11_CARMA1, Caspase activation and recruitment domain of CARD11-like proteins. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) similar to that found in CARD11, also known as caspase recruitment domain-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein 1 (CARMA1). CARMA1, together with BCL10 (B-cell lymphoma 10) and Malt1 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma-translocation gene 1), form the L-CBM signalosome (CBM complex in lymphoid immune cells) which mediates activation of NF-kB and MAPK by ITAM-coupled receptors expressed on immune cells. CARMA1 associates with BCL10 via a CARD-CARD interaction. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўцвА0А0АаАВиcd08809, CARD_CARD9, Caspase activation and recruitment domain of CARD9-like proteins. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) similar to that found in CARD9. CARD9 is a central regulator of innate immunity and is highly expressed in dendritic cells and macrophages. Together with BCL10 (B-cell lymphoma 10) and Malt1 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma-translocation gene 1), it forms the M-CBM signalosome (the CBM complex in myeloid immune cells), which mediates activation of NF-kB and MAPK by ITAM-coupled receptors expressed on immune cells. CARD9 associates with BCL10 via a CARD-CARD interaction. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўчвА0А0АаАВ▓cd08810, CARD_BCL10, Caspase activation and recruitment domain of B-cell lymphoma 10. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) similar to that found in BCL10 (B-cell lymphoma 10). BCL10 and Malt1 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma-translocation gene 1) are the integral components of CBM signalosomes. They associate with CARD9 to form M-CBM (CBM complex in myeloid immune cells) and with CARMA1 to form L-CBM (CBM complex in lymphoid immune cells), to mediate activation of NF-kB and MAPK by ITAM-coupled receptors expressed on immune cells. Both CARMA1 and CARD9 associate with BCL10 via a CARD-CARD interaction. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўшвА0А0АаАВфcd08811, CARD_IPS1, Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) found in IPS-1. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) found in IPS-1 (Interferon beta promoter stimulator protein 1), also known as CARDIF, VISA or MAVS. IPS-1 is an adaptor protein that plays an important role in interferon induction in response to viral infection. It is crucial in triggering innate immunity and in developing adaptive immunity against viral pathogens. The CARD of IPS-1 associates with the CARDs of two RNA helicases, RIG-I and MDA5, which bind viral DNA in the cytoplasm during the initial stage of intracellular antiviral response, leading to the induction of type I interferons. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўщвА0А0АаАВЧcd08813, DED_Caspase_8_r2, Death Effector Domain, repeat 2, of Caspase-8. Death effector domain (DED) found in caspase-8 (CASP8, FLICE), repeat 2. Caspases are aspartate-specific cysteine proteases with functions in apoptosis and immune signaling. Initiator caspases are the first to be activated following death- or inflammation-inducing signals. Caspase-8 is an initiator of death receptor mediated apoptosis. Together with FADD, caspase-10, and the pseudo-caspase c-FLIP, it forms the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), whose formation is triggered by the activation of type 1 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors such as Fas, TNF receptor 1, and TRAIL receptor. Caspase-8 also plays many important non-apoptotic functions including roles in embryonic development, cell adhesion and motility, immune cell proliferation and differentiation, T-cell activation, and NFkappaB signaling. It contains two N-terminal DED domains and a C-terminal caspase domain. DEDs comprise a subfamily of the Death Domain (DD) superfamily. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ЧвА0А0АаАВоcd08814, DED_Caspase_10_r2, Death Effector Domain, repeat 2, of Caspase-10. Death effector domain (DED) found in Caspase-10, repeat 2. Caspases are aspartate-specific cysteine proteases with functions in apoptosis and immune signaling. Initiator caspases are the first to be activated following death- or inflammation-inducing signals. Caspase-10 is an initiator of death receptor mediated apoptosis. Together with FADD, caspase-8 and the pseudo-caspase c-FLIP, it forms the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), whose formation is triggered by the activation of type 1 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors such as Fas, TNF receptor 1, and TRAIL receptor. It contains two N-terminal DED domains and a C-terminal caspase domain. DEDs comprise a subfamily of the Death Domain (DD) superfamily. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўъвА0А0АаАВfcd08815, Death_TNFRSF25_DR3, Death domain of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor superfamily 25. Death Domain (DD) found in Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) receptor superfamily 25 (TNFRSF25), also known as TRAMP (TNF receptor-related apoptosis-mediating protein), LARD, APO-3, WSL-1, or DR3 (Death Receptor-3). TNFRSF25 is primarily expressed in T cells, is activated by binding to its ligand TL1A, and plays an important role in T-cell function. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domain), DED (Death Effector Domain), and PYRIN. They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ЩвА0А0АаАВ@cd08816, CARD_RIG-I_r1, Caspase activation and recruitment domain found in RIG-I, first repeat. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) found in RIG-I (Retinoic acid Inducible Gene I, also known as Ddx58), first repeat. RIG-I is a cytoplasmic RNA helicase that plays an important role in host antiviral response by sensing incoming viral RNA. RIG-I contains two N-terminal CARD domains and a C-terminal RNA helicase. Upon activation, the signal is transferred to downstream pathways via the adaptor molecule IPS-1 (MAVS, VISA, CARDIF), leading to the induction of type I interferons. Although very similar in sequence, RIG-I recognizes different sets of viruses compared to MDA5, a related RNA helicase. RIG-I associates with IPS-1 through a CARD-CARD interaction. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўывА0А0АаАВBcd08817, CARD_RIG-I_r2, Caspase activation and recruitment domain found in RIG-I, second repeat. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) found in RIG-I (Retinoic acid Inducible Gene I, also known as Ddx58), second repeat. RIG-I is a cytoplasmic RNA helicase that plays an important role in host antiviral response by sensing incoming viral RNA. RIG-I contains two N-terminal CARD domains and a C-terminal RNA helicase. Upon activation, the signal is transferred to downstream pathways via the adaptor molecule IPS-1 (MAVS, VISA, CARDIF), leading to the induction of type I interferons. Although very similar in sequence, RIG-I recognizes different sets of viruses compared to MDA5, a related RNA helicase. RIG-I associates with IPS-1 through a CARD-CARD interaction. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўьвА0А0АаАВWcd08818, CARD_MDA5_r1, Caspase activation and recruitment domain found in MDA5, first repeat. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) found in MDA5 (melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5), first repeat. MDA5, also known as IFIH1, contains two N-terminal CARD domains and a C-terminal RNA helicase domain. MDA5 is a cytoplasmic DEAD box RNA helicase that plays an important role in host antiviral response by sensing incoming viral RNA. Upon activation, the signal is transferred to downstream pathways via the adaptor molecule IPS-1 (MAVS, VISA, CARDIF), leading to the induction of type I interferons. Although very similar in sequence, MDA5 recognizes different sets of viruses compared to RIG-I, a related RNA helicase. MDA5 associates with IPS-1 through a CARD-CARD interaction. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўэвА0А0АаАВYcd08819, CARD_MDA5_r2, Caspase activation and recruitment domain found in MDA5, second repeat. Caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) found in MDA5 (melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5), second repeat. MDA5, also known as IFIH1, contains two N-terminal CARD domains and a C-terminal RNA helicase domain. MDA5 is a cytoplasmic DEAD box RNA helicase that plays an important role in host antiviral response by sensing incoming viral RNA. Upon activation, the signal is transferred to downstream pathways via the adaptor molecule IPS-1 (MAVS, VISA, CARDIF), leading to the induction of type I interferons. Although very similar in sequence, MDA5 recognizes different sets of viruses compared to RIG-I, a related RNA helicase. MDA5 associates with IPS-1 through a CARD-CARD interaction. In general, CARDs are death domains (DDs) found associated with caspases. They are known to be important in the signaling pathways for apoptosis, inflammation, and host-defense mechanisms. DDs are protein-protein interaction domains found in a variety of domain architectures. Their common feature is that they form homodimers by self-association or heterodimers by associating with other members of the DD superfamily including PYRIN and DED (Death Effector Domain). They serve as adaptors in signaling pathways and can recruit other proteins into signaling complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўювА0А0АаАВЭcd08820, FMT_core_like_6, Formyl transferase catalytic core domain found in a group of proteins with unknown functions. Formyl transferase catalytic core domain found in a group of proteins with unknown functions. Formyl transferase catalyzes the transfer of one-carbon groups, specifically the formyl- or hydroxymethyl- group. This domain contains a Rossmann fold and it is the catalytic domain of the enzyme.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌JвА0А0АаАВЭcd08821, FMT_core_like_1, Formyl transferase catalytic core domain found in a group of proteins with unknown functions. Formyl transferase catalytic core domain found in a group of proteins with unknown functions. Formyl transferase catalyzes the transfer of one-carbon groups, specifically the formyl- or hydroxymethyl- group. This domain contains a Rossmann fold and it is the catalytic domain of the enzyme.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌KвА0А0АаАВЭcd08822, FMT_core_like_2, Formyl transferase catalytic core domain found in a group of proteins with unknown functions. Formyl transferase catalytic core domain found in a group of proteins with unknown functions. Formyl transferase catalyzes the transfer of one-carbon groups, specifically the formyl- or hydroxymethyl- group. This domain contains a Rossmann fold and it is the catalytic domain of the enzyme.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌LвА0А0АаАВЭcd08823, FMT_core_like_5, Formyl transferase catalytic core domain found in a group of proteins with unknown functions. Formyl transferase catalytic core domain found in a group of proteins with unknown functions. Formyl transferase catalyzes the transfer of one-carbon groups, specifically the formyl- or hydroxymethyl- group. This domain contains a Rossmann fold and it is the catalytic domain of the enzyme.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌MвА0А0АаАВcd08824, LOTUS, LOTUS is an uncharacterized small globular domain found in Limkain b1, Oskar and Tudor-containing proteins 5 and 7. LOTUS is an uncharacterized small globular domain found in Limkain b1, Oskar and Tudor-containing proteins 5 and 7. The LOTUS containing proteins are germline-specific and are found in the nuage/polar granules of germ cells. Tudor-containing protein 5 and 7 belong to the evolutionary conserved Tudor domain-containing protein (TDRD) family involved in germ cell development. In mice, TDRD5 and TDRD7 are components of the intermitochondrial cements (IMCs) and the chromatoid bodies (CBs), which are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules involved in RNA processing for spermatogenesis. Oskar protein is a critical component of the pole plasm in the Drosophila oocyte, which is required for germ cell formation. Limkain b1 is a novel human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. Limkain b1 contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be characterized. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ1вА0А0АаАВшcd08825, MVP_shoulder, Shoulder domain of the major vault protein. The major vault protein is the major polypeptide component of a large cellular ribonuclear protein complex found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Its shoulder domain appears to be a homolog of the SPFH core domain. Vault proteins may be involved in detoxification processes, and have been associated with the multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype in malignancies. Presumably they play a role in transport processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎ▀вА0А0АаАВ╞cd08826, SPFH_eoslipins_u1, Uncharacterized prokaryotic subgroup of the stomatin-like proteins (slipins) family; belonging to the SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) superfamily. This model summarizes a subgroup of the stomatin-like protein family (SLPs or slipins) that is found in bacteria and archaebacteria. The conserved domain common to the SPFH superfamily has also been referred to as the Band 7 domain. Individual proteins of the SPFH superfamily may cluster to form membrane microdomains which may in turn recruit multiprotein complexes. Bacterial and archaebacterial SLPs remain uncharacterized. This subgroup contains PH1511 from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshi.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎрвА0А0АаАВcd08827, SPFH_podocin, Podocin, a subgroup of the stomatin-like proteins (slipins) family; belonging to the SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) superfamily. This model summarizes a subgroup of the stomatin-like protein family (SLPs or slipins) that is found in vertebrates. The conserved domain common to the SPFH superfamily has also been referred to as the Band 7 domain. Individual proteins of the SPFH superfamily may cluster to form membrane microdomains which may in turn recruit multiprotein complexes. Podocin is expressed in the kidney and mutations in the gene have been linked to familial idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Podocin interacts with the TRP ion channel TRPV-6 and may function as a scaffolding protein in the organization of lipid-protein domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎсвА0А0АаАВ∙cd08828, SPFH_SLP-3, Slipin-3 (SLP-3), an uncharacterized subgroup of the stomatin-like proteins (slipins) family; belonging to the SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) superfamily. This model summarizes a subgroup of the stomatin-like protein family (SLPs or slipins) that is found in vertebrates. The conserved domain common to the SPFH superfamily has also been referred to as the Band 7 domain. Individual proteins of the SPFH superfamily may cluster to form membrane microdomains which may in turn recruit multiprotein complexes. Members of this slipin subgroup remain uncharacterized, except for Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-1. Mutations in the unc-1 gene result in abnormal motion and altered patterns of sensitivity to volatile anesthetics.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎтвА0А0АаАВCcd08829, SPFH_paraslipin, Paraslipin or slipin-2 (SLP-2, a subgroup of the stomatin-like proteins (slipins) family; belonging to the SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) superfamily. This model summarizes a subgroup of the stomatin-like protein family (SLPs or slipins) that is found in all three kingdoms of life. The conserved domain common to these families has also been referred to as the Band 7 domain. Individual proteins of the SPFH family may cluster to form membrane microdomains which may in turn recruit multiprotein complexes. This subgroup of the SLPs remains largely uncharacterized. It includes human SLP-2 which is upregulated and involved in the progression and development in several types of cancer, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, and glioma.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎувА0А0АаАВыcd08860, TcmN_ARO-CYC_like, N-terminal aromatase/cyclase domain of the multifunctional protein tetracenomycin (TcmN) and related domains. This family includes the N-terminal aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domain of Streptomyces glaucescens TcmN, and related domains. It belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. ARO/CYC domains participate in the diversification of aromatic polyketides by promoting polyketide cyclization. They occur in two architectural forms, monodomain and didomain. Monodomain aromatase/cyclases have a single ARO/CYC domain. For some, such as TcmN, this single domain is linked to a second domain of unrelated function. TcmN is a multifunctional cyclase-dehydratase-O-methyl transferase. Its N-terminal ARO/CYC domain participates in polyketide binding and catalysis; it promotes C9-C14 first-ring (and C7-C16 second-ring) cyclizations. Its C-terminal domain has O-methyltransferase activity. Didomain aromatase/cyclases contain two ARO/CYC domains, and they biosynthesize C7-C12 first ring cyclized polyketides. These latter domains belong to a different subfamily in the SRPBCC superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓хвА0А0АаАВcd08861, OtcD1_ARO-CYC_like, N-terminal and C-terminal aromatase/cyclase domains of Streptomyces rimosus OtcD1 and related domains. This family includes the N- and C- terminal aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of Streptomyces rimosus OtcD1 and related domains. It belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. ARO/CYC domains participate in the diversification of aromatic polyketides by promoting polyketide cyclization. They occur in two architectural forms, didomain and monodomain. Didomain aromatase/cyclases (ARO/CYCs), contain two ARO/CYC domains, and are associated with C7-C12 first ring cyclized polyketides. Streptomyces rimosus OtcD1 is a didomain ARO/CYC. The polyketide Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a broad spectrum antibiotic made by Streptomyces rimosus. The gene encoding OtcD1 is part of oxytetracycline (OTC) gene cluster. Disruption of this gene results in the production of novel polyketides having shorter chain lengths (by up to 10 carbons) than OTC. Monodomain ARO/CYCs have a single ARO/CYC domain, and are often associated with C9-C14 first ring cyclizations, these latter domains belong to a different subfamily in the SRPBCC superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓цвА0А0АаАВcd08862, SRPBCC_Smu440-like, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins. This family includes the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins. This domain belongs to the SRPBCC domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. Streptococcus mutans is a dental pathogen, and the leading cause of dental caries. In this pathogen, the gene encoding Smu.440 is in the same operon as the gene encoding SMU.441, a member of the MarR protein family of transcriptional regulators involved in multiple antibiotic resistance. It has been suggested that SMU.440 is involved in polyketide-like antibiotic resistance.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓чвА0А0АаАВьcd08863, SRPBCC_DUF1857, DUF1857, an uncharacterized ligand-binding domain of the SRPBCC domain superfamily. Uncharacterized family of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓швА0А0АаАВьcd08864, SRPBCC_DUF3074, DUF3074, an uncharacterized ligand-binding domain of the SRPBCC domain superfamily. Uncharacterized family of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓щвА0А0АаАВ▄cd08865, SRPBCC_10, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ъвА0А0АаАВ▄cd08866, SRPBCC_11, Ligand-binding SRPBCC domain of an uncharacterized subfamily of proteins. Uncharacterized group of the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and they bind diverse ligands. SRPBCC domains include the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD1-STARD15, the C-terminal catalytic domains of the alpha oxygenase subunit of Rieske-type non-heme iron aromatic ring-hydroxylating oxygenases (RHOs_alpha_C), Class I and II phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs), Bet v 1 (the major pollen allergen of white birch, Betula verrucosa), CoxG, CalC, and related proteins. Other members of the superfamily include PYR/PYL/RCAR plant proteins, the aromatase/cyclase (ARO/CYC) domains of proteins such as Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin, and the SRPBCC domains of Streptococcus mutans Smu.440 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ывА0А0АаАВ╪cd08867, START_STARD4_5_6-like, Lipid-binding START domain of mammalian STARD4, -5, -6, and related proteins. This subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD4, -5, and -6. The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. STARD4 plays an important role in steroidogenesis, trafficking cholesterol into mitochondria. It specifically binds cholesterol, and demonstrates limited binding to another sterol, 7a-hydroxycholesterol. STARD4 and STARD5 are ubiquitously expressed, with highest levels in liver and kidney. STRAD5 functions in the kidney within the proximal tubule cells where it is associated with the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), and may participate in ER-associated cholesterol transport. It binds cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol. Expression of the gene encoding STARD5 is increased by ER stress, and its mRNA and protein levels are elevated in a type I diabetic mouse model of human diabetic nephropathy. STARD6 is expressed in male germ cells of normal rats, and in the steroidogenic Leydig cells of perinatal hypothyroid testes. It may play a pivotal role in the steroidogenesis as well as in the spermatogenesis of normal rats. STARD6 has also been detected in the rat nervous system, and may participate in neurosteroid synthesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ьвА0А0АаАВёcd08868, START_STARD1_3_like, Cholesterol-binding START domain of mammalian STARD1, -3 and related proteins. This subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of STARD1 (also known as StAR) and STARD3 (also known as metastatic lymph node 64/MLN64). The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. This STARD1-like subfamily has a high affinity for cholesterol. STARD1/StAR can reduce macrophage lipid content and inflammatory status. It plays an essential role in steroidogenic tissues: transferring the steroid precursor, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, across the aqueous space. Mutations in the gene encoding STARD1/StAR can cause lipid congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a steroid synthesis deficiency and an accumulation of cholesterol in the adrenal glands and the gonads. STARD3 may function in trafficking endosomal cholesterol to a cytosolic acceptor or membrane. In addition to having a cytoplasmic START cholesterol-binding domain, STARD3 also contains an N-terminal MENTAL cholesterol-binding and protein-protein interaction domain. The MENTAL domain contains transmembrane helices and anchors MLN64 to endosome membranes. The gene encoding STARD3 is overexpressed in about 25% of breast cancers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓эвА0А0АаАВUcd08869, START_RhoGAP, C-terminal lipid-binding START domain of mammalian STARD8, -12, -13 and related proteins, which also have an N-terminal Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) domain. This subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of STARD8 (also known as deleted in liver cancer 3/DLC3, and Arhgap38), STARD12 (also known as DLC-1, Arhgap7, and p122-RhoGAP), and STARD13 (also known as DLC-2, Arhgap37, and SDCCAG13). The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. Proteins belonging to this subfamily also have a RhoGAP domain. Some, including STARD12, -and -13, also have an N-terminal SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain; these have a SAM-RhoGAP-START domain organization. This subfamily is involved in cancer development. A large spectrum of cancers have dysregulated genes encoding these proteins. The precise function of the START domain in this subfamily is unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ювА0А0АаАВфcd08870, START_STARD2_7-like, Lipid-binding START domain of mammalian STARD2, -7, and related proteins. This subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of STARD2 (also known as phosphatidylcholine transfer protein/PC-TP), and STARD7 (also known as gestational trophoblastic tumor 1/GTT1). The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. STARD2 is a cytosolic phosphatidycholine (PtdCho) transfer protein, which traffics PtdCho, the most common class of phospholipids in eukaryotes, between membranes. It represents a minimal START domain structure. STARD2 plays roles in hepatic cholesterol metabolism, in the development of atherosclerosis, and may also have a mitochondrial function. The gene encoding STARD7 is overexpressed in choriocarcinoma. STARD7 appears to be involved in the intracellular trafficking of PtdCho to mitochondria. STARD7 was shown to be surface active and to interact differentially with phospholipid monolayers. It showed a preference for phosphatidylserine, cholesterol, and phosphatidylglycerol.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓явА0А0АаАВ╬cd08871, START_STARD10-like, Lipid-binding START domain of mammalian STARD10 and related proteins. This subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD10 (also known as CGI-52, PTCP-like, and SDCCAG28). The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. STARD10 binds phophatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. This protein is widely expressed and is synthesized constitutively in many organs. It may function in the liver in the export of phospholipids into bile. It is concentrated in the sperm flagellum, and may play a role in energy metabolism. In the mammary gland it may participate in the enrichment of lipids in milk, and be a potential marker of differentiation. Its expression is induced in this gland during gestation and lactation. It is overexpressed in mammary tumors from Neu/ErbB2 transgenic mice, in several breast carcinoma cell lines, and in 35% of primary human breast cancers, and may cooperate with c-erbB receptor signaling in breast oncogenesis. It is a potential marker of disease outcome in breast cancer; loss of STARD10 expression in breast cancer strongly predicts an aggressive disease course. The lipid transfer activity of STRAD10 is downregulated by phosphorylation of its Ser284 by CK2 (casein kinase 2).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ЁвА0А0АаАВ╩cd08872, START_STARD11-like, Ceramide-binding START domain of mammalian STARD11 and related domains. This subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD11 and related domains. The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. STARD11 can mediate transfer of the natural ceramide isomers, dihydroceramide and phytoceramide, as well as ceramides having C14, C16, C18, and C20 chains. They can also transfer diacylglycerol, but with a lower efficiency. STARD11 is synthesized from two major transcripts: a larger one encoding Goodpasture antigen-binding protein (GPBP)/ceramide transporter long form (CERTL); and a smaller one encoding GPBPdelta26/CERT, which is deleted for 26 amino acids. Both splicing variants mediate ceramide transfer from the ER to the Golgi, in a non-vesicular manner. It is likely that these two carry out different functions in specific sub-cellular locations. These proteins have roles in brain homeostasis and disease processes. GPBP/CERTL exists in multiple isoforms originating from alternative translation initiation sites and post-translational modifications. Goodpasture syndrome is a human disorder caused by antibodies directed against the a3-chain of collagen type IV. GPBP/CERTL binds and phosphorylates this antigen. The human gene encoding STARD11 is referred to as COL4A3BP referring to its collagen binding function. It is unknown whether the ceramide-transfer function of GPBP/CERTL is related to this collagen interaction. The expression of GPBP/CERTL is elevated in these and other spontaneous autoimmune disorders including cutaneous lupus erythematosus, pemphigoid, and lichen planus. GPBL/CERTL contains an N-terminal pleckstrin homology domain (PH), which targets the protein to the Golgi, a middle region containing two serine-rich domains (SR1, SR2), a FFAT (two phenylalanine amino acids in an acidic tract) motif which is involved in endoplasmic reticulum targeting, and this C-terminal SMART domain. The shorter splicing variant, CERT, lacks the SR2 domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ёвА0А0АаАВкcd08873, START_STARD14_15-like, Lipid-binding START domain of mammalian STARDT14, -15, and related proteins. This subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian brown fat-inducible STARD14 (also known as Acyl-Coenzyme A Thioesterase 11 or ACOT11, BFIT, THEA, THEM1, KIAA0707, and MGC25974), STARD15/ACOT12 (also known as cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA hydrolase/CACH, THEAL, and MGC105114), and related domains. The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. STARD14/ACOT11 and STARD15/ACOT12 are type II acetyl-CoA thioesterases; they catalyze the hydrolysis of acyl-CoAs to free fatty acid and CoASH. Human STARD14 displays acetyl-CoA thioesterase activity towards medium(C12)- and long(C16)-chain fatty acyl-CoA substrates. Rat CACH hydrolyzes acetyl-CoA to acetate and CoA. In addition to having a START domain, STARD14 and STARD15 each have two tandem copies of the hotdog domain. There are two splice variants of human STARD14, named BFIT1 and BFIT2, which differ in their C-termini. Human BFIT2 is equivalent to mouse mBFIT/Acot11, whose transcription is increased two fold in obesity-resistant mice compared with obesity-prone mice. Human STARD15 may have roles in cholesterol metabolism and in beta-oxidation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ЄвА0А0АаАВАcd08874, START_STARD9-like, C-terminal START domain of mammalian STARD9, and related domains; lipid binding. This subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of mammalian STARD9 (also known as KIAA1300), and related domains. The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C /PITP /Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. Some members of this subfamily have N-terminal kinesin motor domains. STARD9 interacts with supervillin, a protein important for efficient cytokinesis, perhaps playing a role in coordinating microtubule motors with actin and myosin II functions at membranes. The human gene encoding STARD9 lies within a target region for LGMD2A, an autosomal recessive form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓євА0А0АаАВ@cd08875, START_ArGLABRA2_like, C-terminal lipid-binding START domain of the Arabidopsis homeobox protein GLABRA 2 and related proteins. This subfamily includes the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains of the Arabidopsis homeobox protein GLABRA 2 and related proteins. The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. Most proteins in this subgroup contain an N-terminal homeobox DNA-binding domain, some contain a leucine zipper. ArGLABRA2 plays a role in the differentiation of hairless epidermal cells of the Arabidopsis root. It acts in a cell-position-dependent manner to suppress root hair formation in those cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ЇвА0А0АаАВcd08876, START_1, Uncharacterized subgroup of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domain family. Functionally uncharacterized subgroup of the START domain family. The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. For some mammalian members of the START family (STARDs), it is known which lipids bind in this pocket; these include cholesterol (STARD1, -3, -4, and -5), 25-hydroxycholesterol (STARD5), phosphatidylcholine (STARD2, -7, and -10), phosphatidylethanolamine (STARD10) and ceramides (STARD11). Mammalian STARDs participate in the control of various cellular processes, including lipid trafficking between intracellular compartments, lipid metabolism, and modulation of signaling events. Mutation or altered expression of STARDs is linked to diseases such as cancer, genetic disorders, and autoimmune disease.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ївА0А0АаАВcd08877, START_2, Uncharacterized subgroup of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domain family. Functionally uncharacterized subgroup of the START domain family. The START domain family belongs to the SRPBCC (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC) domain superfamily of proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands. SRPBCC domains have a deep hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. For some mammalian members of the START family (STARDs), it is known which lipids bind in this pocket; these include cholesterol (STARD1, -3, -4, and -5), 25-hydroxycholesterol (STARD5), phosphatidylcholine (STARD2, -7, and -10), phosphatidylethanolamine (STARD10) and ceramides (STARD11). Mammalian STARDs participate in the control of various cellular processes, including lipid trafficking between intracellular compartments, lipid metabolism, and modulation of signaling events. Mutation or altered expression of STARDs is linked to diseases such as cancer, genetic disorders, and autoimmune disease.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ЎвА0А0АаАВ вА0А0АаАВ яcd08933, RDH_SDR_c, retinal dehydrogenase-like, classical (c) SDR. These classical SDRs includes members identified as retinol dehydrogenases, which convert retinol to retinal, a property that overlaps with 17betaHSD activity. 17beta-dehydrogenases are a group of isozymes that catalyze activation and inactivation of estrogen and androgens, and include members of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductase family. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄ЎвА0А0АаАВ cd08934, CAD_SDR_c, clavulanic acid dehydrogenase (CAD), classical (c) SDR. CAD catalyzes the NADP-dependent reduction of clavulanate-9-aldehyde to clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄ўвА0А0АаАВ tcd08935, mannonate_red_SDR_c, putative D-mannonate oxidoreductase, classical (c) SDR. D-mannonate oxidoreductase catalyzes the NAD-dependent interconversion of D-mannonate and D-fructuronate. This subgroup includes Bacillus subtitils UxuB/YjmF, a putative D-mannonate oxidoreductase; the B. subtilis UxuB gene is part of a putative ten-gene operon (the Yjm operon) involved in hexuronate catabolism. Escherichia coli UxuB does not belong to this subgroup. This subgroup has a canonical active site tetrad and a typical Gly-rich NAD-binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄°вА0А0АаАВ ■cd08936, CR_SDR_c, Porcine peroxisomal carbonyl reductase like, classical (c) SDR. This subgroup contains porcine peroxisomal carbonyl reductase and similar proteins. The porcine enzyme efficiently reduces retinals. This subgroup also includes human dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 4 (DHRS4), and human DHRS4L1. DHRS4 is a peroxisomal enzyme with 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity; it catalyzes the reduction of 3-keto-C19/C21-steroids into 3beta-hydroxysteroids more efficiently than it does the retinal reduction. The human DHRS4 gene cluster contains DHRS4, DHRS4L2 and DHRS4L1. DHRS4L2 and DHRS4L1 are paralogs of DHRS4, DHRS4L2 being the most recent member. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄∙вА0А0АаАВcd08937, DHB_DH-like_SDR_c, 1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase (DHB DH)-like, classical (c) SDR. DHB DH (aka 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase) catalyzes the NAD-dependent conversion of 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,4-diene carboxylate to a catechol. This subgroup also contains Pseudomonas putida F1 CmtB, 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-p-cumate dehydrogenase, the second enzyme in the pathway for catabolism of p-cumate catabolism. This subgroup shares the glycine-rich NAD-binding motif of the classical SDRs and shares the same catalytic triad; however, the upstream Asn implicated in cofactor binding or catalysis in other SDRs is generally substituted by a Ser. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄·вА0А0АаАВ Сcd08939, KDSR-like_SDR_c, 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase (KDSR) and related proteins, classical (c) SDR. These proteins include members identified as KDSR, ribitol type dehydrogenase, and others. The group shows strong conservation of the active site tetrad and glycine rich NAD-binding motif of the classical SDRs. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄√вА0А0АаАВ acd08940, HBDH_SDR_c, d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), classical (c) SDRs. DHBDH, an NAD+ -dependent enzyme, catalyzes the interconversion of D-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. It is a classical SDR, with the canonical NAD-binding motif and active site tetrad. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄№вА0А0АаАВ ┤cd08941, 3KS_SDR_c, 3-keto steroid reductase, classical (c) SDRs. 3-keto steroid reductase (in concert with other enzymes) catalyzes NADP-dependent sterol C-4 demethylation, as part of steroid biosynthesis. 3-keto reductase is a classical SDR, with a well conserved canonical active site tetrad and fairly well conserved characteristic NAD-binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄¤вА0А0АаАВ cd08942, RhlG_SDR_c, RhlG and related beta-ketoacyl reductases, classical (c) SDRs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlG is an SDR-family beta-ketoacyl reductase involved in Rhamnolipid biosynthesis. RhlG is similar to but distinct from the FabG family of beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) of type II fatty acid synthesis. RhlG and related proteins are classical SDRs, with a canonical active site tetrad and glycine-rich NAD(P)-binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄■вА0А0АаАВ ,cd08943, R1PA_ADH_SDR_c, rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase/alcohol dehydrogenase, classical (c) SDRs. This family has bifunctional proteins with an N-terminal aldolase and a C-terminal classical SDR domain. One member is identified as a rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase/alcohol dehydrogenase. The SDR domain has a canonical SDR glycine-rich NAD(P) binding motif and a match to the characteristic active site triad. However, it lacks an upstream active site Asn typical of SDRs. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄ вА0А0АаАВчcd08944, SDR_c12, classical (c) SDR, subgroup 12. These are classical SDRs, with the canonical active site tetrad and glycine-rich NAD-binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ{cd08945, PKR_SDR_c, Polyketide ketoreductase, classical (c) SDR. Polyketide ketoreductase (KR) is a classical SDR with a characteristic NAD-binding pattern and active site tetrad. Aromatic polyketides include various aromatic compounds of pharmaceutical interest. Polyketide KR, part of the type II polyketide synthase (PKS) complex, is comprised of stand-alone domains that resemble the domains found in fatty acid synthase and multidomain type I PKS. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRS are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes have a 3-glycine N-terminal NAD(P)(H)-binding pattern (typically, TGxxxGxG in classical SDRs and TGxxGxxG in extended SDRs), while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region. A critical catalytic Tyr residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering), is often found in a conserved YXXXK pattern. In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) or additional Ser, contributing to the active site. Substrates for these enzymes include sugars, steroids, alcohols, and aromatic compounds. The standard reaction mechanism is a proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, as well as Asn (or Ser). Some SDR family members, including 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase contain an additional helix-turn-helix motif that is not generally found among SDRs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ▓cd08946, SDR_e, extended (e) SDRs. Extended SDRs are distinct from classical SDRs. In addition to the Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet) core region typical of all SDRs, extended SDRs have a less conserved C-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acids. Extended SDRs are a diverse collection of proteins, and include isomerases, epimerases, oxidoreductases, and lyases; they typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold, an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes is typically in the 15-30% range; they catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser and/or an Asn, contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Atypical SDRs generally lack the catalytic residues characteristic of the SDRs, and their glycine-rich NAD(P)-binding motif is often different from the forms normally seen in classical or extended SDRs. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВЁcd08947, NmrA_TMR_like_SDR_a, NmrA (a transcriptional regulator), HSCARG (an NADPH sensor), and triphenylmethane reductase (TMR) like proteins, atypical (a) SDRs. Atypical SDRs belonging to this subgroup include NmrA, HSCARG, and TMR, these proteins bind NAD(P) but they lack the usual catalytic residues of the SDRs. Atypical SDRs are distinct from classical SDRs. NmrA is a negative transcriptional regulator of various fungi, involved in the post-translational modulation of the GATA-type transcription factor AreA. NmrA lacks the canonical GXXGXXG NAD-binding motif and has altered residues at the catalytic triad, including a Met instead of the critical Tyr residue. NmrA may bind nucleotides but appears to lack any dehydrogenase activity. HSCARG has been identified as a putative NADP-sensing molecule, and redistributes and restructures in response to NADPH/NADP ratios. Like NmrA, it lacks most of the active site residues of the SDR family, but has an NAD(P)-binding motif similar to the extended SDR family, GXXGXXG. TMR, an NADP-binding protein, lacks the active site residues of the SDRs but has a glycine rich NAD(P)-binding motif that matches the extended SDRs. Atypical SDRs include biliverdin IX beta reductase (BVR-B,aka flavin reductase), NMRa (a negative transcriptional regulator of various fungi), progesterone 5-beta-reductase like proteins, phenylcoumaran benzylic ether and pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases, phenylpropene synthases, eugenol synthase, triphenylmethane reductase, isoflavone reductases, and others. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold, an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes is typically in the 15-30% range; they catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser and/or an Asn, contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. In addition to the Rossmann fold core region typical of all SDRs, extended SDRs have a less conserved C-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acids, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ Фcd08948, 5beta-POR_like_SDR_a, progesterone 5-beta-reductase-like proteins (5beta-POR), atypical (a) SDRs. 5beta-POR catalyzes the reduction of progesterone to 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione in Digitalis plants. This subgroup of atypical-extended SDRs, shares the structure of an extended SDR, but has a different glycine-rich nucleotide binding motif (GXXGXXG) and lacks the YXXXK active site motif of classical and extended SDRs. Tyr-179 and Lys 147 are present in the active site, but not in the usual SDR configuration. Given these differences, it has been proposed that this subfamily represents a new SDR class. Other atypical SDRs include biliverdin IX beta reductase (BVR-B,aka flavin reductase), NMRa (a negative transcriptional regulator of various fungi), phenylcoumaran benzylic ether and pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases, phenylpropene synthases, eugenol synthase, triphenylmethane reductase, isoflavone reductases, and others. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold, an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes is typically in the 15-30% range; they catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser and/or an Asn, contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. In addition to the Rossmann fold core region typical of all SDRs, extended SDRs have a less conserved C-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acids, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ5cd08950, KR_fFAS_SDR_c_like, ketoacyl reductase (KR) domain of fungal-type fatty acid synthase (fFAS), classical (c)-like SDRs. KR domain of fungal-type fatty acid synthase (FAS), type I. Fungal-type FAS is a heterododecameric FAS composed of alpha and beta multifunctional polypeptide chains. The KR, an SDR family member, is located centrally in the alpha chain. KR catalyzes the NADP-dependent reduction of ketoacyl-ACP to hydroxyacyl-ACP. KR shares the critical active site Tyr of the Classical SDR and has partial identity of the active site tetrad, but the upstream Asn is replaced in KR by Met. As in other SDRs, there is a glycine rich NAD-binding motif, but the pattern found in KR does not match the classical SDRs, and is not strictly conserved within this group. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type KRs have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ *cd08951, DR_C-13_KR_SDR_c_like, daunorubicin C-13 ketoreductase (KR), classical (c)-like SDRs. Daunorubicin is a clinically important therapeutic compound used in some cancer treatments. Daunorubicin C-13 ketoreductase is member of the classical SDR family with a canonical glycine-rich NAD(P)-binding motif, but lacking a complete match to the active site tetrad characteristic of this group. The critical Tyr, plus the Lys and upstream Asn are present, but the catalytic Ser is replaced, generally by Gln. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type KRs have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВMcd08952, KR_1_SDR_x, ketoreductase (KR), subgroup 1, complex (x) SDRs. Ketoreductase, a module of the multidomain polyketide synthase (PKS), has 2 subdomains, each corresponding to a SDR family monomer. The C-terminal subdomain catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of the beta-carbonyl of a polyketide to a hydroxyl group, a step in the biosynthesis of polyketides, such as erythromycin. The N-terminal subdomain, an interdomain linker, is a truncated Rossmann fold which acts to stabilizes the catalytic subdomain. Unlike typical SDRs, the isolated domain does not oligomerize but is composed of 2 subdomains, each resembling an SDR monomer. The active site resembles that of typical SDRs, except that the usual positions of the catalytic Asn and Tyr are swapped, so that the canonical YXXXK motif changes to YXXXN. Modular PKSs are multifunctional structures in which the makeup recapitulates that found in (and may have evolved from) FAS. Polyketide synthesis also proceeds via the addition of 2-carbon units as in fatty acid synthesis. The complex SDR NADP-binding motif, GGXGXXG, is often present, but is not strictly conserved in each instance of the module. This subfamily includes KR domains found in many multidomain PKSs, including six of seven Sorangium cellulosum PKSs (encoded by spiDEFGHIJ) which participate in the synthesis of the polyketide scaffold of the cytotoxic spiroketal polyketide spirangien. These seven PKSs have either a single PKS module (SpiF), two PKR modules (SpiD,-E,-I,-J), or three PKS modules (SpiG,-H). This subfamily includes the single KR domain of SpiF, the first KR domains of SpiE,-G,H,-I,and #J, the third KR domain of SpiG, and the second KR domain of SpiH. The second KR domains of SpiE,-G, I, and #J, and the KR domains of SpiD, belong to a different KR_FAS_SDR subfamily. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type KRs have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ Цcd08953, KR_2_SDR_x, ketoreductase (KR), subgroup 2, complex (x) SDRs. Ketoreductase, a module of the multidomain polyketide synthase (PKS), has 2 subdomains, each corresponding to a SDR family monomer. The C-terminal subdomain catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of the beta-carbonyl of a polyketide to a hydroxyl group, a step in the biosynthesis of polyketides, such as erythromycin. The N-terminal subdomain, an interdomain linker, is a truncated Rossmann fold which acts to stabilizes the catalytic subdomain. Unlike typical SDRs, the isolated domain does not oligomerize but is composed of 2 subdomains, each resembling an SDR monomer. The active site resembles that of typical SDRs, except that the usual positions of the catalytic Asn and Tyr are swapped, so that the canonical YXXXK motif changes to YXXXN. Modular PKSs are multifunctional structures in which the makeup recapitulates that found in (and may have evolved from) FAS. Polyketide synthesis also proceeds via the addition of 2-carbon units as in fatty acid synthesis. The complex SDR NADP-binding motif, GGXGXXG, is often present, but is not strictly conserved in each instance of the module. This subfamily includes both KR domains of the Bacillus subtilis Pks J,-L, and PksM, and all three KR domains of PksN, components of the megacomplex bacillaene synthase, which synthesizes the antibiotic bacillaene. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type KRs have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВчcd08954, KR_1_FAS_SDR_x, beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR) domain of fatty acid synthase (FAS), subgroup 1, complex (x) SDRs. NADP-dependent KR domain of the multidomain type I FAS, a complex SDR family. This subfamily also includes proteins identified as polyketide synthase (PKS), a protein with related modular protein architecture and similar function. It includes the KR domains of mammalian and chicken FAS, and Dictyostelium discoideum putative polyketide synthases (PKSs). These KR domains contain two subdomains, each of which is related to SDR Rossmann fold domains. However, while the C-terminal subdomain has an active site similar to the other SDRs and a NADP-binding capability, the N-terminal SDR-like subdomain is truncated and lacks these functions, serving a supportive structural role. In some instances, such as porcine FAS, an enoyl reductase (a Rossman fold NAD-binding domain of the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, MDR family) module is inserted between the sub-domains. Fatty acid synthesis occurs via the stepwise elongation of a chain (which is attached to acyl carrier protein, ACP) with 2-carbon units. Eukaryotic systems consists of large, multifunctional synthases (type I) while bacterial, type II systems, use single function proteins. Fungal fatty acid synthesis uses a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. In mammalian type FAS cycles, ketoacyl synthase forms acetoacetyl-ACP which is reduced by the NADP-dependent beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR), forming beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP, which is in turn dehydrated by dehydratase to a beta-enoyl intermediate, which is reduced by NADP-dependent beta-enoyl reductase (ER); this KR and ER are members of the SDR family. This KR subfamily has an active site tetrad with a similar 3D orientation compared to archetypical SDRs, but the active site Lys and Asn residue positions are swapped. The characteristic NADP-binding is typical of the multidomain complex SDRs, with a GGXGXXG NADP binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type KRs have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ вА0А0АаАВ┌cd08955, KR_2_FAS_SDR_x, beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR) domain of fatty acid synthase (FAS), subgroup 2, complex (x). Ketoreductase, a module of the multidomain polyketide synthase, has 2 subdomains, each corresponding to a short-chain dehydrogenases/reductase (SDR) family monomer. The C-terminal subdomain catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of the beta-carbonyl of a polyketide to a hydroxyl group, a step in the biosynthesis of polyketides, such as erythromycin. The N-terminal subdomain, an interdomain linker, is a truncated Rossmann fold which acts to stabilizes the catalytic subdomain. Unlike typical SDRs, the isolated domain does not oligomerizes but is composed of 2 subdomains, each resembling an SDR monomer. In some instances, as in porcine FAS, an enoyl reductase (a Rossman fold NAD binding domain of the MDR family) module is inserted between the sub-domains. The active site resembles that of typical SDRs, except that the usual positions of the catalytic asparagine and tyrosine are swapped, so that the canonical YXXXK motif changes to YXXXN. Modular polyketide synthases are multifunctional structures in which the makeup recapitulates that found in (and may have evolved from) fatty acid synthase. In some instances, such as porcine FAS , an enoyl reductase module is inserted between the sub-domains. Fatty acid synthesis occurs via the stepwise elongation of a chain (which is attached to acyl carrier protein, ACP) with 2-carbon units. Eukaryotic systems consists of large, multifunctional synthases (type I) while bacterial, type II systems, use single function proteins. Fungal fatty acid synthesis uses dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. In mammalian type FAS cycles, ketoacyl synthase forms acetoacetyl-ACP which is reduced by the NADP-dependent beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR), forming beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP, which is in turn dehydrated by dehydratase to a beta-enoyl intermediate, which is reduced by NADP-dependent beta-enoyl reductase (ER). Polyketide syntheses also proceeds via the addition of 2-carbon units as in fatty acid synthesis. The complex SDR NADP binding motif, GGXGXXG, is often present, but is not strictly conserved in each instance of the module. This subfamily includes the KR domain of the Lyngbya majuscule Jam J, -K, and #L which are encoded on the jam gene cluster and are involved in the synthesis of the Jamaicamides (neurotoxins); Lyngbya majuscule Jam P belongs to a different KR_FAS_SDR_x subfamily. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type KRs have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ вА0А0АаАВxcd08956, KR_3_FAS_SDR_x, beta-ketoacyl reductase (KR) domain of fatty acid synthase (FAS), subgroup 3, complex (x). Ketoreductase, a module of the multidomain polyketide synthase (PKS), has 2 subdomains, each corresponding to a SDR family monomer. The C-terminal subdomain catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of the beta-carbonyl of a polyketide to a hydroxyl group, a step in the biosynthesis of polyketides, such as erythromycin. The N-terminal subdomain, an interdomain linker, is a truncated Rossmann fold which acts to stabilizes the catalytic subdomain. Unlike typical SDRs, the isolated domain does not oligomerize but is composed of 2 subdomains, each resembling an SDR monomer. The active site resembles that of typical SDRs, except that the usual positions of the catalytic Asn and Tyr are swapped, so that the canonical YXXXK motif changes to YXXXN. Modular PKSs are multifunctional structures in which the makeup recapitulates that found in (and may have evolved from) FAS. In some instances, such as porcine FAS, an enoyl reductase (ER) module is inserted between the sub-domains. Fatty acid synthesis occurs via the stepwise elongation of a chain (which is attached to acyl carrier protein, ACP) with 2-carbon units. Eukaryotic systems consists of large, multifunctional synthases (type I) while bacterial, type II systems, use single function proteins. Fungal fatty acid synthesis uses a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. In mammalian type FAS cycles, ketoacyl synthase forms acetoacetyl-ACP which is reduced by the NADP-dependent beta-KR, forming beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP, which is in turn dehydrated by dehydratase to a beta-enoyl intermediate, which is reduced by NADP-dependent beta- ER. Polyketide synthesis also proceeds via the addition of 2-carbon units as in fatty acid synthesis. The complex SDR NADP-binding motif, GGXGXXG, is often present, but is not strictly conserved in each instance of the module. This subfamily includes KR domains found in many multidomain PKSs, including six of seven Sorangium cellulosum PKSs (encoded by spiDEFGHIJ) which participate in the synthesis of the polyketide scaffold of the cytotoxic spiroketal polyketide spirangien. These seven PKSs have either a single PKS module (SpiF), two PKR modules (SpiD,-E,-I,-J), or three PKS modules (SpiG,-H). This subfamily includes the second KR domains of SpiE,-G, I, and -J, both KR domains of SpiD, and the third KR domain of SpiH. The single KR domain of SpiF, the first and second KR domains of SpiH, the first KR domains of SpiE,-G,- I, and -J, and the third KR domain of SpiG, belong to a different KR_FAS_SDR subfamily. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type KRs have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ rcd08957, WbmH_like_SDR_e, Bordetella bronchiseptica enzymes WbmH and WbmG-like, extended (e) SDRs. Bordetella bronchiseptica enzymes WbmH and WbmG, and related proteins. This subgroup exhibits the active site tetrad and NAD-binding motif of the extended SDR family. It has been proposed that the active site in Bordetella WbmG and WbmH cannot function as an epimerase, and that it plays a role in O-antigen synthesis pathway from UDP-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-l-galacturonic acid. Extended SDRs are distinct from classical SDRs. In addition to the Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet) core region typical of all SDRs, extended SDRs have a less conserved C-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acids. Extended SDRs are a diverse collection of proteins, and include isomerases, epimerases, oxidoreductases, and lyases; they typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold, an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes is typically in the 15-30% range; they catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser and/or an Asn, contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Atypical SDRs generally lack the catalytic residues characteristic of the SDRs, and their glycine-rich NAD(P)-binding motif is often different from the forms normally seen in classical or extended SDRs. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ cd08974, BaFpgNei_N_2, Uncharacterized bacterial subgroup of the N-terminal domain of Fpg (formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, MutM)_Nei (endonuclease VIII) base-excision repair DNA glycosylases. This family is an uncharacterized bacterial subgroup of the FpgNei_N domain superfamily. DNA glycosylases maintain genome integrity by recognizing base lesions created by ionizing radiation, alkylating or oxidizing agents, and endogenous reactive oxygen species. They initiate the base-excision repair process, which is completed with the help of enzymes such as phosphodiesterases, AP endonucleases, DNA polymerases and DNA ligases. DNA glycosylases cleave the N-glycosyl bond between the sugar and the damaged base, creating an AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site. Most FpgNei DNA glycosylases use their N-terminal proline residue as the key catalytic nucleophile, and the reaction proceeds via a Schiff base intermediate. This N-terminal proline is conserved in this family. Escherichia coli Fpg prefers 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) and oxidized purines, and Escherichia coli Nei recognizes oxidized pyrimidines. However, neither Escherichia coli Fpg or Nei belong to this family. In addition to this BaFpgNei_N_2 domain, enzymes belonging to this family contain a helix-two turn-helix (H2TH) domain. Most also contain a zinc-finger motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓ивА0А0АаАВ┐cd08975, BaFpgNei_N_3, Uncharacterized bacterial subgroup of the N-terminal domain of Fpg (formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, MutM)_Nei (endonuclease VIII) base-excision repair DNA glycosylases. This family is an uncharacterized bacterial subgroup of the FpgNei_N domain superfamily. DNA glycosylases maintain genome integrity by recognizing base lesions created by ionizing radiation, alkylating or oxidizing agents, and endogenous reactive oxygen species. They initiate the base-excision repair process, which is completed with the help of enzymes such as phosphodiesterases, AP endonucleases, DNA polymerases and DNA ligases. DNA glycosylases cleave the N-glycosyl bond between the sugar and the damaged base, creating an AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site. Most FpgNei DNA glycosylases use their N-terminal proline residue as the key catalytic nucleophile, and the reaction proceeds via a Schiff base intermediate. One exception is mouse Nei-like glycosylase 3 (Neil3) which forms a Schiff base intermediate via its N-terminal valine. In this family the N-terminal proline is replaced by an isoleucine or valine. Escherichia coli Fpg prefers 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) and oxidized purines and Escherichia coli Nei recognizes oxidized pyrimidines. However, neither Escherichia coli Fpg or Nei belong to this family. In addition to this BaFpgNei_N_3 domain, enzymes belonging to this family contain a helix-two turn-helix (H2TH) domain and a zinc-finger motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓йвА0А0АаАВ3cd08976, BaFpgNei_N_4, Uncharacterized bacterial subgroup of the N-terminal domain of Fpg (formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, MutM)_Nei (endonuclease VIII) base-excision repair DNA glycosylases. This family is an uncharacterized bacterial subgroup of the FpgNei_N domain superfamily. DNA glycosylases maintain genome integrity by recognizing base lesions created by ionizing radiation, alkylating or oxidizing agents, and endogenous reactive oxygen species. They initiate the base-excision repair process, which is completed with the help of enzymes such as phosphodiesterases, AP endonucleases, DNA polymerases and DNA ligases. DNA glycosylases cleave the N-glycosyl bond between the sugar and the damaged base, creating an AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site. Most FpgNei DNA glycosylases use their N-terminal proline residue as the key catalytic nucleophile, and the reaction proceeds via a Schiff base intermediate. This N-terminal proline is conserved in this family. Escherichia coli Fpg prefers 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) and oxidized purines and Escherichia coli Nei recognizes oxidized pyrimidines. However, neither Escherichia coli Fpg or Nei belong to this family. In addition to this BaFpgNei_N_4 domain, most enzymes belonging to this family contain a helix-two turn-helix (H2TH) domain and a zinc-finger motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓квА0А0АаАВуcd08977, SusD, starch binding outer membrane protein SusD. SusD-like proteins from Bacteroidetes, members of the human distal gut microbiota, are part of the starch utilization system (Sus). Sus is one of the large clusters of glycosyl hydrolases, called polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs), which play an important role in polysaccharide recognition and uptake, and it is needed for growth on amylose, amylopectin, pullulan, and maltooligosaccharides. SusD, together with SusC, a predicted beta-barrel porin, forms the minimum outer-membrane starch-binding complex. The adult human distal gut microbiota is essential for digestion of a large variety of dietary polysaccharides, for which humans lack the necessary glycosyl hydrolases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒авА0А0АаАВ╔cd08978, GH_F, Glycosyl hydrolase families 43 and 62 form CAZY clan GH-F. This glycosyl hydrolase clan F (according to carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZY)) includes family 43 (GH43) and 62 (GH62). GH43 includes enzymes with beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37), beta-1,3-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.-), alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), endo-alpha-L-arabinanases (beta-xylanases) and galactan 1,3-beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.145) activities. GH62 includes enzymes characterized as arabinofuranosidases (alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases; EC 3.2.1.55) that specifically cleave either alpha-1,2 or alpha-1,3-L-arabinofuranose side chains from xylans. GH43 are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. GH62 are also predicted to be inverting enzymes. A common structural feature of both, GH43 and GH62 enzymes, is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒wвА0А0АаАВ√cd08979, GH_J, Glycosyl hydrolase families 32 and 68, which for the clan GH-J. This glycosyl hydrolase family clan J (according to carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZY)) includes family 32 (GH32) and 68 (GH68). The overall sequence homology between the two families is low (<15% identity), but common sequence motifs have been identified. GH32 enzymes are invertases that also include other fructofuranosidases such as inulinase (EC 3.2.1.7), exo-inulinase (EC 3.2.1.80), levanase (EC 3.2.1.65), and transfructosidases such sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.99), fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.100), sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.10), fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.243) and levan fructosyltransferases (EC 2.4.1.-). GH32 enzymes cleave sucrose into fructose and glucose via beta-fructofuranosidase activity, producing invert sugar that is a mixture of dextrorotatory D-glucose and levorotatory D-fructose, thus named invertase (EC 3.2.1.26). GH68 consists of frucosyltransferases (FTFs) that include levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10); beta-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26); inulosucrase (EC 2.4.1.9), all of which use sucrose as their preferential donor substrate. A common structural feature of all these enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain, similar to GH43, that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒xвА0А0АаАВ╬cd08980, GH43_1, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes with beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) and possibly bifunctional xylosidase/arabinofuranosidase activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒yвА0А0АаАВRcd08981, GH43_2, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes with beta-1,4-xylosidase (xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37), beta-1,3-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.-), alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), endo-alpha-L-arabinanase and galactan 1,3-beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.145) activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒zвА0А0АаАВRcd08982, GH43_3, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes with beta-1,4-xylosidase (xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37), beta-1,3-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.-), alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), endo-alpha-L-arabinanase and galactan 1,3-beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.145) activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒{вА0А0АаАВRcd08983, GH43_4, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes with beta-1,4-xylosidase (xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37), beta-1,3-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.-), alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), endo-alpha-L-arabinanase and galactan 1,3-beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.145) activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒|вА0А0АаАВRcd08984, GH43_5, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes with beta-1,4-xylosidase (xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37), beta-1,3-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.-), alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), endo-alpha-L-arabinanase and galactan 1,3-beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.145) activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒}вА0А0АаАВRcd08985, GH43_6, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes with beta-1,4-xylosidase (xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37), beta-1,3-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.-), alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), endo-alpha-L-arabinanase and galactan 1,3-beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.145) activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒~вА0А0АаАВRcd08986, GH43_7, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes with beta-1,4-xylosidase (xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37), beta-1,3-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.-), alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99), xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), endo-alpha-L-arabinanase and galactan 1,3-beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.145) activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒вА0А0АаАВ╘cd08987, GH62, Glycosyl hydrolase family 62, characterized arabinofuranosidases. The glycosyl hydrolase family 62 includes eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes, most of which are characterized arabinofuranosidases (alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases; EC 3.2.1.55) that specifically cleave either alpha-1,2 or alpha-1,3-L-arabinofuranose side chains from xylans. The enzyme does not act on xylose moieties in xylan that are adorned with an arabinose side chain at both O2 and O3 positions, nor does it display any non-specific arabinofuranosidase activity. Several of these enzymes also contain carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) that bind cellulose or xylan. The catalytic mechanism of this family has not yet been determined, but is predicted to display a single displacement or inverting mechanism, based on its location in the same carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZY) clan (Clan F) as that occupied by GH43, a well characterized inverting family. Similarly, the catalytic residues are predicted from sequence homology with GH43 enzymes, since the catalytic mechanism and residues are conserved in glycoside hydrolase families in the same clan. These enzymes are predicted to display a 5-fold beta-propeller fold as found for GH43.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒АвА0А0АаАВ─cd08988, GH43_ABN, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes mostly enzymes with alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (AFN; EC 3.2.1.55) and endo-alpha-L-arabinanase (ABN; EC 3.2.1.99) activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. The GH43 ABN enzymes hydrolyze alpha-1,5-L-arabinofuranoside linkages while the ABF enzymes cleave arabinose side chains so that the combined actions of these two enzymes reduce arabinan to L-arabinose and/or arabinooligosaccharides. These arabinan-degrading enzymes are important in the food industry for efficient production of L-arabinose from agricultural waste; L-arabinose is often used as a bioactive sweetener. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒БвА0А0АаАВ'cd08989, GH43_XYL, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43, beta-D-xylosidase. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes mostly enzymes that have been characterized to have beta-1,4-xylosidase (beta-D-xylosidase;xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37) activity. They are part of an array of hemicellulases that are involved in the final breakdown of plant cell-wall whereby they degrade xylan. They hydrolyze beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds between two xylose units in short xylooligosaccharides. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ВвА0А0АаАВpcd08990, GH43_AXH_like, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43, includes arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase, beta-xylosidase, endo-1,4-beta-xylanase, alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes that have been characterized with beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37), alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), endo-alpha-L-arabinanase as well as arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase (AXH) activities. These are all inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. AXHs specifically hydrolyze the glycosidic bond between arabinofuranosyl substituents and xylopyranosyl backbone residues of arabinoxylan. Several of these enzymes also contain carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) that bind cellulose or xylan. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ГвА0А0АаАВ┼cd08991, GH43_bXyl_2, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes that have been characterized with xylan-digesting beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) and xylanase (endo-alpha-L-arabinanase) activities. These are all inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ДвА0А0АаАВ~cd08992, GH43_like_1, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43, uncharacterized proteins. This subfamily is glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43)-like and contains uncharacterized proteins. GH43 proteins are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the GH43 enzymes display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЕвА0А0АаАВбcd08993, GH43_DUF377, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43 containing a domain of unknown function. This subfamily has sequences similar to the glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) and contains uncharacterized proteins. GH43 proteins are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the GH43 enzymes display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЖвА0А0АаАВ=cd08994, GH43_like_2, Glycosyl hydrolase 43-like family consists of hypothetical proteins. This subfamily mostly contains uncharacterized proteins similar to glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) which includes enzymes with beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) and possibly bifunctional xylosidase/arabinofuranosidase activities. GH43 are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЗвА0А0АаАВcd08995, GH32_Aec43_like, Glycosyl hydrolase family 32. This glycosyl hydrolase family 32 (GH32) includes characterized as well as uncharacterized proteins. GH32 enzymes cleave sucrose into fructose and glucose via beta-fructofuranosidase activity, producing invert sugar that is a mixture of dextrorotatory D-glucose and levorotatory D-fructose, thus named invertase (EC 3.2.1.26). GH32 family also contains other fructofuranosidases such as inulinase (EC 3.2.1.7), exo-inulinase (EC 3.2.1.80), levanase (EC 3.2.1.65), and transfructosidases such sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.99), fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.100), sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.10), fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.243) and levan fructosyltransferases (EC 2.4.1.-). These retaining enzymes (i.e. they retain the configuration at anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) catalyze hydrolysis in two steps involving a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate: an aspartate located close to the N-terminus acts as the catalytic nucleophile and a glutamate acts as the general acid/base; a conserved aspartate residue in the Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif stabilizes the transition state. These enzymes are predicted to display a 5-fold beta-propeller fold as found for GH43 and CH68. The breakdown of sucrose is widely used as a carbon or energy source by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Invertase is used commercially in the confectionery industry, since fructose has a sweeter taste than sucrose and a lower tendency to crystallize.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ИвА0А0АаАВcd08996, GH32_B_Fructosidase, Glycosyl hydrolase family 32, beta-fructosidases. Glycosyl hydrolase family GH32 cleaves sucrose into fructose and glucose via beta-fructofuranosidase activity, producing invert sugar that is a mixture of dextrorotatory D-glucose and levorotatory D-fructose, thus named invertase (EC 3.2.1.26). This family also contains other fructofuranosidases such as inulinase (EC 3.2.1.7), exo-inulinase (EC 3.2.1.80), levanase (EC 3.2.1.65), and transfructosidases such sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.99), fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.100), sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.10), fructan:fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.243) and levan fructosyltransferases (EC 2.4.1.-). These retaining enzymes (i.e. they retain the configuration at anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) catalyze hydrolysis in two steps involving a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate: an aspartate located close to the N-terminus acts as the catalytic nucleophile and a glutamate acts as the general acid/base; a conserved aspartate residue in the Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif stabilizes the transition state. These enzymes are predicted to display a 5-fold beta-propeller fold as found for GH43 and CH68. The breakdown of sucrose is widely used as a carbon or energy source by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Invertase is used commercially in the confectionery industry, since fructose has a sweeter taste than sucrose and a lower tendency to crystallize. A common structural feature of all these enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain, similar to GH43, that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЙвА0А0АаАВWcd08997, GH68, Glycosyl hydrolase family 68, includes levansucrase, beta-fructofuranosidase and inulosucrase. Glycosyl hydrolase family 68 (GH68) consists of frucosyltransferases (FTFs) that include levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10), beta-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) and inulosucrase (EC 2.4.1.9), all of which use sucrose as their preferential donor substrate. Levansucrase, also known as beta-D-fructofuranosyl transferase, catalyzes the transfer of the sucrose fructosyl moiety to a growing levan chain. Similarly, inulosucrase catalyzes long inulin-type of fructans, and beta-fructofuranosidases create fructooligosaccharides (FOS). However, in the absence of high fructan/sucrose ratio, some GH68 enzymes can also use fructan as donor substrate. GH68 retaining enzymes (i.e. they retain the configuration at anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) catalyze hydrolysis in two steps involving a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate: an aspartate located close to the N-terminus acts as the catalytic nucleophile and a glutamate acts as the general acid/base; a conserved aspartate residue in the Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP) motif stabilizes the transition state. A common structural feature of all these enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain, similar to GH43, that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller. Biotechnological applications of these enzymes include use of inulin in inexpensive production of rich fructose syrups as well as use of FOS as health-promoting pre-biotics.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒КвА0А0АаАВ╞cd08998, GH43_ABN_1, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes mostly enzymes with alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (AFN; EC 3.2.1.55) and endo-alpha-L-arabinanase (ABN; EC 3.2.1.99) activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. The GH43 ABN enzymes hydrolyze alpha-1,5-L-arabinofuranoside linkages while the ABF enzymes cleave arabinose side chains so that the combined actions of these two enzymes reduce arabinan to L-arabinose and/or arabinooligosaccharides. These arabinan-degrading enzymes are important in the food industry for efficient production of L-arabinose from agricultural waste; L-arabinose is often used as a bioactive sweetener. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЛвА0А0АаАВ╞cd08999, GH43_ABN_2, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes mostly enzymes with alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (AFN; EC 3.2.1.55) and endo-alpha-L-arabinanase (ABN; EC 3.2.1.99) activities. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. The GH43 ABN enzymes hydrolyze alpha-1,5-L-arabinofuranoside linkages while the ABF enzymes cleave arabinose side chains so that the combined actions of these two enzymes reduce arabinan to L-arabinose and/or arabinooligosaccharides. These arabinan-degrading enzymes are important in the food industry for efficient production of L-arabinose from agricultural waste; L-arabinose is often used as a bioactive sweetener. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒МвА0А0АаАВ)cd09000, GH43_XYL_1, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43, beta-D-xylosidase. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes mostly enzymes that have been characterized to have beta-1,4-xylosidase (beta-D-xylosidase;xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37) activity. They are part of an array of hemicellulases that are involved in the final breakdown of plant cell-wall whereby they degrade xylan. They hydrolyze beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds between two xylose units in short xylooligosaccharides. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒НвА0А0АаАВ)cd09001, GH43_XYL_2, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43, beta-D-xylosidase. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes mostly enzymes that have been characterized to have beta-1,4-xylosidase (beta-D-xylosidase;xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37) activity. They are part of an array of hemicellulases that are involved in the final breakdown of plant cell-wall whereby they degrade xylan. They hydrolyze beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds between two xylose units in short xylooligosaccharides. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ОвА0А0АаАВ"cd09002, GH43_XYL_3, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43, beta-D-xylosidase. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes that have been characterized to have beta-1,4-xylosidase (beta-D-xylosidase;xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; EC 3.2.1.37) activity. They are part of an array of hemicellulases that are involved in the final breakdown of plant cell-wall whereby they degrade xylan. They hydrolyze beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds between two xylose units in short xylooligosaccharides. These are inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ПвА0А0АаАВcd09003, GH43_AXH_1, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes that have been characterized with beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37), alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55), xylanase (endo-alpha-L-arabinanase) as well as arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase (AXH) activities. These are all inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. Many of the enzymes in this family display both alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and beta-D-xylosidase activity using aryl-glycosides as substrates. AXHs specifically hydrolyze the glycosidic bond between arabinofuranosyl substituents and xylopyranosyl backbone residues of arabinoxylan. Several of these enzymes also contain carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) that bind cellulose or xylan. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒РвА0А0АаАВXcd09004, GH43_bXyl, Glycosyl hydrolase family 43, includes mostly 1,4-beta-xylanases. This glycosyl hydrolase family 43 (GH43) includes enzymes that have been characterized with xylan-digesting beta-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) and xylanase (endo-alpha-L-arabinanase) activities. These are all inverting enzymes (i.e. they invert the stereochemistry of the anomeric carbon atom of the substrate) that have an aspartate as the catalytic general base, a glutamate as the catalytic general acid and another aspartate that is responsible for pKa modulation and orienting the catalytic acid. A common structural feature of GH43 enzymes is a 5-bladed beta-propeller domain that contains the catalytic acid and catalytic base. A long V-shaped groove, partially enclosed at one end, forms a single extended substrate-binding surface across the face of the propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒СвА0А0АаАВcd09011, VOC_like, uncharacterized subfamily of vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) family. The vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╤вА0А0АаАВcd09012, VOC_like, uncharacterized subfamily of vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) family. The vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily is composed of structurally related proteins with paired beta.alpha.beta.beta.beta motifs that provide a metal coordination environment with two or three open or readily accessible coordination sites to promote direct electrophilic participation of the metal ion in catalysis. VOC domain is found in a variety of structurally related metalloproteins, including the bleomycin resistance protein, glyoxalase I, and type I ring-cleaving dioxygenases. A bound metal ion is required for protein activities for the members of this superfamily. A variety of metal ions have been found in the catalytic centers of these proteins including Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II). The protein superfamily contains members with or without domain swapping. The proteins of this family share three conserved metal binding amino acids with the type I extradiol dioxygenases, which shows no domain swapping.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╥вА0А0АаАВTcd09013, BphC-JF8_N_like, N-terminal, non-catalytic, domain of BphC_JF8, (2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase) from Bacillus sp. JF8, and similar proteins. 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (BphC) catalyzes the extradiol ring cleavage reaction of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl, a key step in the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) degradation pathway (bph pathway). BphC belongs to the type I extradiol dioxygenase family, which requires a metal ion in the active site in its catalytic mechanism. Polychlorinated biphenyl degrading bacteria demonstrate a multiplicity of BphCs. This subfamily of BphC is represented by the enzyme purified from the thermophilic biphenyl and naphthalene degrader, Bacillus sp. JF8. The members in this family of BphC enzymes may use either Mn(II) or Fe(II) as cofactors. The enzyme purified from Bacillus sp. JF8 is Mn(II)-dependent, however, the enzyme from Rhodococcus jostii RHAI has Fe(II) bound to it. BphC_JF8 is thermostable and its optimum activity is at 85 degrees C. The enzymes in this family have an internal duplication. This family represents the N-terminal repeat.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╙вА0А0АаАВ#cd09014, BphC-JF8_C_like, C-terminal, catalytic domain of BphC_JF8, (2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase). 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (BphC) catalyzes the extradiol ring cleavage reaction of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl, a key step in the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) degradation pathway (bph pathway). BphC belongs to the type I extradiol dioxygenase family, which requires a metal ion in the active site in its catalytic mechanism. Polychlorinated biphenyl degrading bacteria demonstrate a multiplicity of BphCs. This subfamily of BphC is represented by the enzyme purified from the thermophilic biphenyl and naphthalene degrader, Bacillus sp. JF8. The members in this family of BphC enzymes may use either Mn(II) or Fe(II) as cofactors. The enzyme purified from Bacillus sp. JF8 is Mn(II)-dependent, however, the enzyme from Rhodococcus jostii RHAI has Fe(II) bound to it. BphC_JF8 is thermostable and its optimum activity is at 85 degrees C. The enzymes in this family have an internal duplication. This family represents the C-terminal repeat.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╘вА0А0АаАВЎcd09015, Ureohydrolase, Ureohydrolase superfamily includes arginase, formiminoglutamase, agmatinase and proclavaminate amidinohydrolase (PAH). This family, also known as arginase-like amidino hydrolase family, includes Mn-dependent enzymes: arginase (Arg, EC 3.5.3.1), formimidoylglutamase (HutG, EC 3.5.3.8 ), agmatinase (SpeB, EC 3.5.3.11), guanidinobutyrase (Gbh, EC=3.5.3.7), proclavaminate amidinohydrolase (PAH, EC 3.5.3.22) and related proteins. These enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of amide bond. They are involved in control of cellular levels of arginine and ornithine (both involved in protein biosynthesis, and production of creatine, polyamines, proline and nitric acid), in histidine and arginine degradation, and in clavulanic acid biosynthesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВ>cd09018, DEDDy_polA_RNaseD_like_exo, DEDDy 3'-5' exonuclease domain of family-A DNA polymerases, RNase D, WRN, and similar proteins. DEDDy exonucleases, part of the DnaQ-like (or DEDD) exonuclease superfamily, catalyze the excision of nucleoside monophosphates at the DNA or RNA termini in the 3'-5' direction. They contain four invariant acidic residues in three conserved sequence motifs termed ExoI, ExoII and ExoIII. DEDDy exonucleases are classified as such because of the presence of a specific YX(3)D pattern at ExoIII. The four conserved acidic residues serve as ligands for the two metal ions required for catalysis. This family of DEDDy exonucleases includes the proofreading domains of family A DNA polymerases, as well as RNases such as RNase D and yeast Rrp6p. The Egalitarian (Egl) and Bacillus-like DNA Polymerase I subfamilies do not possess a completely conserved YX(3)D pattern at the ExoIII motif. In addition, the Bacillus-like DNA polymerase I subfamily has inactive 3'-5' exonuclease domains which do not possess the metal-binding residues necessary for activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓вА0А0АаАВ╔cd09019, galactose_mutarotase_like, galactose mutarotase_like. Galactose mutarotase catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-galactose to alpha-D-galactose. Beta-D-galactose is produced by the degradation of lactose, a disaccharide composed of beta-D-glucose and beta-D-galactose. This epimerization reaction is the first step in the four-step Leloir pathway, which converts galactose into metabolically important glucose. This epimerization step is followed by the phosophorylation of alpha-D-galactose by galactokinase, an enzyme which can only act on the alpha anomer. A glutamate and a histidine residue of the galactose mutarotase have been shown to be critical for catalysis, the glutamate serves as the active site base to initiate the reaction by removing the proton from the C-1 hydroxyl group of the sugar substrate, and the histidine as the active site acid to protonate the C-5 ring oxygen. Galactose mutarotase is a member of the aldose-1-epimerase superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒`вА0А0АаАВkcd09020, D-hex-6-P-epi_like, D-hexose-6-phosphate epimerase-like. D-Hexose-6-phosphate epimerase Ymr099c from Saccharomyces cerevisiae belongs to the large superfamily of aldose-1-epimerases. Its active site is very similar to the catalytic site of galactose mutarotase, the best studied member of the superfamily. It also contains the conserved glutamate and histidine residues that have been shown in galactose mutarotase to be critical for catalysis, the glutamate serving as the active site base to initiate the reaction by removing the proton from the C-1 hydroxyl group of the sugar substrate, and the histidine as the active site acid to protonate the C-5 ring oxygen. In addition Ymr099c contains 2 conserved arginine residues which are involved in phosphate binding, and exhibits hexose-6-phosphate mutarotase activity on glucose-6-P, galactose-6-P and mannose-6-P.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒aвА0А0АаАВocd09021, Aldose_epim_Ec_YphB, aldose 1-epimerase, similar to Escherichia coli YphB. Proteins similar to Escherichia coli YphB are uncharacterized members of the aldose-1-epimerase superfamily. Aldose 1-epimerases or mutarotases are key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, catalyzing the interconversion of the alpha- and beta-anomers of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. This interconversion is an important step that allows anomer specific metabolic conversion of sugars. Studies of the catalytic mechanism of the best known member of the family, galactose mutarotase, have shown a glutamate and a histidine residue to be critical for catalysis; the glutamate serves as the active site base to initiate the reaction by removing the proton from the C-1 hydroxyl group of the sugar substrate, and the histidine as the active site acid to protonate the C-5 ring oxygen.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒bвА0А0АаАВkcd09022, Aldose_epim_Ec_YihR, Aldose 1-epimerase, similar to Escherichia coli YihR. Proteins similar to Escherichia coli YihR are uncharacterized members of aldose-1-epimerase superfamily. Aldose 1-epimerases or mutarotases are key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, catalyzing the interconversion of the alpha- and beta-anomers of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. This interconversion is an important step that allows anomer specific metabolic conversion of sugars. Studies of the catalytic mechanism of the best known member of the family, galactose mutarotase, have shown a glutamate and a histidine residue to be critical for catalysis; the glutamate serves as the active site base to initiate the reaction by removing the proton from the C-1 hydroxyl group of the sugar substrate, and the histidine as the active site acid to protonate the C-5 ring oxygen.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒cвА0А0АаАВpcd09023, Aldose_epim_Ec_c4013, Aldose 1-epimerase, similar to Escherichia coli c4013. Proteins, similar to Escherichia coli c4013, are uncharacterized members of aldose-1-epimerase superfamily. Aldose 1-epimerases or mutarotases are key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, catalyzing the interconversion of the alpha- and beta-anomers of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. This interconversion is an important step that allows anomer specific metabolic conversion of sugars. Studies of the catalytic mechanism of the best known member of the family, galactose mutarotase, have shown a glutamate and a histidine residue to be critical for catalysis; the glutamate serves as the active site base to initiate the reaction by removing the proton from the C-1 hydroxyl group of the sugar substrate, and the histidine as the active site acid to protonate the C-5 ring oxygen.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒dвА0А0АаАВlcd09024, Aldose_epim_lacX, Aldose 1-epimerase, similar to Lactococcus lactis lacX. Proteins similar to Lactococcus lactis lacX are uncharacterized members of aldose-1-epimerase superfamily. Aldose 1-epimerases or mutarotases are key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, catalyzing the interconversion of the alpha- and beta-anomers of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. This interconversion is an important step that allows anomer specific metabolic conversion of sugars. Studies of the catalytic mechanism of the best known member of the family, galactose mutarotase, have shown a glutamate and a histidine residue to be critical for catalysis; the glutamate serves as the active site base to initiate the reaction by removing the proton from the C-1 hydroxyl group of the sugar substrate, and the histidine as the active site acid to protonate the C-5 ring oxygen.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒eвА0А0АаАВkcd09025, Aldose_epim_Slr1438, Aldose 1-epimerase, similar to Synechocystis Slr1438. Proteins similar to Synechocystis Slr1438 are uncharacterized members of aldose-1-epimerase superfamily. Aldose 1-epimerases or mutarotases are key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, catalyzing the interconversion of the alpha- and beta-anomers of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. This interconversion is an important step that allows anomer specific metabolic conversion of sugars. Studies of the catalytic mechanism of the best known member of the family, galactose mutarotase, have shown a glutamate and a histidine residue to be critical for catalysis; the glutamate serves as the active site base to initiate the reaction by removing the proton from the C-1 hydroxyl group of the sugar substrate, and the histidine as the active site acid to protonate the C-5 ring oxygen.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒fвА0А0АаАВ─cd09027, PET, PET ((Prickle Espinas Testin) domain is involved in protein-protein interactions. PET domain is involved in protein-protein interactions and is usually found in conjunction with LIM domain, which is also a protein-protein interaction domain. The PET containing proteins serve as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. The PET domain has been found at the N-terminal of four known groups of proteins: prickle, testin, LIMPETin/LIM-9 and overexpressed breast tumor protein (OEBT). Prickle has been implicated in regulation of cell movement through its association with the Dishevelled (Dsh) protein in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers, at cell contact areas, and at focal adhesion plaques. It interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin, and is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Knockout mice experiments reveal tumor repressor function of Testin. LIMPETin/LIM-9 contains an N-terminal PET domain and 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, it is down regulated in sexually mature adult females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult males. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. In C. elegans, LIM-9 may play a role in regulating the assembly and maintenance of the muscle A-band by forming a protein complex with SCPL-1 and UNC-89 and other proteins. OEBT displays a PET domain with two LIM domains, and is predicted to be localized in the nucleus with a possible role in cancer differentiation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇAвА0А0АаАВ┤cd09030, DUF1425, Putative periplasmic lipoprotein. This bacterial family of proteins contains members described as putative lipoproteins, some are also known as YcfL. The function of this family is unknown. Family members have also been annotated as predicted periplasmic lipoproteins (COG5633), and appear to contain an N-terminal membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment side (pfam08139), which is not included in this alignment model.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА│вА0А0АаАВ╖cd09034, BRO1_Alix_like, Protein-interacting Bro1-like domain of mammalian Alix and related domains. This superfamily includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding proteins Rhophilin-1 and Rhophilin-2, Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and related domains. Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. Alix, also known as apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein 1 (AIP1), participates in membrane remodeling processes during the budding of enveloped viruses, vesicle budding inside late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and the abscission reactions of mammalian cell division. It also functions in apoptosis. HD-PTP functions in cell migration and endosomal trafficking, Bro1 in endosomal trafficking, and Rim20 in the response to the external pH via the Rim101 pathway. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. Bro1-like domains bind components of the ESCRT-III complex: CHMP4 (in the case of Alix, HD-PTP, and Brox) and Snf7 (in the case of yeast Bro1, and Rim20). The single domain protein human Brox, and the isolated Bro1-like domains of Alix, HD-PTP and Rhophilin can bind human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. Alix, HD-PTP, Bro1, and Rim20 also have a V-shaped (V) domain, which in the case of Alix, has been shown to be a dimerization domain and to contain a binding site for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif, which is partially conserved in this superfamily. Alix, HD-PTP and Bro1 also have a proline-rich region (PRR); the Alix PRR binds multiple partners. Rhophilin-1, and -2, in addition to this Bro1-like domain, have an N-terminal Rho-binding domain and a C-terminal PDZ (PS.D.-95, Disc-large, ZO-1) domain. HD-PTP is encoded by the PTPN23 gene, a tumor suppressor gene candidate frequently absent in human kidney, breast, lung, and cervical tumors. This protein has a C-terminal, catalytically inactive tyrosine phosphatase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒бвА0А0АаАВУcd09071, FAR_C, C-terminal domain of fatty acyl CoA reductases. C-terminal domain of fatty acyl CoA reductases, a family of SDR-like proteins. SDRs or short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases are Rossmann-fold NAD(P)H-binding proteins. Many proteins in this FAR_C family may function as fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs), acting on medium and long chain fatty acids, and have been reported to be involved in diverse processes such as the biosynthesis of insect pheromones, plant cuticular wax production, and mammalian wax biosynthesis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, proteins with this particular architecture have also been identified as the MALE STERILITY 2 (MS2) gene product, which is implicated in male gametogenesis. Mutations in MS2 inhibit the synthesis of exine (sporopollenin), rendering plants unable to reduce pollen wall fatty acids to corresponding alcohols. The function of this C-terminal domain is unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА│вА0А0АаАВLcd09073, ExoIII_AP-endo, Escherichia coli exonuclease III (ExoIII)-like apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases. The ExoIII family AP endonucleases belong to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. AP endonucleases participate in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. AP sites are one of the most common lesions in cellular DNA. During BER, the damaged DNA is first recognized by DNA glycosylase. AP endonucleases then catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond 5' to the AP site, which is then followed by the coordinated actions of DNA polymerase, deoxyribose phosphatase, and DNA ligase. If left unrepaired, AP sites block DNA replication, which have both mutagenic and cytotoxic effects. AP endonucleases can carry out a wide range of excision and incision reactions on DNA, including 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-deoxyribose phosphodiesterase, 3'-phosphatase, and occasionally, nonspecific DNase activities. Different AP endonuclease enzymes catalyze the different reactions with different efficiences. Many organisms have two functional AP endonucleases, for example, APE1/Ref-1 and Ape2 in humans, Apn1 and Apn2 in bakers yeast, Nape and NExo in Neisseria meningitides, and exonuclease III (ExoIII) and endonuclease IV (EndoIV) in Escherichia coli. Usually, one of the two is the dominant AP endonuclease, the other has weak AP endonuclease activity, but exhibits strong 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-deoxyribose phosphodiesterase, and 3'-phosphatase activities. Class II AP endonucleases have been classified into two families, designated ExoIII and EndoIV, based on their homology to the Escherichia coli enzymes. This family contains the ExoIII family; the EndoIV family belongs to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╗вА0А0АаАВIcd09074, INPP5c, Catalytic domain of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases. Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5-phosphatases) are signal-modifying enzymes, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of specific 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), such as PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4,5)P3, PI(3,5)P2, I(1,4,5)P3, and I(1,3,4,5)P4. These enzymes are Mg2+-dependent, and belong to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. In addition to this INPP5c domain, 5-phosphatases often contain additional domains and motifs, such as the SH2 domain, the Sac-1 domain, the proline-rich domain (PRD), CAAX, RhoGAP (RhoGTPase-activating protein), and SKICH [SKIP (skeletal muscle- and kidney-enriched inositol phosphatase) carboxyl homology] domains, that are important for protein-protein interactions and/or for the subcellular localization of these enzymes. 5-phosphatases incorporate into large signaling complexes, and regulate diverse cellular processes including postsynaptic vesicular trafficking, insulin signaling, cell growth and survival, and endocytosis. Loss or gain of function of 5-phosphatases is implicated in certain human diseases. This family also contains a functionally unrelated nitric oxide transport protein, Cimex lectularius (bedbug) nitrophorin, which catalyzes a heme-assisted S-nitrosation of a proximal thiolate; the heme however binds at a site distinct from the active site of the 5-phosphatases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╝вА0А0АаАВ╞cd09075, DNase1-like, Deoxyribonuclease 1 and related proteins. This family includes Deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase1, EC 3.1.21.1) and related proteins. DNase1, also known as DNase I, is a Ca2+, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent secretory endonuclease, first isolated from bovine pancreas extracts. It cleaves DNA preferentially at phosphodiester linkages next to a pyrimidine nucleotide, producing 5'-phosphate terminated polynucleotides with a free hydroxyl group on position 3'. It generally produces tetranucleotides. DNase1 substrates include single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, and chromatin. This enzyme may be responsible for apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Other deoxyribonucleases in this subfamily include human DNL1L (human DNase I lysosomal-like, also known as DNASE1L1, Xib and DNase X ), human DNASE1L2 (also known as DNAS1L2), and DNASE1L3 (also known as DNAS1L3, nhDNase, LS-DNase, DNase Y, and DNase gamma). DNASE1L3 is also implicated in apoptotic DNA fragmentation. DNase1 is also a cytoskeletal protein which binds actin. A recombinant form of human DNase1 is used as a mucoactive therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis; it hydrolyzes the extracellular DNA in sputum and reduces its viscosity. Mutations in the gene encoding DNase1 have been associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, a multifactorial autoimmune disease. This family also includes a subfamily of mostly uncharacterized proteins, which includes Mycoplasma pulmonis MnuA, a membrane-associated nuclease. The in vivo role of MnuA is as yet undetermined. This family belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╜вА0А0АаАВЪcd09076, L1-EN, Endonuclease domain (L1-EN) of the non-LTR retrotransposon LINE-1 (L1), and related domains. This family contains the endonuclease domain (L1-EN) of the non-LTR retrotransposon LINE-1 (L1), and related domains, including the endonuclease of Xenopus laevis Tx1. These retrotranspons belong to the subtype 2, L1-clade. LINES can be classified into two subtypes. Subtype 2 has two ORFs: the second (ORF2) encodes a modular protein consisting of an N-terminal apurine/apyrimidine endonuclease domain (EN), a central reverse transcriptase, and a zinc-finger-like domain at the C-terminus. LINE-1/L1 elements (full length and truncated) comprise about 17% of the human genome. This endonuclease nicks the genomic DNA at the consensus target sequence 5'TTTT-AA3' producing a ribose 3'-hydroxyl end as a primer for reverse transcription of associated template RNA. This subgroup also includes the endonuclease of Xenopus laevis Tx1, another member of the L1-clade. This family belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╛вА0А0АаАВ╟cd09077, R1-I-EN, Endonuclease domain encoded by various R1- and I-clade non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons. This family contains the endonuclease (EN) domain of various non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons, long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) which belong to the subtype 2, R1- and I-clade. LINES can be classified into two subtypes. Subtype 2 has two ORFs: the second (ORF2) encodes a modular protein consisting of an N-terminal apurine/apyrimidine endonuclease domain (EN), a central reverse transcriptase, and a zinc-finger-like domain at the C-terminus. Most non-LTR retrotransposons are inserted throughout the host genome; however, many retrotransposons of the R1 clade exhibit target-specific retrotransposition. This family includes the endonucleases of SART1 and R1bm, from the silkworm Bombyx mori, which belong to the R1-clade. It also includes the endonuclease of snail (Biomphalaria glabrata) Nimbus/Bgl and mosquito Aedes aegypti (MosquI), both which belong to the I-clade. This family belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┐вА0А0АаАВоcd09078, nSMase, Neutral sphingomyelinases (nSMase) catalyze the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in biological membranes to ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Sphingomyelinases (SMase) are phosphodiesterases that catalyze the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Eukaryotic SMases have been classified according to their pH optima and are known as acid SMase, alkaline SMase, and neutral SMase (nSMase). Eukaryotic proteins in this family are nSMases, and are activated by a variety of stress-inducing agents such as cytokines or UV radiation. Ceramides and other metabolic derivatives, including sphingosine, are lipid "second messenger" molecules that participate in the regulation of stress-induced cellular responses, including cell death, adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation. Bacterial neutral SMases, which also belong to this domain family, are secreted proteins that act as membrane-damaging virulence factors. They promote colonization of the host tissue. This family belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА└вА0А0АаАВкcd09079, RgfB-like, Streptococcus agalactiae RgfB, part of a putative two component signal transduction system, and related proteins. This family includes Streptococcus agalactiae RgfB (for regulator of fibrinogen binding) and related proteins. The function of RgfB is unknown. It is part of a putative two component signal transduction system designated rgfBDAC (the rgf locus was identified in a screen for mutants of Streptococcus agalactiae with altered binding to fibrinogen). RgfA,-C,and -D do not belong to this superfamily: rgfA encodes a putative response regulator, and rgfC, a putative histidine kinase. All four genes are co-transcribed, and may be involved in regulating expression of bacterial cell surface components. This family belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┴вА0А0АаАВДcd09080, TDP2, Phosphodiesterase domain of human TDP2, a 5'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase, and related domains. Human TDP2, also known as TTRAP (TRAF/TNFR-associated factors, and tumor necrosis factor receptor/TNFR-associated protein), is a 5'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase. It is required for the efficient repair of topoisomerase II-induced DNA double strand breaks. The topoisomerase is covalently linked by a phosphotyrosyl bond to the 5'-terminus of the break. TDP2 cleaves the DNA 5'-phosphodiester bond and restores 5'-phosphate termini, needed for subsequent DNA ligation, and hence repair of the break. TDP2 and 3'-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1) are complementary activities; together, they allow cells to remove trapped topoisomerase from both 3'- and 5'-DNA termini. TTRAP has been reported as being involved in apoptosis, embryonic development, and transcriptional regulation, and it may inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-kB. This family belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┬вА0А0АаАВ╖cd09081, CdtB, CdtB, the catalytic DNase I-like subunit of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) protein. CDT is a secreted protein toxin produced by a number of Gram-negative disease-causing bacteria. CDT causes cell cycle arrest and eventual cell death in eukaryotic cells, as a result of chromosomal DNA damage caused by the catalytic, DNase I-like, CdtB subunit. Bacterial CDTs are generally comprised of three subunits, CdtA, -B and -C. CdtB is translocated into the host cell, where it acts as a genotoxin. CdtA and CdtC are needed for cell surface binding and cellular entry, and it is likely that they remain associated with the membrane, when CdtB is internalized. CdtB enters the target nucleus via nuclear translocation signal domain(s). This family belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА├вА0А0АаАВЧcd09082, Deadenylase, C-terminal deadenylase domain of CCR4, nocturnin, and related domains. This family contains the C-terminal catalytic domains of the deadenylases, CCR4 and nocturnin, and related domains. Nocturnin is a poly(A)-specific 3' exonuclease that specifically degrades the 3' poly(A) tail of RNA in a process known as deadenylation. This nuclease activity is manganese dependent. Nocturnin is expressed in the cytoplasm of the Xenopus laevis retinal photoreceptor cells in a rhythmic fashion, and it has been proposed that it participates in posttranscriptional regulation of the circadian clock or its outputs, and that the mRNA target(s) of this deadenylase are circadian clock-related. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCR4p is a 3'-5' poly(A) RNA and ssDNA exonuclease. It is the catalytic subunit of the yeast mRNA deadenylase (Ccr4p/Pop2p/Not complex). This complex participates in various ways in mRNA metabolism, including transcription initiation and elongation, and mRNA degradation. The deadenylase activities of Ccr4p and nocturnin differ: nocturnin degrades poly(A), Ccr4p degrades both poly(A) and single-stranded DNA, and in contrast to Ccr4p, nocturnin appears to function in a highly processive manner. This family belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА─вА0А0АаАВCcd09083, EEP-1, Exonuclease-Endonuclease-Phosphatase domain; uncharacterized family 1. This family of uncharacterized proteins belongs to a superfamily that includes the catalytic domain (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase, EEP, domain) of a diverse set of proteins including the ExoIII family of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases, inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (INPP5), neutral sphingomyelinases (nSMases), deadenylases (such as the vertebrate circadian-clock regulated nocturnin), bacterial cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB), deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase1), the endonuclease domain of the non-LTR retrotransposon LINE-1, and related domains. These diverse enzymes share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. Their substrates range from nucleic acids to phospholipids and perhaps, proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┼вА0А0АаАВUcd09084, EEP-2, Exonuclease-Endonuclease-Phosphatase (EEP) domain superfamily; uncharacterized family 2. This family of uncharacterized proteins belongs to a superfamily that includes the catalytic domain (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase, EEP, domain) of a diverse set of proteins including the ExoIII family of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases, inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (INPP5), neutral sphingomyelinases (nSMases), deadenylases (such as the vertebrate circadian-clock regulated nocturnin), bacterial cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB), deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase1), the endonuclease domain of the non-LTR retrotransposon LINE-1, and related domains. These diverse enzymes share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds; their substrates range from nucleic acids to phospholipids and perhaps, proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╞вА0А0АаАВtcd09085, Mth212-like_AP-endo, Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus Mth212-like subfamily of the ExoIII family purinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases. This subfamily includes the thermophilic archaeon Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus Mth212and related proteins. These are Escherichia coli exonuclease III (ExoIII)-like AP endonucleases and they belong to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. AP endonucleases participate in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. AP sites are one of the most common lesions in cellular DNA. During BER, the damaged DNA is first recognized by DNA glycosylase. AP endonucleases then catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond 5' to the AP site, and this is followed by the coordinated actions of DNA polymerase, deoxyribose phosphatase, and DNA ligase. If left unrepaired, AP sites block DNA replication, and have both mutagenic and cytotoxic effects. AP endonucleases can carry out a variety of excision and incision reactions on DNA, including 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-deoxyribose phosphodiesterase, 3'-phosphatase, and occasionally, nonspecific DNase activities. Different AP endonuclease enzymes catalyze the different reactions with different efficiences. Mth212 is an AP endonuclease, and a DNA uridine endonuclease (U-endo) that nicks double-stranded DNA at the 5'-side of a 2'-d-uridine residue. After incision at the 5'-side of a 2'-d-uridine residue by Mth212, DNA polymerase B takes over the 3'-OH terminus and carries out repair synthesis, generating a 5'-flap structure that is resolved by a 5'-flap endonuclease. Finally, DNA ligase seals the resulting nick. This U-endo activity shares the same catalytic center as its AP-endo activity, and is absent from other AP endonuclease homologues.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╟вА0А0АаАВ cd09086, ExoIII-like_AP-endo, Escherichia coli exonuclease III (ExoIII) and Neisseria meningitides NExo-like subfamily of the ExoIII family purinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases. This subfamily includes Escherichia coli ExoIII, Neisseria meningitides NExo,and related proteins. These are ExoIII family AP endonucleases and they belong to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. AP endonucleases participate in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. AP sites are one of the most common lesions in cellular DNA. During BER, the damaged DNA is first recognized by DNA glycosylase. AP endonucleases then catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond 5' to the AP site, and this is followed by the coordinated actions of DNA polymerase, deoxyribose phosphatase, and DNA ligase. If left unrepaired, AP sites block DNA replication, and have both mutagenic and cytotoxic effects. AP endonucleases can carry out a variety of excision and incision reactions on DNA, including 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-deoxyribose phosphodiesterase, 3'-phosphatase, and occasionally, nonspecific DNase activities. Different AP endonuclease enzymes catalyze the different reactions with different efficiencies. Many organisms have two AP endonucleases, usually one is the dominant AP endonuclease, the other has weak AP endonuclease activity. For example, Neisseria meningitides Nape and NExo, and exonuclease III (ExoIII) and endonuclease IV (EndoIV) in Escherichia coli. NExo and ExoIII are found in this subfamily. NExo is the non-dominant AP endonuclease. It exhibits strong 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'-deoxyribose phosphodiesterase activities. Escherichia coli ExoIII is an active AP endonuclease, and in addition, it exhibits double strand (ds)-specific 3'-5' exonuclease, exonucleolytic RNase H, 3'-phosphomonoesterase and 3'-phosphodiesterase activities, all catalyzed by a single active site. Class II AP endonucleases have been classified into two families, designated ExoIII and EndoIV, based on their homology to the Escherichia coli enzymes ExoIII and endonuclease IV (EndoIV). This subfamily belongs to the ExoIII family; the EndoIV family belongs to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╚вА0А0АаАВЗcd09087, Ape1-like_AP-endo, Human Ape1-like subfamily of the ExoIII family purinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases. This subfamily includes human Ape1 (also known as Apex, Hap1, or Ref-1) and related proteins. These are Escherichia coli exonuclease III (ExoIII)-like AP endonucleases and they belong to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. AP endonucleases participate in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. AP sites are one of the most common lesions in cellular DNA. During BER, the damaged DNA is first recognized by DNA glycosylase. AP endonucleases then catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond 5' to the AP site, and this is followed by the coordinated actions of DNA polymerase, deoxyribose phosphatase, and DNA ligase. If left unrepaired, AP sites block DNA replication, and have both mutagenic and cytotoxic effects. AP endonucleases can carry out a variety of excision and incision reactions on DNA, including 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-deoxyribose phosphodiesterase, 3'-phosphatase, and occasionally, nonspecific DNase activities. Different AP endonuclease enzymes catalyze the different reactions with different efficiences. Many organisms have two AP endonucleases, usually one is the dominant AP endonuclease, the other has weak AP endonuclease activity; for example, Ape1 and Ape2 in humans. Ape1 is found in this subfamily, it exhibits strong AP-endonuclease activity but shows weak 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'-phosphodiesterase activities. Class II AP endonucleases have been classified into two families, designated ExoIII and EndoIV, based on their homology to the Escherichia coli enzymes exonuclease III (ExoIII) and endonuclease IV (EndoIV). This subfamily belongs to the ExoIII family; the EndoIV family belongs to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╔вА0А0АаАВєcd09088, Ape2-like_AP-endo, Human Ape2-like subfamily of the ExoIII family purinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases. This subfamily includes human APE2, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Apn2/Eth1, and related proteins. These are Escherichia coli exonuclease III (ExoIII)-like AP endonucleases and they belong to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. AP endonucleases participate in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. AP sites are one of the most common lesions in cellular DNA. During BER, the damaged DNA is first recognized by DNA glycosylase. AP endonucleases then catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond 5' to the AP site, and this is followed by the coordinated actions of DNA polymerase, deoxyribose phosphatase, and DNA ligase. If left unrepaired, AP sites block DNA replication, and have both mutagenic and cytotoxic effects. AP endonucleases can carry out a variety of excision and incision reactions on DNA, including 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-deoxyribose phosphodiesterase, 3'-phosphatase, and occasionally, nonspecific DNase activities. Different AP endonuclease enzymes catalyze the different reactions with different efficiences. Many organisms have two AP endonucleases, usually one is the dominant AP endonuclease, the other has weak AP endonuclease activity. For examples, Ape1 and Ape2 in humans, and Apn1 and Apn2 in bakers yeast. Ape2 and Apn2/Eth1 are both found in this subfamily, and have the weaker AP endonuclease activity. Ape2 shows strong 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'-phosphodiesterase activities; it can reduce the mutagenic consequences of attack by reactive oxygen species by removing 3'-end adenine opposite from 8-oxoG, in addition to repairing 3'-damaged termini. Apn2/Eth1 exhibits AP endonuclease activity, but has 30-40 fold more active 3'-phosphodiesterase and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. Class II AP endonucleases have been classified into two families, designated ExoIII and EndoIV, based on their homology to the Escherichia coli enzymes exonuclease III (ExoIII) and endonuclease IV (EndoIV). This subfamily belongs to the ExoIII family; the EndoIV family belongs to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╩вА0А0АаАВ ,cd09089, INPP5c_Synj, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of synaptojanins. This subfamily contains the INPP5c domains of two human synaptojanins, synaptojanin 1 (Synj1) and synaptojanin 2 (Synj2), and related proteins. It belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs). They belong to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. Synj1 occurs as two main isoforms: a brain enriched 145 KDa protein (Synj1-145) and a ubiquitously expressed 170KDa protein (Synj1-170). Synj1-145 participates in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The primary substrate of the Synj1-145 INPP5c domain is PI(4,5)P2, which it converts to PI4P. Synj1-145 may work with membrane curvature sensors/generators (such as endophilin) to remove PI(4,5)P2 from curved membranes. The recruitment of the INPP5c domain of Synj1-145 to endophilin-induced membranes leads to a fragmentation and condensation of these structures. The PI(4,5)P2 to PI4P conversion may cooperate with dynamin to produce membrane fission. In addition to this INPP5c domain, Synjs contain an N-terminal Sac1-like domain; the Sac1 domain can dephosphorylate a variety of phosphoinositides in vitro. Synj2 can hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol diphosphate (PIP2) to phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP). Synj2 occurs as multiple alternative splice variants in various tissues. These variants share the INPP5c domain and the Sac1 domain. Synj2A is recruited to the mitochondria via its interaction with OMP25 (a mitochondrial outer membrane protein). Synj2B is found at nerve terminals in the brain and at the spermatid manchette in testis. Synj2B undergoes further alternative splicing to give 2B1 and 2B2. In clathrin-mediated endocytosis, Synj2 participates in the formation of clathrin-coated pits, and perhaps also in vesicle decoating. Rac1 GTPase regulates the intracellular localization of Synj2 forms, but not Synj1. Synj2 may contribute to the role of Rac1 in cell migration and invasion, and is a potential target for therapeutic intervention in malignant tumors.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╦вА0А0АаАВ@cd09090, INPP5c_ScInp51p-like, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Inp51p, Inp52p, and Inp53p, and related proteins. This subfamily contains the INPP5c domain of three Saccharomyces cerevisiae synaptojanin-like inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (INP51, INP52, and INP53), Schizosaccharomyces pombe synaptojanin (SPsynaptojanin), and related proteins. It belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. In addition to this INPP5c domain, these proteins have an N-terminal catalytic Sac1-like domain (found in other proteins including the phophoinositide phosphatase Sac1p), and a C-terminal proline-rich domain (PRD). The Sac1 domain allows Inp52p and Inp53p to recognize and dephosphorylate a wider range of substrates including PI3P, PI4P, and PI(3,5)P2. The Sac1 domain of Inp51p is non-functional. Disruption of any two of INP51, INP52, and INP53, in S. cerevisiae leads to abnormal vacuolar and plasma membrane morphology. During hyperosmotic stress, Inp52p and Inp53p localize at actin patches, where they may facilitate the hydrolysis of PI(4,5)P2, and consequently promote actin rearrangement to regulate cell growth. SPsynaptojanin is also active against a range of soluble and lipid inositol phosphates, including I(1,4,5)P3, I(1,3,4,5)P4, I(1,4,5,6)P4, PI(4,5)P2, and PIP3. Transformation of S. cerevisiae with a plasmid expressing the SPsynaptojanin 5-phosphatase domain rescues inp51/inp52/inp53 triple-mutant strains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╠вА0А0АаАВ╪cd09091, INPP5c_SHIP, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of SH2 domain containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase-1 and -2, and related proteins. This subfamily contains the INPP5c domain of SHIP1 (SH2 domain containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase-1, also known as SHIP/INPP5D), and SHIP2 (also known as INPPL1). It belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. Both SHIP1 and -2 catalyze the dephosphorylation of the PI, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3], to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2]. SHIP1 also converts inositol-1,3,4,5- polyphosphate [I(1,3,4,5)P4] to inositol-1,3,4-polyphosphate [I(1,3,4)P3]. SHIP1 and SHIP2 have little overlap in their in vivo functions. SHIP1 is a negative regulator of cell growth and plays a major part in mediating the inhibitory signaling in B cells; it is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells. SHIP2 is as an inhibitor of the insulin signaling pathway, and is implicated in actin structure remodeling, cell adhesion and cell spreading, receptor endocytosis and degradation, and in the JIP1-mediated JNK pathway. SHIP2 is widely expressed, most prominently in brain, heart and in skeletal muscle. In addition to this INPP5c domain, SHIP1 has an N-terminal SH2 domain, two NPXY motifs, and a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRD), while SHIP2 has an N-terminal SH2 domain, a C-terminal proline-rich domain (PRD), which includes a WW-domain binding motif (PPLP), an NPXY motif, and a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain. The gene encoding SHIP2 is a candidate gene for conferring a predisposition for type 2 diabetes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА═вА0А0АаАВзcd09092, INPP5A, Type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase I. Type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase I (INPP5A) hydrolyzes the 5-phosphate from inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [I(1,3,4,5)P4] and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [I(1,4,5)P3]. It belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. As the substrates of INPP5A mobilize intracellular calcium ions, INPP5A is a calcium signal-terminating enzyme. In platelets, phosphorylated pleckstrin binds and activates INPP5A in a 1:1 complex, and accelerates the degradation of the calcium ion-mobilizing I(1,4,5)P3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╬вА0А0АаАВ Чcd09093, INPP5c_INPP5B, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of Type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase I, Oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe 1, and related proteins. This subfamily contains the INPP5c domain of type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase I (INPP5B), Oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe 1 (OCRL-1), and related proteins. It belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. INPP5B and OCRL1 preferentially hydrolyze the 5-phosphate of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)- bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)- trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3]. INPP5B can also hydrolyze soluble inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate [I(1,4,5)P3] and inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate [I(1,3,4,5)P4]. INPP5B participates in the endocytic pathway and in the early secretory pathway. In the latter, it may function in retrograde ERGIC (ER-to-Golgi intermediate compartment)-to-ER transport; it binds specific RAB proteins within the secretory pathway. In the endocytic pathway, it binds RAB5 and during endocytosis, may function in a RAB5-controlled cascade for converting PI(3,4,5)P3 to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). This cascade may link growth factor signaling and membrane dynamics. Mutation in OCRL1 is implicated in Lowe syndrome, an X-linked recessive multisystem disorder, which includes defects in eye, brain, and kidney function, and in Type 2 Dent's disease, a disorder with only the renal symptoms. OCRL-1 may have a role in membrane trafficking within the endocytic pathway and at the trans-Golgi network, and may participate in actin dynamics or signaling from endomembranes. OCRL1 and INPP5B have overlapping functions: deletion of both 5-phosphatases in mice is embryonic lethal, deletion of OCRL1 alone has no phenotype, and deletion of Inpp5b alone has only a mild phenotype (male sterility). Several of the proteins that interact with OCRL1 also bind INPP5B, for examples, inositol polyphosphate phosphatase interacting protein of 27kDa (IPIP27)A and B (also known as Ses1 and 2), and endocytic signaling adaptor APPL1. OCRL1, but not INPP5B, binds clathrin heavy chain, the plasma membrane AP2 adaptor subunit alpha-adaptin. In addition to this INPP5c domain, most proteins in this subfamily have a C-terminal RhoGAP (GTPase-activator protein [GAP] for Rho-like small GTPases) domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╧вА0А0АаАВСcd09094, INPP5c_INPP5J-like, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase J and related proteins. INPP5c domain of Inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase J (INPP5J), also known as PIB5PA or PIPP, and related proteins. This subfamily belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. INPP5J hydrolyzes PI(4,5)P2, I(1,4,5)P3, and I(1,3,4,5)P4 at ruffling membranes. These proteins contain a C-terminal, SKIP carboxyl homology domain (SKICH), which may direct plasma membrane ruffle localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╨вА0А0АаАВOcd09095, INPP5c_INPP5E-like, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of Inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E and related proteins. INPP5c domain of Inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E (also called type IV or 72 kDa 5-phosphatase), rat pharbin, and related proteins. This subfamily belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. INPP5E hydrolyzes the 5-phosphate from PI(3,5)P2, PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3, forming PI3P, PI4P, and PI(3,4)P2, respectively. It is a very potent PI(3,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase. Its intracellular localization is chiefly cytosolic, with pronounced perinuclear/Golgi localization. INPP5E also has an N-terminal proline rich domain (PRD) and a C-terminal CAAX motif. This protein is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the breast, brain, testis, and haemopoietic cells. It is differentially expressed in several cancers, for example, it is up-regulated in cervical cancer and down-regulated in stomach cancer. It is a candidate target for therapeutics of obesity and related disorders, as it is expressed in the hypothalamus, and following insulin stimulation, it undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation, associates with insulin receptor substrate-1, -2, and PI3-kinase, and become active as a 5-phosphatase. INPP5E may play a role, along with other 5-phosphatases SHIP2 and SKIP, in regulating glucose homoeostasis and energy metabolism. Mice deficient in INPPE5 develop a multi-organ disorder associated with structural defects of the primary cilium.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╤вА0А0АаАВ4cd09096, Deadenylase_nocturnin, C-terminal deadenylase domain of nocturnin and related domains. This subfamily contains the C-terminal catalytic domain of the deadenylase, nocturnin, and related domains. Nocturnin is a poly(A)-specific 3' exonuclease that specifically degrades the 3' poly(A) tail of RNA in a process known as deadenylation. This nuclease activity is manganese dependent. Nocturnin is expressed in the cytoplasm of Xenopus laevis retinal photoreceptor cells in a rhythmic fashion, and it has been proposed that it participates in posttranscriptional regulation of the circadian clock or its outputs, and that the mRNA target(s) of this deadenylase are circadian clock-related. In mouse, the nocturnin gene, mNoc, is expressed in a circadian pattern in a range of tissues including retina, spleen, heart, kidney, and liver. It is highly expressed in bone-marrow stromal cells, adipocytes and hepatocytes. In mammals, nocturnin plays a role in regulating mesenchymal stem-cell lineage allocation, perhaps through regulating PPAR-gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) nuclear translocation. This subfamily belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╥вА0А0АаАВ▌cd09097, Deadenylase_CCR4, C-terminal deadenylase domain of CCR4 and related domains. This subfamily contains the C-terminal catalytic domain of the deadenylases, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ccr4p and two vertebrate homologs (CCR4a and CCR4b), and related domains. CCR4 belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. CCR4 is the major deadenylase subunit of the CCR4-NOT transcription complex, which contains two deadenylase subunits and several noncatalytic subunits. The other deadenylase subunit, Caf1 (called Pop2 in yeast), is a DEDD-type protein and does not belong in this superfamily. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCR4 (or Ccr4p) is a 3'-5' poly(A) RNA and ssDNA exonuclease. It is the catalytic subunit of the yeast mRNA deadenylase (Ccr4p/Pop2p/Not complex). This complex participates in various ways in mRNA metabolism, including transcription initiation and elongation, and mRNA degradation. Ccr4p degrades both poly(A) and single-stranded DNA. There are two vertebrate homologs of Ccr4p, CCR4a (also called CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6 or CNOT6) and CCR4b (also called CNOT6-like or CNOT6L), which independently associate with other components to form distinct CCR4-NOT multisubunit complexes. The nuclease domain of CNOT6 and CNOT6L exhibits Mg2+-dependent deadenylase activity, with specificity for poly (A) RNA as substrate. CCR4a is a component of P-bodies and is necessary for foci formation. CCR4b regulates p27/Kip1 mRNA levels, thereby influencing cell cycle progression. They both contribute to the prevention of cell death by regulating insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╙вА0А0АаАВЩcd09098, INPP5c_Synj1, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of synaptojanin 1. This subfamily contains the INPP5c domains of human synaptojanin 1 (Synj1) and related proteins. It belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. Synj1 occurs as two main isoforms: a brain enriched 145 KDa protein (Synj1-145) and a ubiquitously expressed 170KDa protein (Synj1-170). Synj1-145 participates in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The primary substrate of the Synj1-145 INPP5c domain is PI(4,5)P2, which it converts to PI4P. Synj1-145 may work with membrane curvature sensors/generators (such as endophilin) to remove PI(4,5)P2 from curved membranes. The recruitment of the INPP5c domain of Synj1-145 to endophilin-induced membranes leads to a fragmentation and condensation of these structures. The PI(4,5)P2 to PI4P conversion may cooperate with dynamin to produce membrane fission. In addition to this INPP5c domain, these proteins contain an N-terminal Sac1-like domain; the Sac1 domain can dephosphorylate a variety of phosphoinositides in vitro.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╘вА0А0АаАВxcd09099, INPP5c_Synj2, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of synaptojanin 2. This subfamily contains the INPP5c domains of human synaptojanin 2 (Synj2) and related proteins. It belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. Synj2 can hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol diphosphate (PIP2) to phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP). In addition to this INPP5c domain, these proteins contain an N-terminal Sac1-like domain; the Sac1 domain can dephosphorylate a variety of phosphoinositides in vitro. Synj2 occurs as multiple alternative splice variants in various tissues. These variants share the INPP5c domain and the Sac1 domain. Synj2A is recruited to the mitochondria via its interaction with OMP25, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein. Synj2B is found at nerve terminals in the brain and at the spermatid manchette in testis. Synj2B undergoes further alternative splicing to give 2B1 and 2B2. In clathrin-mediated endocytosis, Synj2 participates in the formation of clathrin-coated pits, and perhaps also in vesicle decoating. Rac1 GTPase regulates the intracellular localization of Synj2 forms, but not Synj1. Synj2 may contribute to the role of Rac1 in cell migration and invasion, and is a potential target for therapeutic intervention in malignant tumors.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒вА0А0АаАВЮcd09100, INPP5c_SHIP1-INPP5D, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of SH2 domain containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase-1 and related proteins. This subfamily contains the INPP5c domain of SHIP1 (SH2 domain containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase-1, also known as SHIP/INPP5D) and related proteins. It belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. SHIP1's enzymic activity is restricted to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI (3,4,5)P3] and inositol-1,3,4,5- polyphosphate [I(1,3,4,5)P4]. It converts these two phosphoinositides to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PI (3,4)P2] and inositol-1,3,4-polyphosphate [I(1,3,4)P3], respectively. SHIP1 is a negative regulator of cell growth and plays a major part in mediating the inhibitory signaling in B cells; it is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells. In addition to this INPP5c domain, SHIP1 has an N-terminal SH2 domain, two NPXY motifs, and a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRD). SHIP1's phosphorylated NPXY motifs interact with proteins with phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains, and facilitate the translocation of SHIP1 to the plasma membrane to hydrolyze PI(3,4,5)P3. SHIP1 generally acts to oppose the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). It acts as a negative signaling molecule, reducing the levels of PI(3,4,5)P3, thereby removing the latter as a membrane-targeting signal for PH domain-containing effector molecules. SHIP1 may also, in certain contexts, amplify PI3K signals. SHIP1 and SHIP2 have little overlap in their in vivo functions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╓вА0А0АаАВ╦cd09101, INPP5c_SHIP2-INPPL1, Catalytic inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5c) domain of SH2 domain containing inositol 5-phosphatase-2 and related proteins. This subfamily contains the INPP5c domain of SHIP2 (SH2 domain containing inositol 5-phosphatase-2, also called INPPL1) and related proteins. It belongs to a family of Mg2+-dependent inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases, which hydrolyze the 5-phosphate from the inositol ring of various 5-position phosphorylated phosphoinositides (PIs) and inositol phosphates (IPs), and to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. SHIP2 catalyzes the dephosphorylation of the PI, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3], to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2]. SHIP2 is widely expressed, most prominently in brain, heart and in skeletal muscle. SHIP2 is an inhibitor of the insulin signaling pathway. It is implicated in actin structure remodeling, cell adhesion and cell spreading, receptor endocytosis and degradation, and in the JIP1-mediated JNK pathway. Its interacting partners include filamin/actin, p130Cas, Shc, Vinexin, Interesectin 1, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-interacting protein 1 (JIP1). A large variety of extracellular stimuli appear to lead to the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHIP2, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). SHIP2 is localized to the cytosol in quiescent cells; following growth factor stimulation and /or cell adhesion, it relocalizes to membrane ruffles. In addition to this INPP5c domain, SHIP2 has an N-terminal SH2 domain, a C-terminal proline-rich domain (PRD), which includes a WW-domain binding motif (PPLP), an NPXY motif and a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain. The gene encoding SHIP2 is a candidate for conferring a predisposition for type 2 diabetes; it has been suggested that suppression of SHIP2 may be of benefit in the treatment of obesity and thereby prevent type 2 diabetes. SHIP2 and SHIP1 have little overlap in their in vivo functions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╫вА0А0АаАВOcd09102, PLDc_CDP-OH_P_transf_II_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-II family members. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-II family members, which mainly include gram-negative bacterial phosphatidylserine synthases (PSS; CDP-diacylglycerol--serine O-phosphatidyltransferase, EC 2.7.8.8), yeast phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase (PGP synthase; CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase, EC 2.7.8.5), and metazoan PGP synthase 1. All members in this subfamily have two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterize the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism, involving a substrate-enzyme intermediate, to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two motifs are suggested to constitute the active site involving phosphatidyl group transfer. Phosphatidylserine synthases from gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes, and prokaryotic phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthases are not members of this subfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАQвА0А0АаАВOcd09103, PLDc_CDP-OH_P_transf_II_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-II family members. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase class-II family members, which mainly include gram-negative bacterial phosphatidylserine synthases (PSS; CDP-diacylglycerol--serine O-phosphatidyltransferase, EC 2.7.8.8), yeast phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase (PGP synthase; CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase, EC 2.7.8.5), and metazoan PGP synthase 1. All members in this subfamily have two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterize the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism, involving a substrate-enzyme intermediate, to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two motifs are suggested to constitute the active site involving phosphatidyl group transfer. Phosphatidylserine synthases from gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes, and prokaryotic phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthases are not members of this subfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАRвА0А0АаАВQcd09104, PLDc_vPLD1_2_like_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipases, PLD1 and PLD2, and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) found in yeast, plants, and vertebrates, and their bacterial homologs. PLDs are involved in signal transduction, vesicle formation, protein transport, and mitosis by participating in phospholipid metabolism. They hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLDs also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic PLDs have two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. PLDs are active as bi-lobed monomers. Each monomer contains two domains, each of which carries one copy of the HKD motif. Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. PLDs utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАSвА0А0АаАВQcd09105, PLDc_vPLD1_2_like_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipases, PLD1 and PLD2, and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) found in yeast, plants, and vertebrates, and their bacterial homologs. PLDs are involved in signal transduction, vesicle formation, protein transport, and mitosis by participating in phospholipid metabolism. They hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLDs also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic PLDs have two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. PLDs are active as bi-lobed monomers. Each monomer contains two domains, each of which carries one copy of the HKD motif. Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. PLDs utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАTвА0А0АаАВЩcd09106, PLDc_vPLD3_4_5_like_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipases, PLD3, PLD4 and PLD5, viral envelope proteins K4 and p37, and similar proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipases D, PLD3, PLD4, and PLD5 (EC 3.1.4.4), viral envelope proteins (vaccinia virus proteins K4 and p37), and similar proteins. Most family members contain two copies of the HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), and have been classified into the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. Proteins in this subfamily are associated with Golgi membranes, altering their lipid content by the conversion of phospholipids into phosphatidic acid, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid movement. ADP ribosylation factor (ARF), a small guanosine triphosphate binding protein, might be required activity. The vaccinia virus p37 protein, encoded by the F13L gene, is also associated with Golgi membranes and is required for the envelopment and spread of the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). The vaccinia virus protein K4, encoded by the HindIII K4L gene, remains to be characterized. Sequence analysis indicates that the vaccinia virus proteins K4 and p37 might have evolved from one or more captured eukaryotic genes involved in cellular lipid metabolism. Up to date, no catalytic activity of PLD3 has been shown. Furthermore, due to the lack of functional important histidine and lysine residues in the HKD motif, mammalian PLD5 has been characterized as an inactive PLD. The poxvirus p37 proteins may also lack PLD enzymatic activity, since they contain only one partially conserved HKD motif (N-x-K-x(4)-D).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАUвА0А0АаАВЩcd09107, PLDc_vPLD3_4_5_like_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipases, PLD3, PLD4 and PLD5, viral envelope proteins K4 and p37, and similar proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipases D, PLD3, PLD4, and PLD5 (EC 3.1.4.4), viral envelope proteins (vaccinia virus proteins K4 and p37), and similar proteins. Most family members contain two copies of the HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), and have been classified into the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. Proteins in this subfamily are associated with Golgi membranes, altering their lipid content by the conversion of phospholipids into phosphatidic acid, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid movement. ADP ribosylation factor (ARF), a small guanosine triphosphate binding protein, might be required activity. The vaccinia virus p37 protein, encoded by the F13L gene, is also associated with Golgi membranes and is required for the envelopment and spread of the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). The vaccinia virus protein K4, encoded by the HindIII K4L gene, remains to be characterized. Sequence analysis indicates that the vaccinia virus proteins K4 and p37 might have evolved from one or more captured eukaryotic genes involved in cellular lipid metabolism. Up to date, no catalytic activity of PLD3 has been shown. Furthermore, due to the lack of functional important histidine and lysine residues in the HKD motif, mammalian PLD5 has been characterized as an inactive PLD. The poxvirus p37 proteins may also lack PLD enzymatic activity, since they contain only one partially conserved HKD motif (N-x-K-x(4)-D).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАVвА0А0АаАВ9cd09108, PLDc_PMFPLD_like_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of phospholipase D from Streptomyces Sp. Strain PMF and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of phospholipases D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) from Streptomyces Sp. Strain PMF (PMFPLD) and similar proteins, which are generally extracellular and bear N-terminal signal sequences. PMFPLD hydrolyzes the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. It also catalyzes a transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. In contrast to eukaryotic PLDs, PMFPLD has a compact structure, which consists of two catalytic domains, but lacks the regulatory domains. Each catalytic domain contains one copy of the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily. Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Like other PLD enzymes, PMFPLD may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group. A calcium-dependent PLD from Streptomyce chromofuscus is excluded from this family, since it displays very little sequence homology with other Streptomyces PLDs. Moreover, it does not contain the conserved HKD motif and hydrolyzes the phospholipids via a different mechanism.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWвА0А0АаАВ9cd09109, PLDc_PMFPLD_like_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of phospholipase D from Streptomyces Sp. Strain PMF and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of phospholipases D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) from Streptomyces Sp. Strain PMF (PMFPLD) and similar proteins, which are generally extracellular and bear N-terminal signal sequences. PMFPLD hydrolyzes the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. It also catalyzes a transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. In contrast to eukaryotic PLDs, PMFPLD has a compact structure, which consists of two catalytic domains, but lacks the regulatory domains. Each catalytic domain contains one copy of the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily. Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Like other PLD enzymes, PMFPLD may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group. A calcium-dependent PLD from Streptomyce chromofuscus is excluded from this family, since it displays very little sequence homology with other Streptomyces PLDs. Moreover, it does not contain the conserved HKD motif and hydrolyzes the phospholipids via a different mechanism.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАXвА0А0АаАВЄcd09110, PLDc_CLS_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of bacterial cardiolipin synthase and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of bacterial cardiolipin (CL) synthase and a few homologs found in eukaryotes and archaea. Bacterial CL synthases catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. The monomer of bacterial CL synthase consists of two catalytic domains. Each catalytic domain contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer. Bacterial CL synthases can be stimulated by phosphate and inhibited by CL, the product of the reaction, and by phosphatidate. Phosphate stimulation may be unique to enzymes with CL synthase activity belonging to the PLD superfamily. Like other PLD enzymes, bacterial CL synthases utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАYвА0А0АаАВ:cd09111, PLDc_ymdC_like_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Escherichia coli uncharacterized protein ymdC and similar proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Escherichia coli uncharacterized protein ymdC and similar proteins. In Escherichia coli, there are two genes, f413 (ybhO) and o493 (ymdC), which are homologous to gene cls that encodes the Escherichia coli cardiolipin (CL) synthase. The prototype of this subfamily is an uncharacterized protein ymdC specified by the o493 (ymdC) gene. Although the functional characterization of ymdC and similar proteins remains unknown, members of this subfamily show high sequence homology to bacterial CL synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Moreover, ymdC and its similar proteins contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characteriszes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАZвА0А0АаАВ#cd09112, PLDc_CLS_2, catalytic domain repeat 2 of bacterial cardiolipin synthase and similar proteins. This CD corresponds to the catalytic domain repeat 2 of bacterial cardiolipin synthase (CL synthase, EC 2.7.8.-) and a few homologs found in eukaryotes and archea. Bacterial CL synthases catalyze reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form cardiolipin (CL) and glycerol. The monomer of bacterial CL synthase consists of two catalytic domains. Each catalytic domain contains one copy of conserved HKD motifs (H-X-K-X(4)-D, X represents any amino acid residue) that are the characteristic of the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. Two HKD motifs from two domains together form a single active site involving in phosphatidyl group transfer. Bacterial CL synthases can be stimulated by phosphate and inhibited by CL, the product of the reaction, and by phosphatidate. Phosphate stimulation may be unique to enzymes with CL synthase activity in PLD superfamily. Like other PLD enzymes, bacterial CL synthase utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА[вА0А0АаАВ:cd09113, PLDc_ymdC_like_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Escherichia coli uncharacterized protein ymdC and similar proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Escherichia coli uncharacterized protein ymdC and similar proteins. In Escherichia coli, there are two genes, f413 (ybhO) and o493 (ymdC), which are homologous to gene cls that encodes the Escherichia coli cardiolipin (CL) synthase. The prototype of this subfamily is an uncharacterized protein ymdC specified by the o493 (ymdC) gene. Although the functional characterization of ymdC and similar proteins remains unknown, members of this subfamily show high sequence homology to bacterial CL synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Moreover, ymdC and its similar proteins contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characteriszes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА\вА0А0АаАВХcd09114, PLDc_PPK1_C1, Catalytic C-terminal domain, first repeat, of prokaryotic polyphosphate kinase 1 and similar proteins. Catalytic C-terminal domain, first repeat (C1 domain), of bacterial polyphosphate kinases 1 (Poly P kinase 1 or PPK1, EC 2.7.4.1) and similar proteins. Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P) plays an important role in bacterial stress responses and stationary-phase survival. PPK1 is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of Poly P in bacteria. It can catalyze the reversible conversion of the terminal-phosphate of ATP to Poly P. Therefore, PPK1 is essential for bacterial motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and the production of virulence factors and may serve as an attractive antimicrobial drug target. Dimerization is crucial for the enzymatic activity of PPK1. Each PPK1 monomer includes four structural domains, the N-terminal (N) domain, the head (H) domain, and two closely related C-terminal (C1 and C2) domains. The N domain provides the upper binding interface for the adenine ring of the ATP. The H domain is involved in dimerization, while both the C1 and C2 domains contain residues crucial for catalytic activity. The intersection of the N, C1, and C2 domains forms a structural tunnel in which the PPK catalytic reactions are carried out. In spite of the lack of sequence homology, the C1 and C2 domains of PPK1 are structurally similar to the two repetitive catalytic domains of phospholipase D (PLD). Moreover, some residues in the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) of the PLD superfamily are spatially conserved in the active site of PPK1. It is possible that the bacterial PPK1 family and the PLD family have a common ancestor and diverged early in evolution. There is a second bacterial-type enzyme, PPK2, which is involved in the synthesis of poly P from GTP or ATP. PPK2 shows no sequence similarity to PPK1 and belongs to different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА]вА0А0АаАВЧcd09115, PLDc_PPK1_C2, Catalytic C-terminal domain, second repeat, of prokaryotic polyphosphate kinase 1 and similar proteins. Catalytic C-terminal domain, second repeat (C2 domain), of bacterial polyphosphate kinases 1 (Poly P kinase 1 or PPK1, EC 2.7.4.1) and similar proteins. Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P) plays an important role in bacterial stress responses and stationary-phase survival. PPK1 is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of Poly P in bacteria. It can catalyze the reversible conversion of the terminal-phosphate of ATP to Poly P. Therefore, PPK1 is essential for bacterial motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and the production of virulence factors and may serve as an attractive antimicrobial drug target. Dimerization is crucial for the enzymatic activity of PPK1. Each PPK1 monomer includes four structural domains, the N-terminal (N) domain, the head (H) domain, and two closely related C-terminal (C1 and C2) domains. The N domain provides the upper binding interface for the adenine ring of the ATP. The H domain is involved in dimerization, while both the C1 and C2 domains contain residues crucial for catalytic activity. The intersection of the N, C1, and C2 domains forms a structural tunnel in which the PPK catalytic reactions are carried out. In spite of the lack of sequence homology, the C1 and C2 domains of PPK1 are structurally similar to the two repetitive catalytic domains of phospholipase D (PLD). Moreover, some residues in the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) of the PLD superfamily are spatially conserved in the active site of PPK1. It is possible that the bacterial PPK1 family and the PLD family have a common ancestor and diverged early in evolution. There is a second bacterial-type enzyme, PPK2, which is involved in the synthesis of poly P from GTP or ATP. PPK2 shows no sequence similarity to PPK1 and belongs to different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА^вА0А0АаАВбcd09116, PLDc_Nuc_like, Catalytic domain of EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc, vertebrate phospholipase D6, and similar proteins. Catalytic domain of EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc, vertebrate phospholipase D6 (PLD6, EC 3.1.4.4), and similar proteins. Nuc is an endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium and the smallest known member of the PLD superfamily. It cleaves both single- and double-stranded DNA. PLD6 selectively hydrolyzes the terminal phosphodiester bond of phosphatidylcholine (PC), with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLD6 also catalyzes the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Both Nuc and PLD6 belong to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They contain a short conserved sequence motif, the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which is essential for catalysis. PLDs utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. This subfamily also includes some uncharacterized hypothetical proteins, which have two HKD motifs in a single polypeptide chain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА_вА0А0АаАВ╝cd09117, PLDc_Bfil_DEXD_like, Catalytic domain of type II restriction endonucleases BfiI and NgoFVII, and uncharacterized proteins with a DEAD domain. Catalytic domain of type II restriction endonucleases BfiI and NgoFVII, uncharacterized type III restriction endonuclease Res subunit, and uncharacterized DNA/RNA helicase superfamily II members. Proteins in this family are found mainly in prokaryotes. They contain one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in a single polypeptide chain, and have been classified as members of the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily. BfiI consists of two discrete domains with distinct functions: an N-terminal catalytic domain with non-specific nuclease activity and dimerization function that is more closely related to Nuc, an EDTA-resistant nuclease from the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily; and a C-terminal domain that specifically recognizes its target sequences, 5'-ACTGGG-3'. BfiI forms a functionally active homodimer which has two DNA-binding surfaces located at the C-terminal domains but only one active site, located at the dimer interface between the two N-terminal catalytic domains that contain the two HKD motifs from both subunits. BfiI utilizes a single active site to cut both DNA strands, which represents a novel mechanism for the scission of double-stranded DNA. It uses a histidine residue from the HKD motif in one subunit as the nucleophile for the cleavage of the target phosphodiester bond in both of the anti-parallel DNA strands, while the symmetrically-related histidine residue from the HKD motif of the opposite subunit acts as the proton donor/acceptor during both strand-scission events.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА`вА0А0АаАВ3cd09118, PLDc_yjhR_C_like, C-terminal domain of Escherichia coli uncharacterized protein yjhR and similar proteins. C-terminal domain of Escherichia coli uncharacterized protein yjhR, encoded by the o338 gene, and similar proteins. Although the biological function of yjhR remains unknown, it shows sequence similarity to the C-terminal portions of superfamily I DNA and RNA helicases, which are ubiquitous enzymes mediating ATP-dependent unwinding of DNA and RNA duplexes, and play essential roles in gene replication and expression. Moreover, The C-termini of yjhR and similar proteins contain one HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The PLDc-like domain of yjhR is similar to bacterial endonucleases, Nuc and BfiI, both of which have only one copy of the HKD motif per chain. They function as homodimers, with a single active site at the dimer interface containing the HKD motifs from both subunits. They utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds. Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАaвА0А0АаАВxcd09119, PLDc_FAM83_N, N-terminal phospholipase D-like domain of proteins from the Family with sequence similarity 83. N-terminal phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of vetebrate proteins from the Family with sequence similarity 83 (FAM83), which is comprised of 8 members, designated FAM83A through FAM83H. Since the N-terminal PLD-like domain of FAM83 proteins shows only trace similarity to the PLD catalytic domain and lacks the functionally important histidine residue, the FAM83 proteins may share a similar three-dimensional fold with PLD enzymes, but are unlikely to carry PLD activity. Members of the FAM83 are mostly uncharacterized proteins. FAM83A, also known as tumor antigen BJ-TSA-9, is a novel tumor-specific gene highly expressed in human lung adenocarcinoma. FAM83D, also known as spindle protein CHICA, is a cell-cycle-regulated spindle component which localizes to the mitotic spindle and is both upregulated and phosphorylated during mitosis. The gene encoding protein FAM83H is the first gene involved in the etiology of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), that encodes a non-secreted protein due to the absence of a signal peptide. Defects in gene FAM83H cause autosomal dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (ADHCAI). FAM83B, FAM83C, FAM83F, and FAM83G are uncharacterized proteins present across vertebrates while FAM83E is an uncharacterized protein found only in mammals.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАbвА0А0АаАВ Оcd09120, PLDc_DNaseII_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Deoxyribonuclease II and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Deoxyribonuclease II (DNase II, EC 3.1.22.1), an endodeoxyribonuclease with ubiquitous tissue distribution. It is essential for accessory apoptotic DNA fragmentation and DNA clearance during development, as well as in tissue regeneration in higher eukaryotes. Unlike the majority of nucleases, DNase II functions optimally at acidic pH in the absence of divalent metal ion cofactors. It hydrolyzes the phosphodiester backbone of DNA by a single strand cleavage mechanism to generate 3'-phosphate termini. The majority of family members contain an N-terminal signal-peptide leader sequence, which is critical for N-glycosylation and DNase II activity. DNase II is a monomeric nuclease that contains two copies of a variant HKD motif, where the aspartic acid residue is not conserved. The HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily. The catalytic center of DNase II is formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way. Members of this family are mainly found in metazoans, and vertebrate proteins have been further classified into DNase II alpha and beta (also known as DNase II-like acid DNase, DLAD) subtypes. A few homologs are found in non-metazoan species, but none are found in fungi, plants or prokaryotes, with the sole exception of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Among those homologs, the Caenorhabditis elegans C07B5.5 ORF encoding NUC-1 apoptotic nuclease, the uncharacterized C. elegans crn-6 (cell death related nuclease) gene encoding protein, and the putative gene CG7780 encoding Drosophila DNase II (dDNase II) have similar cleavage activity and specificity to mammalian DNase II enzymes. They may function like an acid DNase implicated in degrading DNA from apoptotic cells engulfed by macrophages. Plancitoxin I, the major lethal factor from the Acanthaster planci venom, is a unique homolog of mammalian DNase II. It has potent hepatotoxicity and the optimum pH for its activity is 7.2, unlike the optimum acidic PH for mammalian DNase II. Some members of this family contain substitutions of conserved residues found in the putative active site, which suggest that these proteins may have diverged from a canonical DNase II activity and may perform other functions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАcвА0А0АаАВ Рcd09121, PLDc_DNaseII_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Deoxyribonuclease II and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Deoxyribonuclease II (DNase II, EC 3.1.22.1), an endodeoxyribonuclease with ubiquitous tissue distribution. It is essential for accessory apoptotic DNA fragmentation and DNA clearance during development, as well as in tissue regeneration in higher eukaryotes. Unlike the majority of nucleases, DNase II functions optimally at acidic pH in the absence of divalent metal ion cofactors. It hydrolyzes the phosphodiester backbone of DNA by a single strand cleavage mechanism to generate 3'-phosphate termini. The majority of family members contain an N-terminal signal-peptide leader sequence, which is critical for N-glycosylation and DNase II activity. DNase II is a monomeric nuclease that contains two copies of a variant HKD motif, where the aspartic acid residue is not conserved. The HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily. The catalytic center of DNase II is formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way. Members of this family are mainly found in metazoans, and vertebrate proteins have been further classified into DNase II alpha and beta (also known as DNase II-like acid DNase, DLAD) subtypes. A few homologs are found in non-metazoan species, but none are found in fungi, plants or prokaryotes, with the sole exception of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Among those homologs, the Caenorhabditis elegans C07B5.5 ORF encoding NUC-1 apoptotic nuclease, the uncharacterized C. elegans crn-6 (cell death related nuclease) gene encoding protein, and the putative gene CG7780 encoding Drosophila DNase II (dDNase II) have similar cleavage activity and specificity to mammalian DNase II enzymes. They may function like an acid DNase implicated in degrading DNA from apoptotic cells engulfed by macrophages. Plancitoxin I, the major lethal factor from the Acanthaster planci venom, is a unique homolog of mammalian DNase II. It has potent hepatotoxicity and the optimum pH for its activity is 7.2, unlike the optimum acidic PH for mammalian DNase II. Some members of this family contain substitutions of conserved residues found in the putative active site, which suggest that these proteins may have diverged from the canonical DNase II activity and may perform other functions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАdвА0А0АаАВocd09122, PLDc_Tdp1_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1, EC 3.1.4.-), which exists in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes. Tdp1 acts as an important DNA repair enzyme that removes stalled topoisomerase I-DNA complexes by catalyzing the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond between a tyrosine side chain and a DNA 3'-phosphate. It is a monomeric protein that contains two copies of a variant HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which consists of the highly conserved histidine and lysine residues, but lacks the aspartate residue that is well conserved in other phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) enzymes. Thus, this family represents a distinct class within the PLD superfamily. Like other PLD enzymes, Tdp1 may utilize a common two-step general acid/base catalytic mechanism, involving a DNA-enzyme intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. A single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer would be formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАeвА0А0АаАВocd09123, PLDc_Tdp1_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1, EC 3.1.4.-), which exists in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes. Tdp1 acts as an important DNA repair enzyme that removes stalled topoisomerase I-DNA complexes by catalyzing the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond between a tyrosine side chain and a DNA 3'-phosphate. It is a monomeric protein that contains two copies of a variant HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which consists of the highly conserved histidine and lysine residues, but lacks the aspartate residue that is well conserved in other phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) enzymes. Thus, this family represents a distinct class within the PLD superfamily. Like other PLD enzymes, Tdp1 may utilize a common two-step general acid/base catalytic mechanism, involving a DNA-enzyme intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. A single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer would be formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАfвА0А0АаАВиcd09124, PLDc_like_TrmB_middle, Middle phospholipase D-like domain of the transcriptional regulator TrmB and similar proteins. Middle phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of the transcriptional regulator TrmB and similar proteins. TrmB acts as a bifunctional sugar-sensing transcriptional regulator which controls two operons encoding maltose/trehalose and maltodextrin ABC transporters of Pyrococcus fruiosus. It functions as a dimer. Full length TrmB includes an N-terminal DNA-binding domain, a C-terminal sugar-binding domain and middle region that has been named as a PLD-like domain. The middle domain displays homology to PLD enzymes, which contain one or two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) per chain. The HKD motif characterizes the PLD superfamily. Due to the lack of key residues related to PLD activity in the PLD-like domain, members of this subfamily are unlikely to carry PLD activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАgвА0А0АаАВхcd09126, PLDc_C_DEXD_like, C-terminal putative phospholipase D-like domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic HKD family nucleases fused to DEAD/DEAH box helicases. C-terminal putative phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. All members of this subfamily are uncharacterized. In addition to the helicase-like region, members of this family also contain a PLD-like domain in the C-terminal region, which is characterized by a variant HKD (H-x-K-x(4)-D motif, where x represents any amino acid residue) motif. Due to the lack of key residues related to PLD activity in the variant HKD motif, members of this subfamily are most unlikely to carry PLD activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАhвА0А0АаАВУcd09127, PLDc_unchar1_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized phospholipase D-like proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4)-like proteins. PLD enzymes hydrolyze phospholipid phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphatidic acid and a free polar head group. They can also catalyze transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАiвА0А0АаАВУcd09128, PLDc_unchar1_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized phospholipase D-like proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4)-like proteins. PLD enzymes hydrolyze phospholipid phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphatidic acid and a free polar head group. They can also catalyze transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАjвА0А0АаАВУcd09129, PLDc_unchar2_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized phospholipase D-like proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4)-like proteins. PLD enzymes hydrolyze phospholipid phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphatidic acid and a free polar head group. They can also catalyze transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАkвА0А0АаАВУcd09130, PLDc_unchar2_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized phospholipase D-like proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4)-like proteins. PLD enzymes hydrolyze phospholipid phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphatidic acid and a free polar head group. They can also catalyze transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАlвА0А0АаАВ[cd09131, PLDc_unchar3, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized phospholipase D-like proteins. Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4)-like proteins. Members of this subfamily contain one copy of HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАmвА0А0АаАВ[cd09132, PLDc_unchar4, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized phospholipase D-like proteins. Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4)-like proteins. Members of this subfamily contain one copy of HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАnвА0А0АаАВhcd09133, PLDc_unchar5, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins with one or two copies of the HKD motif. Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins with similarity to phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4). PLD enzymes hydrolyze phospholipid phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphatidic acid and a free polar head group. They can also catalyze transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols. Members of this subfamily contain one or two copies of the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАoвА0А0АаАВ╞cd09134, PLDc_PSS_G_neg_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of phosphatidylserine synthases from gram-negative bacteria. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of phosphatidylserine synthases (PSSs) from gram-negative bacteria. There are two subclasses of PSS enzymes in bacteria: subclass I of gram-negative bacteria and subclass II of gram-positive bacteria. It is common that PSSs in gram-positive bacteria and yeast are tight membrane-associated enzymes. By contrast, the gram-negative bacterial PSSs, such as Escherichia coli PSS, are commonly bound to the ribosomes. They are peripheral membrane proteins that can interact with the surface of the inner membrane by binding to the lipid substrate (CDP-diacylglycerol) and the lipid product (phosphatidylserine). The prototypical member of this subfamily is Escherichia coli PSS (also called CDP-diacylglycerol-L-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase, EC 2.7.8.8), which catalyzes the exchange reactions between CMP and CDP-diacylglycerol, and between serine and phosphatidylserine. The phosphatidylserine is then decarboxylated by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase to yield phosphatidylethanolamine, the major phospholipid in Escherichia coli. It also catalyzes the hydrolysis of CDP-diacylglycerol to form phosphatidic acid with the release of CMP. PSS may utilize a ping-pong mechanism involving a phosphatidyl-enzyme intermediate, which is distinct from those of gram-positive bacterial phosphatidylserine synthases. Moreover, all members in this subfamily have two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs constitute an active site for the formation of a covalent substrate-enzyme intermediate.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАpвА0А0АаАВ(cd09135, PLDc_PGS1_euk_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of eukaryotic PhosphatidylGlycerophosphate Synthases. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of eukaryotic phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) synthases, also called CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase (EC 2.7.8.5). Eukaryotic PGP synthases are different and unrelated to prokaryotic PGP synthases and yeast phosphatidylserine synthase. They catalyze the synthesis of PGP from CDP-diacylglycerol and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, the committed and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin (CL), which is an essential component of many mitochondrial functions in eukaryotes. Members in this subfamily all have two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving a substrate-enzyme intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two motifs are suggested to constitute the active site involved in the phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАqвА0А0АаАВ╞cd09136, PLDc_PSS_G_neg_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of phosphatidylserine synthases from gram-negative bacteria. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of phosphatidylserine synthases (PSSs) from gram-negative bacteria. There are two subclasses of PSS enzymes in bacteria: subclass I of gram-negative bacteria and subclass II of gram-positive bacteria. It is common that PSSs in gram-positive bacteria and yeast are tight membrane-associated enzymes. By contrast, the gram-negative bacterial PSSs, such as Escherichia coli PSS, are commonly bound to the ribosomes. They are peripheral membrane proteins that can interact with the surface of the inner membrane by binding to the lipid substrate (CDP-diacylglycerol) and the lipid product (phosphatidylserine). The prototypical member of this subfamily is Escherichia coli PSS (also called CDP-diacylglycerol-L-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase, EC 2.7.8.8), which catalyzes the exchange reactions between CMP and CDP-diacylglycerol, and between serine and phosphatidylserine. The phosphatidylserine is then decarboxylated by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase to yield phosphatidylethanolamine, the major phospholipid in Escherichia coli. It also catalyzes the hydrolysis of CDP-diacylglycerol to form phosphatidic acid with the release of CMP. PSS may utilize a ping-pong mechanism involving a phosphatidyl-enzyme intermediate, which is distinct from those of gram-positive bacterial phosphatidylserine synthases. Moreover, all members in this subfamily have two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs constitute an active site for the formation of a covalent substrate-enzyme intermediate.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАrвА0А0АаАВ(cd09137, PLDc_PGS1_euk_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of eukaryotic phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthases. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of eukaryotic phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) synthases, also called CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase (EC 2.7.8.5). Eukaryotic PGP synthases are different and unrelated to prokaryotic PGP synthases and yeast phosphatidylserine synthase. They catalyze the synthesis of PGP from CDP-diacylglycerol and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, the committed and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin (CL), which is an essential component of many mitochondrial functions in eukaryotes. Members in this subfamily all have two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving a substrate-enzyme intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two motifs are suggested to constitute the active site involved in the phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАsвА0А0АаАВ иcd09138, PLDc_vPLD1_2_yPLD_like_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipases, PLD1 and PLD2, yeast PLDs, and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipases D (PLD1 and PLD2), yeast phospholipase D (PLD SPO14/PLD1), and other similar eukaryotic proteins. These PLD enzymes play a pivotal role in transmembrane signaling and cellular regulation. They hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLDs also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. The vertebrate PLD1 and PLD2 are membrane associated phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-dependent enzymes that selectively hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (PC). Protein cofactors and calcium may be required for their activation. Yeast SPO14/PLD1 is a calcium-independent PLD, which needs PIP2 for its activity. Instead of the regulatory calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain in plants, most mammalian and yeast PLDs have adjacent Phox (PX) and the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains at the N-terminus, which have been shown to mediate membrane targeting of the protein and are closely linked to polyphosphoinositide signaling. The PX and PH domains are also present in zeta-type PLD from Arabidopsis, which is more closely related to vertebrate PLDs than to other plant PLD types. In addition, this subfamily also includes some related proteins which have either PX-like or PH domains in their N-termini. Like other members of the PLD superfamily, the monomer of mammalian and yeast PLDs consists of two catalytic domains, each containing one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from the two domains form a single active site. These PLDs utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАtвА0А0АаАВаcd09139, PLDc_pPLD_like_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of plant phospholipase D and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of plant phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) and similar proteins. Plant PLDs have broad substrate specificity and can hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of several common membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylserine (PS), with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLDs also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Most plant PLDs possess a regulatory calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain in the N-terminus and require calcium for activity, which is unique to plant PLDs and is not present in animal or fungal PLDs. Like other PLD enzymes, the monomer of plant PLDs consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Plant PLDs may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group. This subfamily includes two types of plant PLDs, alpha-type and beta-type PLDs, which are derived from different gene products and distinctly regulated. The zeta-type PLD from Arabidopsis is not included in this subfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАuвА0А0АаАВ&cd09140, PLDc_vPLD1_2_like_bac_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with similarity to vertebrate phospholipases, PLD1 and PLD2. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized bacterial counterparts of vertebrate, yeast and plant phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4). PLDs hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. They also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Instead of the regulatory C2 (calcium-activated lipid binding) domain in plants and the adjacent Phox (PX) and the Pleckstrin homology (PH) N-terminal domains in most mammalian and yeast PLDs, many members in this subfamily contain a SNARE associated C-terminal domain, whose functional role is unclear. Like other PLD enzymes, members in this subfamily contain two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), that may play an important role in the catalysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАvвА0А0АаАВ иcd09141, PLDc_vPLD1_2_yPLD_like_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipases, PLD1 and PLD2, yeast PLDs, and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipases D (PLD1 and PLD2), yeast phospholipase D (PLD SPO14/PLD1), and other similar eukaryotic proteins. These PLD enzymes play a pivotal role in transmembrane signaling and cellular regulation. They hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLDs also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. The vertebrate PLD1 and PLD2 are membrane associated phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-dependent enzymes that selectively hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (PC). Protein cofactors and calcium may be required for their activation. Yeast SPO14/PLD1 is a calcium-independent PLD, which needs PIP2 for its activity. Instead of the regulatory calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain in plants, most mammalian and yeast PLDs have adjacent Phox (PX) and the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains at the N-terminus, which have been shown to mediate membrane targeting of the protein and are closely linked to polyphosphoinositide signaling. The PX and PH domains are also present in zeta-type PLD from Arabidopsis, which is more closely related to vertebrate PLDs than to other plant PLD types. In addition, this subfamily also includes some related proteins which have either PX-like or PH domains in their N-termini. Like other members of the PLD superfamily, the monomer of mammalian and yeast PLDs consists of two catalytic domains, each containing one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from the two domains form a single active site. These PLDs utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАwвА0А0АаАВаcd09142, PLDc_pPLD_like_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of plant phospholipase D and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of plant phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) and similar proteins. Plant PLDs have broad substrate specificity and can hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of several common membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylserine (PS), with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLDs also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Most plant PLDs possess a regulatory calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain in the N-terminus and require calcium for activity, which is unique to plant PLDs and is not present in animal or fungal PLDs. Like other PLD enzymes, the monomer of plant PLDs consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Plant PLDs may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group. This subfamily includes two types of plant PLDs, alpha-type and beta-type PLDs, which are derived from different gene products and distinctly regulated. The zeta-type PLD from Arabidopsis is not included in this subfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАxвА0А0АаАВ&cd09143, PLDc_vPLD1_2_like_bac_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with similarity to vertebrate phospholipases, PLD1 and PLD2. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized bacterial counterparts of vertebrate, yeast and plant phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4). PLDs hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. They also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Instead of the regulatory C2 (calcium-activated lipid binding) domain in plants and the adjacent Phox (PX) and the Pleckstrin homology (PH) N-terminal domains in most mammalian and yeast PLDs, many members in this subfamily contain a SNARE associated C-terminal domain, whose functional role is unclear. Like other PLD enzymes, members in this subfamily contain two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), that may play an important role in the catalysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАyвА0А0АаАВcd09144, PLDc_vPLD3_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipase PLD3. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of phospholipase D3 (PLD3, EC 3.1.4.4). The human protein is also known as Hu-K4 or HUK4 and it was identified as a human homolog of the vaccinia virus protein K4, which is encoded by the HindIII K4L gene. PLD3 is found in many human organs with highest expression levels found in the central nervous system. Due to the presence of two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), PLD3 has been assigned to the PLD superfamily although no catalytic activity has been detected experimentally. PLD3 is a membrane-bound protein that colocalizes with protein disulfide isomerase, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein. Like other homologs of protein K4, PLD3 might alter the lipid content of associated membranes by selectively hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine (PC) into the corresponding phosphatidic acid, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid movement.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАzвА0А0АаАВВcd09145, PLDc_vPLD4_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipase PLD4. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipases D4 (PLD4, EC 3.1.4.4), homologs of the vaccinia virus protein K4 which is encoded by the HindIII K4L gene. Due to the presence of two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), PLD4 has been assigned to PLD superfamily although no catalytic activity has been detected to date. Unlike PLD1 and PLD2, PLD4 does not contain Phox (PX) and Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains but has a putative transmembrane domain. Like other vertebrate homologs of protein K4, PLD4 might be associated with Golgi membranes and alter their lipid content by selectively hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (PC) into corresponding phosphatidic acid, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid movement.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА{вА0А0АаАВйcd09146, PLDc_vPLD5_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of inactive veterbrate phospholipase PLD5. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of inactive veterbrate phospholipases D5 (PLD5, EC 3.1.4.4), homologs of the vaccinia virus protein K4 encoded by the HindIII K4L gene. Vertebrate PLD5 has been assigned to the PLD superfamily, since it shows high sequence similarity to other human homologs of protein K4, which contain two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). However, due to the lack of functionally important histidine and lysine residues in the HKD motif, vetebrate PLD5 has been characterized as an inactive PLD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|вА0А0АаАВcd09147, PLDc_vPLD3_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipase PLD3. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of phospholipase D3 (PLD3, EC 3.1.4.4). The human protein is also known as Hu-K4 or HUK4 and it was identified as a human homolog of the vaccinia virus protein K4, which is encoded by the HindIII K4L gene. PLD3 is found in many human organs with highest expression levels found in the central nervous system. Due to the presence of two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), PLD3 has been assigned to the PLD superfamily although no catalytic activity has been detected experimentally. PLD3 is a membrane-bound protein that colocalizes with protein disulfide isomerase, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein. Like other homologs of protein K4, PLD3 might alter the lipid content of associated membranes by selectively hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine (PC) into the corresponding phosphatidic acid, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid movement.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА}вА0А0АаАВВcd09148, PLDc_vPLD4_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipase PLD4. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipases D4 (PLD4, EC 3.1.4.4), homologs of the vaccinia virus protein K4 which is encoded by the HindIII K4L gene. Due to the presence of two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), PLD4 has been assigned to PLD superfamily although no catalytic activity has been detected to date. Unlike PLD1 and PLD2, PLD4 does not contain Phox (PX) and Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains but has a putative transmembrane domain. Like other vertebrate homologs of protein K4, PLD4 might be associated with Golgi membranes and alter their lipid content by selectively hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (PC) into corresponding phosphatidic acid, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid movement.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА~вА0А0АаАВйcd09149, PLDc_vPLD5_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of inactive veterbrate phospholipase PLD5. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of inactive veterbrate phospholipases D5 (PLD5, EC 3.1.4.4), homologs of the vaccinia virus protein K4 encoded by the HindIII K4L gene. Vertebrate PLD5 has been assigned to the PLD superfamily, since it shows high sequence similarity to other human homologs of protein K4, which contain two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). However, due to the lack of functionally important histidine and lysine residues in the HKD motif, vetebrate PLD5 has been characterized as an inactive PLD.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВfcd09150, PLDc_Ymt_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Yersinia pestis murine toxin-like proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Yersinia pestis murine toxin (Ymt), a plasmid-encoded phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4), and similar proteins. Ymt is important in order for Yersinia pestis to survive and spread. It is toxic to mice and rats but not to other animals. It is not a conventional secreted exotoxin, but a cytoplasmic protein that is released upon bacterial lysis. Ymt may be active as a dimer. The monomeric Ymt consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Ymt has PLD-like activity and has been classified into the PLD superfamily. It hydrolyzes the terminal phosphodiester bond in several phospholipids, with preference for phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) over phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS). Like other PLD enzymes, Ymt may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group. In terms of sequence similarity, Ymt is closely related to Streptomyces PLDs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаААвА0А0АаАВfcd09151, PLDc_Ymt_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Yersinia pestis murine toxin-like proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Yersinia pestis murine toxin (Ymt), a plasmid-encoded phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4), and similar proteins. Ymt is important in order for Yersinia pestis to survive and spread. It is toxic to mice and rats but not to other animals. It is not a conventional secreted exotoxin, but a cytoplasmic protein that is released upon bacterial lysis. Ymt may be active as a dimer. The monomeric Ymt consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Ymt has PLD-like activity and has been classified into the PLD superfamily. It hydrolyzes the terminal phosphodiester bond in several phospholipids, with preference for phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) over phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS). Like other PLD enzymes, Ymt may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group. In terms of sequence similarity, Ymt is closely related to Streptomyces PLDs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАБвА0А0АаАВ:cd09152, PLDc_EcCLS_like_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Escherichia coli cardiolipin synthase and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Escherichia coli cardiolipin (CL) synthase and similar proteins. Escherichia coli CL synthase (EcCLS), specified by the cls gene, is the prototype of this family. EcCLS is a multi-pass membrane protein that catalyzes reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form cardiolipin (CL) and glycerol. The monomer of EcCLS consists of two catalytic domains. Each catalytic domain contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer. EcCLS can be stimulated by phosphate and inhibited by CL, the product of the reaction, and by phosphatidate. Phosphate stimulation may be unique to enzymes with CL synthase activity belonging to the PLD superfamily. Like other PLD enzymes, EcCLS utilizes a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАВвА0А0АаАВ8cd09154, PLDc_SMU_988_like_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Streptococcus mutans uncharacterized protein SMU_988 and similar proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Streptococcus mutans uncharacterized protein SMU_988 and similar proteins. Although SMU_988 and similar proteins have not been functionally characterized, members in this subfamily show high sequence homology to bacterial cardiolipin (CL) synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАГвА0А0АаАВ;cd09155, PLDc_PaCLS_like_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cardiolipin synthase and similar proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cardiolipin (CL) synthase (PaCLS) and similar proteins. Although PaCLS and similar proteins have not been functionally characterized, members in this subfamily show high sequence homology to bacterial CL synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Moreover, PaCLS and other members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАДвА0А0АаАВАcd09156, PLDc_CLS_unchar1_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized proteins similar to bacterial cardiolipin synthase. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized proteins similar to bacterial cardiolipin (CL) synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЕвА0А0АаАВАcd09157, PLDc_CLS_unchar2_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized proteins similar to bacterial cardiolipin synthase. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized proteins similar to bacterial cardiolipin (CL) synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЖвА0А0АаАВ:cd09158, PLDc_EcCLS_like_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Escherichia coli cardiolipin synthase and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Escherichia coli cardiolipin (CL) synthase and similar proteins. Escherichia coli CL synthase (EcCLS), specified by the cls gene, is the prototype of this family. EcCLS is a multi-pass membrane protein that catalyzes reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form cardiolipin (CL) and glycerol. The monomer of EcCLS consists of two catalytic domains. Each catalytic domain contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer. EcCLS can be stimulated by phosphate and inhibited by CL, the product of the reaction, and by phosphatidate. Phosphate stimulation may be unique to enzymes with CL synthase activity belonging to the PLD superfamily. Like other PLD enzymes, EcCLS utilizes a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЗвА0А0АаАВ╒cd09159, PLDc_ybhO_like_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Escherichia coli cardiolipin synthase ybhO and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Escherichia coli cardiolipin (CL) synthase ybhO and similar proteins. In Escherichia coli, there are two genes, f413 (ybhO) and o493 (ymdC), which are homologous to gene cls that encodes the Escherichia coli CL synthase. The prototype of this subfamily is Escherichia coli CL synthase ybhO specified by the f413 (ybhO) gene. ybhO is a membrane-bound protein that catalyzes the formation of cardiolipin (CL) by transferring phosphatidyl group between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules. It can also catalyze phosphatidyl group transfer to water to form phosphatidate. In contrast to the Escherichia coli CL synthase encoded by the cls gene (EcCLS), ybhO does not hydrolyze CL. Moreover, ybhO lacks an N-terminal segment encoded by Escherichia coli cls, which makes ybhO easy to denature. The monomer of ybhO consists of two catalytic domains. Each catalytic domain contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer. ybhO can be stimulated by phosphate and inhibited by CL, the product of the reaction, and by phosphatidate. Phosphate stimulation may be unique to enzymes with CL synthase activity belonging to the PLD superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАИвА0А0АаАВ8cd09160, PLDc_SMU_988_like_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Streptococcus mutans uncharacterized protein SMU_988 and similar proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Streptococcus mutans uncharacterized protein SMU_988 and similar proteins. Although SMU_988 and similar proteins have not been functionally characterized, members in this subfamily show high sequence homology to bacterial cardiolipin (CL) synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЙвА0А0АаАВ;cd09161, PLDc_PaCLS_like_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cardiolipin synthase and similar proteins. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cardiolipin (CL) synthase (PaCLS) and similar proteins. Although PaCLS and similar proteins have not been functionally characterized, members in this subfamily show high sequence homology to bacterial CL synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Moreover, PaCLS and other members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАКвА0А0АаАВАcd09162, PLDc_CLS_unchar1_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized proteins similar to bacterial cardiolipin synthase. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized proteins similar to bacterial cardiolipin (CL) synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЛвА0А0АаАВАcd09163, PLDc_CLS_unchar2_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized proteins similar to bacterial cardiolipin synthase. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized proteins similar to bacterial cardiolipin (CL) synthases, which catalyze the reversible phosphatidyl group transfer between two phosphatidylglycerol molecules to form CL and glycerol. Members of this subfamily contain two HKD motifs (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. The two motifs may be part of the active site and may be involved in phosphatidyl group transfer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАМвА0А0АаАВ╗cd09164, PLDc_EcPPK1_C1_like, Catalytic C-terminal domain, first repeat, of Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase 1 and similar proteins. Catalytic C-terminal domain, first repeat (C1 domain), of Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase 1 (Poly P kinase 1 or PPK1, EC 2.7.4.1) and similar proteins. Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P) plays an important role in bacterial stress responses and stationary-phase survival. PPK1 is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of Poly P in bacteria. It can catalyze the reversible conversion of the terminal-phosphate of ATP to Poly P. Therefore, PPK1 is essential for bacterial motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and the production of virulence factors and may serve as an attractive antimicrobial drug target. Dimerization is crucial for the enzymatic activity of PPK1. The prototype of this subfamily is Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase (EcPPK), which forms a homotetramer in solution, and becomes a homodimer upon the binding of AMPPNP, a non-hydrolysable ATP analogue. Each EcPPK monomer includes four structural domains, the N-terminal (N) domain, the head (H) domain, and two closely related C-terminal (C1 and C2)domains. The N domain provides the upper binding interface for the adenine ring of the ATP. The H domain is involved in dimerization, while both the C1 and C2 domains contain residues crucial for catalytic activity. The intersection of the N, C1, and C2 domains forms a structural tunnel in which the PPK catalytic reactions are carried out. In spite of the lack of sequence homology, the C1 and C2 domains of EcPPK are structurally similar to the two repetitive catalytic domains of phospholipase D (PLD). Moreover, some residues in the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) of the PLD superfamily are spatially conserved in the active site of EcPPK. It is possible that the bacterial PPK1 family and the PLD family have a common ancestor and diverged early in evolution.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАНвА0А0АаАВ $cd09165, PLDc_PaPPK1_C1_like, Catalytic C-terminal domain, first repeat, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa polyphosphate kinase 1 and similar proteins. Catalytic C-terminal domain, first repeat (C1 domain), of polyphosphate kinase (Poly P kinase 1 or PPK1, EC 2.7.4.1) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaPPK1), Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPPK1), and other similar proteins. Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P) plays an important role in bacterial stress responses and stationary-phase survival. PaPPK1 is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of Poly P in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It can catalyze the reversible conversion of the terminal-phosphate of ATP to Poly P. PaPPK1 shows high sequence homolog to Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase (EcPPK), which contains four structural domains per chain: the N-terminal (N) domain, the head (H) domain, and two closely related C-terminal (C1 and C2) domains. The N domain provides the upper binding interface for the adenine ring of the ATP. The H domain is involved in dimerization, while both the C1 and C2 domains contain residues crucial for catalytic activity. The intersection of the N, C1, and C2 domains forms a structural tunnel in which the PPK catalytic reactions are carried out. The polyphosphate kinase from Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPPK1) shares similar structural features with EcPPK1 in the ATP-binding pocket and poly P tunnel, but has a unique N-terminal extension that may be responsible for its enzymatic activity, cellular localization, and physiological functions. In spite of the lack of sequence homology, the C1 and C2 domains of the family members are structurally similar to the two repetitive catalytic domains of phospholipase D (PLD). Moreover, some residues in the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) of the PLD superfamily are spatially conserved in the active site of PPK1. It is possible that the bacterial PPK1 family and the PLD family have a common ancestor and diverged early in evolution. In some bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a second enzyme, PPK2, which is involved in the alternative pathway of polyphosphate synthesis, has been found. It can catalyze the synthesis of poly P from GTP or ATP, with a preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+. PPK2 shows no sequence similarity to PPK1 and belongs to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАОвА0А0АаАВ▀cd09166, PLDc_PPK1_C1_unchar, Catalytic C-terminal domain, first repeat, of uncharacterized prokaryotic polyphosphate kinases. Catalytic C-terminal domain, first repeat (C1 domain), of a group of uncharacterized prokaryotic polyphosphate kinases (Poly P kinase 1 or PPK1, EC 2.7.4.1). Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P) plays an important role in bacterial stress responses and stationary-phase survival. PPK1 is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of Poly P in bacteria. It can catalyze the reversible conversion of the terminal-phosphate of ATP to Poly P. Therefore, PPK1 is essential for bacterial motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and the production of virulence factors and may serve as an attractive antimicrobial drug target. Dimerization is crucial for the enzymatic activity of PPK1. Each PPK1 monomer includes four structural domains, the N-terminal (N) domain, the head (H) domain, and two closely related C-terminal (C1 and C2) domains. The N domain provides the upper binding interface for the adenine ring of the ATP. The H domain is involved in dimerization, while both the C1 and C2 domains contain residues crucial for catalytic activity. The intersection of the N, C1, and C2 domains forms a structural tunnel in which the PPK catalytic reactions are carried out. In spite of the lack of sequence homology, the C1 and C2 domains of PPK1 are structurally similar to the two repetitive catalytic domains of phospholipase D (PLD). Moreover, some residues in the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) of the PLD superfamily are spatially conserved in the active site of PPK1. It is possible that the bacterial PPK1 family and the PLD family have a common ancestor and diverged early in evolution.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАПвА0А0АаАВ╜cd09167, PLDc_EcPPK1_C2_like, Catalytic C-terminal domain, second repeat, of Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase 1 and similar proteins. Catalytic C-terminal domain, second repeat (C2 domain), of Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase 1 (Poly P kinase 1 or PPK1, EC 2.7.4.1) and similar proteins. Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P) plays an important role in bacterial stress responses and stationary-phase survival. PPK1 is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of Poly P in bacteria. It can catalyze the reversible conversion of the terminal-phosphate of ATP to Poly P. Therefore, PPK1 is essential for bacterial motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and the production of virulence factors and may serve as an attractive antimicrobial drug target. Dimerization is crucial for the enzymatic activity of PPK1. The prototype of this subfamily is Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase (EcPPK), which forms a homotetramer in solution, and becomes a homodimer upon the binding of AMPPNP, a non-hydrolysable ATP analogue. Each EcPPK monomer includes four structural domains, the N-terminal (N) domain, the head (H) domain, and two closely related C-terminal (C1 and C2)domains. The N domain provides the upper binding interface for the adenine ring of the ATP. The H domain is involved in dimerization, while both the C1 and C2 domains contain residues crucial for catalytic activity. The intersection of the N, C1, and C2 domains forms a structural tunnel in which the PPK catalytic reactions are carried out. In spite of the lack of sequence homology, the C1 and C2 domains of EcPPK are structurally similar to the two repetitive catalytic domains of phospholipase D (PLD). Moreover, some residues in the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) of the PLD superfamily are spatially conserved in the active site of EcPPK. It is possible that the bacterial PPK1 family and the PLD family have a common ancestor and diverged early in evolution.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАРвА0А0АаАВ &cd09168, PLDc_PaPPK1_C2_like, Catalytic C-terminal domain, second repeat, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa polyphosphate kinase 1 and similar proteins. Catalytic C-terminal domain, second repeat (C2 domain), of polyphosphate kinase (Poly P kinase 1 or PPK1, EC 2.7.4.1) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaPPK1), Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPPK1), and other similar proteins. Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P) plays an important role in bacterial stress responses and stationary-phase survival. PaPPK1 is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of Poly P in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It can catalyze the reversible conversion of the terminal-phosphate of ATP to Poly P. PaPPK1 shows high sequence homolog to Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase (EcPPK), which contains four structural domains per chain: the N-terminal (N) domain, the head (H) domain, and two closely related C-terminal (C1 and C2) domains. The N domain provides the upper binding interface for the adenine ring of the ATP. The H domain is involved in dimerization, while both the C1 and C2 domains contain residues crucial for catalytic activity. The intersection of the N, C1, and C2 domains forms a structural tunnel in which the PPK catalytic reactions are carried out. The polyphosphate kinase from Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPPK1) shares similar structural features with EcPPK1 in the ATP-binding pocket and poly P tunnel, but has a unique N-terminal extension that may be responsible for its enzymatic activity, cellular localization, and physiological functions. In spite of the lack of sequence homology, the C1 and C2 domains of the family members are structurally similar to the two repetitive catalytic domains of phospholipase D (PLD). Moreover, some residues in the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) of the PLD superfamily are spatially conserved in the active site of PPK1. It is possible that the bacterial PPK1 family and the PLD family have a common ancestor and diverged early in evolution. In some bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a second enzyme, PPK2, which is involved in the alternative pathway of polyphosphate synthesis, has been found. It can catalyze the synthesis of poly P from GTP or ATP, with a preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+. PPK2 shows no sequence similarity to PPK1 and belongs to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАСвА0А0АаАВсcd09169, PLDc_PPK1_C2_unchar, Catalytic C-terminal domain, second repeat, of uncharacterized prokaryotic polyphosphate kinases. Catalytic C-terminal domain, second repeat (C2 domain), of a group of uncharacterized prokaryotic polyphosphate kinases (Poly P kinase 1 or PPK1, EC 2.7.4.1). Inorganic polyphosphate (Poly P) plays an important role in bacterial stress responses and stationary-phase survival. PPK1 is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of Poly P in bacteria. It can catalyze the reversible conversion of the terminal-phosphate of ATP to Poly P. Therefore, PPK1 is essential for bacterial motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and the production of virulence factors and may serve as an attractive antimicrobial drug target. Dimerization is crucial for the enzymatic activity of PPK1. Each PPK1 monomer includes four structural domains, the N-terminal (N) domain, the head (H) domain, and two closely related C-terminal (C1 and C2) domains. The N domain provides the upper binding interface for the adenine ring of the ATP. The H domain is involved in dimerization, while both the C1 and C2 domains contain residues crucial for catalytic activity. The intersection of the N, C1, and C2 domains forms a structural tunnel in which the PPK catalytic reactions are carried out. In spite of the lack of sequence homology, the C1 and C2 domains of PPK1 are structurally similar to the two repetitive catalytic domains of phospholipase D (PLD). Moreover, some residues in the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) of the PLD superfamily are spatially conserved in the active site of PPK1. It is possible that the bacterial PPK1 family and the PLD family have a common ancestor and diverged early in evolution.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАТвА0А0АаАВEcd09170, PLDc_Nuc, Catalytic domain of EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc from Salmonella typhimurium and similar proteins. Catalytic domain of an EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc from Salmonella typhimurium and similar proteins. Nuc is an endonuclease cleaving both single- and double-stranded DNA. It is the smallest known member of the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily that includes a diverse group of proteins with various catalytic functions. Most members of this superfamily have two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in a single polypeptide chain and both are required for catalytic activity. However, Nuc only has one copy of the HKD motif per subunit but form a functionally active homodimer (it is most likely also active in solution as a multimeric protein), which has a single active site at the dimer interface containing the HKD motifs from both subunits. Due to the lack of a distinct domain for DNA binding, Nuc cuts DNA non-specifically. It utilizes a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАУвА0А0АаАВUcd09171, PLDc_vPLD6_like, Catalytic domain of vertebrate phospholipase D6 and similar proteins. Catalytic domain of vertebrate phospholipase D6 (PLD6, EC 3.1.4.4), a homolog of the EDTA-resistant nuclease Nuc from Salmonella typhimurium, and similar proteins. PLD6 can selectively hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. It also catalyzes the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. PLD6 belongs to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. Its monomer contains a short conserved sequence motif, H-x-K-x(4)-D (where x represents any amino acid residue), termed the HKD motif, which is essential in catalysis. PLD6 is more closely related to the nuclease Nuc than to other vertebrate phospholipases, which have two copies of the HKD motif in a single polypeptide chain. Like Nuc, PLD6 may utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from the HKD motif of one subunit to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАФвА0А0АаАВcd09172, PLDc_Nuc_like_unchar1_1, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins similar to Nuc, an endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 1, of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins, which show high sequence homology to the endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium and vertebrate phospholipase D6. Nuc and PLD6 belong to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They contain a short conserved sequence motif, the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which characterizes the PLD superfamily and is essential for catalysis. Nuc and PLD6 utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. However, proteins in this subfamily have two HKD motifs in a single polypeptide chain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАХвА0А0АаАВcd09173, PLDc_Nuc_like_unchar1_2, Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins similar to Nuc, an endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium. Putative catalytic domain, repeat 2, of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins, which show high sequence homology to the endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium and vertebrate phospholipase D6. Nuc and PLD6 belong to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They contain a short conserved sequence motif, the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which characterizes the PLD superfamily and is essential for catalysis. Nuc and PLD6 utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. However, proteins in this subfamily have two HKD motifs in a single polypeptide chain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЦвА0А0АаАВcd09174, PLDc_Nuc_like_unchar2, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins closely related to Nuc, , an endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium. Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins, which show high sequence homology to the endonuclease from Salmonella typhimurium and vertebrate phospholipase D6. Nuc and PLD6 belong to the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily. They contain a short conserved sequence motif, the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which characterizes the PLD superfamily and is essential for catalysis. Nuc and PLD6 utilize a two-step mechanism to cleave phosphodiester bonds: Upon substrate binding, the bond is first attacked by a histidine residue from one HKD motif to form a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed by water with the aid of a second histidine residue from the other HKD motif in the opposite subunit. However, proteins in this subfamily have two HKD motifs in a single polypeptide chain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЧвА0А0АаАВfcd09175, PLDc_Bfil, Catalytic domain of type IIs restriction endonuclease BfiI and similar proteins. Catalytic domain of a novel type IIs restriction endonuclease BfiI and similar proteins. Type II restriction endonucleases are components of restriction modification (RM) systems that protect bacteria and archaea against invading foreign DNA. They usually function as homodimers or homotetramers that cleave DNA at defined sites of 4 to 8 bp in length, and they require Mg2+, not ATP or GTP, for catalysis. Unlike all other restriction enzymes known to date, BfiI is unique in cleaving DNA at fixed positions downstream of an asymmetric sequence in the absence of Mg2+. BfiI consists of two discrete domains with distinct functions: an N-terminal catalytic domain with non-specific nuclease activity and dimerization function that is more closely related to Nuc, an EDTA-resistant nuclease from the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily; and a C-terminal domain that specifically recognizes its target sequences, 5'-ACTGGG-3'. BfiI presumably evolved through domain fusion of a DNA recognition domain to the catalytic Nuc-like domain from the PLD superfamily. Most PLD enzymes have two copies of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in a single polypeptide chain and both are required for catalytic activity. However, BfiI contains only one HKD motif per protein chain and forms a functionally active homodimer which has two DNA-binding surfaces located at the C-terminal domains but only one active site, located at the dimer interface between the two N-terminal catalytic domains that contain the two HKD motifs from both subunits. BfiI utilizes a single active site to cut both DNA strands, which represents a novel mechanism for the scission of double-stranded DNA. It uses a histidine residue from the HKD motif in one subunit as the nucleophile for the cleavage of the target phosphodiester bond in both of the anti-parallel DNA strands, while the symmetrically-related histidine residue from the HKD motif of the opposite subunit acts as the proton donor/acceptor during both strand-scission events.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАШвА0А0АаАВhcd09176, PLDc_unchar6, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins with one or two copies of the HKD motif. Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins with similarity to phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4). PLD enzymes hydrolyze phospholipid phosphodiester bonds to yield phosphatidic acid and a free polar head group. They can also catalyze transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols. Members of this subfamily contain one or two copies of the HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) that characterizes the PLD superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЩвА0А0АаАВfcd09177, PLDc_RE_NgoFVII, Putative catalytic domain of type II restriction enzyme NgoFVII and similar proteins. Putative catalytic domain of type II restriction enzyme NgoFVII (EC 3.1.21.4), which shows high sequence similarity to type IIs restriction endonuclease BfiI. Type II restriction endonucleases are components of restriction modification (RM) systems that protect bacteria and archaea against invading foreign DNA. They usually function as homodimers or homotetramers that cleave DNA at defined sites of 4 to 8 bp in length, and they require Mg2+, not ATP or GTP, for catalysis. The prototype of this subfamily is the NgoFVII restriction endonuclease from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It plays an essential role in the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. It recognizes the double-stranded sequence GCSGC and cleaves after G-4. Members of this subfamily contain one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) per protein chain and have been classified into the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЪвА0А0АаАВ╖cd09178, PLDc_N_Snf2_like, N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized HKD family nucleases fused to putative helicases from the Snf2-like family. N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized archaeal and prokaryotic HKD family nucleases fused to putative helicases from the Snf2-like family, which belong to the DNA/RNA helicase superfamily II (SF2). Although Snf2-like family enzymes do not possess helicase activity, they contain a helicase-like region, where seven helicase-related sequence motifs are found, similar to those in DEAD/DEAH box helicases, which represent the biggest family within the SF2 superfamily. In addition to the helicase-like region, members of this family also contain an N-terminal putative catalytic domain with one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), and have been classified as members of the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЫвА