0А0АаАВВcd09179, PLDc_N_DEXD_a, N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. All members of this subfamily are uncharacterized. Other characterized members of the superfamily that have a related domain architecture ( containing a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain), include the DNA/RNA helicase superfamily II (SF2) and Res-subunit of type III restriction endonucleases. In addition to the helicase-like region, members of this subfamily also contain one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in the N-terminal putative catalytic domain. The HKD motif characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЬвА0А0АаАВсcd09180, PLDc_N_DEXD_b, N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. All members of this subfamily are uncharacterized. Other characterized members of the superfamily that have a related domain architecture ( containing a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain), include the DNA/RNA helicase superfamily II (SF2) and Res-subunit of type III restriction endonucleases. In addition to the helicase-like region, members of this subfamily also contain one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in the N-terminal putative catalytic domain. The HKD motif characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily. A few family members contain additional domains, like a C-terminal peptidase S24-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЭвА0А0АаАВScd09181, PLDc_FAM83A_N, N-terminal phospholipase D-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83A. N-terminal phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83A (FAM83A), also known as tumor antigen BJ-TSA-9. FAM83A or BJ-TSA-9 is a novel tumor-specific gene highly expressed in human lung adenocarcinoma. Due to this specific expression pattern, it may serve as a biomarker for lung cancer, especially in the early detection of micrometastasis for lung adenocarcinoma patients. Since the N-terminal PLD-like domain of FAM83 proteins shows only trace similarity to the PLD catalytic domain and lacks the functionally important histidine residue, FAM83 proteins may share a similar three-dimensional fold with PLD enzymes, but are most unlikely to carry PLD activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЮвА0А0АаАВрcd09182, PLDc_FAM83B_N, N-terminal phospholipase D-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83B. N-terminal phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83B (FAM83B). Since the N-terminal PLD-like domain of FAM83 proteins shows only trace similarity to the PLD catalytic domain and lacks the functionally important histidine residue, FAM83 proteins may share a similar three-dimensional fold with PLD enzymes, but are most unlikely to carry PLD activity. The N-terminus of FAM83B shows high homology to other FAM83 family members, indicating that FAM83B might have arisen early in vertebrate evolution by duplication of a gene in the FAM83 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЯвА0А0АаАВрcd09183, PLDc_FAM83C_N, N-terminal phospholipase D-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83C. N-terminal phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83C (FAM83C). Since the N-terminal PLD-like domain of FAM83 proteins shows only trace similarity to the PLD catalytic domain and lacks the functionally important histidine residue, FAM83 proteins may share a similar three-dimensional fold with PLD enzymes, but are most unlikely to carry PLD activity. The N-terminus of FAM83C shows high homology to other FAM83 family members, indicating that FAM83C might have arisen early in vertebrate evolution by duplication of a gene in the FAM83 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАавА0А0АаАВycd09184, PLDc_FAM83D_N, N-terminal phospholipase D-like domain of the protein, Family with sequence similarity 83D. N-terminal phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of the protein Family with sequence similarity 83D (FAM83D), also known as spindle protein CHICA. CHICA is a cell-cycle-regulated spindle component, which localizes to the mitotic spindle and is both upregulated and phosphorylated during mitosis. CHICA is required to localize the chromokinesin Kid to the mitotic spindle and serves as a novel interaction partner of Kid, which is required for the generation of polar ejection forces and chromosome congression. Since the N-terminal PLD-like domain of FAM83D shows only trace similarity to the PLD catalytic domain and lacks the functionally important histidine residue, FAM83D may share a similar three-dimensional fold with PLD enzymes, but is unlikely to carry PLD activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАбвА0А0АаАВрcd09186, PLDc_FAM83F_N, N-terminal phospholipase D-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83F. N-terminal phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83F (FAM83F). Since the N-terminal PLD-like domain of FAM83 proteins shows only trace similarity to the PLD catalytic domain and lacks the functionally important histidine residue, FAM83 proteins may share a similar three-dimensional fold with PLD enzymes, but are most unlikely to carry PLD activity. The N-terminus of FAM83F shows high homology to other FAM83 family members, indicating that FAM83F might have arisen early in vertebrate evolution by duplication of a gene in the FAM83 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАввА0А0АаАВ▀cd09187, PLDc_FAM83G_N, N-terminal phospholipase D-like domain of the uncharacterized protein Family with sequence similarity 83G. N-terminal phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83G (FAM83G). Since the N-terminal PLD-like domain of FAM83 proteins shows only trace similarity to the PLD catalytic domain and lacks the functionally important histidine residue, FAM83 proteins may share a similar three-dimensional fold with PLD enzymes, but are most unlikely to carry PLD activity. The N-terminus of FAM83G shows high homology to other FAM83 family members, indicating that FAM83G might have arisen early in vertebrate evolution by duplication of a gene in the FAM83 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАгвА0А0АаАВ°cd09188, PLDc_FAM83H_N, N-terminal phospholipase D-like domain of the uncharacterized protein, Family with sequence similarity 83H. N-terminal phospholipase D (PLD)-like domain of the protein, Family with sequence similarity 83H (FAM83H) on chromosome 8q24.3, which localizes in the intracellular environment and is associated with vesicles, can be regulated by kinases, and plays important roles during ameloblast differentiation and enamel matrix calcification. The gene encoding protein FAM83H is the first gene involved in the etiology of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), that encodes a non-secreted protein due to the absence of a signal peptide. Defects in gene FAM83H cause autosomal dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (ADHCAI). Since the N-terminal PLD-like domain of FAM83H shows only trace similarity to the PLD catalytic domain and lacks the functionally important histidine residue, FAM83H may share a similar three-dimensional fold with PLD enzymes, but is most unlikely to carry PLD activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАдвА0А0АаАВ╟cd09189, PLDc_DNaseII_alpha_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Deoxyribonuclease II alpha and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Deoxyribonuclease II alpha (DNase II alpha, EC 3.1.22.1) and similar proteins. DNase II is a monomeric nuclease that contains two copies of a variant HKD motif, where the aspartic acid residue is not conserved. The HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily. The catalytic center of DNase II is formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way. Members of this family are mainly found in metazoans, and vertebrate proteins have been further classified into DNase II alpha and beta. DNase II alpha is an acidic endonuclease found in lysosomes, nuclei, and various secretions. It plays a critical role in the degradation of nuclear DNA expelled from erythroid precursor cells, as well as in the degradation of the apoptotic DNA after macrophages engulf them. It cleaves double-stranded DNA to short 3'-phosphoryl oligonucleotides, rather than 3'-hydroxyl groups, and functions optimally at acidic pH in the absence of divalent metal ion cofactors.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАевА0А0АаАВ╡cd09190, PLDc_DNaseII_beta_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Deoxyribonuclease II beta and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of Deoxyribonuclease II beta (DNase II beta, EC 3.1.22.1), also known as DNase II-like acid DNase (DLAD), and similar proteins. DNase II is a monomeric nuclease that contains two copies of a variant HKD motif, where the aspartic acid residue is not conserved. The HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily. The catalytic center of DNase II is formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way. Members of this family are mainly found in metazoans, and vertebrate proteins have been further classified into DNase II alpha and beta. DNase II beta, or DLAD, is a novel mammalian divalent cation-independent endonuclease with homology to DNase II alpha. It is highly expressed in the eye lens and in salivary glands and is responsible for the degradation of nuclear DNA during lens cell differentiation. DLAD mainly exists as a cytoplasmic protein and cleaves DNA to produce 3'-phosphoryl/5'-hydroxyl ends. Like DNase II alpha, DLAD is active under acidic conditions with maximum activity at pH 5.2. Aurintricarboxylic acid and Zn2+ are effective inhibitors of DLAD activity. Mice deficient in DLAD develop cataracts as they are unable to degrade DNA during differentiation of the lens cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжвА0А0АаАВ╟cd09191, PLDc_DNaseII_alpha_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Deoxyribonuclease II alpha and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Deoxyribonuclease II alpha (DNase II alpha, EC 3.1.22.1) and similar proteins. DNase II is a monomeric nuclease that contains two copies of a variant HKD motif, where the aspartic acid residue is not conserved. The HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily. The catalytic center of DNase II is formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way. Members of this family are mainly found in metazoans, and vertebrate proteins have been further classified into DNase II alpha and beta. DNase II alpha is an acidic endonuclease found in lysosomes, nuclei, and various secretions. It plays a critical role in the degradation of nuclear DNA expelled from erythroid precursor cells, as well as in the degradation of the apoptotic DNA after macrophages engulf them. It cleaves double-stranded DNA to short 3'-phosphoryl oligonucleotides, rather than 3'-hydroxyl groups, and functions optimally at acidic pH in the absence of divalent metal ion cofactors.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзвА0А0АаАВ╡cd09192, PLDc_DNaseII_beta_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Deoxyribonuclease II beta and similar proteins. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of Deoxyribonuclease II beta (DNase II beta, EC 3.1.22.1), also known as DNase II-like acid DNase (DLAD), and similar proteins. DNase II is a monomeric nuclease that contains two copies of a variant HKD motif, where the aspartic acid residue is not conserved. The HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily. The catalytic center of DNase II is formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way. Members of this family are mainly found in metazoans, and vertebrate proteins have been further classified into DNase II alpha and beta. DNase II beta, or DLAD, is a novel mammalian divalent cation-independent endonuclease with homology to DNase II alpha. It is highly expressed in the eye lens and in salivary glands and is responsible for the degradation of nuclear DNA during lens cell differentiation. DLAD mainly exists as a cytoplasmic protein and cleaves DNA to produce 3'-phosphoryl/5'-hydroxyl ends. Like DNase II alpha, DLAD is active under acidic conditions with maximum activity at pH 5.2. Aurintricarboxylic acid and Zn2+ are effective inhibitors of DLAD activity. Mice deficient in DLAD develop cataracts as they are unable to degrade DNA during differentiation of the lens cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАивА0А0АаАВmcd09193, PLDc_mTdp1_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of metazoan tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of metazoan tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1, EC 3.1.4.-). Human Tdp1 (hTdp1) acts as an important DNA repair enzyme with a preference for single-stranded or blunt-ended duplex oligonucleotides. It can remove stalled topoisomerase I-DNA complexes by catalyzing the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond between a tyrosine side chain and a DNA 3'-phosphate. It is therefore a potential molecular target for new anti-cancer drugs. hTdp1 has been shown to associate with additional proteins, such as XRCC1, to form a multi-enzyme complex. These additional proteins may be involved in recognizing 3'-phoshotyrosyl DNA in vivo. hTdp1 is a monomeric protein containing two copies of a variant HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which consists of the highly conserved histidine and lysine residues, but lacks the aspartate residue that is well conserved in other phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) enzymes. Like other PLD enzymes, hTdp1 may utilize a common two-step general acid/base catalytic mechanism, involving a DNA-enzyme intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. A single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer would be formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАйвА0А0АаАВОcd09194, PLDc_yTdp1_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of yeast tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of yeast tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (yTdp1, EC 3.1.4.-). yTdp1 is involved in the repair of topoisomerase I DNA lesions by hydrolyzing the topoisomerase from the 3'-end of the DNA during double-strand break repair. Unlike human Tdp1 whose substrate-binding pocket can accommodate a fairly large topoisomerase I peptide fragment, yTdp1 has a preference for substrates containing one to four amino acid residues. The monomeric yTdp1 contains two copies of a variant HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which consists of the highly conserved histidine and lysine residues, but lacks the aspartate residue that is well conserved in other phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) enzymes. Like other PLD enzymes, yTdp1 may utilize a common two-step general acid/base catalytic mechanism, involving a DNA-enzyme intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. A single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer would be formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАквА0А0АаАВmcd09195, PLDc_mTdp1_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of metazoan tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of metazoan tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (Tdp1, EC 3.1.4.-). Human Tdp1 (hTdp1) acts as an important DNA repair enzyme with a preference for single-stranded or blunt-ended duplex oligonucleotides. It can remove stalled topoisomerase I-DNA complexes by catalyzing the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond between a tyrosine side chain and a DNA 3'-phosphate. It is therefore a potential molecular target for new anti-cancer drugs. hTdp1 has been shown to associate with additional proteins, such as XRCC1, to form a multi-enzyme complex. These additional proteins may be involved in recognizing 3'-phoshotyrosyl DNA in vivo. hTdp1 is a monomeric protein containing two copies of a variant HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which consists of the highly conserved histidine and lysine residues, but lacks the aspartate residue that is well conserved in other phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) enzymes. Like other PLD enzymes, hTdp1 may utilize a common two-step general acid/base catalytic mechanism, involving a DNA-enzyme intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. A single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer would be formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлвА0А0АаАВОcd09196, PLDc_yTdp1_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of yeast tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of yeast tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (yTdp1, EC 3.1.4.-). yTdp1 is involved in the repair of topoisomerase I DNA lesions by hydrolyzing the topoisomerase from the 3'-end of the DNA during double-strand break repair. Unlike human Tdp1 whose substrate-binding pocket can accommodate a fairly large topoisomerase I peptide fragment, yTdp1 has a preference for substrates containing one to four amino acid residues. The monomeric yTdp1 contains two copies of a variant HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue), which consists of the highly conserved histidine and lysine residues, but lacks the aspartate residue that is well conserved in other phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) enzymes. Like other PLD enzymes, yTdp1 may utilize a common two-step general acid/base catalytic mechanism, involving a DNA-enzyme intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. A single active site involved in phosphatidyl group transfer would be formed by the two variant HKD motifs from the N- and C-terminal domains in a pseudodimeric way.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВcd09197, PLDc_pPLDalpha_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of plant alpha-type phospholipase D. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of plant alpha-type phospholipase D (PLDalpha, EC 3.1.4.4). Plant PLDalpha is a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-independent PLD that possesses a regulatory calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain in the N-terminus and require millimolar calcium for optimal activity. The C2 domain is unique to plant PLDs and is not present in animal or fungal PLDs. Like other PLD enzymes, the monomer of plant PLDalpha consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Plant PLDalpha may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ▀cd09198, PLDc_pPLDbeta_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of plant beta-type phospholipase D. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of plant beta-type phospholipase D (PLDbeta, EC 3.1.4.4). Plant PLDbeta is a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-dependent PLD that possesses a regulatory calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain in the N-terminus and requires nanomolar calcium and cytosolic factors for optimal activity. The C2 domain is unique to plant PLDs and is not present in animal or fungal PLDs. Sequence analysis shows that plant PLDbeta is evolutionarily divergent from alpha-type plant PLD, and plant PLDbeta is more closely related to mammalian and yeast PLDs than to plant PLDalpha. Like other PLD enzymes, the monomer of plant PLDbeta consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Plant PLDbeta may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВcd09199, PLDc_pPLDalpha_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of plant alpha-type phospholipase D. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of plant alpha-type phospholipase D (PLDalpha, EC 3.1.4.4). Plant PLDalpha is a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-independent PLD that possesses a regulatory calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain in the N-terminus and require millimolar calcium for optimal activity. The C2 domain is unique to plant PLDs and is not present in animal or fungal PLDs. Like other PLD enzymes, the monomer of plant PLDalpha consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Plant PLDalpha may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпвА0А0АаАВ▀cd09200, PLDc_pPLDbeta_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of plant beta-type phospholipase D. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of plant beta-type phospholipase D (PLDbeta, EC 3.1.4.4). Plant PLDbeta is a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-dependent PLD that possesses a regulatory calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain in the N-terminus and requires nanomolar calcium and cytosolic factors for optimal activity. The C2 domain is unique to plant PLDs and is not present in animal or fungal PLDs. Sequence analysis shows that plant PLDbeta is evolutionarily divergent from alpha-type plant PLD, and plant PLDbeta is more closely related to mammalian and yeast PLDs than to plant PLDalpha. Like other PLD enzymes, the monomer of plant PLDbeta consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. Plant PLDbeta may utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВГcd09203, PLDc_N_DEXD_b1, N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. All members of this subfamily are uncharacterized. Other characterized members of the superfamily that have a related domain architecture ( containing a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain), include the DNA/RNA helicase superfamily II (SF2) and Res-subunit of type III restriction endonucleases. In addition to the helicase-like region, members of this subfamily also contain one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in the N-terminal putative catalytic domain. The HKD motif characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒вА0А0АаАВГcd09204, PLDc_N_DEXD_b2, N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. All members of this subfamily are uncharacterized. Other characterized members of the superfamily that have a related domain architecture ( containing a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain), include the DNA/RNA helicase superfamily II (SF2) and Res-subunit of type III restriction endonucleases. In addition to the helicase-like region, members of this subfamily also contain one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in the N-terminal putative catalytic domain. The HKD motif characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓вА0А0АаАВтcd09205, PLDc_N_DEXD_b3, N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. All members of this subfamily are uncharacterized. Other characterized members of the superfamily that have a related domain architecture ( containing a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain), include the DNA/RNA helicase superfamily II (SF2) and Res-subunit of type III restriction endonucleases. In addition to the helicase-like region, members of this subfamily also contain one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in the N-terminal putative catalytic domain. The HKD motif characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily. A few family members contain additional domains, like a C-terminal peptidase S24-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА│вА0А0АаАВ-cd09208, Lumazine_synthase-II, lumazine synthase (6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase, LS), catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin (vitamin B2); type-II. Type-II LS also known as RibH2, catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin in plants and microorganisms. LS catalyses the formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine by the condensation of 5-amino-6-ribitylamino- 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione with 3,4-dihydroxy- 2-butanone-4-phosphate. Subsequently, the lumazine intermediate dismutates yielding riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino- 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione, in a reaction catalyzed by riboflavin synthase (RS); RS belongs to a different family of the Lumazine-synthase-like superfamily. Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) which are essential cofactors for the catalysis of a wide range of redox reactions. These cofactors are also involved in many other processes involving DNA repair, circadian time-keeping, light sensing, and bioluminescence. Riboflavin is biosynthesized in plants, fungi and certain microorganisms; as animals lack the necessary enzymes to produce this vitamin, they acquire it from dietary sources. Type II LSs are distinct from type-I LS not only in protein sequence, but in that they exhibit different quaternary assemblies; type-II LSs form decamers (dimers of pentamers). The pathogen Brucella spp. have both a type-I LS and a type-II LS called RibH1 and RibH2, respectively. RibH1/type-I LS appears to be a functional LS in Brucella spp., whereas RibH2/type-II LS has much lower catalytic activity as LS and may be regulated by a riboswitch that senses FMN, suggesting that the type-II LSs may have evolved into very poor catalysts or, that they may harbor a new, as-yet-unknown function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌]вА0А0АаАВScd09209, Lumazine_synthase-I, lumazine synthase (6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase, LS), catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin (vitamin B2); type-I. Type-I LS, also known as RibH1, catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin in plants and microorganisms. LS catalyse the formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine by the condensation of 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione with 3,4-dihydroxy- 2-butanone-4-phosphate. Subsequently, the lumazine intermediate dismutates to yield riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino- 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione, in a reaction catalyzed by riboflavin synthase synthase (RS); RS belongs to a different family of the Lumazine-synthase-like superfamily. Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) which are essential cofactors for the catalysis of a wide range of redox reactions. These cofactors are also involved in many other processes involving DNA repair, circadian time-keeping, light sensing, and bioluminescence. Riboflavin is biosynthesized in plants, fungi and certain microorganisms; as animals lack the necessary enzymes to produce this vitamin, they acquire it from dietary sources. Type II LSs are distinct from type-I LS not only in protein sequence, but in that they exhibit different quaternary assemblies; type-I LSs form pentamers. The pathogen Brucella spp. encode both a Type-I LS and a Type-II LS called RibH1 and RibH2, respectively. RibH1/type-I LS appears to be the functional LS in Brucella spp., whereas RibH2/type-II LS has much lower catalytic activity as LS. The pathogen Brucella spp. have both a type-I LS and a type-II LS called RibH1 and RibH2, respectively. RibH1/type-I LS appears to be a functional LS in Brucella spp., whereas RibH2/type-II LS has much lower catalytic activity as LS.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌^вА0А0АаАВcd09210, Riboflavin_synthase_archaeal, archaeal riboflavin synthase (RS); involved in the biosynthesis pathway of riboflavin (vitamin B2). Archaeal RSs are homopentamers catalyzing the formation of riboflavin from 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine in riboflavin biosynthesis. Divalent metal ions, preferably manganese or magnesium, are needed for maximum activity. Riboflavin serves as the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), essential cofactors for several oxidoreductases that are indispensable in most living cells. In the final steps of the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway, lumazine synthase (6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase, LS) catalyzes the condensation of the 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione with 3,4-dihydroxy- 2-butanone-4-phosphate to release water, inorganic phosphate and 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine (DMRL), followed by RS which catalyzes a dismutation of DMRL yielding riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. In the latter reaction, a four-carbon moiety is transferred between two DMRL molecules serving as donor and acceptor, respectively. Both the LS and RS catalyzed reactions are thermodynamically irreversible and can proceed in the absence of a catalyst. Archaeal RSs share sequence similarity with LSs, both appear to have diverged early in the evolution of archaea from a common ancestor.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌_вА0А0АаАВ╧cd09211, Lumazine_synthase_archaeal, lumazine synthase (6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase, LS); catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin (vitamin B2). Archaeal LS is an important enzyme in the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) which are essential cofactors for the catalysis of a wide range of redox reactions. These cofactors are also involved in many other processes involving DNA repair, circadian time-keeping, light sensing, and bioluminescence. In the final steps of the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway LS catalyzes the condensation of the 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione with 3,4-dihydroxy- 2-butanone-4-phosphate to release water, inorganic phosphate and 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine (DMRL), and riboflavin synthase (RS) catalyzes a dismutation of DMRL which yields riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. In the latter reaction, a four-carbon moiety is transferred between two DMRL molecules serving as donor and acceptor, respectively. Both the LS and RS catalyzed reactions are thermodynamically irreversible and can proceed in the absence of a catalyst. LS from Methanococcus jannaschii forms capsids with icosahedral 532 symmetry consisting of 60 subunits. Archaeal LSs share sequence similarity with archaeal RSs, both appear to have diverged early in the evolution of archaea from a common ancestor.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌`вА0А0АаАВГcd09212, PUB, PNGase/UBA or UBX (PUB) domain of p97 adaptor proteins. The PUB domain is found in p97 adaptor proteins such as PNGase, UBXD1 (UBX domain-containing protein 1), and RNF31 (RING finger protein 31). It functions as a p97 (also known as valosin-containing protein or VCP) adaptor by interacting with the D1 and/or D2 ATPase domains. The p97, a type II AAA+ ATPase, is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the deglycosylation of ERAD substrates, membrane fusion, transcription factor activation and cell cycle regulation through differential binding to specific adaptor proteins. The PUB domain in UBX-domain protein 1 (UBXD1), which is widely expressed in higher eukaryotes (except for fungi) and which is involved in substrate recruitment to p97, interacts strongly with the C-terminus of p97. Peptide:N-glycanase (PNGase), a deglycosylating enzyme that functions in proteasome-dependent degradation of misfolded glycoproteins which are translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol during ERAD, associates with the ubiquitin-proteasome system proteins mediated by the N-terminal PUB domain. PNGase is present in all eukaryotic organisms; however, the yeast PNGase ortholog does not contain the PUB domain. The RNF31 protein, also known as HOIP or Zibra, contains an N-terminal PUB domain similar to those in PNGase and UBXD1, suggesting its association with p97.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВZcd09213, Luminal_IRE1_like, The Luminal domain, a dimerization domain, of Inositol-requiring protein 1-like proteins. The Luminal domain is a dimerization domain present in Inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1), eukaryotic translation Initiation Factor 2-Alpha Kinase 3 (EIF2AK3), and similar proteins. IRE1 and EIF2AK3 are serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs) and are type I transmembrane proteins that are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They are kinase receptors that are activated through the release of BiP, a chaperone bound to their luminal domains under unstressed conditions. This results in dimerization through their luminal domains, allowing trans-autophosphorylation of their kinase domains and activation. They play roles in the signaling of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated when protein misfolding is detected in the ER in order to decrease the synthesis of new proteins and increase the capacity of the ER to cope with the stress. IRE1, also called Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-nucleus signaling protein (or ERN), contains an endoribonuclease domain in its cytoplasmic side and acts as an ER stress sensor. It is the oldest and most conserved component of the UPR in eukaryotes. Its activation results in the cleavage of its mRNA substrate, HAC1 in yeast and Xbp1 in metazoans, promoting a splicing event that enables translation into a transcription factor which activates the UPR. EIF2AK3, also called PKR-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK), phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eIF-2, resulting in the downregulation of protein synthesis. It functions as the central regulator of translational control during the UPR pathway. In addition to the eIF-2 alpha subunit, EIF2AK3 also phosphorylates Nrf2, a leucine zipper transcription factor which regulates cellular redox status and promotes cell survival during the UPR.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╔вА0А0АаАВнcd09214, GH64-like, glycosyl hydrolase 64 family. This family is represented by the laminaripentaose-producing, beta-1,3-glucanase (LPHase) of Streptomyces matensis and related bacterial and ascomycete proteins. LPHase is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 64 (GH64), it is an inverting enzyme involved in the cleavage of long-chain polysaccharide beta-1,3-glucans, into specific pentasaccharide oligomers. LPHase is a two-domain crescent fold structure: one domain is composed of 10 beta-strands, eight coming from the N-terminus of the protein and two from the C-terminal region, and the protein has a second inserted domain; this cd includes both domains. This protein has an electronegative, substrate-binding cleft, and conserved Glu and Asp residues involved in the cleavage of the beta-1,3-glucan, laminarin, a plant and fungal cell wall component. Among bacteria, many beta-1,3-glucanases are implicated in fungal cell wall degradation. Also included in this family is GluB , the beta-1,3-glucanase B from Lysobacter enzymogenes Strain N4-7. Recombinant GluB demonstrated higher relative activity toward the branched-chain beta-1,3 glucan substrate zymosan A than toward linear beta-1,3 glucan substrates. Sometimes these two domains are found associated with other domains such as in the Catenulispora acidiphila DSM 44928 carbohydrate binding family 6 protein in which they are positioned N-terminal of a carbohydrate binding module, family 6 (CBM_6) domain. In the Cellulosimicrobium cellulans, glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase, they are positioned N-terminal of a RICIN, carbohydrate-binding domain, and in the Salinispora tropica CNB-440, coagulation factor 5/8 C-terminal domain (FA58C) protein, they are positioned C-terminal of two FA58C domains which are proposed to function as cell surface-attached, carbohydrate-binding domain. This FA58C-containing protein has an internal peptide deletion (of approx. 44 residues) in the LPHase domain II.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЩвА0А0АаАВгcd09215, Thaumatin-like, the sweet-tasting protein, thaumatin, and thaumatin-like proteins involved in host defense. This family is represented by the sweet-tasting protein thaumatin from the African berry Thaumatococcus daniellii and thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) involved in host defense and a wide range of developmental processes in fungi, plants, and animals. Plant TLPs are classified as pathogenesis-related (PR) protein family 5 (PR5), their expression is induced by environmental stresses such as pathogen/pest attack, drought and cold. TLPs included in this family are such proteins as zeamatin, found in high concentrations in cereal seeds; osmotin, a salt-induced protein in osmotically stressed plants; and PpAZ44, a propylene-induced TLP in abscission of young fruit. Several members of the plant TLP family have been reported as food allergens from fruits (i.e., cherry, Pru av 2; bell pepper, Cap a1; tomatoes, Lyc e NP24) and pollen allergens from conifers (i.e., mountain cedar, Jun a 3; Arizona cypress, Cup a3; Japanese cedar, Cry j3). Thaumatin and TLPs are three-domain, crescent-fold structures with either an electronegative, electropositive, or neutral cleft occurring between domains I and II. It has been proposed that the antifungal activity of plant PR5 proteins relies on the strong electronegative character of this cleft. Some TLPs hydrolyze the beta-1,3-glucans of the type commonly found in fungal walls. Most TLPs contain 16 conserved Cys residues. A deletion within the third domain (domain II) of the Triticum aestivum thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitor is observed, thus, only 10 conserved Cys residues are present within this smaller TLP and similar homologs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЪвА0А0АаАВЩcd09216, GH64-LPHase-like, glycoside hydrolase family 64: laminaripentaose-producing, beta-1,3-glucanase (LPHase)-like. This subfamily is represented by the laminaripentaose-producing, beta-1,3-glucanase (LPHase) of Streptomyces matensis and related bacterial and ascomycete proteins. LPHase is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 64 (GH64), it is an inverting enzyme involved in the cleavage of long-chain polysaccharide beta-1,3-glucans, into specific pentasaccharide oligomers. LPHase is a two-domain crescent fold structure: one domain is composed of 10 beta-strands, eight coming from the N-terminus of the protein and two from the C-terminal region, and the protein has a second inserted domain; this cd includes both domains. This protein has an electronegative, substrate-binding cleft, and conserved Glu and Asp residues involved in the cleavage of the beta-1,3-glucan, laminarin, a plant and fungal cell wall component. Among bacteria, many beta-1,3-glucanases are implicated in fungal cell wall degradation. Also included in this family is GluB , the beta-1,3-glucanase B from Lysobacter enzymogenes Strain N4-7. Recombinant GluB demonstrated higher relative activity toward the branched-chain beta-1,3 glucan substrate zymosan A than toward linear beta-1,3 glucan substrates. Sometimes these two domains are found associated with other domains such as in the Catenulispora acidiphila DSM 44928 carbohydrate binding family 6 protein in which they are positioned N-terminal of a carbohydrate binding module, family 6 (CBM_6) domain. In the Cellulosimicrobium cellulans, glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase, they are positioned N-terminal of a RICIN, carbohydrate-binding domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЫвА0А0АаАВ│cd09217, TLP-P, thaumatin and allergenic/antifungal thaumatin-like proteins: plant homologs. This subfamily is represented by the sweet-tasting protein thaumatin from the African berry Thaumatococcus daniellii, allergenic/antifungal Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), and related plant proteins. TLPs are involved in host defense and a wide range of developmental processes in fungi, plants, and animals. Plant TLPs are classified as pathogenesis-related (PR) protein family 5 (PR5), their expression is induced by environmental stresses such as pathogen/pest attack, drought and cold. TLPs in this subfamily include such proteins as zeamatin, found in high concentrations in cereal seeds, and osmotin, a salt-induced protein in osmotically stressed plants. Several members of the plant TLP family have been reported as food allergens from fruits (i.e., cherry, Pru av 2; bell pepper, Cap a1; tomatoes, Lyc e NP24) and pollen allergens from conifers (i.e., mountain cedar, Jun a 3; Arizona cypress, Cup a3; Japanese cedar, Cry j3). Thaumatin and TLPs are three-domain, crescent-fold structures with either an electronegative, electropositive, or neutral cleft occurring between domains I and II. It has been proposed that the antifungal activity of plant PR5 proteins relies on the strong electronegative character of this cleft. IgE-binding epitopes of mountain Cedar (Juniperus ashei) allergen Jun a 3, which interact with pooled IgE from patients suffering allergenic response to this allergen, were mainly located on the helical domain II; the best-conserved IgE-binding epitope predicted for TLPs corresponds to this region. Some TLPs hydrolyze the beta-1,3-glucans of the type commonly found in fungal walls. Most TLPs contain 16 conserved Cys residues. A deletion within the third domain (domain II) of the Triticum aestivum thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitor is observed, thus, only 10 conserved Cys residues are present within this smaller TLP and similar homologs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЬвА0А0АаАВFcd09218, TLP-PA, allergenic/antifungal thaumatin-like proteins: plant and animal homologs. This subfamily is represented by the thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), Cherry Allergen Pru Av 2 TLP, Peach PpAZ44 TLP (a propylene-induced TLP in abscission), the Caenorhabditis elegans thaumatin family member (thn-6), and other plant and animal homologs. TLPs are involved in host defense and a wide range of developmental processes in fungi, plants, and animals. Due to their inducible expression by environmental stresses such as pathogen/pest attack, drought and cold, plant TLPs are classified as the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein family 5 (PR5). Several members of the plant TLP family have been reported as food allergens from fruits (i.e., cherry, Pru av 2; bell pepper, Cap a1; tomatoes, Lyc e NP24) and pollen allergens from conifers (i.e., mountain cedar, Jun a 3; Arizona cypress, Cup a3; Japanese cedar, Cry j3). TLPs are three-domain, crescent-fold structures with either an electronegative, electropositive, or neutral cleft occurring between domains I and II. It has been proposed that the antifungal activity of plant PR5 proteins relies on the strong electronegative character of this cleft. Some TLPs hydrolyze the beta-1,3-glucans of the type commonly found in fungal walls. TLPs within this subfamily contain 16 conserved Cys residues.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЭвА0А0АаАВqcd09219, TLP-F, thaumatin-like proteins: basidiomycete homologs. This subfamily is represented by Lentinula edodes TLG1, a thaumatin-like protein (TLP), as well as, other basidiomycete homologs. In general, TLPs are involved in host defense and a wide range of developmental processes in fungi, plants, and animals. TLG1 TLP is involved in lentinan degradation and fruiting body senescence. TLG1 expressed in Escherichia coli and Aspergillus oryzae exhibited beta-1,3-glucanase activity and demonstrated lentinan degrading activity. TLG1 is proposed to be involved in lentinan and cell wall degradation during senescence following harvest and spore diffusion. TLPs are three-domain, crescent-fold structures with either an electronegative, electropositive, or neutral cleft occurring between domains I and II. TLG1 from Lentinula edodes contains the required acidic amino acids conserved in the appropriate positions to possess an electronegative cleft. TLPs within this subfamily contain 13 conserved Cys residues; the number of total Cys residues in these TLPs varies from 16 in L. edodes TLG1 to 18 in other basidiomycete homologs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЮвА0А0АаАВ╠cd09220, GH64-GluB-like, glycoside hydrolase family 64: beta-1,3-glucanase B (GluB)-like. This subfamily is represented by GluB, beta-1,3-glucanase B , from Lysobacter enzymogenes Strain N4-7 and related bacterial and ascomycete proteins. GluB is a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 64 (GH64) involved in the cleavage of long-chain polysaccharide beta-1,3-glucans, into specific pentasaccharide oligomers. Among bacteria, many beta-1,3-glucanases are implicated in fungal cell wall degradation. GluB possesses the conserved Glu and Asp residues required to cleave substrate beta-1,3-glucans. Recombinant GluB demonstrated higher relative activity toward the branched-chain beta-1,3 glucan substrate zymosan A than toward linear beta-1,3 glucan substrates. Based on the structure of laminaripentaose-producing, beta-1,3-glucanase (LPHase) of Streptomyces matensis, which belongs to the same family as GluB but to a different subfamily, this cd is a two-domain model. Sometimes these two domains are found associated with other domains such as in the Catenulispora acidiphila DSM 44928 carbohydrate binding family 6 protein in which they are positioned N-terminal of a carbohydrate binding module, family 6 (CBM_6) domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЯвА0А0АаАВкcd09223, Photo_RC, D1, D2 subunits of photosystem II (PSII); M, L subunits of bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. This protein superfamily contains the D1, D2 subunits of the photosystem II (PS II) and the M, L subunits of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC). These four proteins are highly homologous and share a common fold. PS II is a multi-subunit protein found in the photosynthetic membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It utilizes light-induced electron transfer and water-splitting reactions to produce protons, electrons, and molecular oxygen. The protons generated are instrumental in ATP formation. Bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC) complex is found in photosynthetic bacteria, such as purple bacteria and other proteobacteria species. It couples light-induced electron transfer to proton pumping across the membrane by reactions of a quinone molecule (QB) that binds two electrons and two protons at the active site. Protons are translocated from the bacterial cytoplasm to the periplasmic space, generating an electrochemical gradient of protons (the protonmotive force) that can be used to power reactions such as the synthesis of ATP.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌aвА0А0АаАВбcd09224, CytoC_RC, Cytochrome C subunit of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. Photosynthesis in purple bacteria is dependent on light-induced electron transfer in the reaction center (RC), coupled to the uptake of protons from the cytoplasm. The RC contains a cytochrome molecule which re-reduces the oxidized electron donor. The electron transfer reactions of photosynthesis are performed by the following three components: the photosynthetic reaction center (RC), the cytochrome, and the soluble electron carrier protein. Firstly, the RC promotes the light-induced charge separation across the plasma membrane, which results in the oxidation of a pair of light-harvesting complexes, LH1 and LH2, and the reduction of quinone to quinol. The quinol then leaves the RC and moves to the cytochrome complex through the quinone pool of the plasma membrane. Secondly, the cytochrome complex reoxidizes the quinol to quinone, and the released electrons are transferred to soluble electron carriers. Third, the soluble electron carriers transport the electrons to the RC through the periplasmic space. Finally, the photo-oxidized light-harvesting complex is reduced by the soluble electron carriers, and the RC comes back to the initial state. In the course of the oxidation and reduction of the quinones, a transmembrane electrochemical gradient of protons is formed, and its energy is used to produce ATP by the ATP synthase complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ╓cd09232, Snurportin-1_C, C-terminal m3G cap-binding domain of nuclear import adaptor snurportin-1. Snurportin-1 (SPN1 or SNUPN) is a nuclear import adaptor for m3G-capped spliceosomal U small nucleoproteins (snRNPs), which are assembled in the cytoplasm. After capping and assembly, the U snRNPs are transported into the nucleus by SPN1 and importin beta; SPN1 is then returned to the cytoplasm by exportin 1 (CRM1), which also transports the non-capped U snRNPs. The U snRNPs are essential elements of the spliceosome, which catalyzes the excision of introns and the ligation of exons to form a mature mRNA. SPN1 contains two domains, an N-terminal importin beta-binding (IBB) domain and a C-terminal m3G cap-binding domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒uвА0А0АаАВ┘cd09233, ACE1-Sec16-like, Ancestral coatomer element 1 (ACE1) of COPII coat complex assembly protein Sec16. COPII coat complex plays an important role in vesicular traffic of newly synthezised proteins from the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus by mediating the formation of transport vesicles. COPII consists of an outer coat, made up of the scaffold proteins Sec31 and Sec13, and the cargo adaptor complex, Sec23 and Sec24, which are recruited by the small GTPase Sar1. Sec16 is involved in the early steps of the assembly process. Sec16 forms elongated heterotetramers with Sec13, Sec13-(Sec16)2-Sec13. It interacts with Sec13 by insertion of a single beta-blade to close the six-bladded beta propeller of Sec13. In the same way Sec13 interacts with Sec31 and Nup145C, a nuclear pore protein, all of these contain a structurally related ancestral coatomer element 1 (ACE1). Sec16 is believed to be a key component in maintaining the integrity of the ER exit site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌fвА0А0АаАВ╦cd09234, V_HD-PTP_like, Protein-interacting V-domain of mammalian His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase and related domains. This family contains the V-shaped (V) domain of mammalian His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23) and related domains. It belongs to the V_Alix_like superfamily which includes the V domains of Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X/ also known as apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein 1, AIP1), and related domains. HD_PTP interacts with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system, and participates in cell migration and endosomal trafficking. The related Alix V-domain (belonging to a different family in this superfamily) contains a binding site, partially conserved in the superfamily, for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif. The Alix V-domain is also a dimerization domain. In addition to the V-domain, HD_PTP also has an N-terminal Bro1-like domain, a proline-rich region (PRR), a catalytically inactive tyrosine phosphatase domain, and a region containing a PEST motif. Bro1-like domains bind components of the ESCRT-III complex, specifically to CHMP4 in the case of HD-PTP. The Bro1-like domain of HD-PTP can also bind human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. HD-PTP is encoded by the PTPN23 gene, a tumor suppressor gene candidate frequently absent in human kidney, breast, lung, and cervical tumors. This family also contains Drosophila Myopic, which promotes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, and Caenorhabditis elegans (enhancer of glp-1) EGO-2 which promotes Notch signaling.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒УвА0А0АаАВєcd09235, V_Alix, Middle V-domain of mammalian Alix and related domains are dimerization and protein interaction modules. This family contains the middle V-shaped (V) domain of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X) and related domains. It belongs to the V_Alix_like superfamily which includes the V-domains of Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), and related domains. Alix, also known as apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein 1 (AIP1), is part of the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system, and participates in membrane remodeling processes, including the budding of enveloped viruses, vesicle budding inside late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs), the abscission reactions of mammalian cell division, and in apoptosis. The Alix V-domain is a dimerization domain, and contains a binding site, partially conserved in the V_Alix_like superfamily, for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif. In addition to the V-domain, Alix also has an N-terminal Bro1-like domain, which binds components of the ESCRT-III complex, in particular CHMP4. The Bro1-like domain of Alix can also bind to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. Alix also has a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRR) that binds multiple partners including Tsg101 (tumor susceptibility gene 101, a component of ESCRT-1), and the apoptotic protein ALG-2.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ФвА0А0АаАВcd09236, V_AnPalA_UmRIM20_like, Protein-interacting V-domains of Aspergillus nidulans PalA/RIM20, Ustilago maydis RIM20, and related proteins. This family belongs to the V_Alix_like superfamily which includes the V-shaped (V) domains of Bro1 and Rim20 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), and related domains. Aspergillus nidulas PalA/RIM20 and Ustilago maydis RIM20, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rim20, participate in the response to the external pH via the Pal/Rim101 pathway; however, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rim20 does not belong to this family. This pathway is a signaling cascade resulting in the activation of the transcription factor PacC/Rim101. The mammalian Alix V-domain (belonging to a different family) contains a binding site, partially conserved in the superfamily, for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif. Aspergillus nidulas PalA binds a nonviral YPXnL motif (tandem YPXL/I motifs within PacC). The Alix V-domain is also a dimerization domain. In addition to this V-domain, members of the V_Alix_like superfamily also have an N-terminal Bro1-like domain, which has been shown to bind CHMP4/Snf7, a component of the ESCRT-III complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ХвА0А0АаАВ■cd09237, V_ScBro1_like, Protein-interacting V-domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bro1 and related domains. This family contains the V-shaped (V) domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bro1, and related domains. It belongs to the V_Alix_like superfamily which also includes the V-domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rim20 (also known as PalA), mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), and related domains. Bro1 interacts with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system, and participates in endosomal trafficking. The mammalian Alix V-domain (belonging to a different family) contains a binding site, partially conserved in the superfamily, for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif. The Alix V-domain is also a dimerization domain. Bro1 also has an N-terminal Bro1-like domain, which binds Snf7, a component of the ESCRT-III complex, and a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRR). The C-terminal portion (V-domain and PRR) of S. cerevisiae Bro1 interacts with Doa4, a ubiquitin thiolesterase needed to remove ubiquitin from MVB cargoes. It interacts with a YPxL motif in the Doa4s catalytic domain to stimulate its deubiquitination activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЦвА0А0АаАВзcd09238, V_Alix_like_1, Protein-interacting V-domain of an uncharacterized family of the V_Alix_like superfamily. This domain family is comprised of uncharacterized plant proteins. It belongs to the V_Alix_like superfamily which includes the V-shaped (V) domains of Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), (His-Domain) type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), and related domains. Alix, also known as apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein 1 (AIP1), participates in membrane remodeling processes during the budding of enveloped viruses, vesicle budding inside late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and the abscission reactions of mammalian cell division. It also functions in apoptosis. HD-PTP functions in cell migration and endosomal trafficking, Bro1 in endosomal trafficking, and Rim20 in the response to the external pH via the Rim101 pathway. Alix, HD-PTP, Bro1, and Rim20 all interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. The mammalian Alix V-domain (belonging to a different family) contains a binding site, partially conserved in the superfamily, for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif. The Alix V-domain is also a dimerization domain. In addition to this V-domain, members of the V_Alix_Rim20_Bro1_like superfamily also have an N-terminal Bro1-like domain, which binds components of the ESCRT-III complex. The Bro1-like domains of Alix and HD-PTP can also bind to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. Many members of the V_Alix_like superfamily also have a proline-rich region (PRR).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ЧвА0А0АаАВ*cd09239, BRO1_HD-PTP_like, Protein-interacting, N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of mammalian His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase and related domains. This family contains the N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of mammalian His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP) and related domains. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which also includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), RhoA-binding proteins Rhophilin-1 and -2, Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Alix, also known as apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein 1 (AIP1), HD-PTP, Brox, Bro1, Rim20, and Rim23, interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. HD-PTP participates in cell migration and endosomal trafficking. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. Bro1-like domains bind components of the ESCRT-III complex: CHMP4 in the case of HD-PTP. The Bro1-like domain of HD-PTP can also bind human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. HD-PTP, and some other members of the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily including Alix, also have a V-shaped (V) domain. In the case of Alix, the V-domain contains a binding site for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif, which is partially conserved in the V-domain superfamily. HD-PTP is encoded by the PTPN23 gene, a tumor suppressor gene candidate frequently absent in human kidney, breast, lung, and cervical tumors. This family also contains Drosophila Myopic which promotes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, and Caenorhabditis elegans (enhancer of glp-1) EGO-2 which promotes Notch signaling.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ввА0А0АаАВ cd09240, BRO1_Alix, Protein-interacting, N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of mammalian Alix and related domains. This family contains the N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), also called apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein 1 (AIP1). It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which also includes the Bro1-like domains of His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding proteins Rhophilin-1 and -2, Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, Bro1, Rim20, and Rim23, interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. Alix participates in membrane remodeling processes during the budding of enveloped viruses, vesicle budding inside late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and the abscission reactions of mammalian cell division. It also functions in apoptosis. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. Bro1-like domains bind components of the ESCRT-III complex: CHMP4, in the case of Alix. The Alix Bro1-like domain can also bind human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid and Rab5-specfic GAP (RabGAP5, also known as Rab-GAPLP). In addition to this Bro1-like domain, Alix has a middle V-shaped (V) domain. The Alix V-domain is a dimerization domain, and carries a binding site for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif, which is partially conserved in the superfamily. Alix also has a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRR) that binds multiple partners including Tsg101 (tumor susceptibility gene 101, a component of ESCRT-1) and the apoptotic protein ALG-2.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒гвА0А0АаАВхcd09241, BRO1_ScRim20-like, Protein-interacting, N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rim20 and related proteins. This family contains the N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rim20 (also known as PalA) and related proteins. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which also includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding proteins Rhophilin-1 and -2, Brox, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bro1, Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, Bro1, Rim20, and Rim23, interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. Rim20 and Rim23 participate in the response to the external pH via the Rim101 pathway. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. Bro1-like domains bind components of the ESCRT-III complex: Snf7 in the case of Rim20. RIM20, and some other members of the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily including Alix, also have a V-shaped (V) domain. In the case of Alix, the V-domain is a dimerization domain that also contains a binding site for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif, which is partially conserved in the V-domain superfamily. Rim20 localizes to endosomes under alkaline pH conditions. By binding Snf7, it may bring the protease Rim13 (a YPxL-containing transcription factor) into proximity with Rim101, and thus aid in the proteolytic activation of the latter. Rim20 and other intermediates in the Rim101 pathway play roles in the pathogenesis of fungal corneal infection during Candida albicans keratitis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒двА0А0АаАВхcd09242, BRO1_ScBro1_like, Protein-interacting, N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bro1 and related proteins. This family contains the N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bro1 and related proteins. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which also includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding proteins Rhophilin-1 and -2, Brox, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rim20 (also known as PalA), Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, Bro1, Rim20, and Rim23, interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. Bro1 participates in endosomal trafficking. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. Bro1-like domains bind components of the ESCRT-III complex: Snf7 in the case of Bro1. Snf7 binds to a conserved hydrophobic patch on the middle of the concave side of the Bro1 domain. RIM20, and some other members of the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily including Alix, also have a V-shaped (V) domain. In the case of Alix, the V-domain contains a binding site for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif, which is partially conserved in the superfamily. The Alix V-domain is also a dimerization domain. The C-terminal portion (V-domain and proline rich-region) of Bro1 interacts with Doa4, a protease that deubiquitinates integral membrane proteins sorted into the lumenal vesicles of late-endosomal multivesicular bodies. It interacts with a YPxL motif in the Doa4 catalytic domain to stimulate its deubiquitination activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒евА0А0АаАВ█cd09243, BRO1_Brox_like, Protein-interacting Bro1-like domain of human Brox1 and related proteins. This family contains the Bro1-like domain of a single-domain protein, human Brox, and related domains. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which also includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding proteins Rhophilin-1 and -2, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, Bro1, Rim20, and Rim23, interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. Bro1-like domains bind components of the ESCRT-III complex: CHMP4 in the case of Brox. Human Brox can bind to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. In addition to a Bro1-like domain, Brox also has a C-terminal thioester-linkage site for isoprenoid lipids (CaaX motif). This family lacks the V-shaped (V) domain found in many members of the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒жвА0А0АаАВ┘cd09244, BRO1_Rhophilin, Protein-interacting Bro1-like domain of RhoA-binding protein Rhophilin and related domains. This family contains the Bro1-like domain of RhoA-binding proteins, Rhophilin-1 and -2, and related domains. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which also includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Rhophilin-1 and -2 bind both GDP- and GTP-bound RhoA. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. In addition to this Bro1-like domain, Rhophilin-1 and -2, contain an N-terminal Rho-binding domain and a C-terminal PDZ (PS.D.-95, Disc-large, ZO-1) domain. Their PDZ domains have limited homology. Rhophilin-1 and -2 have different activities. The Drosophila knockout of Rhophilin-1 is embryonic lethal, suggesting an essential role in embryonic development. Roles of Rhophilin-2 may include limiting stress fiber formation or increasing the turnover of F-actin in the absence of high levels of RhoA signaling activity. The isolated Bro1-like domain of Rhophilin-1 binds human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. This family lacks the V-shaped (V) domain found in many members of the BRO1_Alix _like superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒звА0А0АаАВўcd09245, BRO1_UmRIM23-like, Protein-interacting, Bro1-like domain of Ustilago maydis Rim23 (PalC), and related domains. This family contains the Bro1-like domain of Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related proteins. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding proteins Rhophilin-1 and -2, Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and related domains. Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, Bro1, Rim20, and Rim23 interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. Rim20 and Rim23 participate in the response to the external pH via the Rim101 pathway. Through its Bro1-like domain, Rim23 allows the interaction between the endosomal and plasma membrane complexes. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shape, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. Intermediates in the Rim101 pathway may play roles in the pathogenesis of fungal corneal infection during Candida albicans keratitis. This family lacks the V-shaped (V) domain found in many members of the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒ивА0А0АаАВыcd09246, BRO1_Alix_like_1, Protein-interacting, N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of an Uncharacterized family of the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily. This domain family is comprised of uncharacterized proteins. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding proteins Rhophilin-1 and -2, Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, Bro1, Rim20 and Rim23 interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. Alix participates in membrane remodeling processes during the budding of enveloped viruses, vesicle budding inside late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and the abscission reactions of mammalian cell division. It also functions in apoptosis. HD-PTP and Bro1 function in endosomal trafficking, with HD-PTP having additional functions in cell migration. Rim20 and Rim23 play roles in the response to the external pH via the Rim101 pathway. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. Bro1-like domains bind components of the ESCRT-III complex: CHMP4 (in the case of Alix, Brox and HD-PTP) and Snf7 (in the case of yeast Bro1 and Rim20). The Bro1-like domains of Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, and Rhophilin can bind human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. In addition to this Bro1-like domain, Alix, Bro1, Rim20, HD_PTP, and proteins belonging to this uncharacterized family, also have a V-shaped (V) domain. The Alix V-domain is a dimerization domain, and contains a binding site for the retroviral late assembly (L) domain YPXnL motif, which is partially conserved in the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily. Many members of this superfamily also have a proline-rich region (PRR), a protein interaction domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒йвА0А0АаАВ|cd09247, BRO1_Alix_like_2, Protein-interacting Bro1-like domain of an Uncharacterized family of the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily. This domain family is comprised of uncharacterized proteins. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding proteins Rhophilin-1 and -2, Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, Bro1, Rim20 and Rim23 interact with the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) system. Alix participates in membrane remodeling processes during the budding of enveloped viruses, vesicle budding inside late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and the abscission reactions of mammalian cell division. It also functions in apoptosis. HD-PTP and Bro1 function in endosomal trafficking, with HD-PTP having additional functions in cell migration. Rim20 and Rim23 play roles in the response to the external pH via the Rim101 pathway. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. These domains bind components of the ESCRT-III complex: CHMP4 (in the case of Alix, Brox and HD-PTP) and Snf7 (in the case of yeast Bro1 and Rim20). The Bro1-like domains of Alix, HD-PTP, Brox, and Rhophilin can bind human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. This family lacks the V-shaped (V) domain found in many members of the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒квА0А0АаАВ╘cd09248, BRO1_Rhophilin_1, Protein-interacting Bro1-like domain of RhoA-binding protein Rhophilin-1. This subfamily contains the Bro1-like domain of the RhoA-binding protein, Rhophilin-1. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which also includes the Bro1-like domains of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding protein Rhophilin-2, Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Rhophilin-1 binds both GDP- and GTP-bound RhoA. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. In addition to this Bro1-like domain, Rhophilin-1 contains an N-terminal Rho-binding domain and a C-terminal PDZ (PS.D.-95, Disc-large, ZO-1) domain. The Drosophila knockout of the Rhophilin-1 is embryonic lethal, suggesting an essential role in embryonic development. The isolated Bro1-like domain of Rhophilin-1 binds human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid. Rhophilin-1 lacks the V-shaped (V) domain found in many members of the BRO1_Alix_ like superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒лвА0А0АаАВНcd09249, BRO1_Rhophilin_2, Protein-interacting Bro1-like domain of RhoA-binding protein Rhophilin-2. This subfamily contains the Bro1-like domain of RhoA-binding protein, Rhophilin-2. It belongs to the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily which also includes the Bro1-like domain of mammalian Alix (apoptosis-linked gene-2 interacting protein X), His-Domain type N23 protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP, also known as PTPN23), RhoA-binding protein Rhophilin-1, Brox, Bro1 and Rim20 (also known as PalA) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis Rim23 (also known as PalC), and related domains. Rhophilin-2, binds both GDP- and GTP-bound RhoA. Bro1-like domains are boomerang-shaped, and part of the domain is a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like structure. In addition to this Bro1-like domain, Rhophilin-2 contains an N-terminal Rho-binding domain and a C-terminal PDZ (PS.D.-95, Disc-large, ZO-1) domain. Roles for Rhophilin-2 may include limiting stress fiber formation or increasing the turnover of F-actin in the absence of high levels of RhoA signaling activity. Rhophilin-2 lacks the V-shaped (V) domain found in many members of the BRO1_Alix_like superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒мвА0А0АаАВ╥cd09250, AP-1_Mu1_Cterm, C-terminal domain of medium Mu1 subunit in clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-1. AP complexes participate in the formation of intracellular coated transport vesicles and select cargo molecules for incorporation into the coated vesicles in the late secretory and endocytic pathways. There are four AP complexes, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, described in various eukaryotic organisms. Each AP complex consists of four subunits: two large chains (one each of gamma/alpha/delta/epsilon and beta1-4, respectively), a medium mu chain (mu1-4), and a small sigma chain (sigma1-4). Each of the four subunits from the different AP complexes exhibits similarity with each other. This family corresponds to the C-terminal domain of heterotetrameric clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) medium mu1 subunit, which includes two closely related homologs, mu1A (encoded by ap1m1) and mu1B (encoded by ap1m2). Mu1A is ubiquitously expressed, but mu1B is expressed exclusively in polarized epithelial cells. AP-1 has been implicated in bi-directional transport between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. It plays an essential role in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Epithelial cell-specific AP-1 is also involved in sorting to the basolateral surface of polarized epithelial cells. Recruitment of AP-1 to the TGN membrane is regulated by a small GTPase, ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1). Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events can also regulate the function of AP-1. The membrane-anchored cargo molecules can be linked to the outer lattice of CCVs by AP-1. Those cargo molecules interact with adaptors through short sorting signals in their cytosolic segments. Tyrosine-based endocytotic signals are one of the most important sorting signals. They are of the form Y-X-X-Phi, where Y is tyrosine, X is any amino acid and Phi is a bulky hydrophobic residue that can be Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, or Val. These kinds of sorting signals can be recognized by the C-terminal domain of AP-1 mu1 subunit, also known as Y-X-X-Phi signal-binding domain that contains two hydrophobic pockets, one for the tyrosine-binding and one for the bulky hydrophobic residue-binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#6вА0А0АаАВ °cd09251, AP-2_Mu2_Cterm, C-terminal domain of medium Mu2 subunit in ubiquitously expressed clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-2. AP complexes participate in the formation of intracellular coated transport vesicles and select cargo molecules for incorporation into the coated vesicles in the late secretory and endocytic pathways. There are four AP complexes, AP-1, -2, -3, and -4, described in various eukaryotic organisms. Each AP complex consists of four subunits: two large chains (one each of gamma/alpha/delta/epsilon and beta1-4, respectively), a medium mu chain (mu1-4), and a small sigma chain (sigma1-4). Each of the four subunits from the different AP complexes exhibits similarity with each other. This family corresponds to the C-terminal domain of heterotetrameric clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) medium mu2 subunit. Mu2 is ubiquitously expressed in mammals. In higher eukaryotes, AP-2 plays a critical role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis from the plasma membrane in different cells. The membrane-anchored cargo molecules can be linked to the outer lattice of CCVs by AP-2. Those cargo molecules interact with adaptors through short sorting signals in their cytosolic segments. Tyrosine-based endocytotic signals are one of the most important sorting signals. They are of the form Y-X-X-Phi, where Y is tyrosine, X is any amino acid and Phi is a bulky hydrophobic residue that can be Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, or Val. These kinds of sorting signals can be recognized by the C-terminal domain of AP-2 mu2 subunit, also known as Y-X-X-Phi signal-binding domain that contains two hydrophobic pockets, one for the tyrosine-binding and one for the bulky hydrophobic residue-binding. Since the Y-X-X-Phi binding site is buried in the core structure of AP-2, a phosphorylation induced conformational change is required when the cargo molecules binds to AP-2. In addition, the C-terminal domain of mu2 subunit has been shown to bind other molecules. For instance, it can bind phosphoinositides, in particular PI[4,5]P2, which might be involved in the recognition process of the tyrosine-based signals. It can also interact with synaptotagmins, a family of important modulators of calcium-dependent neurosecretion within the synaptic vesicle (SV) membrane. Since many of the other endocytic adaptors responsible for biogenesis of synaptic vesicles exist, in the absence of AP-2, clathrin-mediated endocytosis can still occur. However, the cells may not survive in the complete absence of clathrin as well as AP-2.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#7вА0А0АаАВГcd09252, AP-3_Mu3_Cterm, C-terminal domain of medium Mu3 subunit in adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-3. AP complexes participate in the formation of intracellular coated transport vesicles and select cargo molecules for incorporation into the coated vesicles in the late secretory and endocytic pathways. There are four AP complexes, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, described in various eukaryotic organisms. Each AP complex consists of four subunits: two large chains (one each of gamma/alpha/delta/epsilon and beta1-4, respectively), a medium mu chain (mu1-4), and a small sigma chain (sigma1-4). Each of the four subunits from the different AP complexes exhibits similarity with each other. This family corresponds to the C-terminal domain of heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) medium mu3 subunit, which includes two closely related homologs, mu3A (P47A, encoded by ap3m1) and mu1B (P47B, encoded by ap3m2). Mu3A is ubiquitously expressed, but mu3B is specifically expressed in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. AP-3 is particularly important for targeting integral membrane proteins to lysosomes and lysome-related organelles at trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes, such as the yeast vacuole, fly pigment granules and mammalian melanosomes, platelet dense bodies and the secretory lysosomes of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Unlike AP-1 and AP-2, which function in conjunction with clathrin which is a scaffolding protein participating in the formation of coated vesicles, the nature of the outer shell of AP-3 containing coats remains to be elucidated. Membrane-anchored cargo molecules interact with adaptors through short sorting signals in their cytosolic segments. Tyrosine-based endocytotic signals are one of the most important sorting signals. They are of the form Y-X-X-Phi, where Y is tyrosine, X is any amino acid and Phi is a bulky hydrophobic residue that can be Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, or Val. These kinds of sorting signals can be recognized by the C-terminal domain of AP-3 mu3 subunit, also known as Y-X-X-Phi signal-binding domain that contains two hydrophobic pockets, one for the tyrosine-binding and one for the bulky hydrophobic residue-binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#8вА0А0АаАВ╘cd09253, AP-4_Mu4_Cterm, C-terminal domain of medium Mu4 subunit in adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-4. AP complexes participate in the formation of intracellular coated transport vesicles and select cargo molecules for incorporation into the coated vesicles in the late secretory and endocytic pathways. There are four AP complexes, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, described in various eukaryotic organisms. Each AP complex consists of four subunits: two large chains (one each of gamma/alpha/delta/epsilon and beta1-4, respectively), a medium mu chain (mu1-4), and a small sigma chain (sigma1-4). Each of the four subunits from the different AP complexes exhibits similarity with each other. This family corresponds to the C-terminal domain of heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) medium mu4 subunit. AP-4 plays a role in signal-mediated trafficking of integral membrane proteins in mammalian cells. Unlike other AP complexes, AP-4 is found only in mammals and plants. It is believed to be part of a nonclathrin coat, since it might function independently of clathrin, a scaffolding protein participating in the formation of coated vesicles. Recruitment of AP-4 to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) membrane is regulated by a small GTPase, ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) or a related protein. Membrane-anchored cargo molecules interact with adaptors through short sorting signals in their cytosolic segments. One of the most important sorting signals binding to mu subunits of AP complexes are tyrosine-based endocytotic signals, which are of the form Y-X-X-Phi, where Y is tyrosine, X is any amino acid and Phi is a bulky hydrophobic residue that can be Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, or Val. However, AP-4 does not bind most canonical tyrosine-based signals except for two naturally occurring ones from the lysosomal membrane proteins CD63 and LAMP-2a. It binds YX [FYL][FL]E motif, where X can be any residue, from the cytosolic tails of amyloid precursor protein (APP) family members in a distinct way.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#9вА0А0АаАВ3cd09254, AP_delta-COPI_MHD, Mu homology domain (MHD) of adaptor protein (AP) coat protein I (COPI) delta subunit. COPI complex-coated vesicles function in the early secretory pathway. They mediate the retrograde transport from the Golgi to the ER, and intra-Golgi transport. COPI complex-coated vesicles consist of a small GTPase, ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) and a heteroheptameric coatomer composed of two subcomplexes, F-COPI and B-COPI. ARF1 regulates COPI vesicle formation by recruiting the coatomer onto Golgi membranes to initiate its coat function. Coatomer complexes then bind cargo molecules and self-assemble to form spherical cages that yield COPI-coated vesicles. The heterotetrameric F-COPI subcomplex contains beta-, gamma-, delta-, and zeta-COP subunits, where beta- and gamma-COP subunits are related to the large AP subunits, and delta- and zeta-COP subunits are related to the medium and small AP subunits, respectively. Due to the sequence similarity to the AP complexes, the F-COPI subcomplex might play a role in the cargo-binding. The heterotrimeric B-COPI contains alpha-, beta-, and epsilon-COP subunits, which are not related to the adaptins. This subcomplex is thought to participate in the cage-forming and might serve a function similar to that of clathrin. This family corresponds to the mu homology domain of delta-subunit of COPI complex (delta-COP), which is distantly related to the C-terminal domain of mu chains among AP complexes. The delta-COP subunit appears tightly associated with the beta-COP subunit to confer its interaction with ARF1. In addition, both delta- and beta-COP subunits contribute to a common binding site for arginine (R)-based signals, which are sorting motifs conferring transient endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localization to unassembled subunits of multimeric membrane proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#:вА0А0АаАВ╒cd09255, AP-like_stonins_MHD, Mu homology domain (MHD) of adaptor-like proteins (AP-like), stonins. A small family of proteins named stonins has been characterized as clathrin-dependent AP-2 mu2 chain related factors, which may act as cargo-specific sorting adaptors in endocytosis. Stonins include stonin 1 and stonin 2, which are only mammalian homologs of Drosophila stoned B, a presynaptic protein implicated in neurotransmission and synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling. They are conserved from C. elegans to humans, but are not found in prokaryotes or yeasts. This family corresponds to the mu homology domain of stonins, which is distantly related to the C-terminal domain of mu chains among AP complexes. Due to the low degree of sequence conservation of the corresponding binding site, the mu homology domain of stonins is unable to recognize tyrosine-based endocytic sorting signals. To data, little is known about the localization and function of stonin 1. Stonin 2, also known as stoned B, acts as an AP-2-dependent synaptotagmin-specific sorting adaptors for SV endocytosis. Stoned A is not a stonin. It is structurally unrelated to the adaptins and does not appear to have mammalian homologs. It is not included in this family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#;вА0А0АаАВCcd09256, AP_MuD_MHD, Mu-homology domain (MHD) of a adaptor protein (AP) encoded by mu-2 related death-inducing gene, MuD (also known as MUDENG). This family corresponds to the MHD found in a protein encoded by MuD (also known as Adapter-related protein complex 5 subunit mu-1), which is distantly related to the C-terminal domain of the mu2 subunit of AP complexes that participates in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. MuD is evolutionary conserved from mammals to amphibians. It is able to induce cell death by itself and plays an important role in cell death in various tissues.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#<вА0А0АаАВ Ccd09257, AP_muniscins_like_MHD, Mu-homology domain (MHD) of muniscins adaptor proteins (AP) and similar proteins. This family corresponds to the MHD found in muniscins, a novel family of endocytic adaptor proteins. The term, muniscins, has been assigned to name the MHD of proteins with both EFC/F-BAR domain and MHD. These two domains are responsible for the membrane-tubulation activity associated with transmembrane cargo proteins. Members in this family include an endocytic adaptor Syp1, the mammalian FCH domain only proteins (FCHo1/2), SH3-containing GRB2-like protein 3-interacting protein 1 (SGIP1), and related uncharacterized proteins. Syp1 is a poorly characterized yeast protein with multiple biological functions. Syp1 contains an N-terminal EFC/F-BAR domain that induces membrane tabulation, a proline-rich domain (PRD) in the middle region, and a C-terminal MHD that can directly binds to the endocytic adaptor/scaffold protein Ede1 or a transmembrane stress sensor cargo protein Mid2. Thus, Syp1 represents a novel type of endocytic adaptor protein that participates in endocytosis, promotes vesicle tabulation, and contributes to cell polarity and stress response. Syp1 shares the same domain architecture with its two ubiquitously expressed mammalian counterparts, the membrane-sculpting F-BAR domain-containing Fer/Cip4 homology domain-only proteins 1 and 2 (FCHo1/2). FCHo1/2 represent key initial proteins ultimately controlling cellular nutrient uptake, receptor regulation, and synaptic vesicle retrieval. They are required for plasma membrane clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) budding and marked sites of CCV formation. They bind specifically to the plasma membrane and recruit the scaffold proteins eps15 and intersectin, which subsequently engage the adaptor complex AP2 and clathrin, leading to coated vesicle formation. Another mammalian neuronal-specific protein, neuronal-specific transcript Scr homology 3 (SH3)-domain growth factor receptor-bound 2 (GRB2)-like (endophilin) interacting protein 1 [SGIP1] does not contain EFC/F-BAR domain, but does have a PRD and a C-terminal MHD and has been classified into this family as well. SGIP1 is an endophilin-interacting protein that plays an obligatory role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. It is also involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis by interacting with phospholipids and eps15.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#=вА0А0АаАВgcd09258, AP-1_Mu1A_Cterm, C-terminal domain of medium Mu1A subunit in ubiquitously expressed clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-1. AP complexes participate in the formation of intracellular coated transport vesicles and select cargo molecules for incorporation into the coated vesicles in the late secretory and endocytic pathways. There are four AP complexes, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, described in various eukaryotic organisms. Each AP complex consists of four subunits: two large chains (one each of gamma/alpha/delta/epsilon and beta1-4, respectively), a medium mu chain (mu1-4), and a small sigma chain (sigma1-4). Each of the four subunits from the different AP complexes exhibits similarity with each other. This subfamily corresponds to the C-terminal domain of heterotetrameric clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) medium mu1A subunit encoded by ap1m1 gene, which is ubiquitously expressed in all mammalian tissues and cells. AP-1 has been implicated in bidirectional transport between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. It is involved in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The ubiquitous AP-1 is recruited to the TGN membrane, as well as to immature secretory granules. Recruitment of AP-1 to the TGN membrane is regulated by a small GTPase, ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1). Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events can also regulate the function of AP-1. The membrane-anchored cargo molecules can be linked to the outer lattice of CCVs by AP-1. Those cargo molecules interact with adaptors through short sorting signals in their cytosolic segments. Tyrosine-based endocytotic signals are one of the most important sorting signals. They are of the form Y-X-X-Phi, where Y is tyrosine, X is any amino acid and Phi is a bulky hydrophobic residue that can be Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, or Val. These kinds of sorting signals can be recognized by the C-terminal domain of AP-1 mu1A subunit, also known as Y-X-X-Phi signal-binding domain that contains two hydrophobic pockets, one for the tyrosine-binding and one for the bulky hydrophobic residue-binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#>вА0А0АаАВ ]cd09259, AP-1_Mu1B_Cterm, C-terminal domain of medium Mu1B subunit in epithelial cell-specific clathrin-associated adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-1. AP complexes participate in the formation of intracellular coated transport vesicles and select cargo molecules for incorporation into the coated vesicles in the late secretory and endocytic pathways. There are four AP complexes, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, described in various eukaryotic organisms. Each AP complex consists of four subunits: two large chains (one each of gamma/alpha/delta/epsilon and beta1-4, respectively), a medium mu chain (mu1-4), and a small sigma chain (sigma1-4). Each of the four subunits from different AP complexes exhibits similarity with each other. This subfamily corresponds to the C-terminal domain of heterotetrameric clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) medium mu1B subunit encoded by ap1m2 gene exclusively expressed in polarized epithelial cells. Epithelial cell-specific AP-1 is used to sort proteins to the basolateral plasma membrane, which involves the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Recruitment of AP-1 to the TGN membrane is regulated by a small GTPase, ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1). The phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events can also regulate the function of AP-1. The membrane-anchored cargo molecules can be linked to the outer lattice of CCVs by AP-1. Those cargo molecules interact with adaptors through short sorting signals in their cytosolic segments. Tyrosine-based endocytotic signals are one of the most important sorting signals. They are of the form Y-X-X-Phi, where Y is tyrosine, X is any amino acid and Phi is a bulky hydrophobic residue that can be Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, or Val. These kinds of sorting signals can be recognized by the C-terminal domain of AP-1 mu1B subunit, also known as Y-X-X-Phi signal-binding domain that contains two hydrophobic pockets, one for the tyrosine-binding and one for the bulky hydrophobic reside-binding. Besides, AP-1 mu1B subunit mediates the basolateral recycling of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and transferrin receptor (TfR) from the sorting endosomes, where the basolateral sorting signal does not belong to the tyrosine-based signals. Thus, the binding site in mu1B subunit of AP-1 for the signals of LDLR and TfR might be distinct from that for YXXPhi signals.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#?вА0А0АаАВЦcd09260, AP-3_Mu3A_Cterm, C-terminal domain of medium Mu3A subunit in ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-3. AP complexes participate in the formation of intracellular coated transport vesicles and select cargo molecules for incorporation into the coated vesicles in the late secretory and endocytic pathways. There are four AP complexes, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, described in various eukaryotic organisms. Each AP complex consists of four subunits: two large chains (one each of gamma/alpha/delta/epsilon and beta1-4, respectively), a medium mu chain (mu1-4), and a small sigma chain (sigma1-4). Each of the four subunits from the different AP complexes exhibits similarity with each other. This subfamily corresponds to the C-terminal domain of heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) medium mu3A subunit encoded by ap3m1gene. Mu3A is ubiquitously expressed in all mammalian tissues and cells. It appears to be localized to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes and participates in trafficking to the vacuole/lysosome in yeast, flies, and mammals. Unlike AP-1 and AP-2, which function in conjunction with clathrin which is a scaffolding protein participating in the formation of coated vesicles, the nature of the outer shell of ubiquitous AP-3 containing coats remains to be elucidated. Membrane-anchored cargo molecules interact with adaptors through short sorting signals in their cytosolic segments. Tyrosine-based endocytotic signals are one of the most important sorting signals. They are of the form Y-X-X-Phi, where Y is tyrosine, X is any amino acid and Phi is a bulky hydrophobic residue that can be Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, or Val. These kinds of sorting signals can be recognized by the C-terminal domain of AP-3 mu3A subunit, also known as Y-X-X-Phi signal-binding domain that contains two hydrophobic pockets, one for the tyrosine-binding and one for the bulky hydrophobic residue-binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9лвА0А0АаАВмcd09261, AP-3_Mu3B_Cterm, C-terminal domain of medium Mu3B subunit in neuron-specific adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-3. AP complexes participate in the formation of intracellular coated transport vesicles and select cargo molecules for incorporation into the coated vesicles in the late secretory and endocytic pathways. There are four AP complexes, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, described in various eukaryotic organisms. Each AP complex consists of four subunits: two large chains (one each of gamma/alpha/delta/epsilon and beta1-4, respectively), a medium mu chain (mu1-4), and a small sigma chain (sigma1-4). Each of the four subunits from the different AP complexes exhibits similarity with each other. This subfamily corresponds to the C-terminal domain of heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3) medium mu3B subunit encoded by ap3m2 gene. Mu3B is specifically expressed in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Neuron-specific AP-3 appears to be involved in synaptic vesicle biogenesis from endosomes in neurons and plays an important role in synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Unlike AP-1 and AP-2, which function in conjunction with clathrin which is a scaffolding protein participating in the formation of coated vesicles, the nature of the outer shell of neuron-specific AP-3 containing coats remains to be elucidated. Membrane-anchored cargo molecules interact with adaptors through short sorting signals in their cytosolic segments. Tyrosine-based endocytotic signals are one of the most important sorting signals. They are of the form Y-X-X-Phi, where Y is tyrosine, X is any amino acid and Phi is a bulky hydrophobic residue that can be Leu, Ile, Met, Phe, or Val. These kinds of sorting signals can be recognized by the C-terminal domain of AP-3 mu3B subunit, also known as Y-X-X-Phi signal-binding domain that contains two hydrophobic pockets, one for the tyrosine-binding and one for the bulky hydrophobic residue-binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9мвА0А0АаАВшcd09262, AP_stonin-1_MHD, Mu homology domain (MHD) of adaptor-like protein (AP-like), stonin-1 (also called Stoned B-like factor). A small family of proteins named stonins has been characterized as clathrin-dependent AP-2 mu2 chain related factors, which may act as cargo-specific sorting adaptors in endocytosis. Stonins include stonin 1 and stonin 2, which are the only mammalian homologs of Drosophila stoned B, a presynaptic protein implicated in neurotransmission and synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling. They are conserved from C. elegans to humans, but are not found in prokaryotes or yeasts. This family corresponds to the mu homology domain of stonin 1, which is distantly related to the C-terminal domain of mu chains among AP complexes. Due to the low degree of sequence conservation of the corresponding binding site, the mu homology domain of stonin-1 is unable to recognize tyrosine-based endocytic sorting signals. To data, little is known about the localization and function of stonin-1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#@вА0А0АаАВ╙cd09263, AP_stonin-2_MHD, Mu homology domain (MHD) of adaptor-like protein (AP-like), stonin-2. A small family of proteins named stonins has been characterized as clathrin-dependent AP-2 mu2 chain related factors, which may act as cargo-specific sorting adaptors in endocytosis. Stonins include stonin 1 and stonin 2, which are the only mammalian homologs of Drosophila stoned B, a presynaptic protein implicated in neurotransmission and synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling. They are conserved from C. elegans to humans, but are not found in prokaryotes or yeasts. This family corresponds to the mu homology domain of stonin 2, which is distantly related to the C-terminal domain of mu chains among AP complexes. Due to the low degree of sequence conservation of the corresponding binding site, the mu homology domain of stonin-2 is unable to recognize tyrosine-based endocytic sorting signals. It acts as an AP-2-dependent synaptotagmin-specific sorting adaptor for SV endocytosis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#AвА0А0АаАВ╫cd09264, AP_Syp1_MHD, mu-homology domain (MHD) of adaptor protein (AP), Syp1, and related proteins. This family corresponds to the MHD found in a novel endocytic adaptor Syp1 and related proteins. Syp1 is a poorly characterized yeast protein with multiple biological functions. It was originally identified as a suppressor of a yeast profiling deletion and later as a suppressor of arf3delta (Arf3 is the yeast homologue of Arf6, a mammalian regulator of endocytosis). Syp1 can bind to septins and physically link with cell polarity factors. It also directly binds to the endocytic adaptor/scaffold protein Ede1, and plays a role in endocytosis. Further studies show that Syp1 is itself an endocytic adaptor protein contributing to stress responses. Its mu-homology domain at the C-terminus binds to the cargo protein Mid2, a transmembrane stress sensor protein, and mediates Mid2 internalization. In addition, Syp1 contains an EFC/F-BAR domain which can induce membrane tabulation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#BвА0А0АаАВМcd09265, AP_Syp1_like_MHD, Mu-homology domain (MHD) of endocytic adaptor protein (AP), Syp1. This family corresponds to the MHD found in the metazoan counterparts of yeast Syp1, which includes two ubiquitously expressed membrane-sculpting F-BAR domain-containing Fer/Cip4 homology domain-only proteins 1 and 2 (FCH domain only 1 and 2, or FCHo1/FCHo2), neuronal-specific SH3-containing GRB2-like protein 3-interacting protein 1 (SGIP1), and related uncharacterized proteins. FCHo1/FCHo2 represent key initial proteins ultimately controlling cellular nutrient uptake, receptor regulation, and synaptic vesicle retrieval. They are required for plasma membrane clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) budding and marked sites of CCV formation. They bind specifically to the plasma membrane and recruit the scaffold proteins eps15 and intersectin, which subsequently engage the adaptor complex AP2 and clathrin, leading to coated vesicle formation. Both FCHo1/FCHo2 contain an N-terminal EFC/F-BAR domain that induces membrane tabulation, a proline-rich domain (PRD) in the middle region, and a C-terminal MHD responsible for the binding of eps15 and intersectin. Another mammalian neuronal-specific protein, neuronal-specific transcript Scr homology 3 (SH3)-domain growth factor receptor-bound 2 (GRB2)-like (endophilin) interacting protein 1 [SGIP1] does not contain EFC/F-BAR domain, but does have a PRD and a C-terminal MHD and has been classified into this family as well. SGIP1 is an endophilin-interacting protein that plays an obligatory role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. It is also involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis by interacting with phospholipids and eps15.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#CвА0А0АаАВ╖cd09266, SGIP1_MHD, mu-homology domain (MHD) of Scr homology 3 (SH3)-domain growth factor receptor-bound 2 (GRB2)-like (endophilin) interacting protein 1 (also known as endophilin-3-interacting protein, SGIP1) and similar proteins. This family corresponds to the MHD found in mammalian neuronal-specific transcript SGIP1 and similar proteins. Unlike other members in this family, SGIP1 does not contain EFC/F-BAR domain, but does have a proline-rich domain (PRD) and a C-terminal MHD. It is an endophilin-interacting protein that plays an obligatory role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and is also involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis by interacting with phospholipids and eps15.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#DвА0А0АаАВ▒cd09267, FCHo2_MHD, mu-homology domain (MHD) of F-BAR domain-containing Fer/Cip4 homology domain-only protein 2 (FCH domain only 2 or FCHo2) and similar proteins. This family corresponds to the MHD found in the ubiquitously expressed mammalian membrane-sculpting FCHo2 and similar proteins. FCHo2 represents a key initial protein that ultimately controls cellular nutrient uptake, receptor regulation, and synaptic vesicle retrieval. It is required for plasma membrane clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) budding and marks sites of CCV formation. It binds specifically to the plasma membrane and recruits the scaffold proteins eps15 and intersectin, which subsequently engages the adaptor complex AP2 and clathrin, leading to coated vesicle formation. FCHo2 contains an N-terminal EFC/F-BAR domain, a proline-rich domain (PRD) in the middle region, and a C-terminal MHD. The crescent-shaped EFC/F-BAR domain can form an antiparallel dimer structure that binds PtdIns(4,5)P2-enriched membranes and can polymerize into rings to generate membrane tubules. The MHD is structurally related to the cargo-binding mu2 subunit of adaptor complex 2 (AP-2) and is responsible for the binding of eps15 and intersectin.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9▓вА0А0АаАВ#cd09268, FCHo1_MHD, mu-homology domain (MHD) of F-BAR domain-containing Fer/Cip4 homology domain-only protein 1 (FCH domain only 1 or FCHo1, also known as KIAA0290) and similar proteins. This family corresponds to the MHD found in ubiquitously expressed mammalian membrane-sculpting FCHo1 and similar proteins. FCHo1 represents a key initial protein that ultimately controls cellular nutrient uptake, receptor regulation, and synaptic vesicle retrieval. It is required for plasma membrane clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) budding and marks sites of CCV formation. It binds specifically to the plasma membrane and recruits the scaffold proteins eps15 and intersectin, which subsequently engage the adaptor complex AP2 and clathrin, leading to coated vesicle formation. FCHo1 contains an N-terminal EFC/F-BAR domain, a proline-rich domain (PRD) in the middle region, and a C-terminal MHD. The crescent-shaped EFC/F-BAR domain can form an antiparallel dimer structure that binds PtdIns(4,5)P2-enriched membranes and can polymerize into rings to generate membrane tubules. The MHD is structurally related to the cargo-binding mu2 subunit of adaptor complex 2 (AP-2) and is responsible for the binding of eps15 and intersectin. Unlike other F-BAR domain containing proteins, FCHo1 has neither the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain nor any other known domain for interaction with dynamin and actin cytoskeleton. However, it can periodically accumulate at the budding site of clathrin. FCHo1 may utilize a unique action mode for vesicle formation as compared with other F-BAR proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#EвА0А0АаАВ╗cd09269, deoxyribose_mutarotase, deoxyribose mutarotase_like. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi DeoM (earlier named as DeoX) is a mutarotase with high specificity for deoxyribose. It is encoded by one of four genes beonging to the deoK operon. This operon has also been found in Escherichia coli where it is more common in pathogenic than in commensal strains and is associated with pathogenicity. It has been found on a pathogenicity island from a human blood isolate AL863 and confers the ability to use deoxyribose as a carbon source; deoxyribose is not fermented by non-pathogenic E.coli K-12. Proteins in this family are members of the aldose-1-epimerase superfamily. Aldose 1-epimerases, or mutarotases, are key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, catalyzing the interconversion of the alpha- and beta-anomers of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. This interconversion is an important step that allows anomer specific metabolic conversion of sugars. Studies of the catalytic mechanism of the best known member of the family, galactose mutarotase, have shown a glutamate and a histidine residue to be critical for catalysis; the glutamate serves as the active site base to initiate the reaction by removing the proton from the C-1 hydroxyl group of the sugar substrate, and the histidine as the active site acid to protonate the C-5 ring oxygen. Site directed mutagenesis of this latter histidine residue renders Salmonella enterica DeoM inactive.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒gвА0А0АаАВ▒cd09270, RNase_H2-B, Ribonuclease H2-B is a subunit of the eukaryotic RNase H complex which cleaves RNA-DNA hybrids. Ribonuclease H2B is one of the three proteins of eukaryotic RNase H2 complex that is required for nucleic acid binding and hydrolysis. RNase H is classified into two families, type I (prokaryotic RNase HI, eukaryotic RNase H1 and viral RNase H) and type II (prokaryotic RNase HII and HIII, and eukaryotic RNase H2/HII). RNase H endonucleolytically hydrolyzes an RNA strand when it is annealed to a complementary DNA strand in the presence of divalent cations, in DNA replication and repair. The enzyme can be found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Most prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes contain multiple RNase H genes. Despite a lack of evidence for homology from sequence comparisons, type I and type II RNase H share a common fold and similar steric configurations of the four acidic active-site residues, suggesting identical or very similar catalytic mechanisms. Eukaryotic RNase HII is active during replication and is believed to play a role in removal of Okazaki fragment primers and single ribonucleotides in DNA-DNA duplexes. Eukaryotic RNase HII is functional when it forms a complex with RNase H2B and RNase H2C proteins. It is speculated that the two accessory subunits are required for correct folding of the catalytic subunit of RNase HII. Mutations in the three subunits of human RNase HII cause neurological disorder.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌gвА0А0АаАВ░cd09271, RNase_H2-C, Ribonuclease H2-C is a subunit of the eukaryotic RNase H complex which cleaves RNA-DNA hybrids. Ribonuclease H2C is one of the three protein of eukaryotic RNase H2 complex that is required for nucleic acid binding and hydrolysis. RNase H is classified into two families, type I (prokaryotic RNase HI, eukaryotic RNase H1 and viral RNase H) and type II (prokaryotic RNase HII and HIII, and eukaryotic RNase H2/HII). RNase H endonucleolytically hydrolyzes an RNA strand when it is annealed to a complementary DNA strand in the presence of divalent cations, in DNA replication and repair. The enzyme can be found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Most prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes contain multiple RNase H genes. Despite a lack of evidence for homology from sequence comparisons, type I and type II RNase H share a common fold and similar steric configurations of the four acidic active-site residues, suggesting identical or very similar catalytic mechanisms. Eukaryotic RNase HII is active during replication and is believed to play a role in removal of Okazaki fragment primers and single ribonucleotides in DNA-DNA duplexes. Eukaryotic RNase HII is functional when it forms a complex with RNase H2B and RNase H2C proteins. It is speculated that the two accessory subunits are required for correct folding of the catalytic subunit of RNase HII. Mutations in the three subunits of human RNase HII cause neurological disorder.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌hвА0А0АаАВЪcd09272, RNase_HI_RT_Ty1, Ty1/Copia family of RNase HI in long-term repeat retroelements. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) enzymes are divided into two major families, Type 1 and Type 2, based on amino acid sequence similarities and biochemical properties. RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner in the presence of divalent cations. RNase H is widely present in various organisms including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. RNase HI has also been observed as adjunct domains to the reverse transcriptase gene in retroviruses, in long-term repeat (LTR)-bearing and non-LTR retrotransposons. RNase HI in LTR retrotransposons perform degradation of the original RNA template, generation of a polypurine tract (the primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis), and final removal of RNA primers from newly synthesized minus and plus strands. The catalytic residues for RNase H enzymatic activity, three aspartatic acids and one glutamic acid residue (DEDD) are unvaried across all RNase H domains. Phylogenetic patterns of RNase HI of LTR retroelements is classified into five major families, Ty3/Gypsy, Ty1/Copia, Bel/Pao, DIRS1, and the vertebrate retroviruses. The Ty1/Copia family is widely distributed among the genomes of plants, fungi, and animals. RNase H inhibitors have been explored as an anti-HIV drug target because RNase H inactivation inhibits reverse transcription.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўдвА0А0АаАВИcd09273, RNase_HI_RT_Bel, Bel/Pao family of RNase HI in long-term repeat retroelements. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) enzymes are divided into two major families, Type 1 and Type 2, based on amino acid sequence similarities and biochemical properties. RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner in the presence of divalent cations. RNase H is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryote. RNase HI has also been observed as adjunct domains to the reverse transcriptase gene in retroviruses, in long-term repeat (LTR)-bearing retrotransposons and non-LTR retrotransposons. RNase HI in LTR retrotransposons perform degradation of the original RNA template, generation of a polypurine tract (the primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis), and final removal of RNA primers from newly synthesized minus and plus strands. The catalytic residues for RNase H enzymatic activity, three aspartatic acids and one glutamic acid residue (DEDD), are unvaried across all RNase H domains. Phylogenetic patterns of RNase HI of LTR retroelements is classified into five major families, Ty3/Gypsy, Ty1/Copia, Bel/Pao, DIRS1 and the vertebrate retroviruses. Bel/Pao family has been described only in metazoan genomes. RNase H inhibitors have been explored as an anti-HIV drug target because RNase H inactivation inhibits reverse transcription.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўевА0А0АаАВгcd09274, RNase_HI_RT_Ty3, Ty3/Gypsy family of RNase HI in long-term repeat retroelements. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) enzymes are divided into two major families, Type 1 and Type 2, based on amino acid sequence similarities and biochemical properties. RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner in the presence of divalent cations. RNase H is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. RNase HI has also been observed as adjunct domains to the reverse transcriptase gene in retroviruses, in long-term repeat (LTR)-bearing retrotransposons and non-LTR retrotransposons. RNase HI in LTR retrotransposons perform degradation of the original RNA template, generation of a polypurine tract (the primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis), and final removal of RNA primers from newly synthesized minus and plus strands. The catalytic residues for RNase H enzymatic activity, three aspartatic acids and one glutamic acid residue (DEDD), are unvaried across all RNase H domains. Phylogenetic patterns of RNase HI of LTR retroelements is classified into five major families, Ty3/Gypsy, Ty1/Copia, Bel/Pao, DIRS1 and the vertebrate retroviruses. Ty3/Gypsy family widely distributed among the genomes of plants, fungi and animals. RNase H inhibitors have been explored as an anti-HIV drug target because RNase H inactivation inhibits reverse transcription.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўжвА0А0АаАВжcd09275, RNase_HI_RT_DIRS1, DIRS1 family of RNase HI in long-term repeat retroelements. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) enzymes are divided into two major families, Type 1 and Type 2, based on amino acid sequence similarities and biochemical properties. RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner in the presence of divalent cations. RNase H is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. RNase HI has also been observed as adjunct domains to the reverse transcriptase gene in retroviruses, in long-term repeat (LTR)-bearing retrotransposons and non-LTR retrotransposons. RNase HI in LTR retrotransposons perform degradation of the original RNA template, generation of a polypurine tract (the primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis), and final removal of RNA primers from newly synthesized minus and plus strands. The catalytic residues for RNase H enzymatic activity, three aspartatic acids and one glutamic acid residue (DEDD), are unvaried across all RNase H domains. Phylogenetic patterns of RNase HI of LTR retroelements is classified into five major families, Ty3/Gypsy, Ty1/Copia, Bel/Pao, DIRS1 and the vertebrate retroviruses. The structural features of DIRS1-group elements are different from typical LTR elements. RNase H inhibitors have been explored as an anti-HIV drug target because RNase H inactivation inhibits reverse transcription.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўзвА0А0АаАВШcd09276, Rnase_HI_RT_non_LTR, non-LTR RNase HI domain of reverse transcriptases. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) is classified into two families, type 1 (prokaryotic RNase HI, eukaryotic RNase H1 and viral RNase H) and type 2 (prokaryotic RNase HII and HIII, and eukaryotic RNase H2). Ribonuclease HI (RNase HI) is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner. RNase H is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. RNase HI has also been observed as an adjunct domain to the reverse transcriptase gene in retroviruses, long-term repeat (LTR)-bearing retrotransposons and non-LTR retrotransposons. RNase HI in LTR retrotransposons perform degradation of the original RNA template, generation of a polypurine tract (the primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis), and final removal of RNA primers from newly synthesized minus and plus strands. The catalytic residues for RNase H enzymatic activity, three aspartatic acids and one glutamic acid residue (DEDD), are unvaried across all RNase H domains. The position of the RNase domain of non-LTR and LTR transposons is at the carboxyl terminal of the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain and their RNase domains group together, indicating a common evolutionary origin. Many non-LTR transposons have lost the RNase domain because their activity is at the nucleus and cellular RNase may suffice; however LTR retrotransposons always encode their own RNase domain because it requires RNase activity in RNA-protein particles in the cytoplasm. RNase H inhibitors have been explored as an anti-HIV drug target because RNase H inactivation inhibits reverse transcription.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўивА0А0АаАВ┐cd09277, RNase_HI_bacteria_like, Bacterial RNase HI containing a hybrid binding domain (HBD) at the N-terminus. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) enzymes are divided into two major families, Type 1 and Type 2, based on amino acid sequence similarities and biochemical properties. RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner in the presence of divalent cations. RNase H is involved in DNA replication, repair and transcription. RNase H is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes and most prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes contain multiple RNase H genes. Despite the lack of amino acid sequence homology, Type 1 and type 2 RNase H share a main-chain fold and steric configurations of the four acidic active-site (DEDD) residues and have the same catalytic mechanism and functions in cells. One of the important functions of RNase H is to remove Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. Prokaryotic RNase H varies greatly in domain structures and substrate specificities. Prokaryotes and some single-cell eukaryotes do not require RNase H for viability. Some bacteria distinguished from other bacterial RNase HI in the presence of a hybrid binding domain (HBD) at the N-terminus which is commonly present at the N-termini of eukaryotic RNase HI. It has been reported that this domain is required for dimerization and processivity of RNase HI upon binding to RNA-DNA hybrids.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўйвА0А0АаАВzcd09278, RNase_HI_prokaryote_like, RNase HI family found mainly in prokaryotes. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) is classified into two evolutionarily unrelated families, type 1 (prokaryotic RNase HI, eukaryotic RNase H1 and viral RNase H) and type 2 (prokaryotic RNase HII and HIII, and eukaryotic RNase H2). RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner. RNase H is involved in DNA replication, repair and transcription. RNase H is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes and most prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes contain multiple RNase H genes. Despite the lack of amino acid sequence homology, type 1 and type 2 RNase H share a main-chain fold and steric configurations of the four acidic active-site (DEDD), residues and have the same catalytic mechanism and functions in cells. One of the important functions of RNase H is to remove Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. Prokaryotic RNase H varies greatly in domain structures and substrate specificities. Prokaryotes and some single-cell eukaryotes do not require RNase H for viability.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўквА0А0АаАВЦcd09279, RNase_HI_like, RNAse HI family that includes archaeal, some bacterial as well as plant RNase HI. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) is classified into two evolutionarily unrelated families, type 1 (prokaryotic RNase HI, eukaryotic RNase H1 and viral RNase H) and type 2 (prokaryotic RNase HII and HIII, and eukaryotic RNase H2). RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner. RNase H is involved in DNA replication, repair and transcription. RNase H is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes and most prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes contain multiple RNase H genes. Despite the lack of amino acid sequence homology, type 1 and type 2 RNase H share a main-chain fold and steric configurations of the four acidic active-site (DEDD) residues and have the same catalytic mechanism and functions in cells. One of the important functions of RNase H is to remove Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. Most archaeal genomes contain only type 2 RNase H (RNase HII); however, a few contain RNase HI as well. Although archaeal RNase HI sequences conserve the DEDD active-site motif, they lack other common features important for catalytic function, such as the basic protrusion region. Archaeal RNase HI homologs are more closely related to retroviral RNase HI than bacterial and eukaryotic type I RNase H in enzymatic properties.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўлвА0А0АаАВ╝cd09280, RNase_HI_eukaryote_like, Eukaryotic RNase H is essential and is longer and more complex than their prokaryotic counterparts. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) is classified into two families, type 1 (prokaryotic RNase HI, eukaryotic RNase H1 and viral RNase H) and type 2 (prokaryotic RNase HII and HIII, and eukaryotic RNase H2). RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner. RNase H is involved in DNA replication, repair and transcription. One of the important functions of RNase H is to remove Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. RNase H is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryote and most prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes contain multiple RNase H genes. Despite the lack of amino acid sequence homology, type 1 and type 2 RNase H share a main-chain fold and steric configurations of the four acidic active-site (DEDD) residues and have the same catalytic mechanism and functions in cells. Eukaryotic RNase H is longer and more complex than in prokaryotes. Almost all eukaryotic RNase HI have highly conserved regions at their N-termini called hybrid binding domain (HBD). It is speculated that the HBD contributes to binding the RNA/DNA hybrid. Prokaryotes and some single-cell eukaryotes do not require RNase H for viability, but RNase H is essential in higher eukaryotes. RNase H knockout mice lack mitochondrial DNA replication and die as embryos.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўмвА0А0АаАВcd09281, UPF0066, Escherichia coli YaeB and related proteins. Uncharacterized protein family UPF0066. This domain includes Escherichia coli YeaB, Archeoglobus fulgidus AF0241, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirR. Proteins with this domain are probable S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases but they have not been functionally characterized and the substrate is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌iвА0А0АаАВscd09286, NMNAT_Eukarya, Nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase, Eukaryotic. Nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide (NMN/ NaMN)adenylyltransferase (NMNAT). NMNAT represents the primary bacterial and eukaryotic adenylyltransferases for nicotinamide-nucleotide and for the deamido form, nicotinate nucleotide. It is an indispensable enzyme in the biosynthesis of NAD(+) and NADP(+). Nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase synthesizes NAD via the salvage pathway, while nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase synthesizes the immediate precursor of NAD via the de novo pathway. Human NMNAT displays unique dual substrate specificity toward both NMN and NaMN, and can participate in both de novo and salvage pathways of NAD synthesis. This subfamily consists strictly of eukaryotic members and includes secondary structural elements not found in all NMNATs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒QвА0А0АаАВ4cd09287, GluRS_non_core, catalytic core domain of non-discriminating glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. Non-discriminating Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) cataytic core domain. These enzymes attach Glu to the appropriate tRNA. Like other class I tRNA synthetases, they aminoacylate the 2'-OH of the nucleotide at the 3' end of the tRNA. The core domain is based on the Rossman fold and is responsible for the ATP-dependent formation of the enzyme bound aminoacyl-adenylate. It contains the characteristic class I HIGH and KMSKS motifs, which are involved in ATP binding. These enzymes function as monomers. Archaea and most bacteria lack GlnRS. In these organisms, the "non-discriminating" form of GluRS aminoacylates both tRNA(Glu) and tRNA(Gln) with Glu, which is converted to Gln when appropriate by a transamidation enzyme.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒RвА0А0АаАВ╥cd09288, Photosystem-II_D2, D2 subunit of photosystem II (PS II). Photosystem II (PS II), D2 subunit. PS II is a multi-subunit protein found in the photosynthetic membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It utilizes light-induced electron transfer and water-splitting reactions to produce protons, electrons, and molecular oxygen. The protons generated are instrumental in ATP formation. Molecular dioxygen is released as a by-product. PS II can be described as containing two parts: the photochemical part and the catalytic part. The photochemical portion promotes the fast, efficient light-induced charge separation and stabilization that occur when light is absorbed by chlorophyll. The catalytic portion, where water is oxidized, involves a cluster of Mn ions close to a redox-active tyrosine residue. The Mn cluster and its ligands form a functional unit called the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) or the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). The D1 and D2 subunits are a pair of intertwined polypeptides. They contain all the cofactors involved directly in water oxidation and plastoquinone reduction. D1 and D2 are highly homologous and are also similar to the L and M proteins in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌bвА0А0АаАВ%cd09289, Photosystem-II_D1, D1 subunit of photosystem II (PS II). Photosystem II (PS II), D2 subunit. PS II is a multi-subunit protein found in the photosynthetic membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It utilizes light-induced electron transfer and water-splitting reactions to produce protons, electrons, and molecular oxygen. The protons generated are instrumental in ATP formation. Molecular dioxygen is released as a by-product. PS II can be described as containing two parts: the photochemical part and the catalytic part. The photochemical portion promotes the fast, efficient light-induced charge separation and stabilization that occur when light is absorbed by chlorophyll. The catalytic portion, where water is oxidized, involves a cluster of Mn ions close to a redox-active tyrosine residue. The Mn cluster and its ligands form a functional unit called the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) or the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). The D1 and D2 subunits are a pair of interwined polypeptides. They contain all the cofactors involved directly in water oxidation and plastoquinone reduction. The D1 subunit contains the Mn cluster that constitutes the site of water oxidation. D1 and D2 are highly homologous and are also similar to the L and M proteins in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌cвА0А0АаАВrcd09290, Photo-RC_L, Subunit L of bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. Bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC) complex, subunit L. The bacterial photosynthetic reaction center couples light-induced electron transfer with pumping protons across the membrane using reactions involving a quinone molecule (QB) that binds two electrons and two protons at the active site. The reaction center consists of three membrane-bound subunits, designated L, M, and H, plus an additional extracellular cytochrome subunit. The L and M subunits are arranged around an axis of 2-fold rotational symmetry perpendicular to the membrane, forming a scaffold that maintains the cofactors in a precise configuration. The L and M subunits have both sequence and structural similarity, suggesting a common evolutionary origin. The L and M subunits bind noncovalently to the nine cofactors in 2-fold symmetric branches: four bacteriochlorophylls (Bchl), two bacteriopheophytins (Bphe), two ubiquinone molecules (QA and QB), and a non-heme iron. Two Bchls on the periplasmic side of the membrane form the 'special pair' or dimer which is the primary electron donor for the photosynthetic reactions. The electron transfer reaction proceeds from the dimer to an intermediate acceptor (PA), a primary quinone (QA), and a secondary quinone (QB). Protons are translocated from the bacterial cytoplasm to the periplasmic space, generating an electrochemical gradient of protons (the protonmotive force) that can be used to power reactions such as ATP synthesis. The RC complex is found in photosynthetic bacteria, such as purple bacteria and other proteobacteria species.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌dвА0А0АаАВrcd09291, Photo-RC_M, Subunit M of bacterial photosynthetic reaction center. Bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC) complex, subunit M. The bacterial photosynthetic reaction center couples light-induced electron transfer with pumping protons across the membrane using reactions involving a quinone molecule (QB) that binds two electrons and two protons at the active site. The reaction center consists of three membrane-bound subunits, designated L, M, and H, plus an additional extracellular cytochrome subunit. The L and M subunits are arranged around an axis of 2-fold rotational symmetry perpendicular to the membrane, forming a scaffold that maintains the cofactors in a precise configuration. The L and M subunits have both sequence and structural similarity, suggesting a common evolutionary origin. The L and M subunits bind noncovalently to the nine cofactors in 2-fold symmetric branches: four bacteriochlorophylls (Bchl), two bacteriopheophytins (Bphe), two ubiquinone molecules (QA and QB), and a non-heme iron. Two Bchls on the periplasmic side of the membrane form the 'special pair' or dimer which is the primary electron donor for the photosynthetic reactions. The electron transfer reaction proceeds from the dimer to an intermediate acceptor (PA), a primary quinone (QA), and a secondary quinone (QB). Protons are translocated from the bacterial cytoplasm to the periplasmic space, generating an electrochemical gradient of protons (the protonmotive force) that can be used to power reactions such as ATP synthesis. The RC complex is found in photosynthetic bacteria, such as purple bacteria and other proteobacteria species.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌eвА0А0АаАВЭcd09293, AMN1, Antagonist of mitotic exit network protein 1. Amn1 has been functionally characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a component of the Antagonist of MEN pathway (AMEN). The AMEN network is activated by MEN (mitotic exit network) via an active Cdc14, and in turn switches off MEN. Amn1 constitutes one of the alternative mechanisms by which MEN may be disrupted. Specifically, Amn1 binds Tem1 (Termination of M-phase, a GTPase that belongs to the RAS superfamily), and disrupts its association with Cdc15, the primary downstream target. Amn1 is a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein, with 12 repeats in the S. cerevisiae ortholog. As a negative regulator of the signal transduction pathway MEN, overexpression of AMN1 slows the growth of wild type cells. The function of the vertebrate members of this family has not been determined experimentally, they have fewer LRRs that determine the extent of this model.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌jвА0А0АаАВчcd09294, SmpB, Small protein B (SmpB) is a component of the trans-translation system in prokaryotes for releasing stalled ribosome from damaged messenger RNAs. Small protein B (SmpB) is a component of the trans-translation system in prokaryotes for releasing stalled ribosome from damaged messenger RNAs and targeting incompletely synthesized protein fragments for degradation. Trans-translation system is composed of a ribonucleoprotein complex of tmRNA, a specialized RNA with properties of both tRNA and mRNA, and SmpB. SmpB is highly conserved and present in all bacterial kingdoms and is also found in some chloroplasts and mitochondria. This is suggesting Trans-translation arose early in bacterial evolution and its mechanism is a quality control for protein synthesis in spite of challenges such as transcription errors, mRNA damage, and translation frame shifting. SmpB deletion results in phage development defects phenotype and absence of tagged proteins translated from defective mRNAs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌kвА0А0АаАВ╘cd09295, Sema, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorins and plexins. Both semaphorins and plexins have a Sema domain on their N-termini. Plexins function as receptors for the semaphorins. Evolutionarily, plexins may be the ancestor of semaphorins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems, and cancer. Semaphorins can be divided into 7 classes. Vertebrates have members in classes 3-7, whereas classes 1 and 2 are known only in invertebrates. Class 2 and 3 semaphorins are secreted; classes 1 and 4 through 6 are transmembrane proteins; and class 7 is membrane associated via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. Plexins are a large family of transmembrane proteins, which are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity. In vertebrates, type A plexins serve as co-receptors for neuropilins to mediate the signalling of class 3 semaphorins. Plexins serve as direct receptors for several other members of the semaphorin family: class 6 semaphorins signal through type A plexins and class 4 semaphorins through type B plexins. This family also includes the MET and RON receptor tyrosine kinases. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves to recognize and bind receptors.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА/вА0А0АаАВЗcd09299, TDT, The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family. The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family includes members from all three kingdoms, but only three members of the family have been functionally characterized: the TehA protein of E. coli functioning as a tellurite-resistance uptake permease, the Mae1 protein of S. pombe functioning in the uptake of malate and other dicarboxylates, and the sulfite efflux pump (SSU1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In plants, the plasma membrane protein SLAC1 (Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1), which is preferentially expressed in guard cells, encodes a distant homolog of fungal and bacterial dicarboxylate/malic acid transport proteins. SLAC1 is essential in mediating stomatal responses to physiological and stress stimuli. Members of the TDT family exhibit 10 putative transmembrane alpha-helical spanners (TMSs).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌lвА0А0АаАВ┐cd09301, HDAC, Histone deacetylase (HDAC) classes I, II, IV and related proteins. The HDAC/HDAC-like family includes Zn-dependent histone deacetylase classes I, II and IV (class III HDACs, also called sirtuins, are NAD-dependent and structurally unrelated, and therefore not part of this family). Histone deacetylases catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues in histone amino termini to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98), as opposed to the acetylation reaction by some histone acetyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.48). Deacetylases of this family are involved in signal transduction through histone and other protein modification, and can repress/activate transcription of a number of different genes. They usually act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. They are involved in various cellular processes, including cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, embryonic development, cytokine signaling important for immune response and post-translational control of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetase. In mammals, they are known to be involved in progression of different tumors. Specific inhibitors of mammalian histone deacetylases are an emerging class of promising novel anticancer drugs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА> вА0А0АаАВYcd09302, Jacalin_like, Jacalin-like lectin domain. Jacalin-like lectins are sugar-binding protein domains mostly found in plants. They adopt a beta-prism topology consistent with a circularly permuted three-fold repeat of a structural motif. Proteins containing this domain may bind mono- or oligosaccharides with high specificity. The domain can occur in tandem-repeat arrangements with up to six copies, and in architectures combined with a variety of other functional domains. Taxonomic distribution is not restricted to plants, the domain is also found in various mammalian proteins, for example.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌:вА0А0АаАВcd09317, TDT_Mae1_like, C4-dicarboxylate transporter/malic acid transport protein family includes Mae1. This family contains eukaryotic homologs of C4-dicarboxylate transporter/malic acid transport proteins which are part of the Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family. This includes the MAE1 gene in Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene that encodes malate permease, Mae1, which functions by proton symport and transports C4-dicarboxylates (malate, fumarate, succinate, oxaloacetate, etc.), but not K-ketoglutarate.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌mвА0А0АаАВAcd09318, TDT_SSU1, Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family includes sulfite sensitivity protein (sulfite efflux pump; SSU1). This family contains the sulfite sensitivity protein (sulfite efflux pump; SSU1) and belongs to the tellurite-resistance/dicarboxylate transporter (TDT) family. The SSU1 gene encodes the sulfite pump required for efficient sulfite efflux. Mutations in the SSU1 gene cause sensitivity to sulfite while overexpression confers heightened resistance to sulfite toxicity. In dematophytes and other filamentous fungi, sulfite is excreted as a reducing agent during keratin degradation; thus sulfite transporters in keratinolytic fungi could be a new target for antifungal drugs in dermatology. The number of genes encoding sulfite efflux pumps in fungal genomes varies from species to species.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌nвА0А0АаАВОcd09319, TDT_like_1, The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family. The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family includes members from all three kingdoms, but only three members of the family have been functionally characterized: the TehA protein of E. coli functioning as a tellurite-resistance uptake permease, the Mae1 protein of S. pombe functioning in the uptake of malate and other dicarboxylates, and the sulfite efflux pump (SSU1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In plants, the plasma membrane protein SLAC1 (Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1), which is preferentially expressed in guard cells, encodes a distant homolog of fungal and bacterial dicarboxylate/malic acid transport proteins. SLAC1 is essential in mediating stomatal responses to physiological and stress stimuli. Members of the TDT family exhibit 10 putative transmembrane alpha-helical spanners (TMSs).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌oвА0А0АаАВОcd09320, TDT_like_2, The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family. The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family includes members from all three kingdoms, but only three members of the family have been functionally characterized: the TehA protein of E. coli functioning as a tellurite-resistance uptake permease, the Mae1 protein of S. pombe functioning in the uptake of malate and other dicarboxylates, and the sulfite efflux pump (SSU1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In plants, the plasma membrane protein SLAC1 (Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1), which is preferentially expressed in guard cells, encodes a distant homolog of fungal and bacterial dicarboxylate/malic acid transport proteins. SLAC1 is essential in mediating stomatal responses to physiological and stress stimuli. Members of the TDT family exhibit 10 putative transmembrane alpha-helical spanners (TMSs).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌pвА0А0АаАВКcd09321, TDT_like_3, The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family. The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family includes members from all three kingdoms, but only three members of the family have been functionally characterized: the TehA protein of E. coli functioning as a tellurite-resistance uptake permease, the Mae1 protein of S. pombe functioning in the uptake of malate and other dicarboxylates, and the sulfite efflux pump (SSU1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In plants, the plasma membrane protein SLAC1 (Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1), which is preferentially expressed in guard cells, encodes a distant homolog of fungal and bacterial dicarboxylate/malic acid transport proteins. SLAC1 is essential in mediating stomatal responses to physiological and stress stimuli. Members of the TDT family exhibit 10 putative transmembrane a-helical spanners (TMSs).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌qвА0А0АаАВдcd09322, TDT_TehA_like, The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family includes TehA proteins. The Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family includes members from all three kingdoms, but only three members of the family have been functionally characterized: the TehA protein of E. coli functioning as a tellurite-resistance uptake permease, the Mae1 protein of S. pombe functioning in the uptake of malate and other dicarboxylates, and the sulfite efflux pump (SSU1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In plants, the plasma membrane protein SLAC1 (Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1), which is preferentially expressed in guard cells, encodes a distant homolog of fungal and bacterial dicarboxylate/malic acid transport proteins. SLAC1 is essential in mediating stomatal responses to physiological and stress stimuli. Members of the TDT family exhibit 10 putative transmembrane a-helical spanners (TMSs).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌rвА0А0АаАВлcd09323, TDT_SLAC1_like, Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family includes SLAC1 (Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1). SLAC1 (Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1) is a plasma membrane protein, preferentially expressed in guard cells, which encodes a distant homolog of fungal and bacterial dicarboxylate/malic acid transport proteins. It is essential for stomatal closure in response to carbon dioxide, abscisic acid, ozone, light/dark transitions, humidity change, calcium ions, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. In the Arabidopsis genome, SLAC1 is part of a gene family with five members and encodes a membrane protein that has ten putative transmembrane domains flanked by large N- and C-terminal domains. Mutations in SLAC1 impair slow (S-type) anion channel currents that are activated by cytosolic calcium ions and abscisic acid, but do not affect rapid (R-type) anion channel currents or calcium ion channel function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌sвА0А0АаАВcd09324, TDT_TehA, Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family includes TehA protein. This subfamily includes Tellurite resistance protein TehA that belongs to the C4-dicarboxylate transporter/malic acid transport (TDT) protein family and is a homolog of plant Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1 (SLAC1). The tehA gene encodes an integral membrane protein that has been shown to have efflux activity of quaternary ammonium compounds. TehA protein of Escherichia coli functions as a tellurite-resistance uptake permease.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌tвА0А0АаАВcd09325, TDT_C4-dicarb_trans, C4-dicarboxylate transporters of the Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family. This subfamily contains bacterial C4-dicarboxylate transporters, which is part of the Tellurite-resistance/Dicarboxylate Transporter (TDT) family. It includes Tellurite resistance protein tehA; the tehA gene encodes an integral membrane protein that has been shown to have efflux activity of quaternary ammonium compounds. TehA protein of Escherichia coli functions as a tellurite-resistance uptake permease.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌uвА0А0АаАВ{cd09326, LIM_CRP_like, The LIM domains of Cysteine Rich Protein (CRP) family. The LIM domains of Cysteine Rich Protein (CRP) family: Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to a short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The known CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, and CRP3/MLP. CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription control, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network. CRP1, CRP2, and CRP3/MLP are involved in promoting protein assembly along the actin-based cytoskeleton. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс(вА0А0АаАВ cd09327, LIM1_abLIM, The first LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins. The first LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс)вА0А0АаАВ"cd09328, LIM2_abLIM, The second LIM domain on actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins. The second LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс*вА0А0АаАВcd09329, LIM3_abLIM, The third LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins. The third LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс+вА0А0АаАВ!cd09330, LIM4_abLIM, The fourth LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins. The fourth LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс,вА0А0АаАВ cd09331, LIM1_PINCH, The first LIM domain of protein PINCH. The first LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс-вА0А0АаАВ╩cd09332, LIM2_PINCH, The second LIM domain of protein PINCH. The second LIM domain of protein PINCH: PINCH plays a pivotal role in the assembly of focal adhesions (FAs), regulating diverse functions in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation through LIM-mediated protein-protein interactions. PINCH comprises an array of five LIM domains that interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Grb4) and other interaction partners. These interactions are essential for triggering the FA assembly and for relaying diverse mechanical and biochemical signals between Cell-extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс.вА0А0АаАВ╚cd09333, LIM3_PINCH, The third LIM domain of protein PINCH. The third LIM domain of protein PINCH: PINCH plays pivotal roles in the assembly of focal adhesions (FAs), regulating diverse functions in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation through LIM-mediated protein-protein interactions. PINCH comprises an array of five LIM domains that interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Grb4) and other interaction partners. These interactions are essential for triggering the FA assembly and for relaying diverse mechanical and biochemical signals between Cell-extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс/вА0А0АаАВccd09334, LIM4_PINCH, The fourth LIM domain of protein PINCH. The fourth LIM domain of protein PINCH: PINCH plays a pivotal role in the assembly of focal adhesions (FAs), regulating diverse functions in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation through LIM-mediated protein-protein interactions. PINCH comprises an array of five LIM domains that interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Grb4) and other interaction partners. These interactions are essential for triggering the FA assembly and for relaying diverse mechanical and biochemical signals between Cell-extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. The PINCH LIM4 domain recognizes the third SH3 domain of another adaptor protein, Nck2. This step is an important component of integrin signaling event. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assem bly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс0вА0А0АаАВ╟cd09335, LIM5_PINCH, The fifth LIM domain of protein PINCH. The fifth LIM domain of protein PINCH: PINCH plays pivotal roles in the assembly of focal adhesions (FAs), regulating diverse functions in cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation through LIM-mediated protein-protein interactions. PINCH comprises an array of five LIM domains that interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Grb4) and other interaction partners. These interactions are essential for triggering the FA assembly and for relaying diverse mechanical and biochemical signals between Cell-extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс1вА0А0АаАВ7cd09336, LIM1_Paxillin_like, The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family. The first LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎЎвА0А0АаАВ9cd09337, LIM2_Paxillin_like, The second LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family. The second LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс3вА0А0АаАВ7cd09338, LIM3_Paxillin_like, The third LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family. The third LIM domain of the paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс4вА0А0АаАВ9cd09339, LIM4_Paxillin_like, The fourth LIM domain of the Paxillin-like protein family. The fourth LIM domain of the Paxillin like protein family: This family consists of paxillin, leupaxin, Hic-5 (ARA55), and other related proteins. There are four LIM domains in the C-terminal of the proteins and leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminal region. Members of this family are adaptor proteins to recruit key components of signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Paxillin serves as a platform for the recruitment of numerous regulatory and structural proteins that together control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression that are necessary for cell migration and survival. Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. It associates with focal adhesion kinases PYK2 and pp125FAK and identified to be a component of the osteoclast pososomal signaling complex. Hic-5 controls cell proliferation, migration and senescence by functioning as coactivator for steroid receptors such as androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс5вА0А0АаАВгcd09340, LIM1_Testin_like, The first LIM domain of Testin-like family. The first LIM domain of Testin_like family: This family includes testin, prickle, dyxin and LIMPETin. Structurally, testin and prickle proteins contain three LIM domains at C-terminal; LIMPETin has six LIM domains; and dyxin presents only two LIM domains. However, all members of the family contain a PET protein-protein interaction domain. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers, at cell-cell-contact areas, and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and it is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). Dyxin involves in lung and heart development by interaction with GATA6 and blocking GATA6 activated target genes. LIMPETin might be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and four and half LIM proteins and its function is not well understood. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс6вА0А0АаАВеcd09341, LIM2_Testin_like, The second LIM domain of Testin-like family. The second LIM domain of Testin-like family: This family includes testin, prickle, dyxin and LIMPETin. Structurally, testin and prickle proteins contain three LIM domains at C-terminal; LIMPETin has six LIM domains; and dyxin presents only two LIM domains. However, all members of the family contain a PET protein-protein interaction domain. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers, at cell-cell-contact areas, and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and it is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). Dyxin involves in lung and heart development by interaction with GATA6 and blocking GATA6 activated target genes. LIMPETin might be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and four and half LIM proteins and its function is not well understood. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс7вА0А0АаАВвcd09342, LIM3_Testin_like, The third LIM domain of Testin-like family. The third LIM domain of Testin_like family: This family includes testin, prickle, dyxin and LIMPETin. Structurally, testin and prickle proteins contain three LIM domains at C-terminal; LIMPETin has six LIM domains; and dyxin presents only two LIM domains. However, all members of the family contain a PET protein-protein interaction domain. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers, at cell-cell-contact areas, and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and it is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). Dyxin involves in lung and heart development by interaction with GATA6 and blocking GATA6 activated target genes. LIMPETin might be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and four and half LIM proteins and its function is not well understood. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс8вА0А0АаАВFcd09343, LIM1_FHL, The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL). The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 int eracts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс9вА0А0АаАВАcd09344, LIM1_FHL1, The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1. The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс:вА0А0АаАВGcd09345, LIM2_FHL, The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL). The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 int eracts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс;вА0А0АаАВEcd09346, LIM3_FHL, The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL). The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 int eracts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс<вА0А0АаАВFcd09347, LIM4_FHL, The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL). The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 interacts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс=вА0А0АаАВЗcd09348, LIM4_FHL1, The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1). The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс>вА0А0АаАВocd09349, LIM1_Zyxin, The first LIM domain of Zyxin. The first LIM domain of Zyxin: Zyxin exhibits three copies of the LIM domain, an extensive proline-rich domain and a nuclear export signal. Localized at sites of cell substratum adhesion in fibroblasts, Zyxin interacts with alpha-actinin, members of the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) family, proteins that display Src homology 3 (SH3) domains and Ena/VASP family members. Zyxin and its partners have been implicated in the spatial control of actin filament assembly as well as in pathways important for cell differentiation. In addition to its functions at focal adhesion plaques, recent work has shown that zyxin moves from the sites of cell contacts to the nucleus, where it directly participates in the regulation of gene expression. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс?вА0А0АаАВTcd09350, LIM1_TRIP6, The first LIM domain of Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6). The first LIM domain of Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6): TRIP6 is a member of the zyxin LIM protein family and contains three LIM zinc-binding domains at the C-terminal. TRIP6 protein localizes to focal adhesion sites and along actin stress fibers. Recruitment of this protein to the plasma membrane occurs in a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-dependent manner. TRIP6 recruits a number of molecules involved in actin assembly, cell motility, survival and transcriptional control. The function of TRIP6 in cell motility is regulated by Src-dependent phosphorylation at a Tyr residue. The phosphorylation activates the coupling to the Crk SH2 domain, which is required for the function of TRIP6 in promoting lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced cell migration. TRIP6 can shuttle to the nucleus to serve as a coactivator of AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcriptional factors. Moreover, TRIP6 can form a ternary complex with the NHERF2 PDZ protein and LPA2 receptor to regulate LPA-induced activation of ERK and AKT, rendering cells resistant to chemotherapy. Recent evidence shows that TRIP6 antagonizes Fas-Induced apoptosis by enhancing the antiapoptotic effect of LPA in cells. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс@вА0А0АаАВ4cd09351, LIM1_LPP, The first LIM domain of lipoma preferred partner (LPP). The first LIM domain of lipoma preferred partner (LPP): LPP is a member of the zyxin LIM protein family and contains three LIM zinc-binding domains at the C-terminal and proline-rich region at the N-terminal. LPP initially identified as the most frequent translocation partner of HMGA2 (High Mobility Group A2) in a subgroup of benign tumors of adipose tissue (lipomas). It was also shown to be rearranged in a number of other soft tissues, as well as in a case of acute monoblastic leukemia. In addition to its involvement in tumors, LPP was inedited as a smooth muscle restricted LIM protein that plays an important role in SMC migration. LPP is localized at sites of cell adhesion, cell-cell contacts and transiently in the nucleus. In nucleus, it acts as a coactivator for the ETS domain transcription factor PEA3. In addition to PEA3, it interacts with alpha-actinin,vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP),Palladin, and Scrib. The LIM domains are the main focal adhesion targeting elements and that the proline- rich region, which harbors binding sites for alpha-actinin and vasodilator- stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), has a weak targeting capacity. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсAвА0А0АаАВcd09352, LIM1_Ajuba_like, The first LIM domain of Ajuba-like proteins. The first LIM domain of Ajuba-like proteins: Ajuba like LIM protein family includes three highly homologous proteins Ajuba, Limd1, and WTIP. Members of the family contain three tandem C-terminal LIM domains and a proline-rich N-terminal region. This family of proteins functions as scaffolds, participating in the assembly of numerous protein complexes. In the cytoplasm, Ajuba binds Grb2 to modulate serum-stimulated ERK activation. Ajuba also recruits the TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to p62 and activates PKCKappa activity. Ajuba interacts with alpha-catenin and F-actin to contribute to the formation or stabilization of adheren junctions by linking adhesive receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Although Ajuba is a cytoplasmic protein, it can shuttle into the nucleus. In nucleus, Ajuba functions as a corepressor for the zinc finger-protein Snail. It binds to the SNAG repression domain of Snail through its LIM region. Arginine methyltransferase-5 (Prmt5), a protein in the complex, is recruited to Snai l through an interaction with Ajuba. This ternary complex functions to repress E-cadherin, a Snail target gene. In addition, Ajuba contains functional nuclear-receptor interacting motifs and selectively interacts with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and rexinoid receptor (RXRs) to negatively regulate retinoic acid signaling. Wtip, the Wt1-interacting protein, was originally identified as an interaction partner of the Wilms tumour protein 1 (WT1). Wtip is involved in kidney and neural crest development. Wtip interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 and inhibits canonical Wnt signaling. LIMD1 was reported to inhibit cell growth and metastases. The inhibition may be mediated through an interaction with the protein barrier-to-autointegration (BAF), a component of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling protein; or through the interaction with retinoblastoma protein (pRB), resulting in inhibition of E2F-mediated transcription, and expression of the majority of genes with E2F1- responsive elements. Recently, Limd1 was shown to interact with the p62/sequestosome protein and influence IL-1 and RANKL signaling by facilitating the assembly of a p62/TRAF6/a-PKC multi-protein complex. The Limd1-p62 interaction affects both NF-kappaB and AP-1 activity in epithelial cells and osteoclasts. Moreover, LIMD1 functions as tumor repressor to block lung tumor cell line in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies revealed that LIM proteins Wtip, LIMD1 and Ajuba interact with components of RNA induced silencing complexes (RISC) as well as eIF4E and the mRNA m7GTP cap-protein complex and are required for microRNA-mediated gene silencing. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсBвА0А0АаАВqcd09353, LIM2_Zyxin, The second LIM domain of Zyxin. The second LIM domain of Zyxin: Zyxin exhibits three copies of the LIM domain, an extensive proline-rich domain and a nuclear export signal. Localized at sites of cellsubstratum adhesion in fibroblasts, Zyxin interacts with alpha-actinin, members of the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) family, proteins that display Src homology 3 (SH3) domains and Ena/VASP family members. Zyxin and its partners have been implicated in the spatial control of actin filament assembly as well as in pathways important for cell differentiation. In addition to its functions at focal adhesion plaques, recent work has shown that zyxin moves from the sites of cell contacts to the nucleus, where it directly participates in the regulation of gene expression. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors o r scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсCвА0А0АаАВ6cd09354, LIM2_LPP, The second LIM domain of lipoma preferred partner (LPP). The second LIM domain of lipoma preferred partner (LPP): LPP is a member of the zyxin LIM protein family and contains three LIM zinc-binding domains at the C-terminal and proline-rich region at the N-terminal. LPP initially identified as the most frequent translocation partner of HMGA2 (High Mobility Group A2) in a subgroup of benign tumors of adipose tissue (lipomas). It was also shown to be rearranged in a number of other soft tissues, as well as in a case of acute monoblastic leukemia. In addition to its involvement in tumors, LPP was inedited as a smooth muscle restricted LIM protein that plays an important role in SMC migration. LPP is localized at sites of cell adhesion, cell-cell contacts and transiently in the nucleus. In nucleus, it acts as a coactivator for the ETS domain transcription factor PEA3. In addition to PEA3, it interacts with alpha-actinin,vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP),Palladin, and Scrib. The LIM domains are the main focal adhesion targeting elements and that the proline- rich region, which harbors binding sites for alpha-actinin and vasodilator- stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), has a weak targeting capacity. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсDвА0А0АаАВcd09355, LIM2_Ajuba_like, The second LIM domain of Ajuba-like proteins. The second LIM domain of Ajuba-like proteins: Ajuba like LIM protein family includes three highly homologous proteins Ajuba, Limd1, and WTIP. Members of the family contain three tandem C-terminal LIM domains and a proline-rich N-terminal region. This family of proteins functions as scaffolds, participating in the assembly of numerous protein complexes. In the cytoplasm, Ajuba binds Grb2 to modulate serum-stimulated ERK activation. Ajuba also recruits the TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to p62 and activates PKCKappa activity. Ajuba interacts with alpha-catenin and F-actin to contribute to the formation or stabilization of adheren junctions by linking adhesive receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Although Ajuba is a cytoplasmic protein, it can shuttle into the nucleus. In nucleus, Ajuba functions as a corepressor for the zinc finger-protein Snail. It binds to the SNAG repression domain of Snail through its LIM region. Arginine methyltransferase-5 (Prmt5), a protein in the complex, is recruited to Snai l through an interaction with Ajuba. This ternary complex functions to repress E-cadherin, a Snail target gene. In addition, Ajuba contains functional nuclear-receptor interacting motifs and selectively interacts with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and rexinoid receptor (RXRs) to negatively regulate retinoic acid signaling. Wtip, the Wt1-interacting protein, was originally identified as an interaction partner of the Wilms tumour protein 1 (WT1). Wtip is involved in kidney and neural crest development. Wtip interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 and inhibits canonical Wnt signaling. LIMD1 was reported to inhibit cell growth and metastases. The inhibition may be mediated through an interaction with the protein barrier-to-autointegration (BAF), a component of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling protein; or through the interaction with retinoblastoma protein (pRB), resulting in inhibition of E2F-mediated transcription, and expression of the majority of genes with E2F1- responsive elements. Recently, Limd1 was shown to interact with the p62/sequestosome protein and influence IL-1 and RANKL signaling by facilitating the assembly of a p62/TRAF6/a-PKC multi-protein complex. The Limd1-p62 interaction affects both NF-kappaB and AP-1 activity in epithelial cells and osteoclasts. Moreover, LIMD1 functions as tumor repressor to block lung tumor cell line in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies revealed that LIM proteins Wtip, LIMD1 and Ajuba interact with components of RNA induced silencing complexes (RISC) as well as eIF4E and the mRNA m7GTP cap-protein complex and are required for microRNA-mediated gene silencing. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсEвА0А0АаАВVcd09356, LIM2_TRIP6, The second LIM domain of Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6). The second LIM domain of Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6): TRIP6 is a member of the zyxin LIM protein family and contains three LIM zinc-binding domains at the C-terminal. TRIP6 protein localizes to focal adhesion sites and along actin stress fibers. Recruitment of this protein to the plasma membrane occurs in a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-dependent manner. TRIP6 recruits a number of molecules involved in actin assembly, cell motility, survival and transcriptional control. The function of TRIP6 in cell motility is regulated by Src-dependent phosphorylation at a Tyr residue. The phosphorylation activates the coupling to the Crk SH2 domain, which is required for the function of TRIP6 in promoting lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced cell migration. TRIP6 can shuttle to the nucleus to serve as a coactivator of AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcriptional factors. Moreover, TRIP6 can form a ternary complex with the NHERF2 PDZ protein and LPA2 receptor to regulate LPA-induced activation of ERK and AKT, rendering cells resistant to chemotherapy. Recent evidence shows that TRIP6 antagonizes Fas-Induced apoptosis by enhancing the antiapoptotic effect of LPA in cells. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсFвА0А0АаАВvcd09357, LIM3_Zyxin_like, The third LIM domain of Zyxin-like family. The third LIM domain of Zyxin like family: This family includes Ajuba, Limd1, WTIP, Zyxin, LPP, and Trip6 LIM proteins. Members of Zyxin family contain three tandem C-terminal LIM domains, and a proline-rich N-terminal region. Zyxin proteins are detected primarily in focal adhesion plaques. They function as scaffolds, participating in the assembly of multiple interactions and signal transduction networks, which regulate cell adhesion, spreading, and motility. They can also shuffle into nucleus. In nucleus, zyxin proteins affect gene transcription by interaction with a variety of nuclear proteins, including several transcription factors, playing regulating roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсGвА0А0АаАВЎcd09358, LIM_Mical_like, The LIM domain of Mical (molecule interacting with CasL) like family. The LIM domain of Mical (molecule interacting with CasL) like family: Known members of this family includes LIM domain containing proteins; Mical (molecule interacting with CasL), pollen specific protein SF3, Eplin, xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2 (XIRP2) and Ltd-1. The members of this family function mainly at the cytoskeleton and focal adhesions. They interact with transcription factors or other signaling molecules to play roles in muscle development, neuronal differentiation, cell growth and mobility. Eplin has also found to be tumor suppressor. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs.. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсHвА0А0АаАВ▄cd09359, LIM_LASP_like, The LIM domain of LIM and SH3 Protein (LASP)-like proteins. The LIM domain of LIM and SH3 Protein (LASP) like proteins: This family contains two types of LIM containing proteins; LASP and N-RAP. LASP family contains two highly homologous members, LASP-1 and LASP-2. LASP contains a LIM motif at its amino terminus, a src homology 3 (SH3) domains at its C-terminal part, and a nebulin-like region in the middle. LASP-1 and -2 are highly conserved in their LIM, nebulin-like, and SH3 domains, but differ significantly at their linker regions. Both proteins are ubiquitously expressed and involved in cytoskeletal architecture, especially in the organization of focal adhesions. LASP-1 and LASP-2, are important during early embryo- and fetogenesis and are highly expressed in the central nervous system of the adult. However, only LASP-1 seems to participate significantly in neuronal differentiation and plays an important functional role in migration and proliferation of certain cancer cells while the role of LASP-2 is more structural. The expression of LASP-1 in breast tumors is increased significantly. N-RAP is a muscle-specific protein concentrated at myotendinous junctions in skeletal muscle and intercalated disks in cardiac muscle. LIM domain is found at the N-terminus of N-RAP and the C-terminal of N-RAP contains a region with multiple of nebulin repeats. N-RAP functions as a scaffolding protein that organizes alpha-actinin and actin into symmetrical I-Z-I structures in developing myofibrils. Nebulin repeat is known as actin binding domain. The N-RAP is hypothesized to form antiparallel dimerization via its LIM domain. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсIвА0А0АаАВ╓cd09360, LIM_ALP_like, The LIM domain of ALP (actinin-associated LIM protein) family. This family represents the LIM domain of ALP (actinin-associated LIM protein) family. Four proteins: ALP, CLP36, RIL, and Mystique have been classified into the ALP subfamily of LIM domain proteins. Each member of the subfamily contains an N-terminal PDZ domain and a C-terminal LIM domain. Functionally, these proteins bind to alpha-actinin through their PDZ domains and bind or other signaling molecules through their LIM domains. ALP proteins have been implicated in cardiac and skeletal muscle structure, function and disease, platelet, and epithelial cell motility. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсJвА0А0АаАВЖcd09361, LIM1_Enigma_like, The first LIM domain of Enigma-like family. The first LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсKвА0А0АаАВИcd09362, LIM2_Enigma_like, The second LIM domain of Enigma-like family. The second LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсLвА0А0АаАВЗcd09363, LIM3_Enigma_like, The third LIM domain of Enigma-like family. The third LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсMвА0А0АаАВcd09364, LIM1_LIMK, The first LIM domain of LIMK (LIM domain Kinase ). The first LIM domain of LIMK (LIM domain Kinase ): LIMK protein family is comprised of two members LIMK1 and LIMK2. LIMK contains two LIM domains, a PDZ domain and a kinase domain. LIMK is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization and microtubule disassembly. LIMK influences architecture of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activity of the cofilin family proteins cofilin1, cofilin2, and destrin. The mechanism of the activation is to phosphorylates cofilin on serine 3 and inactivates its actin-severing activity, and altering the rate of actin depolymerisation. LIMKs can function in both cytoplasm and nucleus and are expressed in all tissues. Both LIMK1 and LIMK2 can act in the nucleus to suppress Rac/Cdc42-dependent cyclin D1 expression. However, LIMK1 and LIMk2 have different cellular locations. While LIMK1 localizes mainly at focal adhesions, LIMK2 is found in cytoplasmic punctae, suggesting that they may have different cellular functions. The LIM domains of LIMK have been shown to play an important role in regulating kinase activity and likely also contribute to LIMK function by acting as sites of protein-to-protein interactions. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсNвА0А0АаАВ!cd09365, LIM2_LIMK, The second LIM domain of LIMK (LIM domain Kinase ). The second LIM domain of LIMK (LIM domain Kinase ): LIMK protein family is comprised of two members LIMK1 and LIMK2. LIMK contains two LIM domains, a PDZ domain and a kinase domain. LIMK is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization and microtubule disassembly. LIMK influences architecture of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activity of the cofilin family proteins cofilin1, cofilin2, and destrin. The mechanism of the activation is to phosphorylates cofilin on serine 3 and inactivates its actin-severing activity, and altering the rate of actin depolymerization. LIMKs can function in both cytoplasm and nucleus and are expressed in all tissues. Both LIMK1 and LIMK2 can act in the nucleus to suppress Rac/Cdc42-dependent cyclin D1 expression. However, LIMK1 and LIMk2 have different cellular locations. While LIMK1 localizes mainly at focal adhesions, LIMK2 is found in cytoplasmic punctae, suggesting that they may have different cellular functions. The LIM domains of LIMK have been shown to play an important role in regulating kinase activity and likely also contribute to LIMK function by acting as sites of protein-to-protein interactions. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсOвА0А0АаАВАcd09366, LIM1_Isl, The first LIM domain of Isl, a member of LHX protein family. The first LIM domain of Isl: Isl is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Isl1 and Isl2 are the two conserved members of this family. Proteins in this group are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Isl-1 is one of the LHX proteins isolated originally by virtue of its ability to bind DNA sequences from the 5'-flanking region of the rat insulin gene in pancreatic insulin-producing cells. Mice deficient in Isl-1 fail to form the dorsal exocrine pancreas and islet cells fail to differentiate. On the other hand, Isl-1 takes part in the pituitary development by activating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene together with LHX3 and steroidogenic factor 1. Mouse Is l2 is expressed in the retinal ganglion cells and the developing spinal cord where it plays a role in motor neuron development. Same as Isl1, Isl2 may also be able to bind to the insulin gene enhancer to promote gene activation. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсPвА0А0АаАВcd09367, LIM1_Lhx1_Lhx5, The first LIM domain of Lhx1 (also known as Lim1) and Lhx5. The first LIM domain of Lhx1 (also known as Lim1) and Lhx5. Lhx1 and Lhx5 are closely related members of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx1 is required for regulating the vertebrate head organizer, the nervous system, and female reproductive tract development. During embryogenesis in the mouse, Lhx1 is expressed early in mesodermal tissue, then later during urogenital, kidney, liver, and nervous system development. In the adult, expression is restricted to the kidney and brain. A mouse embryos with Lhx1 gene knockout cannot grow normal anterior head structures, kidneys, and gonads, but with normally developed trunk and tail morphology. In the developing nervous system, Lhx1 is required to direct the trajectories of motor axons in the limb. Lhx1 null female mice lack the oviducts and uterus. Lhx5 protein may play complementary or overlapping roles with Lhx1. The expression of Lhx5 in the anterior portion of the mouse neural tube suggests a role in patterning of the forebrain. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсQвА0А0АаАВ█cd09368, LIM1_Lhx3_Lhx4, The first LIM domain of Lhx3 and Lhx4 family. The first LIM domain of Lhx3-Lhx4 family: Lhx3 and Lhx4 belong to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. The LHX3 and LHX4 LIM-homeodomain transcription factors play essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. Although LHX3 and LHX4 share marked sequence homology, the genes have different expression patterns. They play overlapping, but distinct functions during the establishment of the specialized cells of the mammalian pituitary gland and the nervous system. Lhx3 proteins have been demonstrated the ability to directly bind to the promoters/enhancers of several pituitary hormone gene promoters to cause increased transcription. Lhx3a and Lhx3b, whose mRNAs have distinct temporal expression profiles during development, are two isoforms of Lhx3. LHX4 plays essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. In mice, the lhx4 gene is expressed in the developing hindbrain, cerebral cortex, pituitary gland, and spinal cord. LHX4 shows significant sequence similarity to LHX3, particularly to isoforms Lhx3a. In gene regulation experiments, the LHX4 protein exhibits regulation roles towards pituitary genes, acting on their promoters/enhancers. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсRвА0А0АаАВJcd09369, LIM1_Lhx2_Lhx9, The first LIM domain of Lhx2 and Lhx9 family. The first LIM domain of Lhx2 and Lhx9 family: Lhx2 and Lhx9 are highly homologous LHX regulatory proteins. They belong to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Although Lhx2 and Lhx9 are highly homologous, they seems to play regulatory roles in different organs. In animals, Lhx2 plays important roles in eye, cerebral cortex, limb, the olfactory organs, and erythrocyte development. Lhx2 gene knockout mice exhibit impaired patterning of the cortical hem and the telencephalon of the developing brain, and a lack of development in olfactory structures. Lhx9 is expressed in several regions of the developing mouse brain , the spinal cord, the pancreas, in limb mesenchyme, and in the urogenital region. Lhx9 plays critical roles in gonad development. Homozygous mice lacking functional Lhx9 alleles exhibit numerous urogenital defects, such as gonadal agenesis, infertility, and undetectable levels of testosterone and estradiol coupled with high FSH levels. Lhx9 null mice are phenotypically female, even those that are genotypically male. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсSвА0А0АаАВcd09370, LIM1_Lmx1a, The first LIM domain of Lmx1a. The first LIM domain of Lmx1a: Lmx1a belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Mouse Lmx1a is expressed in multiple tissues, including the roof plate of the neural tube, the developing brain, the otic vesicles, the notochord, and the pancreas. Human Lmx1a can be found in pancreas, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, developing brain, mammary glands, and pituitary. The functions of Lmx1a in the developing nervous system were revealed by studies of mutant mouse. In mouse, mutations in Lmx1a result in failure of the roof plate to develop. Lmx1a may act upstream of other roof plate markers such as MafB, Gdf7, Bmp 6, and Bmp7. Further characterization of these mice reveals numerous defects including disorganized cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex; altered pigmentation; female sterility; skeletal defects; and behavioral abnormalities. Within pancreatic cells, the Lmx1a protein interacts synergistically with the bHLH transcription factor E47 to activate the insulin gene enhancer/promoter. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсTвА0А0АаАВ%cd09371, LIM1_Lmx1b, The first LIM domain of Lmx1b. The first LIM domain of Lmx1b: Lmx1b belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. In mouse, Lmx1b functions in the developing limbs and eyes, the kidneys, the brain, and in cranial mesenchyme. The disruption of Lmx1b gene results kidney and limb defects. In the brain, Lmx1b is important for generation of mesencephalic dopamine neurons and the differentiation of serotonergic neurons. In the mouse eye, Lmx1b regulates anterior segment (cornea, iris, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and lens) development. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсUвА0А0АаАВ]cd09372, LIM2_FBLP-1, The second LIM domain of the filamin-binding LIM protein-1 (FBLP-1). The second LIM domain of the filamin-binding LIM protein-1 (FBLP-1): Fblp-1 contains a proline-rich domain near its N terminus and two LIM domains at its C terminus. FBLP-1 mRNA was detected in a variety of tissues and cells including platelets and endothelial cells. FBLP-1 binds to Filamins. The association between filamin B and FBLP-1 may play an unknown role in cytoskeletal function, cell adhesion, and cell motility. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсVвА0А0АаАВ cd09373, LIM1_AWH, The first LIM domain of Arrowhead (AWH). The first LIM domain of Arrowhead (AWH): Arrowhead belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. During embryogenesis of Drosophila, Arrowhead is expressed in each abdominal segment and in the labial segment. Late in embryonic development, expression of arrowhead is refined to the abdominal histoblasts and salivary gland imaginal ring cells themselves. The Arrowhead gene required for establishment of a subset of imaginal tissues: the abdominal histoblasts and the salivary gland imaginal rings. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсWвА0А0АаАВБcd09374, LIM2_Isl, The second LIM domain of Isl, a member of LHX protein family. The second LIM domain of Isl: Isl is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Isl1 and Isl2 are the two conserved members of this family. Proteins in this group are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Isl-1 is one of the LHX proteins isolated originally by virtue of its ability to bind DNA sequences from the 5'-flanking region of the rat insulin gene in pancreatic insulin-producing cells. Mice deficient in Isl-1 fail to form the dorsal exocrine pancreas and islet cells fail to differentiate. On the other hand, Isl-1 takes part in the pituitary development by activating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene together with LHX3 and steroidogenic factor 1. Mouse Isl2 is expressed in the retinal ganglion cells and the developing spinal cord where it plays a role in motor neuron development. Same as Isl1, Isl2 may also be able to bind to the insulin gene enhancer to promote gene activation. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсXвА0А0АаАВcd09375, LIM2_Lhx1_Lhx5, The second LIM domain of Lhx1 (also known as Lim1) and Lhx5. The second LIM domain of Lhx1 (also known as Lim1) and Lhx5. Lhx1 and Lhx5 are closely related members of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx1 is required for regulating the vertebrate head organizer, the nervous system, and female reproductive tract development. During embryogenesis in the mouse, Lhx1 is expressed early in mesodermal tissue, then later during urogenital, kidney, liver, and nervous system development. In the adult, expression is restricted to the kidney and brain. A mouse embryos with Lhx1 gene knockout cannot grow normal anterior head structures, kidneys, and gonads, but with normally developed trunk and tail morphology. In the developing nervous system, Lhx1 is required to direct the trajectories of motor axons in the limb. Lhx1 null female mice lack the oviducts and uterus. Lhx5 protein may play complementary or overlapping roles with Lhx1. The expression of Lhx5 in the anterior portion of the mouse neural tube suggests a role in patterning of the forebrain. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсYвА0А0АаАВ╪cd09376, LIM2_Lhx3_Lhx4, The second LIM domain of Lhx3-Lhx4 family. The second LIM domain of Lhx3-Lhx4 family: Lhx3 and Lhx4 belong to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. The LHX3 and LHX4 LIM-homeodomain transcription factors play essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. Although LHX3 and LHX4 share marked sequence homology, the genes have different expression patterns. They play overlapping, but distinct functions during the establishment of the specialized cells of the mammalian pituitary gland and the nervous system. Lhx3 proteins have been demonstrated the ability to directly bind to the promoters/enhancers of several pituitary hormone gene promoters to cause increased transcription.Lhx3a and Lhx3b, whose mRNAs have distinct temporal expression profiles during development, are two isoforms of Lhx3. LHX4 plays essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. In mice, the lhx4 gene is expressed in the developing hindbrain, cerebral cortex, pituitary gland, and spinal cord. LHX4 shows significant sequence similarity to LHX3, particularly to isoforms Lhx3a. In gene regulation experiments, the LHX4 protein exhibits regulation roles towards pituitary genes, acting on their promoters/enhancers. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсZвА0А0АаАВKcd09377, LIM2_Lhx2_Lhx9, The second LIM domain of Lhx2 and Lhx9 family. The second LIM domain of Lhx2 and Lhx9 family: Lhx2 and Lhx9 are highly homologous LHX regulatory proteins. They belong to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Although Lhx2 and Lhx9 are highly homologous, they seems to play regulatory roles in different organs. In animals, Lhx2 plays important roles in eye, cerebral cortex, limb, the olfactory organs, and erythrocyte development. Lhx2 gene knockout mice exhibit impaired patterning of the cortical hem and the telencephalon of the developing brain, and a lack of development in olfactory structures. Lhx9 is expressed in several regions of the developing mouse brain, the spinal cord, the pancreas, in limb mesenchyme, and in the urogenital region. Lhx9 plays critical roles in gonad development. Homozygous mice lacking functional Lhx9 alleles exhibit numerous urogenital defects, such as gonadal agenesis, infertility, and undetectable levels of testosterone and estradiol coupled with high FSH levels. Lhx9 null mice are phenotypically female, even those that are genotypically male. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс[вА0А0АаАВkcd09378, LIM2_Lmx1a_Lmx1b, The second LIM domain of Lmx1a and Lmx1b. The second LIM domain of Lmx1a and Lmx1b: Lmx1a and Lmx1b belong to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Mouse Lmx1a is expressed in multiple tissues, including the roof plate of the neural tube, the developing brain, the otic vesicles, the notochord, and the pancreas. In mouse, mutations in Lmx1a result in failure of the roof plate to develop. Lmx1a may act upstream of other roof plate markers such as MafB, Gdf7, Bmp6, and Bmp7. Further characterization of these mice reveals numerous defects including disorganized cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex; altered pigmentation; female sterility, skeletal defects, and behavioral abnormalities. In the mouse, Lmx1b functions in the developing limbs and eyes, the kidneys, the brain, and in cranial mesenchyme. The disruption of Lmx1b gene results kidney and limb defects. In the brain, Lmx1b is important for generation of mesencephalic dopamine neurons and the differentiation of serotonergic neurons. In the mouse eye, Lmx1b regulates anterior segment (cornea, iris, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, and lens) development. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс\вА0А0АаАВ!cd09379, LIM2_AWH, The second LIM domain of Arrowhead (AWH). The second LIM domain of Arrowhead (AWH): Arrowhead belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. During embryogenesis of Drosophila, Arrowhead is expressed in each abdominal segment and in the labial segment. Late in embryonic development, expression of arrowhead is refined to the abdominal histoblasts and salivary gland imaginal ring cells themselves. The Arrowhead gene required for establishment of a subset of imaginal tissues: the abdominal histoblasts and the salivary gland imaginal rings. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс]вА0А0АаАВcd09380, LIM1_Lhx6, The first LIM domain of Lhx6. The first LIM domain of Lhx6. Lhx6 is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx6 functions in the brain and nervous system. It is expressed at high levels in several regions of the embryonic mouse CNS, including the telencephalon and hypothalamus, and the first branchial arch. Lhx6 is proposed to have a role in patterning of the mandible and maxilla, and in signaling during odontogenesis. In brain sections, knockdown of Lhx6 gene blocks the normal migration of neurons to the cortex. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс^вА0А0АаАВ.cd09381, LIM1_Lhx7_Lhx8, The first LIM domain of Lhx7 and Lhx8. The first LIM domain of Lhx7 and Lhx8: Lhx7 and Lhx8 belong to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Studies using mutant mice have revealed roles for Lhx7 and Lhx8 in the development of cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon and in basal forebrain development. Mice lacking alleles of the LIM-homeobox gene Lhx7 or Lhx8 display dramatically reduced number of forebrain cholinergic neurons. In addition, Lhx7 mutation affects male and female mice differently, with females appearing more affected than males. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс_вА0А0АаАВcd09382, LIM2_Lhx6, The second LIM domain of Lhx6. The second LIM domain of Lhx6. Lhx6 is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx6 functions in brain and nervous system. It is expressed at high levels in several regions of the embryonic mouse CNS, including the telencephalon and hypothalamus, and the first branchial arch. Lhx6 is proposed to have a role in patterning of the mandible and maxilla, and in signaling during odontogenesis. In brain sections, knockdown of Lhx6 gene blocks the normal migration of neurons to the cortex. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс`вА0А0АаАВ0cd09383, LIM2_Lhx7_Lhx8, The second LIM domain of Lhx7 and Lhx8. The second LIM domain of Lhx7 and Lhx8: Lhx7 and Lhx8 belong to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Studies using mutant mice have revealed roles for Lhx7 and Lhx8 in the development of cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon and in basal forebrain development. Mice lacking alleles of the LIM-homeobox gene Lhx7 or Lhx8 display dramatically reduced number of forebrain cholinergic neurons. In addition, Lhx7 mutation affects male and female mice differently, with females appearing more affected than males. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсaвА0А0АаАВ;cd09384, LIM1_LMO2, The first LIM domain of LMO2 (LIM domain only protein 2). The first LIM domain of LMO2 (LIM domain only protein 2): LMO2 is a nuclear protein that plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and development. The two tandem LIM domains of LMO2 support the assembly of a crucial cell-regulatory complex by interacting with both the TAL1-E47 and GATA1 transcription factors to form a DNA-binding complex that is capable of transcriptional activation. LMOs have also been shown to be involved in oncogenesis. LMO1 and LMO2 are activated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by distinct chromosomal translocations. LMO2 was also shown to be involved in erythropoiesis and is required for the hematopoiesis in the adult animals. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсbвА0А0АаАВ=cd09385, LIM2_LMO2, The second LIM domain of LMO2 (LIM domain only protein 2). The second LIM domain of LMO2 (LIM domain only protein 2): LMO2 is a nuclear protein that plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and development. The two tandem LIM domains of LMO2 support the assembly of a crucial cell-regulatory complex by interacting with both the TAL1-E47 and GATA1 transcription factors to form a DNA-binding complex that is capable of transcriptional activation. LMOs have also been shown to be involved in oncogenesis. LMO1 and LMO2 are activated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by distinct chromosomal translocations. LMO2 was also shown to be involved in erythropoiesis and is required for the hematopoiesis in the adult animals. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсcвА0А0АаАВ┴cd09386, LIM1_LMO4, The first LIM domain of LMO4 (LIM domain only protein 4). The first LIM domain of LMO4 (LIM domain only protein 4): LMO4 is a nuclear protein that plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and development. LMO4 is involved in various functions in tumorigenesis and cellular differentiation. LMO4 proteins regulate gene expression by interacting with a wide variety of transcription factors and cofactors to form large transcription complexes. It can interact with Smad proteins, and associate with the promoter of the PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) gene in a TGFbeta (transforming growth factor beta)-dependent manner. LMO4 can also form a complex with transcription regulator CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and interact with CLIM1 and CLIM2. In breast tissue, LMO4 interacts with multiple proteins, including the cofactor CtIP [CtBP (C-terminal binding protein)-interacting protein], the breast and ovarian tumor suppressor BRCA1 (breast-cancer susceptibility gene 1) and the LIM-domain-binding protein LDB1. Functionally, LMO4 is shown to repress BRCA1-mediated transcription activation, thus invoking a potential role for LMO4 as a negative regulator of BRCA1 in sporadic breast cancer. LMO4 also forms complex to both ERa (oestrogen receptor alpha), MTA1 (metastasis tumor antigen 1), and HDACs (histone deacetylases), implying that LMO4 is also a component of the MTA1 corepressor complex. Over-expressed LMO4 represses ERa transactivation functions in an HDAC-dependent manner, and contributes to the process of breast cancer progression by allowing the development of Era-negative phenotypes. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсdвА0А0АаАВ├cd09387, LIM2_LMO4, The second LIM domain of LMO4 (LIM domain only protein 4). The second LIM domain of LMO4 (LIM domain only protein 4): LMO4 is a nuclear protein that plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and development. LMO4 is involved in various functions in tumorigenesis and cellular differentiation. LMO4 proteins regulate gene expression by interacting with a wide variety of transcription factors and cofactors to form large transcription complexes. It can interact with Smad proteins, and associate with the promoter of the PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) gene in a TGFbeta (transforming growth factor beta)-dependent manner. LMO4 can also form a complex with transcription regulator CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and interact with CLIM1 and CLIM2. In breast tissue, LMO4 interacts with multiple proteins, including the cofactor CtIP [CtBP (C-terminal binding protein)-interacting protein], the breast and ovarian tumor suppressor BRCA1 (breast-cancer susceptibility gene 1) and the LIM-domain-binding protein LDB1. Functionally, LMO4 is shown to repress BRCA1-mediated transcription activation, thus invoking a potential role for LMO4 as a negative regulator of BRCA1 in sporadic breast cancer. LMO4 also forms complex to both ERa (oestrogen receptor alpha), MTA1 (metastasis tumor antigen 1), and HDACs (histone deacetylases), implying that LMO4 is also a component of the MTA1 corepressor complex. Over-expressed LMO4 represses ERa transactivation functions in an HDAC-dependent manner, and contributes to the process of breast cancer progression by allowing the development of Era-negative phenotypes. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсeвА0А0АаАВЎcd09388, LIM1_LMO1_LMO3, The first LIM domain of LMO1 and LMO3 (LIM domain only protein 1 and 3). The first LIM domain of LMO1 and LMO3 (LIM domain only protein 1 and 3): LMO1 and LMO3 are highly homologous and belong to the LMO protein family. LMO1 and LMO3 are nuclear protein that plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and development. As LIM domains lack intrinsic DNA-binding activity, nuclear LMOs are involved in transcriptional regulation by forming complexes with other transcription factors or cofactors. For example, LMO1 interacts with the the bHLH domain of bHLH transcription factor, TAL1 (T-cell acute leukemia1)/SCL (stem cell leukemia) . LMO1 inhibits the expression of TAL1/SCL target genes. LMO3 facilitates p53 binding to its response elements, which suggests that LMO3 acts as a co-repressor of p53, suppressing p53-dependent transcriptional regulation. In addition, LMO3 interacts with neuronal transcription factor, HEN2, and acts as an oncogene in neuroblastoma. Another binding partner of LMO3 is calcium- and integrin-binding protein CIB, which binds via the second LIM domain (LIM2) of LMO3. One role of the CIB/LMO3 complex is to inhibit cell proliferation. Although LMO1 and LMO3 are highly homologous proteins, they play different roles in the regulation of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit (alpha GSU) gene. Alpha GSU promoter activity was markedly repressed by LMO1 but activated by LMO3. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсfвА0А0АаАВ°cd09389, LIM2_LMO1_LMO3, The second LIM domain of LMO1 and LMO3 (LIM domain only protein 1 and 3). The second LIM domain of LMO1 and LMO3 (LIM domain only protein 1 and 3): LMO1 and LMO3 are highly homologous and belong to the LMO protein family. LMO1 and LMO3 are nuclear protein that plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and development. As LIM domains lack intrinsic DNA-binding activity, nuclear LMOs are involved in transcriptional regulation by forming complexes with other transcription factors or cofactors. For example, LMO1 interacts with the the bHLH domain of bHLH transcription factor, TAL1 (T-cell acute leukemia1)/SCL (stem cell leukemia) . LMO1 inhibits the expression of TAL1/SCL target genes. LMO3 facilitates p53 binding to its response elements, which suggests that LMO3 acts as a co-repressor of p53, suppressing p53-dependent transcriptional regulation. In addition, LMO3 interacts with neuronal transcription factor, HEN2, and acts as an oncogene in neuroblastoma. Another binding partner of LMO3 is calcium- and integrin-binding protein CIB, which binds via the second LIM domain (LIM2) of LMO3. One role of the CIB/LMO3 complex is to inhibit cell proliferation. Although LMO1 and LMO3 are highly homologous proteins, they play different roles in the regulation of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit (alpha GSU) gene. Alpha GSU promoter activity was markedly repressed by LMO1 but activated by LMO3. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсgвА0А0АаАВ▓cd09390, LIM2_dLMO, The second LIM domain of dLMO (Beaderx). The second LIM domain of dLMO (Beaderx): dLMO is a nuclear protein that plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and development. In Drosophila dLMO modulates the activity of LIM-homeodomain protein Apterous (Ap), which regulates the formation of the dorsal-ventral axis of the Drosophila wing. Biochemical analysis shows that dLMO protein influences the activity of Apterous by binding of its cofactor Chip. Further studies shown that dLMO proteins might function in an evolutionarily conserved mechanism involved in patterning the appendages. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсhвА0А0АаАВNcd09391, LIM1_Lrg1p_like, The first LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein. The first LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein: The members of this family contain three tandem repeats of LIM domains and a Rho-type GTPase activating protein (RhoGap) domain. Lrg1p is a Rho1 GTPase-activating protein required for efficient cell fusion in yeast. Lrg1p-GAP domain strongly and specifically stimulates the GTPase activity of Rho1p, a regulator of beta (1-3)-glucan synthase in vitro. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсiвА0А0АаАВPcd09392, LIM2_Lrg1p_like, The second LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein. The second LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein: The members of this family contain three tandem repeats of LIM domains and a Rho-type GTPase activating protein (RhoGap) domain. Lrg1p is a Rho1 GTPase-activating protein required for efficient cell fusion in yeast. Lrg1p-GAP domain strongly and specifically stimulates the GTPase activity of Rho1p, a regulator of beta (1-3)-glucan synthase in vitro. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсjвА0А0АаАВNcd09393, LIM3_Lrg1p_like, The third LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein. The third LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein: The members of this family contain three tandem repeats of LIM domains and a Rho-type GTPase activating protein (RhoGap) domain. Lrg1p is a Rho1 GTPase-activating protein required for efficient cell fusion in yeast. Lrg1p-GAP domain strongly and specifically stimulates the GTPase activity of Rho1p, a regulator of beta (1-3)-glucan synthase in vitro. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсkвА0А0АаАВ┐cd09394, LIM1_Rga, The first LIM domain of Rga GTPase-Activating Proteins. The first LIM domain of Rga GTPase-Activating Proteins: The members of this family contain two tandem repeats of LIM domains and a Rho-type GTPase activating protein (RhoGap) domain. Rga activates GTPases during polarized morphogenesis. In yeast, a known regulating target of Rga is CDC42p, a small GTPase. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсlвА0А0АаАВ└cd09395, LIM2_Rga, The second LIM domain of Rga GTPase-Activating Proteins. The second LIM domain of Rga GTPase-Activating Proteins: The members of this family contain two tandem repeats of LIM domains and a Rho-type GTPase activating protein (RhoGap) domain. Rga activates GTPases during polarized morphogenesis. In yeast, a known regulating target of Rga is CDC42p, a small GTPase. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсmвА0А0АаАВEcd09396, LIM_DA1, The Lim domain of DA1. The Lim domain of DA1: DA1 contains one copy of LIM domain and a domain of unknown function. DA1 is predicted as an ubiquitin receptor, which sets final seed and organ size by restricting the period of cell proliferation. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсnвА0А0АаАВcd09397, LIM1_UF1, LIM domain in proteins of unknown function. The first Lim domain of a LIM domain containing protein: The functions of the proteins are unknown. The members of this family contain two copies of LIM domain. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсoвА0А0АаАВЦcd09400, LIM_like_1, LIM domain in proteins of unknown function. LIM domain in proteins of unknown function: LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation, and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. The LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсpвА0А0АаАВ▌cd09401, LIM_TLP_like, The LIM domains of thymus LIM protein (TLP). The LIM domain of thymus LIM protein (TLP) like proteins: This family includes the LIM domains of TLP and CRIP (Cysteine-Rich Intestinal Protein). TLP is the distant member of the CRP family of proteins. TLP has two isomers (TLP-A and TLP-B) and sharing approximately 30% with each of the three other CRPs. Like CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3/MLP, TLP has two LIM domains, connected by a flexible linker region. Unlike the CRPs, TLP lacks the nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K) and is localized solely in the cytoplasm. TLP is specifically expressed in the thymus in a subset of cortical epithelial cells. TLP has a role in development of normal thymus and in controlling the development and differentiation of thymic epithelial cells. CRIP is a short LIM protein with only one LIM domain. CRIP gene is developmentally regulated and can be induced by glucocorticoid hormones during the first three postnatal weeks. The domain shows close sequence homology to LIM domain of thymus LIM protein. However, unlike the TLP proteins which have two LIM domains, the members of this family have only one LIM domain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсqвА0А0АаАВ cd09402, LIM1_CRP, The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein (CRP). The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein (CRP): Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to a short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP. CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription control, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network. It is evident that CRP1, CRP2, and CRP3/MLP are involved in promoting protein assembly along the actin-based cytoskeleton. Although members of the CRP family share common binding partners, they are also capable of recognizing different and specific targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсrвА0А0АаАВcd09403, LIM2_CRP, The second LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein (CRP). The second LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein (CRP): Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to a short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP. CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription control, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network. It is evident that CRP1, CRP2, and CRP3/MLP are involved in promoting protein assembly along the actin-based cytoskeleton. Although members of the CRP family share common binding partners, they are also capable of recognizing different and specific targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residu es, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсsвА0А0АаАВ┼cd09404, LIM1_MLP84B_like, The LIM domain of Mlp84B and Mlp60A. The LIM domain of Mlp84B and Mlp60A: Mlp84B and Mlp60A belong to the CRP LIM domain protein family. The Mlp84B protein contains five copies of the LIM domains, each followed by a Glycin Rich Region (GRR). However, only the first LIM domain of Mlp84B is in this family. Mlp60A exhibits only one LIM domain linked to a glycin-rich region. Mlp84B and Mlp60A are muscle specific proteins and have been implicated in muscle differentiation. While Mlp84B transcripts are enriched at the terminal ends of muscle fibers, Mlp60A transcripts are found throughout the muscle fibers. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсtвА0А0АаАВ■cd09405, LIM1_Paxillin, The first LIM domain of paxillin. The first LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight cons erved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсuвА0А0АаАВ[cd09406, LIM1_Leupaxin, The first LIM domain of Leupaxin. The first LIM domain of Leupaxin: Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. Leupaxin belongs to the paxillin focal adhesion protein family. Same as other members of the family, it has four leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminus and four LIM domains in the C-terminus. It may function in cell type-specific signaling by associating with interaction partners PYK2, FAK, PEP and p95PKL. When expressed in human leukocytic cells, leupaxin significantly suppressed integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin and the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin. These findings indicate that leupaxin may negatively regulate the functions of paxillin during integrin signaling. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсvвА0А0АаАВ cd09407, LIM2_Paxillin, The second LIM domain of paxillin. The second LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсwвА0А0АаАВ\cd09408, LIM2_Leupaxin, The second LIM domain of Leupaxin. The second LIM domain of Leupaxin: Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. Leupaxin belongs to the paxillin focal adhesion protein family. Same as other members of the family, it has four leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminus and four LIM domains in the C-terminus. It may function in cell type-specific signaling by associating with interaction partners PYK2, FAK, PEP and p95PKL. When expressed in human leukocytic cells, leupaxin significantly suppressed integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin and the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin. These findings indicate that leupaxin may negatively regulate the functions of paxillin during integrin signaling. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсxвА0А0АаАВ¤cd09409, LIM3_Paxillin, The third LIM domain of paxillin. The third LIM domain of paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсyвА0А0АаАВZcd09410, LIM3_Leupaxin, The third LIM domain of Leupaxin. The third LIM domain of Leupaxin: Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. Leupaxin belongs to the paxillin focal adhesion protein family. Same as other members of the family, it has four leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminus and four LIM domains in the C-terminus. It may function in cell type-specific signaling by associating with interaction partners PYK2, FAK, PEP and p95PKL. When expressed in human leukocytic cells, leupaxin significantly suppressed integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin and the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin. These findings indicate that leupaxin may negatively regulate the functions of paxillin during integrin signaling. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсzвА0А0АаАВ cd09411, LIM4_Paxillin, The fourth LIM domain of Paxillin. The fourth LIM domain of Paxillin: Paxillin is an adaptor protein, which recruits key components of the signal-transduction machinery to specific sub-cellular locations to respond to environmental changes rapidly. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains which target paxillin to focal adhesions, presumably through a direct association with the cytoplasmic tail of beta-integrin. The N-terminal of paxillin is leucine-rich LD-motifs. Paxillin is found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. The binding partners of paxillin are diverse and include protein tyrosine kinases, such as Src and FAK, structural proteins, such as vinculin and actopaxin, and regulators of actin organization. Paxillin recruits these proteins to their function sites to control the dynamic changes in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс{вА0А0АаАВ\cd09412, LIM4_Leupaxin, The fourth LIM domain of Leupaxin. The fourth LIM domain of Leupaxin: Leupaxin is a cytoskeleton adaptor protein, which is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells. Leupaxin belongs to the paxillin focal adhesion protein family. Same as other members of the family, it has four leucine-rich LD-motifs in the N-terminus and four LIM domains in the C-terminus. It may function in cell type-specific signaling by associating with interaction partners PYK2, FAK, PEP and p95PKL. When expressed in human leukocytic cells, leupaxin significantly suppressed integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin and the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin. These findings indicate that leupaxin may negatively regulate the functions of paxillin during integrin signaling. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс|вА0А0АаАВХcd09413, LIM1_Testin, The first LIM domain of Testin. The first LIM domain of Testin: Testin contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a PET protein-protein interaction domain at the N-terminal. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers, at cell-cell-contact areas, and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and it is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Knockout mice experiments reveal that tumor repressor function of Testin. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс}вА0А0АаАВcd09414, LIM1_LIMPETin, The first LIM domain of protein LIMPETin. The first LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the Testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс~вА0А0АаАВТcd09415, LIM1_Prickle, The first LIM domain of Prickle. The first LIM domain of Prickle: Prickle contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a N-terminal PET domain. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). PCP establishment requires the conserved Frizzled/Dishevelled PCP pathway. Prickle interacts with Dishevelled, thereby modulating Frizzled/Dishevelled activity and PCP signaling. Four forms of prickles have been identified: prickle 1-4. The best characterized is prickle 1 and prickle 2 which are differentially expressed. While prickle 1 is expressed in fetal heart and hematological malignancies, prickle 2 is found in fetal brain, adult cartilage, pancreatic islet, and some types of timorous cells. Mutations in prickle 1 have been linked to progressive myoclonus epilepsy. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсвА0А0АаАВХcd09416, LIM2_Testin, The second LIM domain of Testin. The second LIM domain of Testin: Testin contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a PET protein-protein interaction domain at the N-terminal. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers, at cell-cell-contact areas, and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and it is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Knockout mice experiments reveal that tumor repressor function of testin. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсАвА0А0АаАВ5cd09417, LIM2_LIMPETin_like, The second LIM domain of protein LIMPETin and related proteins. The second LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсБвА0А0АаАВ:cd09418, LIM2_Prickle, The second LIM domain of Prickle. The second LIM domain of Prickle: Prickle contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a N-terminal PET domain. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). PCP establishment requires the conserved Frizzled/Dishevelled PCP pathway. Prickle interacts with Dishevelled, thereby modulating Frizzled/Dishevelled activity and PCP signaling. Two forms of prickles have been identified; namely prickle 1 and prickle 2. Prickle 1 and prickle 2 are differentially expressed. While prickle 1 is expressed in fetal heart and hematological malignancies, prickle 2 is found in fetal brain, adult cartilage, pancreatic islet, and some types of timorous cells. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсВвА0А0АаАВТcd09419, LIM3_Testin, The third LIM domain of Testin. The third LIM domain of Testin: Testin contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a PET protein-protein interaction domain at the N-terminal. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers at cell-cell-contact areas and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and it is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Knockout mice experiments reveal that tumor repressor function of Testin. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсГвА0А0АаАВ8cd09420, LIM3_Prickle, The third LIM domain of Prickle. The third LIM domain of Prickle: Prickle contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a N-terminal PET domain. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). PCP establishment requires the conserved Frizzled/Dishevelled PCP pathway. Prickle interacts with Dishevelled, thereby modulating Frizzled/Dishevelled activity and PCP signaling. Two forms of prickles have been identified; namely prickle 1 and prickle 2. Prickle 1 and prickle 2 are differentially expressed. While prickle 1 is expressed in fetal heart and hematological malignancies, prickle 2 is found in fetal brain, adult cartilage, pancreatic islet, and some types of timorous cells. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсДвА0А0АаАВcd09421, LIM3_LIMPETin, The third LIM domain of protein LIMPETin. The third LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЕвА0А0АаАВПcd09422, LIM1_FHL2, The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2). The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2): FHL2 is one of the best studied FHL proteins. FHL2 expression is most abundant in the heart, and in brain, liver and lung at lesser extent. FHL2 participates in a wide range of cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell survival by binding to various protein partners. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. Although FHL2 is abundantly expressed in heart, the fhl2 null mice are viable and had no detectable abnormal cardiac phenotype. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЖвА0А0АаАВ█cd09423, LIM1_FHL3, The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3). The first LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3): FHL3 is highly expressed in the skeleton and cardiac muscles and possesses the transactivation and repression activities. FHL3 interacts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. Moreover, FHL3 interacts with alpha- and beta-subunits of the muscle alpha7beta1 integrin receptor. FHL3 was also proved to possess the auto-activation ability and was confirmed that the second zinc finger motif in fourth LIM domain was responsible for the auto-activation of FHL3. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЗвА0А0АаАВЗcd09424, LIM2_FHL1, The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1). The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсИвА0А0АаАВcd09425, LIM4_LIMPETin, The fourth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin. The fourth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the Testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЙвА0А0АаАВФcd09426, LIM2_FHL2, The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2). The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2): FHL2 is one of the best studied FHL proteins. FHL2 expression is most abundant in the heart, and in brain, liver and lung to a lesser extent. FHL2 participates in a wide range of cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell survival by binding to various protein partners. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. Although FHL2 is abundantly expressed in heart, the fhl2 null mice are viable and had no detectable abnormal cardiac phenotype. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to s upport the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсКвА0А0АаАВ▌cd09427, LIM2_FHL3, The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3). The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3): FHL3 is highly expressed in the skeleton and cardiac muscles and possesses the transactivation and repression activities. FHL3 interacts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. Moreover, FHL3 interacts with alpha- and beta-subunits of the muscle alpha7beta1 integrin receptor. FHL3 was also proved to possess the auto-activation ability and was confirmed that the second zinc finger motif in fourth LIM domain was responsible for the auto-activation of FHL3. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЛвА0А0АаАВHcd09428, LIM2_FHL5, The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 5 (FHL5). The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 5 (FHL5): FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors , which are highly expressed in male germ cells and is required for post-meiotic gene expression. FHL5 associates with CREM and confers a powerful transcriptional activation function. Activation by CREB has known to occur upon phosphorylation at an essential regulatory site and the subsequent interaction with the ubiquitous coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP). However, the activation by FHL5 is independent of phosphorylation and CBP association. It represents a new route for transcriptional activation by CREM and CREB. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсМвА0А0АаАВЕcd09429, LIM3_FHL1, The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1). The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 (FHL1): FHL1 is heavily expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. It plays important roles in muscle growth, differentiation, and sarcomere assembly by acting as a modulator of transcription factors. Defects in FHL1 gene are responsible for a number of Muscular dystrophy-like muscle disorders. It has been detected that FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсНвА0А0АаАВcd09430, LIM5_LIMPETin, The fifth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin. The fifth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсОвА0А0АаАВТcd09431, LIM3_Fhl2, The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2). The third LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2): FHL2 is one of the best studied FHL proteins. FHL2 expression is most abundant in the heart, and in brain, liver and lung to a lesser extent. FHL2 participates in a wide range of cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell survival by binding to various protein partners. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. Although FHL2 is abundantly expressed in heart, the fhl2 null mice are viable and had no detectable abnormal cardiac phenotype. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to s upport the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсПвА0А0АаАВcd09432, LIM6_LIMPETin, The sixth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin. The sixth LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсРвА0А0АаАВФcd09433, LIM4_FHL2, The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2). The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2): FHL2 is one of the best studied FHL proteins. FHL2 expression is most abundant in the heart, and in brain, liver and lung to a lesser extent. FHL2 participates in a wide range of cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell survival by binding to various protein partners. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. Although FHL2 is abundantly expressed in heart, the fhl2 null mice are viable and had no detectable abnormal cardiac phenotype. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to s upport the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсСвА0А0АаАВ▌cd09434, LIM4_FHL3, The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3). The fourth LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein 3 (FHL3): FHL3 is highly expressed in the skeleton and cardiac muscles and possesses the transactivation and repression activities. FHL3 interacts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. Moreover, FHL3 interacts with alpha- and beta-subunits of the muscle alpha7beta1 integrin receptor. FHL3 was also proved to possess the auto-activation ability and was confirmed that the second zinc finger motif in fourth LIM domain was responsible for the auto-activation of FHL3. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсТвА0А0АаАВncd09435, LIM3_Zyxin, The third LIM domain of Zyxin. The third LIM domain of Zyxin: Zyxin exhibits three copies of the LIM domain, an extensive proline-rich domain and a nuclear export signal. Localized at sites of cellsubstratum adhesion in fibroblasts, Zyxin interacts with alpha-actinin, members of the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) family, proteins that display Src homology 3 (SH3) domains and Ena/VASP family members. Zyxin and its partners have been implicated in the spatial control of actin filament assembly as well as in pathways important for cell differentiation. In addition to its functions at focal adhesion plaques, recent work has shown that zyxin moves from the sites of cell contacts to the nucleus, where it directly participates in the regulation of gene expression. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсУвА0А0АаАВTcd09436, LIM3_TRIP6, The third LIM domain of Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6). The third LIM domain of Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6): TRIP6 is a member of the zyxin LIM protein family and contains three LIM zinc-binding domains at the C-terminal. TRIP6 protein localizes to focal adhesion sites and along actin stress fibers. Recruitment of this protein to the plasma membrane occurs in a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-dependent manner. TRIP6 recruits a number of molecules involved in actin assembly, cell motility, survival and transcriptional control. The function of TRIP6 in cell motility is regulated by Src-dependent phosphorylation at a Tyr residue. The phosphorylation activates the coupling to the Crk SH2 domain, which is required for the function of TRIP6 in promoting lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced cell migration. TRIP6 can shuttle to the nucleus to serve as a coactivator of AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcriptional factors. Moreover, TRIP6 can form a ternary complex with the NHERF2 PDZ protein and LPA2 receptor to regulate LPA-induced activation of ERK and AKT, rendering cells resistant to chemotherapy. Recent evidence shows that TRIP6 antagonizes Fas-Induced apoptosis by enhancing the antiapoptotic effect of LPA in cells. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсФвА0А0АаАВ4cd09437, LIM3_LPP, The third LIM domain of lipoma preferred partner (LPP). The third LIM domain of lipoma preferred partner (LPP): LPP is a member of the zyxin LIM protein family and contains three LIM zinc-binding domains at the C-terminal and proline-rich region at the N-terminal. LPP initially identified as the most frequent translocation partner of HMGA2 (High Mobility Group A2) in a subgroup of benign tumors of adipose tissue (lipomas). It was also shown to be rearranged in a number of other soft tissues, as well as in a case of acute monoblastic leukemia. In addition to its involvement in tumors, LPP was inedited as a smooth muscle restricted LIM protein that plays an important role in SMC migration. LPP is localized at sites of cell adhesion, cell-cell contacts and transiently in the nucleus. In nucleus, it acts as a coactivator for the ETS domain transcription factor PEA3. In addition to PEA3, it interacts with alpha-actinin,vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), Palladin, and Scrib. The LIM domains are the main focal adhesion targeting elements and that the proline- rich region, which harbors binding sites for alpha-actinin and vasodilator- stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), has a weak targeting capacity. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсХвА0А0АаАВcd09438, LIM3_Ajuba_like, The third LIM domain of Ajuba-like proteins. The third LIM domain of Ajuba-like proteins: Ajuba like LIM protein family includes three highly homologous proteins Ajuba, Limd1, and WTIP. Members of the family contain three tandem C-terminal LIM domains and a proline-rich N-terminal region. This family of proteins functions as scaffolds, participating in the assembly of numerous protein complexes. In the cytoplasm, Ajuba binds Grb2 to modulate serum-stimulated ERK activation. Ajuba also recruits the TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to p62 and activates PKCKappa activity. Ajuba interacts with alpha-catenin and F-actin to contribute to the formation or stabilization of adheren junctions by linking adhesive receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Although Ajuba is a cytoplasmic protein, it can shuttle into the nucleus. In nucleus, Ajuba functions as a corepressor for the zinc finger-protein Snail. It binds to the SNAG repression domain of Snail through its LIM region. Arginine methyltransferase-5 (Prmt5), a protein in the complex, is recruited to Snai l through an interaction with Ajuba. This ternary complex functions to repress E-cadherin, a Snail target gene. In addition, Ajuba contains functional nuclear-receptor interacting motifs and selectively interacts with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and rexinoid receptor (RXRs) to negatively regulate retinoic acid signaling. Wtip, the Wt1-interacting protein, was originally identified as an interaction partner of the Wilms tumour protein 1 (WT1). Wtip is involved in kidney and neural crest development. Wtip interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 and inhibits canonical Wnt signaling. LIMD1 was reported to inhibit cell growth and metastases. The inhibition may be mediated through an interaction with the protein barrier-to-autointegration (BAF), a component of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling protein; or through the interaction with retinoblastoma protein (pRB), resulting in inhibition of E2F-mediated transcription, and expression of the majority of genes with E2F1- responsive elements. Recently, Limd1 was shown to interact with the p62/sequestosome protein and influence IL-1 and RANKL signaling by facilitating the assembly of a p62/TRAF6/a-PKC multi-protein complex. The Limd1-p62 interaction affects both NF-kappaB and AP-1 activity in epithelial cells and osteoclasts. Moreover, LIMD1 functions as tumor repressor to block lung tumor cell line in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies revealed that LIM proteins Wtip, LIMD1 and Ajuba interact with components of RNA induced silencing complexes (RISC) as well as eIF4E and the mRNA m7GTP cap-protein complex and are required for microRNA-mediated gene silencing. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЦвА0А0АаАВGcd09439, LIM_Mical, The LIM domain of Mical (molecule interacting with CasL). The LIM domain of Mical (molecule interacting with CasL): MICAL is a large, multidomain, cytosolic protein with a single LIM domain, a calponin homology (CH) domain and a flavoprotein monooxygenase domain. In Drosophila, MICAL is expressed in axons, interacts with the neuronal A (PlexA) receptor and is required for Semapho-rin 1a (Sema-1a)-PlexA-mediated repulsive axon guidance. The LIM domain and calporin homology domain are known for interactions with the cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal adaptor proteins, and other signaling proteins. The flavoprotein monooxygenase (MO) is required for semaphorin-plexin repulsive axon guidance during axonal pathfinding in the Drosophila neuromuscular system. In addition, MICAL was characterized to interact with Rab13 and Rab8 to coordinate the assembly of tight junctions and adherens junctions in epithelial cells. Thus, MICAL was also named junctional Rab13-binding protein (JRAB). As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЧвА0А0АаАВ_cd09440, LIM1_SF3, The first Lim domain of pollen specific protein SF3. The first Lim domain of pollen specific protein SF3: SF3 is a Lim protein that is found exclusively in mature plant pollen grains. It contains two LIM domains. The exact function of SF3 is unknown. It may be a transcription factor required for the expression of late pollen genes. It is possible that SF3 protein is involved in controlling pollen-specific processes such as male gamete maturation, pollen tube formation, or even fertilization. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсШвА0А0АаАВacd09441, LIM2_SF3, The second Lim domain of pollen specific protein SF3. The second Lim domain of pollen specific protein SF3: SF3 is a Lim protein that is found exclusively in mature plant pollen grains. It contains two LIM domains. The exact function of SF3 is unknown. It may be a transcription factor required for the expression of late pollen genes. It is possible that SF3 protein is involved in controlling pollen-specific processes such as male gamete maturation, pollen tube formation, or even fertilization. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЩвА0А0АаАВдcd09442, LIM_Eplin_like, The Lim domain of Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm (Eplin) like proteins. The Lim domain of Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm (Eplin) like proteins: This family contains Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm in Neoplasm (Eplin), xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2 (XIRP2) and a group of protein with unknown function. The members of this family all contain a single LIM domain. Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm is a cytoskeleton-associated tumor suppressor whose expression inversely correlates with cell growth, motility, invasion and cancer mortality. Eplin interacts and stabilizes F-actin filaments and stress fibers, which correlates with its ability to suppress anchorage independent growth. In epithelial cells, Eplin is required for formation of the F-actin adhesion belt by binding to the E-cadherin-catenin complex through alpha-catenin. Eplin is expressed in two isoforms, a longer Eplin-beta and a shorter Eplin-alpha. Eplin-alpha mRNA is detected in various tissues and cell lines, but is absent or down regulated in cancer cells. Xirp2 contains a LIM domain and Xin re peats for binding to and stabilising F-actin. Xirp2 is expressed in muscles and is significantly induced in the heart in response to systemic administration of angiotensin II. Xirp2 is an important effector of the Ang II signaling pathway in the heart. The expression of Xirp2 is activated by myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)2A, whose transcriptional activity is stimulated by angiotersin II. Thus, Xirp2 plays important pathological roles in the angiotensin II induced hypertension. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЪвА0А0АаАВ#cd09443, LIM_Ltd-1, The LIM domain of LIM and transglutaminase domains protein (Ltd-1). The LIM domain of LIM and transglutaminase domains protein (Ltd-1): This family includes mouse Ky protein and Caenorhabditis elegans Ltd-1 protein. The members of this family consists a N-terminal Lim domain and a C-terminal transglutaminase domain. The mouse Ky protein has putative function in muscle development. The mouse with ky mutant exhibits combined posterior and lateral curvature of the spine. The Ltd-1 gene in C. elegans is expressed in developing hypodermal cells from the twofold stage embryo through adulthood. These data define the ltd-1 gene as a novel marker for C. elegans epithelial cell development. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЫвА0А0АаАВlcd09444, LIM_Mical_like_1, This domain belongs to the LIM domain family which are found on Mical (molecule interacting with CasL) like proteins. The LIM domain on proteins of unknown function: This domain belongs to the LIM domain family which are found on Mical (molecule interacting with CasL) like proteins. Known members of the Mical-like family includes single LIM domain containing proteins, Mical (molecule interacting with CasL), pollen specific protein SF3, Eplin, xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2 (XIRP2), and Ltd-1. The members of this family function mainly at the cytoskeleton and focal adhesions. They interact with transcription factors or other signaling molecules to play roles in muscle development, neuronal differentiation, cell growth, and mobility. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЬвА0А0АаАВlcd09445, LIM_Mical_like_2, This domain belongs to the LIM domain family which are found on Mical (molecule interacting with CasL) like proteins. The LIM domain on proteins of unknown function: This domain belongs to the LIM domain family which are found on Mical (molecule interacting with CasL)-like proteins. Known members of the Mical-like family includes single LIM domain containing proteins, Mical (molecule interacting with CasL), pollen specific protein SF3, Eplin, xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2 (XIRP2), and Ltd-1. The members of this family function mainly at the cytoskeleton and focal adhesions. They interact with transcription factors or other signaling molecules to play roles in muscle development, neuronal differentiation, cell growth, and mobility. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЭвА0А0АаАВ╡cd09446, LIM_N_RAP, The LIM domain of N-RAP. The LIM domain of N-RAP: N-RAP is a muscle-specific protein concentrated at myotendinous junctions in skeletal muscle and intercalated disks in cardiac muscle. LIM domain is found at the N-terminus of N-RAP and the C-terminal of N-RAP contains a region with multiple of nebulin repeats. N-RAP functions as a scaffolding protein that organizes alpha-actinin and actin into symmetrical I-Z-I structures in developing myofibrils. Nebulin repeat is known as actin binding domain. The N-RAP is hypothesized to form antiparallel dimerization via its LIM domain. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЮвА0А0АаАВ\cd09447, LIM_LASP, The LIM domain of LIM and SH3 Protein (LASP). The LIM domain of LIM and SH3 Protein (LASP): LASP family contains two highly homologous members, LASP-1 and LASP-2. LASP contains a LIM motif at its amino terminus, a src homology 3 (SH3) domains at its C-terminal part, and a nebulin-like region in the middle. LASP-1 and -2 are highly conserved in their LIM, nebulin-like, and SH3 domains ,but differ significantly at their linker regions. Both proteins are ubiquitously expressed and involved in cytoskeletal architecture, especially in the organization of focal adhesions. LASP-1 and LASP-2, are important during early embryo- and fetogenesis and are highly expressed in the central nervous system of the adult. However, only LASP-1 seems to participate significantly in neuronal differentiation and plays an important functional role in migration and proliferation of certain cancer cells while the role of LASP-2 is more structural. The expression of LASP-1 in breast tumors is increased significantly. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЯвА0А0АаАВеcd09448, LIM_CLP36, This family represents the LIM domain of CLP36. This family represents the LIM domain of CLP36. CLP36 has also been named as CLIM1, Elfin, or PDLIM1. CLP36 contains a C-terminal LIM domain and an N-terminal PDZ domain. CLP36 is highly expressed in heart and is present in many other tissues including lung, liver, spleen, and blood. CLP36 has been implicated in many processes including hypoxia and regulation of actin stress fibers. CLP36 co-localizes with alpha-actinin-2 at the Z-lines in myocardium. In addition, CLP36 binds to alpha-actinin-1 and alpha-actinin-4, and associates with F-actin filaments and stress fibers. CLP36 might be involved in not only the function of sarcomeres in muscle cells, but also in actin stress fiber-mediated cellular processes, such as cell shape, migration, polarit, and cytokinesis in non-muscle cells. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсавА0А0АаАВзcd09449, LIM_Mystique, The LIM domain of Mystique, a subfamily of ALP LIM domain proteins. The LIM domain of Mystique, a subfamily of ALP LIM domain proteins: Mystique is the most recently identified member of the ALP protein family. It also interacts with alpha-actinin, as other ALP proteins do. Mystique promotes cell attachment and migration and suppresses anchorage-independent growth. The LIM domain of Mystique is required for the suppression function. Moreover, Mystique functions as an ubiquitin E3 ligase acting on STAT proteins to cause their proteosome mediated degradation. As in all LIM domains, this domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсбвА0А0АаАВ┬cd09450, LIM_ALP, This family represents the LIM domain of ALP, actinin-associated LIM protein. This family represents the LIM domain of ALP, actinin-associated LIM protein. ALP contains an N-terminal PDZ domain, a C-terminal LIM domain and an ALP-subfamily-specific 34-amino-acid motif termed ALP-like motif (AM), which contains a putative consensus protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site and two alpha-helices. ALP proteins are found in heart and in skeletal muscle. ALP may act as a signaling molecule which is regulated by PKC-dependent signaling. ALP plays an essential role in the development of RV (right ventricle) chamber. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсввА0А0АаАВhcd09451, LIM_RIL, The LIM domain of RIL. The LIM domain of RIL: RIL contains an N-terminal PDZ domain, a LIM domain, and a short consensus C-terminal region. It is the smallest molecule in the ALP LIM domain containing protein family. RIL was identified in rat fibroblasts and in human lymphocytes. The LIM domain interacts with the AMPA glutamate receptor in dendritic spines. The consensus C-terminus interacts with PTP-BL, a submembranous protein tyrosine phosphatase and the PDZ domain is responsible to interact with alpha-actinin molecules. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсгвА0А0АаАВ┐cd09452, LIM1_Enigma, The first LIM domain of Enigma. The first LIM domain of Enigma: Enigma was initially characterized in humans as a protein containing three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. Enigma is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсдвА0А0АаАВ$cd09453, LIM1_ENH, The first LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family. The first LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family: ENH was initially identified in rat brain. Same as enigma, it contains three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. ENH is implicated in signal transduction processes involving protein kinases. It has also been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ENH is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсевА0А0АаАВ:cd09454, LIM1_ZASP_Cypher, The first LIM domain of ZASP/Cypher family. The first LIM domain of ZASP/Cypher family: ZASP was identified in human heart and skeletal muscle and Cypher is a mice ortholog of ZASP. ZASP/Cyppher contains three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсжвА0А0АаАВcd09455, LIM1_Enigma_like_1, The first LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function. The first LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three characterized members: Enigma, ENH and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. They serve as adaptor proteins, where the PDZ domain tethers the protein to the cytoskeleton and the LIM domains, recruit signaling proteins to implement corresponding functions. The members of the Enigma family have been implicated in regulating or organizing cytoskeletal structure, as well as involving multiple signaling pathways. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсзвА0А0АаАВ├cd09456, LIM2_Enigma, The second LIM domain of Enigma. The second LIM domain of Enigma: Enigma was initially characterized in humans as a protein containing three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. Enigma is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсивА0А0АаАВ%cd09457, LIM2_ENH, The second LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family. The second LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family: ENH was initially identified in rat brain. Same as enigma, it contains three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. ENH is implicated in signal transduction processes involving protein kinases. It has also been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ENH is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсйвА0А0АаАВ┴cd09458, LIM3_Enigma, The third LIM domain of Enigma. The third LIM domain of Enigma: Enigma was initially characterized in humans as a protein containing three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. Enigma is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсквА0А0АаАВ#cd09459, LIM3_ENH, The third LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family. The third LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family: ENH was initially identified in rat brain. Same as enigma, it contains three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. ENH is implicated in signal transduction processes involving protein kinases. It has also been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ENH is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАслвА0А0АаАВ:cd09460, LIM3_ZASP_Cypher, The third LIM domain of ZASP/Cypher family. The third LIM domain of ZASP/Cypher family: ZASP was identified in human heart and skeletal muscle and Cypher is a mice ortholog of ZASP. ZASP/Cyppher contains three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсмвА0А0АаАВcd09461, LIM3_Enigma_like_1, The third LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function. The third LIM domain of an Enigma subfamily with unknown function: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three characterized members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. They serve as adaptor proteins, where the PDZ domain tethers the protein to the cytoskeleton and the LIM domains, recruit signaling proteins to implement corresponding functions. The members of the enigma family have been implicated in regulating or organizing cytoskeletal structure, as well as involving multiple signaling pathways. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАснвА0А0АаАВcd09464, LIM2_LIMK1, The second LIM domain of LIMK1 (LIM domain Kinase 1). The second LIM domain of LIMK1 (LIM domain Kinase 1): LIMK1 belongs to the LIMK protein family, which comprises LIMK1 and LIMK2. LIMK contains two LIM domains, a PDZ domain, and a kinase domain. LIMK is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization and microtubule disassembly. LIMK influences architecture of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activity of the cofilin family proteins cofilin1, cofilin2, and destrin. The mechanism of the activation is to phosphorylates cofilin on serine 3 and inactivates its actin-severing activity, and altering the rate of actin depolymerization. LIMKs can function in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Both LIMK1 and LIMK2 can act in the nucleus to suppress Rac/Cdc42-dependent cyclin D1 expression. LIMK1 is expressed in all tissues and is localized to focal adhesions in the cell. LIMK1 can form homodimers upon binding of HSP90 and is activated by Rho effector Rho kinase and MAPKAPK2. LIMK1 is important for normal central nervous system development, and its deletion has been implicated in the development of the human genetic disorder Williams syndrome. Moreover, LIMK1 up-regulates the promoter activity of urokinase type plasminogen activator and induces its mRNA and protein expression in breast cancer cells. The LIM domains have been shown to play an important role in regulating kinase activity and likely also contribute to LIMK function by acting as sites of protein-to-protein interactions. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс░вА0А0АаАВxcd09465, LIM2_LIMK2, The second LIM domain of LIMK2 (LIM domain Kinase 2). The second LIM domain of LIMK2 (LIM domain Kinase 2): LIMK2 is a member of the LIMK protein family, which comprises LIMK1 and LIMK2. LIMK contains two LIM domains, a PDZ domain, and a kinase domain. LIMK is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization and microtubule disassembly. LIMK influences architecture of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activity of the cofilin family proteins cofilin1, cofilin2, and destrin. The mechanism of the activation is to phosphorylates cofilin on serine 3 and inactivates its actin-severing activity, altering the rate of actin depolymerisation. LIMK activity is activated by phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the activation loop of the kinase by p21-activated kinases 1 and 4 and by Rho kinase. LIMKs can function in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Both LIMK1 and LIMK2 can act in the nucleus to suppress Rac/Cdc42-dependent cyclin D1 expression. LIMK2 is expressed in all tissues. While LIMK1 localizes mainly at focal adhesions, LIMK2 is found in cytoplasmic punctae, suggesting that they may have different cellular functions. The activity of LIM kinase 2 to regulate cofilin phosphorylation is inhibited by the direct binding of Par-3. LIMK2 activation promotes cell cycle progression. The phenotype of Limk2 knockout mice shows a defect in spermatogenesis. The LIM domains have been shown to play an important role in regulating kinase activity and likely also contribute to LIMK function by acting as sites of protein-to-protein interactions. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс▒вА0А0АаАВЧcd09466, LIM1_Lhx3a, The first LIM domain of Lhx3a. The first LIM domain of Lhx3a: Lhx3a is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx3a is one of the two isoforms of Lhx3. The Lhx3 gene is expressed in the ventral spinal cord, the pons, the medulla oblongata, and the pineal gland of the developing nervous system during mouse embryogenesis, and transcripts are found in the emergent pituitary gland. Lhx3 functions in concert with other transcription factors to specify interneuron and motor neuron fates during development. Lhx3 proteins have been demonstrated to directly bind to the promoters of several pituitary hormone gene promoters. The Lhx3 gene encodes two isoforms, LHX3a and LHX3b that differ in their amino-terminal sequences, where Lhx3a has longer N-terminal. They show differential activation of pituitary hormone genes and distinct DNA binding properties. In human, Lhx3a trans-activated the alpha-glycoprotein subunit promoter and genes containing a high-affinity Lhx3 binding site more effectively than the hLhx3b isoform. In addition, hLhx3a induce transcription of the TSHbeta-subunit gene by acting on pituitary POU domain factor, Pit-1, while hLhx3b does not. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс▓вА0А0АаАВЧcd09467, LIM1_Lhx3b, The first LIM domain of Lhx3b. The first LIM domain of Lhx3b. Lhx3b is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx3b is one of the two isoforms of Lhx3. The Lhx3 gene is expressed in the ventral spinal cord, the pons, the medulla oblongata, and the pineal gland of the developing nervous system during mouse embryogenesis, and transcripts are found in the emergent pituitary gland. Lhx3 functions in concert with other transcription factors to specify interneuron and motor neuron fates during development. Lhx3 proteins have been demonstrated to directly bind to the promoters of several pituitary hormone gene promoters. The Lhx3 gene encodes two isoforms, LHX3a and LHX3b that differ in their amino-terminal sequences, where Lhx3a has longer N-terminal. They show differential activation of pituitary hormone genes and distinct DNA binding properties. In human, Lhx3a trans-activated the alpha-glycoprotein subunit promoter and genes containing a high-affinity Lhx3 binding site more effectively than the hLhx3b isoform. In addition, hLhx3a induce transcription of the TSHbeta-subunit gene by acting on pituitary POU domain factor, Pit-1, while hLhx3b does not. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс│вА0А0АаАВcd09468, LIM1_Lhx4, The first LIM domain of Lhx4. The first LIM domain of Lhx4. Lhx4 belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. LHX4 plays essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. In mice, the lhx4 gene is expressed in the developing hindbrain, cerebral cortex, pituitary gland, and spinal cord. LHX4 shows significant sequence similarity to LHX3, particularly to isoforms Lhx3a. In gene regulation experiments, the LHX4 protein exhibits regulation roles towards pituitary genes, acting on their promoters/enhancers. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс┤вА0А0АаАВЄcd09469, LIM1_Lhx2, The first LIM domain of Lhx2. The first LIM domain of Lhx2: Lhx2 belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. In animals, Lhx2 plays important roles in eye, cerebral cortex, limb, the olfactory organs, and erythrocyte development. Lhx2 gene knockout mice exhibit impaired patterning of the cortical hem and the telencephalon of the developing brain, and a lack of development in olfactory structures. The Lhx2 protein has been shown to bind to the mouse M71 olfactory receptor promoter. Similar to other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╡вА0А0АаАВ2cd09470, LIM1_Lhx9, The first LIM domain of Lhx9. The first LIM domain of Lhx9: Lhx9 belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx9 is highly homologous to Lhx2. It is expressed in several regions of the developing mouse brain, the spinal cord, the pancreas, in limb mesenchyme, and in the urogenital region. Lhx9 plays critical roles in gonad development. Homozygous mice lacking functional Lhx9 alleles exhibit numerous urogenital defects, such as gonadal agenesis, infertility, and undetectable levels of testosterone and estradiol coupled with high FSH levels. Lhx9 null mice have reduced levels of the Sf1 nuclear receptor that is required for gonadogenesis, and recent studies have shown that Lhx9 is able to activate the Sf1/FtzF1 gene. Lhx9 null mice are phenotypically female, even those that are genotypically male. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╢вА0А0АаАВpcd09471, LIM2_Isl2, The second LIM domain of Isl2. The second LIM domain of Isl2: Isl is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Isl proteins are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. Isl1 and Isl2 are the two conserved members of this family. Mouse Isl2 is expressed in the retinal ganglion cells and the developing spinal cord where it plays a role in motor neuron development. Isl2 may be able to bind to the insulin gene enhancer to promote gene activation. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╖вА0А0АаАВЪcd09472, LIM2_Lhx3b, The second LIM domain of Lhx3b. The second LIM domain of Lhx3b. Lhx3b is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx3b is one of the two isoforms of Lhx3. The Lhx3 gene is expressed in the ventral spinal cord, the pons, the medulla oblongata, and the pineal gland of the developing nervous system during mouse embryogenesis, and transcripts are found in the emergent pituitary gland. Lhx3 functions in concert with other transcription factors to specify interneuron and motor neuron fates during development. Lhx3 proteins have been demonstrated to directly bind to the promoters of several pituitary hormone gene promoters. The Lhx3 gene encodes two isoforms, LHX3a and LHX3b that differ in their amino-terminal sequences, where Lhx3a has longer N-terminal. They show differential activation of pituitary hormone genes and distinct DNA binding properties. In human, Lhx3a trans-activated the alpha-glycoprotein subunit promoter and genes containing a high-affinity Lhx3 binding site more effectively than the hLhx3b isoform. In addition, hLhx3a induce transcription of the TSHbeta-subunit gene by acting on pituitary POU domain factor, Pit-1, while hLhx3b does not. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╕вА0А0АаАВcd09473, LIM2_Lhx4, The second LIM domain of Lhx4. The second LIM domain of Lhx4. Lhx4 belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. LHX4 plays essential roles in pituitary gland and nervous system development. In mice, the lhx4 gene is expressed in the developing hindbrain, cerebral cortex, pituitary gland, and spinal cord. LHX4 shows significant sequence similarity to LHX3, particularly to isoforms Lhx3a. In gene regulation experiments, the LHX4 protein exhibits regulation roles towards pituitary genes, acting on their promoters/enhancers. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╣вА0А0АаАВїcd09474, LIM2_Lhx2, The second LIM domain of Lhx2. The second LIM domain of Lhx2: Lhx2 belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. In animals, Lhx2 plays important roles in eye, cerebral cortex, limb, the olfactory organs, and erythrocyte development. Lhx2 gene knockout mice exhibit impaired patterning of the cortical hem and the telencephalon of the developing brain, and a lack of development in olfactory structures. The Lhx2 protein has been shown to bind to the mouse M71 olfactory receptor promoter. Similar to other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс║вА0А0АаАВ3cd09475, LIM2_Lhx9, The second LIM domain of Lhx9. The second LIM domain of Lhx9: Lhx9 belongs to the LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx9 is highly homologous to Lhx2. It is expressed in several regions of the developing mouse brain, the spinal cord, the pancreas, in limb mesenchyme, and in the urogenital region. Lhx9 plays critical roles in gonad development. Homozygous mice lacking functional Lhx9 alleles exhibit numerous urogenital defects, such as gonadal agenesis, infertility, and undetectable levels of testosterone and estradiol coupled with high FSH levels. Lhx9 null mice have reduced levels of the Sf1 nuclear receptor that is required for gonadogenesis, and recent studies have shown that Lhx9 is able to activate the Sf1/FtzF1 gene. Lhx9 null mice are phenotypically female, even those that are genotypically male. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╗вА0А0АаАВ cd09476, LIM1_TLP, The first LIM domain of thymus LIM protein (TLP). The first LIM domain of thymus LIM protein (TLP): TLP is the distant member of the CRP family of proteins. TLP has two isomers (TLP-A and TLP-B) and sharing approximately 30% with each of the three other CRPs. Like CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3/MLP, TLP has two LIM domains, connected by a flexible linker region. Unlike the CRPs, TLP lacks the nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K) and is localized solely in the cytoplasm. TLP is specifically expressed in the thymus in a subset of cortical epithelial cells. TLP has a role in development of normal thymus and in controlling the development and differentiation of thymic epithelial cells. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╝вА0А0АаАВ cd09477, LIM2_TLP, The second LIM domain of thymus LIM protein (TLP). The second LIM domain of thymus LIM protein (TLP): TLP is the distant member of the CRP family of proteins. TLP has two isomers (TLP-A and TLP-B) and sharing approximately 30% with each of the three other CRPs. Like CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3/MLP, TLP has two LIM domains, connected by a flexible linker region. Unlike the CRPs, TLP lacks the nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K) and is localized solely in the cytoplasm. TLP is specifically expressed in the thymus in a subset of cortical epithelial cells. TLP has a role in development of normal thymus and in controlling the development and differentiation of thymic epithelial cells. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╜вА0А0АаАВ=cd09478, LIM_CRIP, The LIM domain of Cysteine-Rich Intestinal Protein (CRIP). The LIM domain of Cysteine-Rich Intestinal Protein (CRIP): CRIP is a short protein with only one LIM domain. CRIP gene is developmentally regulated and can be induced by glucocorticoid hormones during the first three postnatal weeks. The domain shows close sequence homology to LIM domain of thymus LIM protein. However, unlike the TLP proteins which have two LIM domains, the members of this family have only one LIM domain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╛вА0А0АаАВїcd09479, LIM1_CRP1, The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 1 (CRP1). The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 1 (CRP1): Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to a short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP and TLP. CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription circuits, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network. CRP1 can associate with the actin cytoskeleton and are capable of interacting with alpha-actinin and zyxin. CRP1 was shown to regulate actin filament bundling by interaction with alpha-actinin and direct binding to actin filaments. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс┐вА0А0АаАВ+cd09480, LIM1_CRP2, The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 2 (CRP2). The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 2 (CRP2): The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP and TLP. CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription circuits, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network. CRP2 specifically binds to protein inhibitor of activated STAT-1 (PIAS1) and a novel human protein designed CRP2BP (for CRP2 binding partner). PIAS1 specifically inhibits the STAT-1 pathway and CRP2BP is homologous to members of the histone acetyltransferase family raising the possibility that CRP2 is a modulator of cytokine-controlled pathways or is functionally active in the transcriptional regulatory network. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс└вА0А0АаАВГcd09481, LIM1_CRP3, The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 3 (CRP3/MLP). The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 3 (CRP3/MLP): Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP and TLPCRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription circuits, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network.CRP3 also called Muscle LIM Protein (MLP), which is a striated muscle-specific factor that enhances myogenic differentiation. CRP3/MLP interacts with cytoskeletal protein beta-spectrin. CRP3/MLP also interacts with the basic helix-loop-helix myogenic transcriptio n factors MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 thereby increasing their affinity for specific DNA regulatory elements. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс┴вА0А0АаАВЮcd09482, LIM2_CRP3, The second LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 3 (CRP3/MLP). The second LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 3 (CRP3/MLP): Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP and TLPCRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription circuits, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network.CRP3 also called Muscle LIM Protein (MLP), which is a striated muscle-specific factor that enhances myogenic differentiation. The second LIM domain of CRP3/MLP interacts with cytoskeletal protein beta-spectrin. CRP3/MLP also interacts with the basic helix-loop-helix myogenic transcription factors MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 thereby increasing their affinity for specific DNA regulatory elements. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс┬вА0А0АаАВPcd09483, LIM1_Prickle_1, The first LIM domain of Prickle 1. The first LIM domain of Prickle 1. Prickle contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a N-terminal PET domain Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). PCP establishment requires the conserved Frizzled/Dishevelled PCP pathway. Prickle interacts with Dishevelled, thereby modulating Frizzled/Dishevelled activity and PCP signaling. Four forms of prickles have been identified: prickle 1-4. The best characterized is prickle 1 and prickle 2 which are differentially expressed. While prickle 1 is expressed in fetal heart and hematological malignancies, prickle 2 is found in mainly expressed in fetal brain, adult cartilage, pancreatic islet, and some types of timorous cells. In addition, Prickle 1 regulates cell movements during gastrulation and neuronal migration through interaction with the noncanonical Wnt11/Wnt5 pathway in zebrafish. Mutations in prickle 1 have been linked to progressive myoclonus epilepsy. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс├вА0А0АаАВЧcd09484, LIM1_Prickle_2, The first LIM domain of Prickle 2. The first LIM domain of Prickle 2: Prickle contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a N-terminal PET domain. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). PCP establishment requires the conserved Frizzled/Dishevelled PCP pathway. Prickle interacts with Dishevelled, thereby modulating Frizzled/Dishevelled activity and PCP signaling. Four forms of prickles have been identified: prickle 1-4. The best characterized is prickle 1 and prickle 2 which are differentially expressed. While prickle 1 is expressed in fetal heart and hematological malignancies, prickle 2 is found in fetal brain, adult cartilage, pancreatic islet, and some types of timorous cells. Mutations in prickle 1 have been linked to progressive myoclonus epilepsy. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс─вА0А0АаАВЦcd09485, LIM_Eplin_alpha_beta, The Lim domain of Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm (Eplin). The Lim domain of Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm (Eplin): Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm is a cytoskeleton-associated tumor suppressor whose expression inversely correlates with cell growth, motility, invasion and cancer mortality. Eplin interacts and stabilizes F-actin filaments and stress fibers, which correlates with its ability to suppress anchorage independent growth. In epithelial cells, Eplin is required for formation of the F-actin adhesion belt by binding to the E-cadherin-catenin complex through alpha-catenin. Eplin is expressed in two isoforms, a longer Eplin-beta and a shorter Eplin-alpha. Eplin-alpha mRNA is detected in various tissues and cell lines, but is absent or down regulated in cancer cells. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс┼вА0А0АаАВvcd09486, LIM_Eplin_like_1, a LIM domain subfamily on a group of proteins with unknown function. This model represents a LIM domain subfamily of Eplin-like family. This family shows highest homology to the LIM domains on Eplin and XIRP2 protein families. Epithelial Protein Lost in Neoplasm is a cytoskeleton-associated tumor suppressor whose expression inversely correlates with cell growth, motility, invasion and cancer mortality. Xirp2 is expressed in muscles and is an important effector of the Ang II signaling pathway in the heart. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╞вА0А0АаАВcd09487, SAM_superfamily, SAM (Sterile alpha motif ). SAM (Sterile Alpha Motif) domain is a module consisting of approximately 70 amino acids. This domain is found in the Fungi/Metazoa group and in a restricted number of bacteria. Proteins with SAM domains are represented by a wide variety of domain architectures and have different intracellular localization, including nucleus, cytoplasm and membranes. SAM domains have diverse functions. They can interact with proteins, RNAs and membrane lipids, contain site of phosphorylation and/or kinase docking site, and play a role in protein homo and hetero dimerization/oligomerization in processes ranging from signal transduction to regulation of transcription. Mutations in SAM domains have been linked to several diseases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╓вА0А0АаАВcd09488, SAM_EPH-R, SAM domain of EPH family of tyrosine kinase receptors. SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain of EPH (erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte) family of receptor tyrosine kinases is a C-terminal signal transduction module located in the cytoplasmic region of these receptors. SAM appears to mediate cell-cell initiated signal transduction via binding proteins to a conserved tyrosine that is phosphorylated. In some cases the SAM domain mediates homodimerization/oligomerization and plays a role in the clustering process necessary for signaling. EPH kinases are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases. They are classified into two groups based on their abilities to bind ephrin-A and ephrin-B ligands. The EPH receptors are involved in regulation of cell movement, shape, and attachment during embryonic development; they control cell-cell interactions in the vascular, nervous, epithelial, and immune systems, and in many tumors. They are potential molecular markers for cancer diagnostics and potential targets for cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╫вА0А0АаАВ%cd09489, SAM_Smaug-like, SAM (Sterile alpha motif ). SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain of Smaug-like subfamily proteins is an RNA binding domain. SAM interacts with stem-loop structures in target mRNAs. Proteins of this subfamily are post-transcriptional regulators involved in mRNA silencing and deadenylation; they can be implicated in transcript stability regulation and vacuolar protein transport as well. SAM_Smaug-like domain-containing proteins are found in metazoa from yeast to human. In animals they are active during early embryogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╪вА0А0АаАВвА0А0АаАВ╒cd09592, SAM_DLC2, SAM domain of STARD13-like subfamily. SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain of DLC2 (Deleted in liver cancer) protein is a lipid-binding and putative protein-protein interaction domain located at the N-terminus of the protein. Members of this subfamily do not form dimers/oligomers through their SAM domains. They participate in lipid transfer. Human Dlc2 gene is known as a tumor suppressor gene. It was found underexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт?вА0А0АаАВcd09593, UDG_like, Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDG) and related enzymes. Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDG) catalyzes the removal of uracil from DNA, which initiates the DNA base excision repair pathway. Uracil in DNA can arise as a result of mis-incorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or via deamination of cytosine. Uracil in DNA mispaired with guanine is one of the major pro-mutagenic events, causing G:C->A:T mutations. Thus, UDG is an essential enzyme for maintaining the integrity of genetic information. At least five UDG families have been characterized so far; these families share similar overall folds and common active site motifs. They demonstrate different substrate specificities, but often the function of one enzyme can be complemented by the other. Family 1 enzymes are active against uracil in both ssDNA and dsDNA, and recognize uracil explicitly in an extrahelical conformation via a combination of protein and bound-water interactions. Family 2 enzymes are mismatch specific and explicitly recognize the widowed guanine on the complementary strand, rather than the extrahelical scissile pyrimidine. This allows a broader specificity so that some Family 2 enzymes can excise uracil as well as 3, N(4)-ethenocytosine from mismatches with guanine. A Family 3 UDG from human was first characterized to remove Uracil from ssDNA, hence the name hSMUG (single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase). However, subsequent research has shown that hSMUG1 and its rat ortholog can remove uracil and its oxidized pyrimidine derivatives from both, ssDNA and dsDNA. Enzymes in Families 4 and 5 are both thermostable. Family 4 enzymes specifically recognize uracil in a manner similar to human UDG (Family 1), rather than guanine in the complementary strand DNA, as does E. coli MUG (Family 2). These results suggest that the mechanism by which Family 4 UDGs remove uracils from DNA is similar to that of Family 1 enzyme. Although Family 5 enzymes are close relatives of Family 4, they show different substrate specificities.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ}cd09594, GluZincin, Peptidase Gluzincin family (thermolysin-like proteinases, TLPs) includes peptidases M1, M2, M3, M4, M13, M32 and M36 (fungalysins). Gluzincin family (thermolysin-like peptidases or TLPs) includes several zinc-dependent metallopeptidases such as the M1, M2, M3, M4, M13, M32, M36 peptidases (MEROPS classification), and contain HEXXH and EXXXD motifs as part of their active site. All peptidases in this family bind a single catalytic zinc ion which is tetrahedrally co-ordinated by three amino acid ligands and a water molecule that forms the nucleophile on activation during catalysis. M1 family includes aminopeptidase N (APN) and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). APN preferentially cleaves neutral amino acids from the N-terminus of oligopeptides and is present in a variety of human tissues and cell types. LTA4H is a bifunctional enzyme, possessing an aminopeptidase as well as an epoxide hydrolase activity such that the two activities occupy different, but overlapping sites. The peptidase M3 or neurolysin-like family, includes M3, M2 and M32 metallopeptidases. The M3 peptidases have two subfamilies: M3A, includes thimet oligopeptidase (TOP; endopeptidase 3.4.24.15), neurolysin (3.4.24.16), and the mitochondrial intermediate peptidase; M3B contains oligopeptidase F. M2 peptidase angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) catalyzes the conversion of decapeptide angiotensin I to the potent vasopressor octapeptide angiotensin II. ACE is a key part of the renin-angiotensin system that regulates blood pressure, thus ACE inhibitors are important for the treatment of hypertension. M32 family includes two eukaryotic enzymes from protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, a causative agent of Chagas' disease, and Leishmania major, a parasite that causes leishmaniasis, making them attractive targets for drug development. The M4 family includes secreted protease thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.27), pseudolysin, aureolysin, neutral protease as well as fungalysin and bacillolysin (EC 3.4.24.28) that degrade extracellular proteins and peptides for bacterial nutrition, especially prior to sporulation. Thermolysin is widely used as a nonspecific protease to obtain fragments for peptide sequencing as well as in production of the artificial sweetener aspartame. M13 family includes neprilysin (EC 3.4.24.11) and endothelin-converting enzyme I (ECE-1, EC 3.4.24.71), which fulfill a broad range of physiological roles due to the greater variation in the S2' subsite allowing substrate specificity and are prime therapeutic targets for selective inhibition. Peptidase M36 (fungamysin) family includes endopeptidases from pathogenic fungi. Fungalysin hydrolyzes extracellular matrix proteins such as elastin and keratin. Aspergillus fumigatus causes the pulmonary disease aspergillosis by invading the lungs of immuno-compromised animals and secreting fungalysin that possibly breaks down proteinaceous structural barriers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтIвА0А0АаАВcd09595, M1, Peptidase M1 family contains aminopeptidase N and leukotriene A4 hydrolase. M1 Peptidase family includes aminopeptidase N (APN) and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). All peptidases in this family bind a single catalytic zinc ion which is tetrahedrally co-ordinated by three amino acid ligands and a water molecule that forms the nucleophile on activation during catalysis. APN consists of a small N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a single transmembrane domain and a large extracellular ectodomain that contains the active site. It preferentially cleaves neutral amino acids from the N-terminus of oligopeptides and is present in a variety of human tissues and cell types. APN expression is dysregulated in many inflammatory diseases and is enhanced in numerous tumor cells, making it a lead target in the development of anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. LTA4H is a bifunctional enzyme, possessing an aminopeptidase as well as an epoxide hydrolase activity. The two activities occupy different, but overlapping sites. The activity and physiological relevance of the aminopeptidase in LTA4H is as yet unknown while the epoxide hydrolase converts leukotriene A4 (LTA4) into leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent chemotaxin that is fundamental to the inflammatory response of mammals.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтJвА0А0АаАВ\cd09596, M36, Peptidase M36 family also known as fungalysin family. Peptidase M36 protease family, also known as fungalysin (elastinolytic metalloproteinase) family, includes endopeptidases from pathogenic fungi. Fungalysin can hydrolyze extracellular matrix proteins such as elastin and keratin, with a preference for cleavage on the amino side of hydrophobic residues with bulky side-chains. This family is similar to the M4 (thermolysin) family due to the presence of the active site residues in HEXXH and EXXXD motifs, as well as its fold prediction. Some of these enzymes also contain a protease-associated (PA) domain insert. The eukaryotic M36 and bacterial M4 families of metalloproteases also share a conserved domain in their propeptides called FTP (fungalysin/thermolysin propeptide). Aspergillus fumigatus causes the pulmonary disease aspergillosis by invading the lungs of immuno-compromised animals. It secretes fungalysin that possibly breaks down proteinaceous structural barriers. A solid lesion known as an aspergilloma can grow in a lung cavity, particularly following recovery from tuberculosis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтKвА0А0АаАВ┘cd09597, M4_neutral_protease, Peptidase M4 family includes thermolysin, protealysin, aureolysin and neutral protease. This peptidase M4 family includes several endopeptidases such as thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.27), aureolysin (the extracellular metalloproteinase from Staphylococcus aureus), neutral protease from Bacillus cereus and protealysin. These enzymes have a two-domain structure with the active site between the domains. The N-terminal domain contains the HEXXH zinc-binding motif while the helical C-terminal domain, which is unique for the family, carries the third zinc ligand. Most of these secreted proteases degrade extracellular proteins and peptides for bacterial nutrition, especially prior to sporulation. They have N-terminal propeptides that assist in folding and are removed autocatalytically. Thermolysin is widely used as a nonspecific protease to obtain fragments for peptide sequencing. It has also been used in production of the artificial sweetener aspartame.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтLвА0А0АаАВacd09598, M4_uncharacterized, Peptidase M4 family containing mostly uncharacterized proteins. This family of uncharacterized bacterial proteins are homologs of the M4 peptidase family that is also known as the thermolysin-like peptidase (TLP) family. Typically, the M4 peptidases consist of a presequence (signal sequence), a propeptide sequence and a peptidase unit. The presequence is cleaved off during export while the propeptide has inhibitory and chaperone functions and facilitates folding. The propeptide remains attached until the peptidase is secreted and can be safely activated. All peptidases in this family bind a single catalytic zinc ion which is tetrahedrally co-ordinated by three amino acid ligands and a water molecule that forms the nucleophile on activation during catalysis. TLPs are secreted eubacterial endopeptidases from Gram-positive or Gram-negative sources that degrade extracellular proteins and peptides for bacterial nutrition. They contain HEXXH and EXXXD motifs as part of their active site and belong to the Glu-zincins family and are selectively inhibited by Steptomyces metalloproteinase inhibitor (SMPI) as well as by phosphoramidon from Streptomyces tanashiensis. A large number of these enzymes are implicated as key factors in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma, cholera and several types of bacterial infections, and are therefore important drug targets. Some enzymes of the family can function at extremes of temperatures, while some function in organic solvents, thus rendering them novel targets for biotechnological applications.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтMвА0А0АаАВ[cd09599, M1_LTA4H, Peptidase M1 family contains leukotriene A4 hydrolase. This family includes leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H; E.C. 3.3.2.6) and the close homolog cold-active aminopeptidase (Colwellia psychrerythraea-type peptidase; ColAP), both members of the aminopeptidase M1 family. LTA4H, is a bifunctional enzyme possessing an aminopeptidase as well as an epoxide hydrolase activity. The two activities occupy different, but overlapping sites. The activity and physiological relevance of the aminopeptidase is as yet unknown while the epoxide hydrolase converts leukotriene A4 (LTA4) into leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent chemotaxin that is fundamental to the inflammatory response of mammals. It accepts a variety of substrates, including some opioid, di- and tripeptides, as well as chromogenic aminoacyl-p-nitroanilide derivatives. The aminopeptidase activity of LTA4H is possibly involved in the processing of peptides related to inflammation and host defense. Kinetic analysis shows that LTA4H hydrolyzes arginyl tripeptides with high efficiency and specificity, indicating its function as an arginyl aminopeptidase. LTA4H is overexpressed in certain human cancers, and has been identified as a functionally important target for mediating anticancer properties of resveratrol, a well known red wine polyphenolic compound with cancer chemopreventive activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтNвА0А0АаАВhcd09600, M1_APN_1, Peptidase M1 family containing Aminopeptidase N. This family contains aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13; Alanyl aminopeptidase; EC 3.4.11.2), a Type II integral membrane protease belonging to the M1 gluzincin family. It includes bacterial-type alanyl aminopeptidases as well as PfA-M1 aminopeptidase (Plasmodium falciparum-type). APN consists of a small N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a single transmembrane domain and a large extracellular ectodomain that contains the active site. It preferentially cleaves neutral amino acids from the N-terminus of oligopeptides and, in higher eukaryotes, is present in a variety of human tissues and cell types (leukocyte, fibroblast, endothelial and epithelial cells). APN expression is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases such as chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis/dermatomyosytis and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and is enhanced in tumor cells such as melanoma, renal, prostate, pancreas, colon, gastric and thyroid cancers. It is predominantly expressed on stem cells and on cells of the granulocytic and monocytic lineages at distinct stages of differentiation, thus considered a marker of differentiation. Thus, APN inhibition may lead to the development of anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. APNs are also present in many pathogenic bacteria and represent potential drug targets, Some APNs have been used commercially, such as one from Lactococcus lactis used in the food industry. APN also serves as a receptor for coronaviruses, although the virus receptor interaction site seems to be distinct from the enzymatic site and aminopeptidase activity is not necessary for viral infection. APNs have also been extensively studied as putative Cry toxin receptors. Cry1 proteins are pore-forming toxins that bind to the midgut epithelial cell membrane of susceptible insect larvae, causing extensive damage. Several different toxins, including Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca and Cry1Fa, have been shown to bind to APNs; however, a direct role of APN in cytotoxicity has been yet to be firmly established.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтOвА0А0АаАВиcd09601, M1_APN_2, Peptidase M1 Aminopeptidase N family incudes tricorn interacting factor F3, Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), Aminopeptidase Q (APQ). This M1 peptidase family includes eukaryotic and bacterial members: aminopeptidase N (APN), aminopeptidase Q (APQ, laeverin), endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) as well as tricorn interacting factor F3. Aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13; Alanyl aminopeptidase; EC 3.4.11.2), a Type II integral membrane protease, consists of a small N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a single transmembrane domain and a large extracellular ectodomain that contains the active site. It preferentially cleaves neutral amino acids from the N-terminus of oligopeptides and is present in a variety of human tissues and cell types (leukocyte, fibroblast, endothelial and epithelial cells). APN expression is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases such as chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis/dermatomyosytis and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and is enhanced in tumor cells such as melanoma, renal, prostate, pancreas, colon, gastric and thyroid cancers. It is considered a marker of differentiation since it is predominantly expressed on stem cells and on cells of the granulocytic and monocytic lineages at distinct stages of differentiation. Thus, APN inhibition may lead to the development of anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. ERAP1 also known as endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing (ERAAP), adipocyte derived leucine aminopeptidase (A-LAP) or aminopeptidase regulating tumor necrosis factor receptor I (THFRI) shedding (ARTS-1), associates with the closely related ER aminopeptidase ERAP2, for the final trimming of peptides within the ER for presentation by MHC class I molecules. ERAP1 is associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), an inflammatory arthritis that predominantly affects the spine. ERAP1 also aids in the shedding of membrane-bound cytokine receptors. The tricorn interacting factor F3, together with factors F1 and F2, degrades the tricorn protease products, producing free amino acids, thus completing the proteasomal degradation pathway. F3 is homologous to F2, but not F1, and shows a strong preference for glutamate in the P1' position. APQ, also known as laeverin, is specifically expressed in human embryo-derived extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) that invade the uterus during early placentation. It cleaves the N-terminal amino acid of various peptides such as angiotensin III, endokinin C, and kisspeptin-10, all expressed in the placenta in large quantities. APN is a receptor for coronaviruses, although the virus receptor interaction site seems to be distinct from the enzymatic site and aminopeptidase activity is not necessary for viral infection. APNs are also putative Cry toxin receptors. Cry1 proteins are pore-forming toxins that bind to the midgut epithelial cell membrane of susceptible insect larvae, causing extensive damage. Several different toxins, including Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca and Cry1Fa, have been shown to bind to APNs; however, a direct role of APN in cytotoxicity has been yet to be firmly established.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтPвА0А0АаАВcd09602, M1_APN_3, Peptidase M1 family containing Aminopeptidase N. This family contains bacterial and eukaryotic aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13; Alanyl aminopeptidase; EC 3.4.11.2), a Type II integral membrane protease belonging to the M1 gluzincin family. APN consists of a small N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a single transmembrane domain and a large extracellular ectodomain that contains the active site. It preferentially cleaves neutral amino acids from the N-terminus of oligopeptides and, in higher eukaryotes, is present in a variety of human tissues and cell types (leukocyte, fibroblast, endothelial and epithelial cells). APN expression is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases such as chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis/dermatomyosytis and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and is enhanced in tumor cells such as melanoma, renal, prostate, pancreas, colon, gastric and thyroid cancers. It is predominantly expressed on stem cells and on cells of the granulocytic and monocytic lineages at distinct stages of differentiation, thus considered a marker of differentiation. Thus, APN inhibition may lead to the development of anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. APNs are also present in many pathogenic bacteria and represent potential drug targets, Some APNs have been used commercially, such as one from Lactococcus lactis used in the food industry. APN also serves as a receptor for coronaviruses, although the virus receptor interaction site seems to be distinct from the enzymatic site and aminopeptidase activity is not necessary for viral infection. APNs have also been extensively studied as putative Cry toxin receptors. Cry1 proteins are pore-forming toxins that bind to the midgut epithelial cell membrane of susceptible insect larvae, causing extensive damage. Several different toxins, including Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca and Cry1Fa, have been shown to bind to APNs; however, a direct role of APN in cytotoxicity has been yet to be firmly established.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтQвА0А0АаАВcd09603, M1_APN_4, Peptidase M1 family Aminopeptidase N. This family contains mostly bacterial and some archaeal aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13; Alanyl aminopeptidase; EC 3.4.11.2), a Type II integral membrane protease belonging to the M1 gluzincin family. APN consists of a small N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a single transmembrane domain and a large extracellular ectodomain that contains the active site. It preferentially cleaves neutral amino acids from the N-terminus of oligopeptides and, in higher eukaryotes, is present in a variety of human tissues and cell types (leukocyte, fibroblast, endothelial and epithelial cells). APN expression is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases such as chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis/dermatomyosytis and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and is enhanced in tumor cells such as melanoma, renal, prostate, pancreas, colon, gastric and thyroid cancers. It is predominantly expressed on stem cells and on cells of the granulocytic and monocytic lineages at distinct stages of differentiation, thus considered a marker of differentiation. Thus, APN inhibition may lead to the development of anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. APNs are also present in many pathogenic bacteria and represent potential drug targets, Some APNs have been used commercially, such as one from Lactococcus lactis used in the food industry. APN also serves as a receptor for coronaviruses, although the virus receptor interaction site seems to be distinct from the enzymatic site and aminopeptidase activity is not necessary for viral infection. APNs have also been extensively studied as putative Cry toxin receptors. Cry1 proteins are pore-forming toxins that bind to the midgut epithelial cell membrane of susceptible insect larvae, causing extensive damage. Several different toxins, including Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca and Cry1Fa, have been shown to bind to APNs; however, a direct role of APN in cytotoxicity has been yet to be firmly established.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтRвА0А0АаАВcd09604, M1_APN_5, Peptidase M1 family containing bacterial Aminopeptidase N. This family contains bacterial aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13; Alanyl aminopeptidase; EC 3.4.11.2), a Type II integral membrane protease belonging to the M1 gluzincin family. APN consists of a small N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a single transmembrane domain and a large extracellular ectodomain that contains the active site. It preferentially cleaves neutral amino acids from the N-terminus of oligopeptides and, in higher eukaryotes, is present in a variety of human tissues and cell types (leukocyte, fibroblast, endothelial and epithelial cells). APN expression is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases such as chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis/dermatomyosytis and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and is enhanced in tumor cells such as melanoma, renal, prostate, pancreas, colon, gastric and thyroid cancers. It is predominantly expressed on stem cells and on cells of the granulocytic and monocytic lineages at distinct stages of differentiation, thus considered a marker of differentiation. Thus, APN inhibition may lead to the development of anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. APNs are also present in many pathogenic bacteria and represent potential drug targets, Some APNs have been used commercially, such as one from Lactococcus lactis used in the food industry. APN also serves as a receptor for coronaviruses, although the virus receptor interaction site seems to be distinct from the enzymatic site and aminopeptidase activity is not necessary for viral infection. APNs have also been extensively studied as putative Cry toxin receptors. Cry1 proteins are pore-forming toxins that bind to the midgut epithelial cell membrane of susceptible insect larvae, causing extensive damage. Several different toxins, including Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca and Cry1Fa, have been shown to bind to APNs; however, a direct role of APN in cytotoxicity has been yet to be firmly established.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтSвА0А0АаАВ╡cd09605, M3A, Peptidase M3A family includes Thimet oligopeptidase, dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase and mitochondrial intermediate peptidase. The peptidase M3-like family, also called neurolysin-like family, is part of the "zincins" metallopeptidases, and includes M3, M2 and M32 families of metallopeptidases. The M3 family is subdivided into two subfamilies: the widespread M3A, which comprises a number of high-molecular mass endo- and exopeptidases from bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals, and the small M3B, whose members are enzymes primarily from bacteria. Well-known mammalian/eukaryotic M3A endopeptidases are the thimet oligopeptidase (TOP; endopeptidase 3.4.24.15), neurolysin (alias endopeptidase 3.4.24.16), and the mitochondrial intermediate peptidase. The first two are intracellular oligopeptidases, which act only on relatively short substrates of less than 20 amino acid residues, while the latter cleaves N-terminal octapeptides from proteins during their import into the mitochondria. The M3A subfamily also contains several bacterial endopeptidases, collectively called oligopeptidases A, as well as a large number of bacterial carboxypeptidases, called dipeptidyl peptidases (Dcp; Dcp II; peptidyl dipeptidase; EC 3.4.15.5). The peptidases in the M3 family contain the HEXXH motif that forms the active site in conjunction with a C-terminally-located Glutamic acid (Glu) residue. A single zinc ion is ligated by the side-chains of the two Histidine (His) residues, and the more C-terminal Glu. Most of the peptidases are synthesized without signal peptides or propeptides, and function intracellularly. The structure of neurolysin shows similarities to those of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; peptidyl-dipeptidase A) peptidase unit 2 belonging to peptidase family M2. ACE is an enzyme responsible for cleavage of dipeptides from the C-termini of proteins, notably converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II in mammals. There are similarities to the thermostable carboxypeptidases from Pyrococcus furiosus carboxypeptidase (PfuCP), and Thermus aquaticus (TaqCP), belonging to peptidase family M32. Little is known about function of this family, including carboxypeptidases Taq and Pfu.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтTвА0А0АаАВpcd09606, M3B_PepF_1, Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF). Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF; Pz-peptidase B; EC 3.4.24.-) is mostly bacterial and includes oligoendopeptidase F from Lactococcus lactis. This enzyme hydrolyzes peptides containing between 7 and 17 amino acids with fairly broad specificity. The PepF gene is duplicated in L. lactis on the plasmid that bears it, while a shortened second copy is found in Bacillus subtilis. Most bacterial PepFs are cytoplasmic endopeptidases; however, the PepF Bacillus amyloliquefaciens oligopeptidase is a secreted protein and may facilitate the process of sporulation. Specifically, the yjbG gene encoding the homolog of the PepF1 and PepF2 oligoendopeptidases of Lactococcus lactis has been identified in Bacillus subtilis as an inhibitor of sporulation initiation when over expressed from a multicopy plasmid.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтUвА0А0АаАВpcd09607, M3B_PepF_2, Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF). Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF; Pz-peptidase B; EC 3.4.24.-) is mostly bacterial and includes oligoendopeptidase F from Lactococcus lactis. This enzyme hydrolyzes peptides containing between 7 and 17 amino acids with fairly broad specificity. The PepF gene is duplicated in L. lactis on the plasmid that bears it, while a shortened second copy is found in Bacillus subtilis. Most bacterial PepFs are cytoplasmic endopeptidases; however, the PepF Bacillus amyloliquefaciens oligopeptidase is a secreted protein and may facilitate the process of sporulation. Specifically, the yjbG gene encoding the homolog of the PepF1 and PepF2 oligoendopeptidases of Lactococcus lactis has been identified in Bacillus subtilis as an inhibitor of sporulation initiation when over expressed from a multicopy plasmid.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтVвА0А0АаАВpcd09608, M3B_PepF_3, Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF). Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF; Pz-peptidase B; EC 3.4.24.-) is mostly bacterial and includes oligoendopeptidase F from Lactococcus lactis. This enzyme hydrolyzes peptides containing between 7 and 17 amino acids with fairly broad specificity. The PepF gene is duplicated in L. lactis on the plasmid that bears it, while a shortened second copy is found in Bacillus subtilis. Most bacterial PepFs are cytoplasmic endopeptidases; however, the PepF Bacillus amyloliquefaciens oligopeptidase is a secreted protein and may facilitate the process of sporulation. Specifically, the yjbG gene encoding the homolog of the PepF1 and PepF2 oligoendopeptidases of Lactococcus lactis has been identified in Bacillus subtilis as an inhibitor of sporulation initiation when over expressed from a multicopy plasmid.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтWвА0А0АаАВpcd09609, M3B_PepF_4, Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF). Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF; Pz-peptidase B; EC 3.4.24.-) is mostly bacterial and includes oligoendopeptidase F from Lactococcus lactis. This enzyme hydrolyzes peptides containing between 7 and 17 amino acids with fairly broad specificity. The PepF gene is duplicated in L. lactis on the plasmid that bears it, while a shortened second copy is found in Bacillus subtilis. Most bacterial PepFs are cytoplasmic endopeptidases; however, the PepF Bacillus amyloliquefaciens oligopeptidase is a secreted protein and may facilitate the process of sporulation. Specifically, the yjbG gene encoding the homolog of the PepF1 and PepF2 oligoendopeptidases of Lactococcus lactis has been identified in Bacillus subtilis as an inhibitor of sporulation initiation when over expressed from a multicopy plasmid.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтXвА0А0АаАВpcd09610, M3B_PepF_5, Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF). Peptidase family M3B Oligopeptidase F (PepF; Pz-peptidase B; EC 3.4.24.-) is mostly bacterial and includes oligoendopeptidase F from Lactococcus lactis. This enzyme hydrolyzes peptides containing between 7 and 17 amino acids with fairly broad specificity. The PepF gene is duplicated in L. lactis on the plasmid that bears it, while a shortened second copy is found in Bacillus subtilis. Most bacterial PepFs are cytoplasmic endopeptidases; however, the PepF Bacillus amyloliquefaciens oligopeptidase is a secreted protein and may facilitate the process of sporulation. Specifically, the yjbG gene encoding the homolog of the PepF1 and PepF2 oligoendopeptidases of Lactococcus lactis has been identified in Bacillus subtilis as an inhibitor of sporulation initiation when over expressed from a multicopy plasmid.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтYвА0А0АаАВTcd09611, Jacalin_ZG16_like, Jacalin-like lectin domain of the zymogen granule protein 16 and related proteins. ZG16p is a conserved secreted vertebrate protein with tissue-specific expression profiles, which might play a role in glycoprotein secretion, perhaps as a linker protein that participates in the formation and/or transport of the zymogen granule. Its paralog ZG16b (PAUF) has been associated with roles in gene regulation and cancer. This domain family also contains mammalian proteins labelled as prostatic spermine-binding protein (SBP) and salivary-gland specific secreted proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌;вА0А0АаАВ"cd09612, Jacalin, Jacalin-like plant lectin domain. Jacalin-like lectins are sugar-binding protein domains mostly found in plants. They adopt a beta-prism topology consistent with a circularly permuted three-fold repeat of a structural motif. Proteins containing this domain may bind mono- or oligosaccharides with high specificity. The domain can occur in tandem-repeat arrangements with up to six copies, and in architectures combined with a variety of other functional domains. The family was initially named after an abundant protein found in the jackfruit seed. Jacalin specifically binds to the alpha-O-glycoside of the disaccharide Gal-beta1-3-GalNAc, and has proven useful in the study of O-linked glycoproteins. Jacalin-like lectins in this family may occur in various oligomerization states.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌<вА0А0АаАВ?cd09613, Jacalin_metallopeptidase_like, Jacalin-like lectin domain of putative metalloproteases and similar proteins. Members of this family, which appears restricted to fungi, co-occur with protein domains that contain an HExxH motif characteristic of metallopeptidases. They have not been functionally characterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌=вА0А0АаАВwcd09614, griffithsin_like, Jacalin-like lectin domain of griffithsin and related proteins. Griffithsin is a lectin isolated from a red alga, which has shown potential as an inhibitor of viral entry, exhibiting antiviral activity against HIV and SARS. The biological functions of griffithsin and griffithsin-like proteins with respect to their source organisms are not known.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌>вА0А0АаАВcd09615, Jacalin_EEP, Jacalin-like lectin domains of putative endonucleases/exonucleases/phosphatases and related proteins. Members of this taxonomically diverse family co-occur with metal-dependent endonucleases/exonucleases/phosphatases. They have not been functionally characterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌?вА0А0АаАВdcd09616, Peptidase_C12_UCH_L1_L3, Cysteine peptidase C12 containing ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (UCH) families L1 and L3. This ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH) family includes UCH-L1 and UCH-L3, the two members sharing around 53% sequence identity as well as conserved catalytic residues. Both enzymes hydrolyze carboxyl terminal esters and amides of ubiquitin (Ub). UCH-L1, in dimeric form, has additional enzymatic activity as a ubiquitin ligase. It is highly abundant in the brain, constituting up to 2% of total protein, and is expressed exclusively in neurons and testes. Abnormal expression of UCH-L1 has been shown to correlate with several forms of cancer, including several primary lung tumors, lung tumor cell lines, and colorectal cancers. Mutations in the UCH-L1 gene have been linked to susceptibility to and protection from Parkinson's disease (PD); dysfunction of the hydrolase activity can lead to an accumulation of alpha-synuclein, which is linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), while accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles is linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). UCH-L3 hydrolyzes isopeptide bonds at the C-terminal glycine of either Ub or Nedd8, a ubiquitin-like protein. It can also interact with Lys48-linked Ub dimers to protect them from degradation while inhibiting its hydrolase activity at the same time. Unlike UCH-L1, neither dimerization nor ligase activity have been observed for UCH-L3. It has been shown that levels of Nedd8 and the apoptotic protein p53 and Bax are elevated in UCH-L3 knockout mice upon cryptorchid injury, possibly contributing to profound germ cell loss via apoptosis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌YвА0А0АаАВxcd09617, Peptidase_C12_UCH37_BAP1, Cysteine peptidase C12 containing ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (UCH) families UCH37 (UCH-L5) and BAP1. This ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH) family includes UCH37 (also known as UCH-L5) and BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1). They contain a UCH catalytic domain as well as an additional C-terminal extension which plays a role in protein-protein interactions. UCH37 is responsible for ubiquitin (Ub) isopeptidase activity in the 19S proteasome regulatory complex; it disassembles Lys48-linked poly-ubiquitin from the distal end of the chain. It is also associated with the human Ino80 chromatin-remodeling complex (hINO80) in the nucleus and can be activated through transient association of hINO80 with hRpn13 that is bound to the 19S regulatory particle or the proteasome. UCH37 possibly plays a role in oncogenesis; it competes with Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2, ubiquitin ligase) in binding concurrently to Smad7 in order to deubiquitinate the activated type I transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor, thus rescuing it from proteasomal degradation. BAP1 binds to the wild-type BRCA1 RING finger domain, localized in the nucleus. In addition to the UCH catalytic domain, BAP1 contains a UCH37-like domain (ULD), binding domains for BRCA1 and BARD1, which form a tumor suppressor heterodimeric complex, and a binding domain for HCFC1, which interacts with histone-modifying complexes during cell division. The full-length human BRCA1 is a ubiquitin ligase. However, BAP1 does not appear to function in the deubiquitination of autoubiquitinated BRCA1. BAP1 exhibits tumor suppressor activity in cancer cells, and gene mutations have been reported in a small number of breast and lung cancer samples. In metastasis of uveal melanoma, the most common primary cancer of the eye, inactivating somatic mutations have been identified in the gene encoding BAP1 on chromosome 3p21.1. These mutations include several that cause premature protein termination as well as affect its UCH domain, thus implicating loss of BAP1 and suggesting that the BAP1 pathway may be a valuable therapeutic target.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ZвА0А0АаАВбcd09618, CBM9_like_2, DOMON-like type 9 carbohydrate binding module. Family 9 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM9) play a role in the microbial degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose (materials found in plants). The domain has previously been called cellulose-binding domain. The polysaccharide binding sites of CBMs with available 3D structure have been found to be either flat surfaces with interactions formed by predominantly aromatic residues (tryptophan and tyrosine), or extended shallow grooves. CBM9 domains found in this uncharacterized subfamily are typically found at the N-terminus of longer proteins that lack additional annotation with domain footprints.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВвcd09619, CBM9_like_4, DOMON-like type 9 carbohydrate binding module. Family 9 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM9) play a role in the microbial degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose (materials found in plants). The domain has previously been called cellulose-binding domain. The polysaccharide binding sites of CBMs with available 3D structure have been found to be either flat surfaces with interactions formed by predominantly aromatic residues (tryptophan and tyrosine), or extended shallow grooves. CBM9 domains found in this uncharacterized heterogeneous subfamily are often located at the C-terminus of longer proteins and may co-occur with various other domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВgcd09620, CBM9_like_3, DOMON-like type 9 carbohydrate binding module. Family 9 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM9) play a role in the microbial degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose (materials found in plants). The domain has previously been called cellulose-binding domain. The polysaccharide binding sites of CBMs with available 3D structure have been found to be either flat surfaces with interactions formed by predominantly aromatic residues (tryptophan and tyrosine), or extended shallow grooves. CBM9 domains found in this uncharacterized heterogeneous subfamily may co-occur with various other domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВcd09621, CBM9_like_5, DOMON-like type 9 carbohydrate binding module. Family 9 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM9) play a role in the microbial degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose (materials found in plants). The domain has previously been called cellulose-binding domain. The polysaccharide binding sites of CBMs with available 3D structure have been found to be either flat surfaces with interactions formed by predominantly aromatic residues (tryptophan and tyrosine), or extended shallow grooves. CBM9 domains found in this uncharacterized heterogeneous subfamily are often located at the C-terminus of longer proteins and may co-occur with various other functional domains such as glycosyl hydrolases. The CBM9 module in these architectures may be involved in binding to carbohydrates.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ▄cd09622, CBM9_like_HisKa, DOMON-like type 9 carbohydrate binding module at the N-terminus of bacterial sensor histidine kinases. Family 9 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM9) play a role in the microbial degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose (materials found in plants). The domain has previously been called cellulose-binding domain. The polysaccharide binding sites of CBMs with available 3D structure have been found to be either flat surfaces with interactions formed by predominantly aromatic residues (tryptophan and tyrosine), or extended shallow grooves. CBM9 domains found in this family are located at the N-terminus of bacterial sensor histidine kinases and may constitute or contribute to the ligand-binding moiety.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ вА0А0АаАВQcd09623, DOMON_EBDH, Heme-binding domain of bacterial ethylbenzene dehydrogenase. Ethylbenzene dehydrogenase (EBDH) is a bacterial molybdopterin enzyme. It catalyzes anaerobic hydroxylation of alkylaromatic compounds to secondary alcohols. The DOMON domain in EBDH and related proteins, typically called the gamma subunit, binds a heme; its function in the catalytic mechanism is unclear. It co-occurs with a molybdopterin-binding subunit and an iron-sulfur protein. This family also contains heme-binding domains of dimethylsulfide dehydrogenase, selenate reductases, and chlorate reductase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌!вА0А0АаАВ*cd09624, DOMON_b558_566, DOMON-like heme-binding domain of CbsA. This family, conserved in some lineages of the Crenarchaeota, represents a mono-heme cytochrome b558/566. CbsA is reported to be a subunit in a heterodimeric complex (CbsA-CbsB in Sulfolobus species), and appears to be glycosylated.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌"вА0А0АаАВиcd09625, DOMON_like_cytochrome, DOMON-like domain of an uncharacterized protein family. This family of uncharacterized bacterial proteins contains a DOMON-like domain and an N-terminal B- or C-type cytochrome domain. DOMON-like domains can be found in all three kindgoms of life and are a diverse group of ligand binding domains that have been shown to interact with sugars and hemes. DOMON domains were initially thought to confer protein-protein interactions. They were subsequently found as a heme-binding motif in cellobiose dehydrogenase, an extracellular fungal oxidoreductase that degrades both lignin and cellulose, and in ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, an enzyme that aids in the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons. The domain interacts with sugars in the type 9 carbohydrate binding modules (CBM9), which are present in a variety of glycosyl hydrolases, and it can also be found at the N-terminus of sensor histidine kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌#вА0А0АаАВшcd09626, DOMON_glucodextranase_like, DOMON-like domain of various glycoside hydrolases. This DOMON-like domain is found at the C-terminus of various bacterial proteins that play roles in metabolizing carbohydrates, such as glucodextranase (hydrolyzes alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages of dextran from the non-reducing end), glucan alpha-1,4-glucosidase, pullulanase (degrades pullulan, a polysaccharide built from maltotriose units), arabinogalactan endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase, and others. Consequently, the DOMON-like domains in this family co-occur with catalytic domains from various glycosyl hydrolase families. The precise function of the DOMON domains in these proteins is not clear, they may be involved in interactions with carbohydrates.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌$вА0А0АаАВПcd09627, DOMON_murB_like, Domon-like domain of UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase. UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase (murB) catalyzes an essential step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, the reduction of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-enolpyruvate to UDP-N-acetylmuramate. A subset of these FAD-dependent enzymes contains a C-terminal DOMON-like domain. DOMON domains can be found in all three kindgoms of life and are a diverse group of ligand binding domains that have been shown to interact with sugars and hemes; initially DOMON domains were suspected to confer protein-protein interactions. The DOMON-like domain in murB may bind a heme.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌%вА0А0АаАВmcd09628, DOMON_SDR_2_like, DOMON domain of stromal cell-derived receptor 2 (ferric chelate reductase 1) and related proteins. Stromal cell-derived receptor 2 (or ferric chelate reductase 1) reduces Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) ahead of iron transport from the endosome to the cytoplasm. This transmembrane protein is a member of the cytochrome b561 family and contains a DOMON domain which may bind to heme or another ligand. DOMON-like domains can be found in all three kindgoms of life and are a diverse group of ligand binding domains that have been shown to interact with sugars and hemes. DOMON domains were initially thought to confer protein-protein interactions. They were subsequently found as a heme-binding motif in cellobiose dehydrogenase, an extracellular fungal oxidoreductase that degrades both lignin and cellulose, and in ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, an enzyme that aids in the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons. The domain interacts with sugars in the type 9 carbohydrate binding modules (CBM9), which are present in a variety of glycosyl hydrolases, and it can also be found at the N-terminus of sensor histidine kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌&вА0А0АаАВcd09629, DOMON_CIL1_like, DOMON-like domain of Brassica carinata CIL1 and similar proteins. Brassica carinata CIL1 has been described as involved in suppression of axillary meristem development. It contains a single DOMON domain, the function of which is unclear. Members in this diverse family of plant proteins may have a cytochrome b561 domain C-terminal to the DOMON domain, some members from Arabidopsis have been characterized as auxin-responsive or auxin-induced proteins. DOMON domains were initially thought to confer protein-protein interactions. They were subsequently found as a heme-binding motif in cellobiose dehydrogenase, an extracellular fungal oxidoreductase that degrades both lignin and cellulose, and in ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, an enzyme that aids in the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons. The domain interacts with sugars in the type 9 carbohydrate binding modules (CBM9), which are present in a variety of glycosyl hydrolases, and it can also be found at the N-terminus of sensor histidine kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌'вА0А0АаАВ#cd09630, CDH_like_cytochrome, Heme-binding cytochrome domain of fungal cellobiose dehydrogenases. Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CellobioseDH or CDH) is an extracellular fungal oxidoreductase that degrades both lignin and cellulose. Specifically, CDHs oxidize cellobiose, cellodextrins, and lactose to corresponding lactones, utilizing a variety of electron acceptors. Class-II CDHs are monomeric hemoflavoenzymes that are comprised of a b-type cytochrome domain linked to a large flavodehydrogenase domain. The cytochrome domain of CDH and related enzymes, which this model describes, folds as a beta sandwich and complexes a heme molecule. It is found at the N-terminus of this family of enzymes, and belongs to the DOMON domain superfamily, a ligand-interacting motif found in all three kingdoms of life.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌(вА0А0АаАВcd09631, DOMON_DOH, DOMON-like domain of copper-dependent monooxygenases and related proteins. This diverse family characterizes DOMON domains found in dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), monooxygenase X (MOX), and various other proteins, some of which contain DOMON domains exclusively; the family is not restricted to eukaryotes. DBH is a membrane-bound enzyme that converts dopamine to L-norepinephrine, and plays a central role in the metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters. DOMON domains were initially thought to confer protein-protein interactions. They were subsequently found as a heme-binding motif in cellobiose dehydrogenase, an extracellular fungal oxidoreductase that degrades both lignin and cellulose, and in ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, an enzyme that aids in the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons. The domain interacts with sugars in the type 9 carbohydrate binding modules (CBM9), which are present in a variety of glycosyl hydrolases, and it can also be found at the N-terminus of sensor histidine kinases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌)вА0А0АаАВДcd09632, PliI_like, Periplasmic lysozyme inhibitor, I-type (PliI) and similar proteins. Aeromonas hydrophila PliI is a dimeric periplasmic protein that enables bacteria to resist permeabilization of the outer membrane by the bactericidal action of lysozyme. PliI may be a direct inhibitor of lysozyme that inserts a conserved loop into the active site of type I (invertebrate) lysozymes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇFвА0А0АаАВ7cd09633, Deltex_C, Domain found at the C-terminus of deltex-like. The deltex family of proteins is involved in the regulation of Notch signaling, and therefore may play roles in cell-to-cell communications that regulate mechanisms determining cell fate. They have a central RING-type zinc finger domain and contain a C-terminal domain, described here, that is also found in other domain architectures. Deltex-1 (DTX1) contains a RING finger and two WWE domains, indicating that it may be an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Human deltex 3-like, which contains an additional N-terminal domain (presumably with ubiquitin ligase activity) is also described as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX3L, B-lymphoma- and BAL-associated protein (BBAP), or rhysin-2. DTX3L mediates monoubiquitination of K91 of histone H4 in response to DNA damage.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇGвА0А0АаАВcd09634, Cas1_I-II-III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas1 is the most universal CRISPR system protein thought to be involved in spacer integration; Cas1 is metal-dependent deoxyribonuclease, also binds RNA; Shown to possess a unique fold consisting of a N-terminal beta-strand domain and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌vвА0А0АаАВcd09636, Cas1_I-II-III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas1 is the most universal CRISPR system protein thought to be involved in spacer integration; Cas1 is metal-dependent deoxyribonuclease, also binds RNA; Shown to possess a unique fold consisting of a N-terminal beta-strand domain and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌wвА0А0АаАВXcd09637, Cas4_I-A_I-B_I-C_I-D_II-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas4. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas4 is RecB-like nuclease with three-cysteine C-terminal cluster.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌xвА0А0АаАВРcd09638, Cas2_I_II_III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas2 is present in majority of CRISPR/Cas systems along with Cas1; RNAse specific to U-rich regions; Possesses an RRM/ferredoxin fold.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌yвА0А0АаАВ}cd09639, Cas3_I, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; DEAD/DEAH box helicase DNA helicase cas3'; Often but not always is fused to HD nuclease domain; signature gene for Type I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌zвА0А0АаАВvcd09640, Cas7_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas7. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas7 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; also known as CT1132 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌{вА0А0АаАВСcd09641, Cas3''_I, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas3''. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; HD-like nuclease, specifically digesting double-stranded oligonucleotides and preferably cleaving at G:C pairs; signature gene for Type I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇHвА0А0АаАВpcd09642, Cas8c_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8c. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-C subtype; also known as Csd1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌}вА0А0АаАВ|cd09643, Csn1, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas9. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Very large protein containing McrA/HNH-nuclease related domain and a RuvC-like nuclease domain; signature gene for type II.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌~вА0А0АаАВocd09644, Csn2, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csn2. Csn2 is a Nmeni subtype-specific Cas protein, which may function in the adaptation process which mediates the incorporation of foreign nucleic acids into the microbial host genome. Csn 2 may interact directly with double-stranded DNA. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Csn2 has been predicted to be a functional analog of Cas4 based on anti-correlated phyletic patterns; also known as SPy1049 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЯвА0А0АаАВYcd09645, Cas5_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌АвА0А0АаАВycd09646, Cas7_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas7. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas7 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; also known as Cse4/CasC family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌БвА0А0АаАВEcd09647, Csm2_III-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csm2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small alpha-helical protein; signature gene for subtype III-A.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ВвА0А0АаАВЛcd09648, Cas2_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas2 is present in majority of CRISPR/Cas systems along with Cas1; RNAse specific to U-rich regions; Possesses an RRM/ferredoxin fold.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ГвА0А0АаАВYcd09649, Cas5_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ДвА0А0АаАВtcd09650, Cas7_I, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas7. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas7 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; also known as MJ0381 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЕвА0А0АаАВ┼cd09651, Cas5_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; in subtype I-C this protein might be the endoribonuclease that generates crRNAs; also known as DevS family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЖвА0А0АаАВ░cd09652, Cas6-I-III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas6 is an endoribonuclease that generates crRNAs, predicted subunit of Cascade complex; RAMP superfamily protein; Possesses double RRM/ferredoxin fold.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЗвА0А0АаАВzcd09653, Csa5_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csa5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Predicted transcriptional regulator of CRISPR/Cas system; contains DNA binding HTH domain; also known as Csa5 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ИвА0А0АаАВEcd09654, Cmr5_III-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cmr5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small alpha-helical protein; signature gene for subtype III-B.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЙвА0А0АаАВRcd09655, CasRa_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated transcriptional regulator CasRa. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Predicted transcriptional regulator of CRISPR/Cas system.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌КвА0А0АаАВ[cd09656, Cmr3_III-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cmr3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; This protein is a subunit of Cmr complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЛвА0А0АаАВ[cd09657, Cmr1_III-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cmr1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; This protein is a subunit of Cmr complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌МвА0А0АаАВYcd09658, Cas5_I-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌НвА0А0АаАВGcd09659, Cas4_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas4. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas4 is RecB-like nuclease with three-cysteine C-terminal cluster.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ОвА0А0АаАВcd09660, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as MJ1666 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ПвА0А0АаАВ[cd09661, Cmr6_III-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cmr6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; This protein is a subunit of Cmr complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌РвА0А0АаАВ1cd09662, Csm5_III-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csm5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌СвА0А0АаАВ1cd09663, Csm4_III-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csm4. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ТвА0А0АаАВЇcd09664, Cas6_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas6e. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas6e is an endoribonuclease that generates crRNA; This family is specific for CRISPR/Cas system I-E subtype; Homologous to Cas6 (RAMP superfamily protein); Possesses double RRM/ferredoxin fold; also known as Cse3 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌УвА0А0АаАВwcd09665, Cas8a1_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8a1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as CXXC_CXXC family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ФвА0А0АаАВЛcd09666, Cas8a2_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csa8a2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Zn-finger domain containing protein, distant homologs of Cas8 proteins; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as Csa4 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ХвА0А0АаАВ;cd09667, Csb2_I-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csb2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Duplicated RAMP domains; also known as GSU0054 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЦвА0А0АаАВcd09668, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as TM1812 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЧвА0А0АаАВШcd09669, Cse1_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cse1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; subunit of the Cascade complex; signature gene for I-E subtype; also known as Cse1/CasA/YgcL family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ШвА0А0АаАВfcd09670, Cse2_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cse2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small alpha-helical protein; also known as Cse2/CasB/YgcK family; specific gene for I-E subtype;.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЩвА0А0АаАВcd09671, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as DxTHG family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЪвА0А0АаАВtcd09672, Cas8a1_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8a1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as TM1802 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЫвА0А0АаАВ╣cd09673, Cas3_Cas2_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas3/Cas2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas3/Cas2 fusion; This protein includes both DEAH and HD motifs for helicase and N-terminal domain corresponding to Cas2 RNAse; signature gene for Type I and subtype I-F.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЬвА0А0АаАВ│cd09674, Cas6_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas6f. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas6f is an endoribonuclease that generates crRNA; This family is specific for CRISPR/Cas system I-F subtype; Possesses RRM fold; also known as Csy4 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЭвА0А0АаАВycd09675, Csy1_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csy1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins; Predicted subunit of the Cascade complex; signature gene for I-F subtype; also known as Csy1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЮвА0А0АаАВHcd09676, Csy2_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csy2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; predicted Cas5 ortholog.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЯвА0А0АаАВHcd09677, Csy3_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csy3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; predicted Cas7 ortholog.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌авА0А0АаАВlcd09678, Csb1_I-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csb1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; Contains several motifs similar to Cas7 family; also known as GSU0053 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌бвА0А0АаАВAcd09679, Cas10_III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas10. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Multidomain protein with permuted HD nuclease domain, palm domain and Zn-ribbon; MTH326-like has inactivated polymerase catalytic domain; alr1562 and slr7011 - predicted only on the basis of size, presence of HD domain, and location with RAMPs in one operon; signature gene for type III; also known as Crm2 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ввА0А0АаАВПcd09680, Cas10_III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas10. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Multidomain protein with permuted HD nuclease domain, palm domain and Zn-ribbon; signature gene for type III; also known as Csm1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌гвА0А0АаАВJcd09681, Csx3_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small protein in some cases fused to Csx1 (COG1517) family domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌двА0А0АаАВ[cd09682, Cmr4_III-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cmr4. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; This protein is a subunit of Cmr complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌евА0А0АаАВ1cd09683, Csm3_III-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csm3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌жвА0А0АаАВ1cd09684, Csm3_III-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csm3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌звА0А0АаАВtcd09685, Cas7_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas7. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas7 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; also known as DevR family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ивА0А0АаАВcd09686, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as NE0113 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌йвА0А0АаАВycd09687, Cas7_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas7. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas7 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; also known as Cst2/DevR family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌квА0А0АаАВ┼cd09688, Cas5_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; in subtype I-C this protein might be the endoribonuclease that generates crRNAs; also known as DevS family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌лвА0А0АаАВtcd09689, Cas7_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas7. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas7 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; also known as Csd2 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌мвА0А0АаАВtcd09690, Cas7_I-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas7. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas7 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; also known as Csh2 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌нвА0А0АаАВЙcd09691, Cas8b_I-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8b. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Zn-finger domain containing protein, distant homologs of Cas8 proteins; signature gene for I-B subtype; also known as Csh1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌овА0А0АаАВYcd09692, Cas5_I-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌пвА0А0АаАВWcd09693, Cas5_I, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌░вА0А0АаАВdcd09694, Csm6_III-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csm6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌▒вА0А0АаАВfcd09695, Csx16_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx16. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small protein often seen in proximity to Csx1 (COG1517) family; also known as VVA1548 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌▓вА0А0АаАВйcd09696, Cas3_I, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas3; Distinct Cas3 family with HD domain fused to C-termus of Helicase domain. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; DNA helicase Cas3; This protein includes both DEAH and HD motifs; signature gene for Type I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌│вА0А0АаАВrcd09697, Cas8a1_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8a1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as Csx8 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌┤вА0А0АаАВrcd09698, Cas8a2_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csa8a2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as Csx9 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╡вА0А0АаАВdcd09699, Csm6_III-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csm6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╢вА0А0АаАВ,cd09700, Csx10, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csx10. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Duplicated RAMP domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╖вА0А0АаАВАcd09701, Cas10_III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas10. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Multidomain protein with permuted HD nuclease domain, inactivated palm domain and Zn-ribbon; signature gene for type III.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╕вА0А0АаАВcd09702, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as TIGR02710 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╣вА0А0АаАВ╦cd09703, Cas6-I-III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas6 is an endoribonuclease that generates crRNAs, predicted subunit of Cascade complex; RAMP superfamily protein; Possesses double RRM/ferredoxin fold; also known as Cse3 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌║вА0А0АаАВ}cd09704, Csx12, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas9. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Very large protein containing McrA/HNH-nuclease related domain and a RuvC-like nuclease domain; signature gene for type II.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╗вА0А0АаАВBcd09705, Csf1_U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csf1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Zn-finger domain containing protein; also known as Csf1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╝вА0А0АаАВ]cd09706, Csf2_U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csf2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; Contains several motifs similar to Cas7 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╜вА0А0АаАВ-cd09707, Csf3_U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csf3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╛вА0А0АаАВ)cd09708, Csf4_U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated DinG family helicase Csf4. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; DinG family DNA helicase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌┐вА0А0АаАВRcd09709, Csc2_I-D, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csc2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; predicted Cas7 ortholog; also known as Cse1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌└вА0А0АаАВБcd09710, Cas3_I-D, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas3; Distinct diverged subfamily of Cas3 helicase domain. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Diverged DNA helicase Cas3'; signature gene for Type I and subtype I-D.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌┴вА0А0АаАВWcd09711, Csc1_I-D, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csc1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; predicted Cas5 ortholog; also known as CasA/Cse1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌┬вА0А0АаАВСcd09712, Cas10d_I-D, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas10d. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain. Fused to N-terminal HD domain; signature gene for I-D subtype; also known as Csc3 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌├вА0А0АаАВscd09713, Cas8c_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8c. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-C subtype; also known as Csx13_N family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌─вА0А0АаАВucd09714, Cas8c'_I-D, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8c'. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-C subtype; also known as Csx13_C family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌┼вА0А0АаАВcd09715, Csp2_I-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8c. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Predicted Cas8 ortholog.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╞вА0А0АаАВWcd09716, Cas5_I, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╟вА0А0АаАВrcd09717, Cas7_I, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas7. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas7 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; also known as Csp1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╚вА0А0АаАВcd09718, Cas1_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas1 is the most universal CRISPR system protein thought to be involved in spacer integration; Cas1 is metal-dependent deoxyribonuclease, also binds RNA; Shown to possess a unique fold consisting of a N-terminal beta-strand domain and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╔вА0А0АаАВcd09719, Cas1_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas1 is the most universal CRISPR system protein thought to be involved in spacer integration; Cas1 is metal-dependent deoxyribonuclease, also binds RNA; Shown to possess a unique fold consisting of a N-terminal beta-strand domain and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╩вА0А0АаАВcd09720, Cas1_II, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas1 is the most universal CRISPR system protein thought to be involved in spacer intergration. Cas1 is metal-dependent deoxyribonuclease, also binds RNA; Shown to possess a unique fold consisting of a N-terminal beta-strand domain and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╦вА0А0АаАВcd09721, Cas1_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas1 is the most universal CRISPR system protein thought to be involved in spacer integration; Cas1 is metal-dependent deoxyribonuclease, also binds RNA; Shown to possess a unique fold consisting of a N-terminal beta-strand domain and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╠вА0А0АаАВcd09722, Cas1_I-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas1 is the most universal CRISPR system protein thought to be involved in spacer integration; Cas1 is metal-dependent deoxyribonuclease, also binds RNA; Shown to possess a unique fold consisting of a N-terminal beta-strand domain and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌═вА0А0АаАВcd09723, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as csx13 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╬вА0А0АаАВcd09724, CsaX_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein CsaX. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; No prediction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╧вА0А0АаАВРcd09725, Cas2_I_II_III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas2 is present in majority of CRISPR/Cas systems along with Cas1; RNAse specific to U-rich regions; Possesses an RRM/ferredoxin fold.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╨вА0А0АаАВ-cd09726, RAMP_I_III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╤вА0А0АаАВЇcd09727, Cas6_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas6e. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas6e is an endoribonuclease that generates crRNA; This family is specific for CRISPR/Cas system I-E subtype; Homologous to Cas6 (RAMP superfamily protein); Possesses double RRM/ferredoxin fold; also known as Cse3 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╥вА0А0АаАВcd09728, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as DxTHG family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╙вА0А0АаАВШcd09729, Cse1_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cse1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; subunit of the Cascade complex; signature gene for I-E subtype; also known as Cse1/CasA/YgcL family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╘вА0А0АаАВtcd09730, Cas8a1_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8a1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as TM1802 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╒вА0А0АаАВfcd09731, Cse2_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cse2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small alpha-helical protein; also known as Cse2/CasB/YgcK family; specific gene for I-E subtype;.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╓вА0А0АаАВcd09732, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as TM1812 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╫вА0А0АаАВ═cd09733, Cas6-I-III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas6 is an endoribonuclease that generates crRNAs, predicted subunit of Cascade complex; RAMP superfamily protein; Possesses double RRM/ferredoxin fold; also known as AF0072 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌╪вА0А0АаАВ;cd09734, Csb2_I-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csb2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Duplicated RAMP domains; also known as GSU0054 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАф┴вА0А0АаАВycd09735, Csy1_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csy1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins; Predicted subunit of the Cascade complex; signature gene for I-F subtype; also known as Csy1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌┌вА0А0АаАВHcd09736, Csy2_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csy2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; predicted Cas5 ortholog.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌█вА0А0АаАВHcd09737, Csy3_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csy3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; predicted Cas7 ortholog.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌▄вА0А0АаАВlcd09738, Csb1_I-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csb1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; Contains several motifs similar to Cas7 family; also known as GSU0053 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌▌вА0А0АаАВ│cd09739, Cas6_I-F, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas6f. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas6f is an endoribonuclease that generates crRNA; This family is specific for CRISPR/Cas system I-F subtype; Possesses RRM fold; also known as Csy4 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌▐вА0А0АаАВJcd09740, Csx3_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small protein in some cases fused to Csx1 (COG1517) family domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌▀вА0А0АаАВcd09741, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as NE0113 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌рвА0А0АаАВВcd09742, Csm6_III-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csm6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as APE2256 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌свА0А0АаАВfcd09743, Csx16_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx16. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small protein often seen in proximity to Csx1 (COG1517) family; also known as VVA1548 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌твА0А0АаАВrcd09744, Cas8a1_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8a1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as Csx8 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌увА0А0АаАВrcd09745, Cas8a2_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csa8a2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as Csx9 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌фвА0А0АаАВdcd09746, Csm6_III-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csm6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌хвА0А0АаАВcd09747, Csx1_III-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein of this family often fused to HTH domain; Some proteins could have an additional fusion with RecB-family nuclease domain; Core domain appears to have a Rossmann-like fold; loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; also known as Cas02710 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌цвА0А0АаАВ[cd09748, Cmr3_III-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cmr3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; This protein is a subunit of Cmr complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌чвА0А0АаАВEcd09749, Cmr5_III-B, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cmr5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small alpha-helical protein; signature gene for subtype III-B.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌швА0А0АаАВzcd09750, Csa5_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csa5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Predicted transcriptional regulator of CRISPR/Cas system; contains DNA binding HTH domain; also known as Csa5 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌щвА0А0АаАВЛcd09751, Cas8a2_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csa8a2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Zn-finger domain containing protein, distant homologs of Cas8 proteins; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as Csa4 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ъвА0А0АаАВ┼cd09752, Cas5_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex; in subtype I-C this protein might be the endoribonuclease that generates crRNAs; also known as DevS family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄ОвА0А0АаАВYcd09753, Cas5_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ывА0А0АаАВwcd09754, Cas8a1_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8a1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins, some contain Zn-finger domain; signature gene for I-A subtype; also known as CXXC_CXXC family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ьвА0А0АаАВЛcd09755, Cas2_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas2. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas2 is present in majority of CRISPR/Cas systems along with Cas1; RNAse specific to U-rich regions; Possesses an RRM/ferredoxin fold.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌эвА0А0АаАВYcd09756, Cas5_I-E, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas5. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas5 is a RAMP superfamily protein; Subunit of the Cascade complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ювА0А0АаАВЙcd09757, Cas8c_I-C, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas8c. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Zn-finger domain containing protein, distant homologs of Cas8 proteins; signature gene for I-C subtype; also known as Csd1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌явА0А0АаАВocd09758, Csn2, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csn2. Csn2 is a Nmeni subtype-specific Cas protein, which may function in the adaptation process which mediates the incorporation of foreign nucleic acids into the microbial host genome. Csn 2 may interact directly with double-stranded DNA. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA. Csn2 has been predicted to be a functional analog of Cas4 based on anti-correlated phyletic patterns; also known as SPy1049 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAавА0А0АаАВоcd09759, Cas6_I-A, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas6 is an endoribonuclease that generates crRNAs, predicted subunit of Cascade complex; RAMP superfamily protein; Possesses double RRM/ferredoxin fold.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ёвА0А0АаАВncd09760, Cas6_III, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Cas6. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Cas6 is an endoribonuclease that generates crRNAs, predicted subunit of Cascade complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌ЄвА0А0АаАВ єcd09761, A3DFK9-like_SDR_c, Clostridium thermocellum A3DFK9-like, a putative carbohydrate or polyalcohol metabolizing SDR, classical (c) SDRs. This subgroup includes a putative carbohydrate or polyalcohol metabolizing SDR (A3DFK9) from Clostridium thermocellum. Its members have a TGXXXGXG classical-SDR glycine-rich NAD-binding motif, and some have a canonical SDR active site tetrad (A3DFK9 lacks the upstream Asn). SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВjcd09762, HSDL2_SDR_c, human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein 2 (HSDL2), classical (c) SDRs. This subgroup includes human HSDL2 and related protens. These are members of the classical SDR family, with a canonical Gly-rich NAD-binding motif and the typical YXXXK active site motif. However, the rest of the catalytic tetrad is not strongly conserved. HSDL2 may play a part in fatty acid metabolism, as it is found in peroxisomes. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRS are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes have a 3-glycine N-terminal NAD(P)(H)-binding pattern (typically, TGxxxGxG in classical SDRs and TGxxGxxG in extended SDRs), while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region. A critical catalytic Tyr residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering), is often found in a conserved YXXXK pattern. In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) or additional Ser, contributing to the active site. Substrates for these enzymes include sugars, steroids, alcohols, and aromatic compounds. The standard reaction mechanism is a proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, as well as Asn (or Ser). Some SDR family members, including 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase contain an additional helix-turn-helix motif that is not generally found among SDRs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВцcd09763, DHRS1-like_SDR_c, human dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 1 (DHRS1) -like, classical (c) SDRs. This subgroup includes human DHRS1 and related proteins. These are members of the classical SDR family, with a canonical Gly-rich NAD-binding motif and the typical YXXXK active site motif. However, the rest of the catalytic tetrad is not strongly conserved. DHRS1 mRNA has been detected in many tissues, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas; a longer transcript is predominantly expressed in the liver , a shorter one in the heart. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRS are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes have a 3-glycine N-terminal NAD(P)(H)-binding pattern (typically, TGxxxGxG in classical SDRs and TGxxGxxG in extended SDRs), while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region. A critical catalytic Tyr residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering), is often found in a conserved YXXXK pattern. In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) or additional Ser, contributing to the active site. Substrates for these enzymes include sugars, steroids, alcohols, and aromatic compounds. The standard reaction mechanism is a proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, as well as Asn (or Ser). Some SDR family members, including 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase contain an additional helix-turn-helix motif that is not generally found among SDRs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВecd09764, Csb3_I-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated RAMP superfamily protein Csb3. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; RAMP superfamily protein; Might be a catalytically active RNA endoribonuclease.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌UвА0А0АаАВccd09765, Csx14_I-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx14. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Protein containing C-terminal alpha-helical domain resembling Cas8a2, also known as GSU0052.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌VвА0А0АаАВГcd09766, Csx15_I-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx15. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Small protein loosely associated with CRISPR/Cas systems; some are fused to AAA ATPase domain, also known as TTE2665 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌WвА0А0АаАВAcd09767, Csx17_I-U, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csx17. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; Large proteins; Predicted subunit of the Cascade complex;.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌9вА0А0АаАВgcd09768, Luminal_EIF2AK3, The Luminal domain, a dimerization domain, of the Serine/Threonine protein kinase, eukaryotic translation Initiation Factor 2-Alpha Kinase 3. The Luminal domain is a dimerization domain present in eukaryotic translation Initiation Factor 2-Alpha Kinase 3 (EIF2AK3), also called PKR-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK). EIF2AK3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase (STK) and a type I transmembrane protein that is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As a EIF2AK, it phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eIF-2, resulting in the downregulation of protein synthesis. eIF-2 phosphorylation is induced in response to cellular stresses including virus infection, heat shock, nutrient deficiency, and the accummulation of unfolded proteins, among others. There are four distinct kinases that phosphorylate eIF-2 and control protein synthesis: General Control Non-derepressible-2 (GCN2), protein kinase regulated by RNA (PKR), heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI), and PERK. PERK contains a luminal domain bound with the chaperone BiP under unstressed conditions and a cytoplasmic catalytic kinase domain. In response to the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER, PERK is activated through the release of BiP, allowing it to dimerize through its luminal domain and autophosphorylate. It functions as the central regulator of translational control during the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway. In addition to the eIF-2 alpha subunit, PERK also phosphorylates Nrf2, a leucine zipper transcription factor which regulates cellular redox status and promotes cell survival during the UPR.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╩вА0А0АаАВ┌cd09769, Luminal_IRE1, The Luminal domain, a dimerization domain, of the Serine/Threonine protein kinase, Inositol-requiring protein 1. The Luminal domain is a dimerization domain present in Inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1), a serine/threonine protein kinase (STK) and a type I transmembrane protein that is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). IRE1, also called Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-nucleus signaling protein (or ERN), is a kinase receptor that also contains an endoribonuclease domain in the cytoplasmic side. It plays roles in the signaling of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated when protein misfolding is detected in the ER in order to decrease the synthesis of new proteins and increase the capacity of the ER to cope with the stress. IRE1 acts as an ER stress sensor and is the oldest and most conserved component of the UPR in eukaryotes. During ER stress, IRE1 dimerizes through its luminal domain and forms oligomers, allowing the kinase domain to undergo trans-autophosphorylation. This leads to a conformational change that stimulates its endoribonuclease activity and results in the cleavage of its mRNA substrate, HAC1 in yeast and Xbp1 in metazoans, promoting a splicing event that enables translation into a transcription factor which activates the UPR. Mammals contain two IRE1 proteins, IRE1alpha (or ERN1) and IRE1beta (or ERN2). IRE1alpha is expressed in all cells and tissues while IRE1beta is found only in intestinal epithelial cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╦вА0А0АаАВfcd09803, UBAN, polyubiquitin binding domain of NEMO and related proteins. NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator) is a regulatory subunit of the kinase complex IKK, which is involved in the activation of NF-kappaB via phosporylation of inhibitory IkappaBs. This mechanism requires the binding of NEMO to ubiquinated substrates. Binding is achieved via the UBAN motif (ubiquitin binding in ABIN and NEMO), which is described in this model. This region of NEMO has also been named CoZi (for coiled-coil 2 and leucine zipper). ABINs (A20-binding inhibitors of NF-kappaB) are sensors for ubiquitin that are involved in regulation of apoptosis, ABIN-1 is presumed to inhibit signalling via the NF-kappaB route. The UBAN motif is also found in optineurin, the product of a gene associated with glaucoma, which has been characterized as a negative regulator of NF-kappaB as well.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАёвА0А0АаАВфcd09804, Dcp1, mRNA decapping enzyme 1 (Dcp1). mRNA decapping enzyme 1 (Dcp1), together with Dcp2, is part of the decapping complex which catalyzes the removal of the 5' cap structure of mRNA. This decapping reaction is an essential step in mRNA degradation, by exposing the 5' end for exonucleolytic digestion. Dcp1 binds to the N-terminal helical domain of catalytic subunit Dcp2 and enhances its function by promoting Dsp2's closed conformation which is catalytically more active.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЄвА0А0АаАВ vcd09805, type2_17beta_HSD-like_SDR_c, human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (type 2 17beta-HSD)-like, classical (c) SDRs. 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are a group of isozymes that catalyze activation and inactivation of estrogen and androgens. This classical-SDR subgroup includes the human proteins: type 2 17beta-HSD, type 6 17beta-HSD, type 2 11beta-HSD, dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 9, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7, 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase type 1, and retinol dehydrogenase 5. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ Ccd09806, type1_17beta-HSD-like_SDR_c, human estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (type 1 17beta-HSD)-like, classical (c) SDRs. 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are a group of isozymes that catalyze activation and inactivation of estrogen and androgens. This classical SDR subgroup includes human type 1 17beta-HSD, human retinol dehydrogenase 8, zebrafish photoreceptor associated retinol dehydrogenase type 2, and a chicken ovary-specific 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ Ycd09807, retinol-DH_like_SDR_c, retinol dehydrogenases (retinol-DHs), classical (c) SDRs. Classical SDR-like subgroup containing retinol-DHs and related proteins. Retinol is processed by a medium chain alcohol dehydrogenase followed by retinol-DHs. Proteins in this subfamily share the glycine-rich NAD-binding motif of the classical SDRs, have a partial match to the canonical active site tetrad, but lack the typical active site Ser. This subgroup includes the human proteins: retinol dehydrogenase -12, -13 ,and -14. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВ icd09808, DHRS-12_like_SDR_c-like, human dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member (DHRS)-12/FLJ13639-like, classical (c)-like SDRs. Classical SDR-like subgroup containing human DHRS-12/FLJ13639, the 36K protein of zebrafish CNS myelin, and related proteins. DHRS-12/FLJ13639 is expressed in neurons and oligodendrocytes in the human cerebral cortex. Proteins in this subgroup share the glycine-rich NAD-binding motif of the classical SDRs, have a partial match to the canonical active site tetrad, but lack the typical active site Ser. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ ┐cd09809, human_WWOX_like_SDR_c-like, human WWOX (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase)-like, classical (c)-like SDRs. Classical-like SDR domain of human WWOX and related proteins. Proteins in this subfamily share the glycine-rich NAD-binding motif of the classical SDRs, have a partial match to the canonical active site tetrad, but lack the typical active site Ser. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ бcd09810, LPOR_like_SDR_c_like, light-dependent protochlorophyllide reductase (LPOR)-like, classical (c)-like SDRs. Classical SDR-like subgroup containing LPOR and related proteins. Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) reductases act in chlorophyll biosynthesis. There are distinct enzymes that catalyze Pchlide reduction in light or dark conditions. Light-dependent reduction is via an NADP-dependent SDR, LPOR. Proteins in this subfamily share the glycine-rich NAD-binding motif of the classical SDRs, have a partial match to the canonical active site tetrad, but lack the typical active site Ser. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, 15-PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, 15-PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ6cd09811, 3b-HSD_HSDB1_like_SDR_e, human 3beta-HSD (hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and HSD3B1(delta 5-delta 4-isomerase)-like, extended (e) SDRs. This extended-SDR subgroup includes human 3 beta-HSD/HSD3B1 and C(27) 3beta-HSD/ [3beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-C(27)-steroid oxidoreductase; HSD3B7], and related proteins. These proteins have the characteristic active site tetrad and NAD(P)-binding motif of extended SDRs. 3 beta-HSD catalyzes the oxidative conversion of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroids to the delta 4-3-keto configuration; this activity is essential for the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids. C(27) 3beta-HSD is a membrane-bound enzyme of the endoplasmic reticulum, it catalyzes the isomerization and oxidation of 7alpha-hydroxylated sterol intermediates, an early step in bile acid biosynthesis. Mutations in the human gene encoding C(27) 3beta-HSD underlie a rare autosomal recessive form of neonatal cholestasis. Extended SDRs are distinct from classical SDRs. In addition to the Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet) core region typical of all SDRs, extended SDRs have a less conserved C-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acids. Extended SDRs are a diverse collection of proteins, and include isomerases, epimerases, oxidoreductases, and lyases; they typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold, an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes is typically in the 15-30% range; they catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser and/or an Asn, contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Atypical SDRs generally lack the catalytic residues characteristic of the SDRs, and their glycine-rich NAD(P)-binding motif is often different from the forms normally seen in classical or extended SDRs. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid sythase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ zcd09812, 3b-HSD_like_1_SDR_e, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD)-like, subgroup1, extended (e) SDRs. An uncharacterized subgroup of the 3b-HSD-like extended-SDR family. Proteins in this subgroup have the characteristic active site tetrad and NAD(P)-binding motif of extended-SDRs. 3 beta-HSD catalyzes the oxidative conversion of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroids to the delta 4-3-keto configuration; this activity is essential for the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids. Extended SDRs are distinct from classical SDRs. In addition to the Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet) core region typical of all SDRs, extended SDRs have a less conserved C-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acids. Extended SDRs are a diverse collection of proteins, and include isomerases, epimerases, oxidoreductases, and lyases; they typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold, an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes is typically in the 15-30% range; they catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser and/or an Asn, contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Atypical SDRs generally lack the catalytic residues characteristic of the SDRs, and their glycine-rich NAD(P)-binding motif is often different from the forms normally seen in classical or extended SDRs. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid sythase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВ╞cd09813, 3b-HSD-NSDHL-like_SDR_e, human NSDHL (NAD(P)H steroid dehydrogenase-like protein)-like, extended (e) SDRs. This subgroup includes human NSDHL and related proteins. These proteins have the characteristic active site tetrad of extended SDRs, and also have a close match to their NAD(P)-binding motif. Human NSDHL is a 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) which functions in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. 3 beta-HSD catalyzes the oxidative conversion of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroids to the delta 4-3-keto configuration; this activity is essential for the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids. Mutations in the gene encoding NSDHL cause CHILD syndrome (congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform nevus and limb defects), an X-linked dominant, male-lethal trait. This subgroup also includes an unusual bifunctional [3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD)/C-4 decarboxylase from Arabidopsis thaliana, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG26, a 3b-HSD/C-4 decarboxylase, involved in the synthesis of ergosterol, the major sterol of yeast. Extended SDRs are distinct from classical SDRs. In addition to the Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet) core region typical of all SDRs, extended SDRs have a less conserved C-terminal extension of approximately 100 amino acids. Extended SDRs are a diverse collection of proteins, and include isomerases, epimerases, oxidoreductases, and lyases; they typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold, an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes is typically in the 15-30% range; they catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser and/or an Asn, contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Atypical SDRs generally lack the catalytic residues characteristic of the SDRs, and their glycine-rich NAD(P)-binding motif is often different from the forms normally seen in classical or extended SDRs. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid sythase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВйcd09815, TP_methylase, S-AdoMet dependent tetrapyrrole methylases. This family uses S-AdoMet (S-adenosyl-L-methionine or SAM) in the methylation of diverse substrates. Most members catalyze various methylation steps in cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthesis. There are two distinct cobalamin biosynthetic pathways in bacteria. The aerobic pathway requires oxygen, and cobalt is inserted late in the pathway; the anaerobic pathway does not require oxygen, and cobalt insertion is the first committed step towards cobalamin synthesis. The enzymes involved in the aerobic pathway are prefixed Cob and those of the anaerobic pathway Cbi. Most of the enzymes are shared by both pathways and a few enzymes are pathway-specific. Diphthine synthase and Ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase I (RsmI) are two superfamily members that are not involved in cobalamin biosynthesis. Diphthine synthase participates in the posttranslational modification of a specific histidine residue in elongation factor 2 (EF-2) of eukaryotes and archaea to diphthamide. RsmI catalyzes the 2-O-methylation of the ribose of cytidine 1402 (C1402) in 16S rRNA using S-adenosylmethionine (Ado-Met) as the methyl donor.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВкcd09816, prostaglandin_endoperoxide_synthase, Animal prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and related bacterial proteins. Animal prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases, including prostaglandin H2 synthase and a set of similar bacterial proteins which may function as cyclooxygenases. Prostaglandin H2 synthase catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandin H2 from arachidonic acid. In two reaction steps, arachidonic acid is converted to Prostaglandin G2, a peroxide (cyclooxygenase activity) and subsequently converted to the end product via the enzyme's peroxidase activity. Prostaglandin H2 synthase is the target of aspirin and other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, which block the substrate's access to the active site and may acetylate a conserved serine residue. In humans and other mammals, prostaglandin H2 synthase (PGHS), also called cyclooxygenase (COX) is present as at least two isozymes, PGHS-1 (or COX-1) and PGHS-2 (or COX-2), respectively. PGHS-1 is expressed constitutively in most mammalian cells, while the expression of PGHS-2 is induced via inflammation response in endothelial cells, activated macrophages, and others. COX-3 is a splice variant of COX-1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАршвА0А0АаАВэcd09817, linoleate_diol_synthase_like, Linoleate (8R)-dioxygenase and related enzymes. These fungal enzymes, related to animal heme peroxidases, catalyze the oxygenation of linoleate and similar targets. Linoleate (8R)-dioxygenase, also called linoleate:oxygen 7S,8S-oxidoreductase, generates (9Z,12Z)-(7S,8S)-dihydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate as a product. Other members are 5,8-linoleate dioxygenase (LDS, ppoA) and linoleate 10R-dioxygenase (ppoC), involved in the biosynthesis of oxylipins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрщвА0А0АаАВ)cd09818, PIOX_like, Animal heme oxidases similar to plant pathogen-inducible oxygenases. This is a diverse family of oxygenases related to the animal heme peroxidases, with members from plants, animals, and bacteria. The plant pathogen-inducible oxygenases (PIOX) oxygenate fatty acids into 2R-hydroperoxides. They may be involved in the hypersensitive reaction, rapid and localized cell death induced by infection with pathogens, and the rapidly induced expression of PIOX may be caused by the oxidative burst that occurs in the process of cell death.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАръвА0А0АаАВ$cd09819, An_peroxidase_bacterial_1, Uncharacterized bacterial family of heme peroxidases. Animal heme peroxidases are diverse family of enzymes which are not restricted to metazoans; members are also found in fungi, and plants, and in bacteria - like this family of uncharacterized proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрывА0А0АаАВcd09820, dual_peroxidase_like, Dual oxidase and related animal heme peroxidases. Animal heme peroxidases of the dual-oxidase like subfamily play vital roles in the innate mucosal immunity of gut epithelia. They provide reactive oxygen species which help control infection.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрьвА0А0АаАВ$cd09821, An_peroxidase_bacterial_2, Uncharacterized bacterial family of heme peroxidases. Animal heme peroxidases are diverse family of enzymes which are not restricted to metazoans; members are also found in fungi, and plants, and in bacteria - like this family of uncharacterized proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрэвА0А0АаАВLcd09822, peroxinectin_like_bacterial, Uncharacterized family of heme peroxidases, mostly bacterial. Animal heme peroxidases are diverse family of enzymes which are not restricted to animals. Members are also found in metazoans, fungi, and plants, and also in bacteria - like most members of this family of uncharacterized proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрювА0А0АаАВыcd09823, peroxinectin_like, peroxinectin_like animal heme peroxidases. Peroxinectin is an arthropod protein that plays a role in invertebrate immunity mechanisms. Specifically, peroxinectins are secreted as cell-adhesive and opsonic peroxidases. The immunity mechanism appears to involve an interaction between peroxinectin and a transmembrane receptor of the integrin family. Human myeloperoxidase, which is included in this wider family, has also been reported to interact with integrins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрявА0А0АаАВ_cd09824, myeloperoxidase_like, Myeloperoxidases, eosinophil peroxidases, and lactoperoxidases. This well conserved family of animal heme peroxidases contains members with somewhat diverse functions. Myeloperoxidases are lysosomal proteins found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and the lysosomes of monocytes. They are involved in the formation of microbicidal agents upon activation of activated neutrophils (neutrophils undergoing respiratory bursts as a result of phagocytosis), by catalyzing the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid. As a heme protein, myeloperoxidase is responsible for the greenish tint of pus, which is rich in neutrophils. Eosinophil peroxidases are haloperoxidases as well, preferring bromide over chloride. Expressed by eosinophil granulocytes, they are involved in attacking multicellular parasites and play roles in various inflammatory diseases such as asthma. The haloperoxidase lactoperoxidase is secreted from mucosal glands and provides antibacterial activity by oxidizing a variety of substrates such as bromide or chloride in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрЁвА0А0АаАВЧcd09825, thyroid_peroxidase, Thyroid peroxidase (TPO). TPO is a member of the animal heme peroxidase family, which is expressed in the thyroid and involved in the processing of iodine and iodine compounds. Specifically, TPO oxidizes iodide via hydrogen peroxide to form active iodine, which is then, for example, incorporated into the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin to yield mono- and di-iodotyrosines.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрёвА0А0АаАВlcd09826, peroxidasin_like, Animal heme peroxidase domain of peroxidasin and related proteins. Peroxidasin is a secreted heme peroxidase which is involved in hydrogen peroxide metabolism and peroxidative reactions in the cardiovascular system. The domain co-occurs with extracellular matrix domains and may play a role in the formation of the extracellular matrix.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрЄвА0А0АаАВфcd09827, PET_Prickle, The PET domain of Prickle. The PET domain of Prickle: Prickle contains an N-terminal PET domain and three C-terminal LIM domains. Prickle has been implicated in regulation of cell movement in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway which requires the conserved Frizzled/Dishevelled (Dsh); Prickle interacts with Dishevelled, thereby modulating the activity of Frizzled/Dishevelled and the PCP signaling. Two forms of Prickle have been identified, namely Prickle 1 and Prickle 2. These are differentially expressed; Prickle 1 is found in fetal heart and hematological malignancies, while Prickle 2 is expressed in fetal brain, adult cartilage, pancreatic islet, and some types of timorous cells. The PET domain is a protein-protein interaction domain, usually found in conjunction with the LIM domain, which is also involved in protein-protein interactions. The PET containing proteins serve as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇBвА0А0АаАВКcd09828, PET_OEBT, The PET domain of overexpressed breast tumor protein (OEBT). The PET domain of overexpressed breast tumor protein (OEBT): OEBT contains an N-terminal PET domain and two C-terminal LIM domains, and is predicted to be localized in the nucleus. The expression pattern of OEBT in malignant tissues indicates a possible role of OEBT in cancer differentiation. The PET domain is a protein-protein interaction domain and is usually found in conjunction with LIM domain, which is also involved in protein-protein interactions. PET containing proteins serve as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇCвА0А0АаАВ7cd09829, PET_testin, The PET domain of Testin. The PET domain of Testin: Testin contains a PET domain at the N-terminus and three C-terminal LIM domains. Testin is a cytoskeleton associated focal adhesion protein that localizes along actin stress fibers, at cell-cell contact areas, and at focal adhesion plaques. Testin interacts with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins, including zyxin, mena, VASP, talin, and actin and is involved in cell motility and adhesion events. Knockout mice experiments reveal a tumor repressor function of Testin. The PET domain is a protein-protein interaction domain and is usually found in conjunction with LIM domain, which is also involved in protein-protein interactions. The PET containing proteins serve as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇDвА0А0АаАВCcd09830, PET_LIMPETin_LIM-9, The PET domain of protein LIMPETin and LIM-9. The PET domain of protein LIMPETin and LIM-9: Members of this family contain an N-terminal PETdomain and five to six LIM domains at the C-terminus. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four-and-half LIM (FHL) domain family while the other two show sequence similarity to LIM domains of the Testin family. Thus, proteins of this family may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Thus, proteins of this family may be the recombinant product of genes coding Testin and FHL proteins. SmLIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult males. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. In C. elegans, LIM-9 binds to UNC-97 and UNC-96, components of sarcomeric muscle M-lines. LIM-9 also forms a complex with SCPL-1 and UNC-89, whose function is to organize sarcomeric A-bands, especially the M-line of muscle. Thus, it might play a role in regulating the assembly and maintenance of muscle A-band. The PET domain is a protein-protein interaction domain and is usually found in conjunction with LIM domain, which is also involved in protein-protein interactions. The PET containing proteins serve as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇEвА0А0АаАВCcd09839, M1_TAF2, TATA binding protein (TBP) associated factor 2. This family includes TATA binding protein (TBP) associated factor 2 (TAF2, TBP-associated factor TAFII150, transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 2, RNA polymerase II TBP-associated factor subunit B), and has homology to the aminopeptidase N (APN) subfamily, belonging to the M1 gluzincin family. TAF2 is part of the TFIID multidomain subunit complex essential for transcription of most protein-encoded genes by RNA polymerase II. TAF2 is known to interact with the initiator element (Inr) found at the transcription start site of many genes, thus possibly playing a key role in promoter binding as well as start-site selection. Image analysis has shown TAF2 to form a complex with TAF1 and TBP, inferring its role in promoter recognition. Peptidases in the M1 family bind a single catalytic zinc ion which is tetrahedrally co-ordinated by three amino acid ligands and a water molecule that forms the nucleophile on activation during catalysis. TAF2, however, does not seem to contain any of the active site residues.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтZвА0А0АаАВЦcd09840, LIM2_CRP2, The second LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 2 (CRP2). The second LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 2 (CRP2): Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP and TLPCRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription circuits, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network.CRP3 also called Muscle LIM Protein (MLP), which is a striated muscle-specific factor that enhances myogenic differentiation. The second LIM domain of CRP3/MLP interacts with cytoskeletal protein beta-spectrin. CRP3/MLP also interacts with the basic helix-loop-helix myogenic transcription factors MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 thereby increasing their affinity for specific DNA regulatory elements. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╟вА0А0АаАВ░cd09841, LIM1_Prickle_3, The first LIM domain of Prickle 3. The first LIM domain of Prickle 3/LIM domain only 6 (LM06): Prickle contains three C-terminal LIM domains and a N-terminal PET domain. Prickles have been implicated in roles of regulating tissue polarity or planar cell polarity (PCP). PCP establishment requires the conserved Frizzled/Dishevelled PCP pathway. Prickle interacts with Dishevelled, thereby modulating Frizzled/Dishevelled activity and PCP signaling. Four forms of prickles have been identified: prickle 1-4. The best characterized is prickle 1 and prickle 2 which are differentially expressed. While prickle 1 is expressed in fetal heart and hematological malignancies, prickle 2 is found in fetal brain, adult cartilage, pancreatic islet, and some types of timorous cells. Mutations in prickle 1 have been linked to progressive myoclonus epilepsy. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАс╚вА0А0АаАВ1cd09842, PLDc_vPLD1_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipase D1. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipase D1 (PLD1). PLDs play a pivotal role in transmembrane signaling and cellular regulation. They hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLDs also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Vertebrate PLD1 is a membrane associated phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-dependent enzyme that selectively hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (PC). Protein cofactors and calcium might be required for its activation. Most vertebrate PLDs have adjacent Phox (PX) and the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains at their N-terminus, which have been shown to mediate membrane targeting of the protein and are closely linked to polyphosphoinositide signaling. Like other members of the PLD superfamily, the monomer of vertebrate PLDs consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. These PLDs utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┤вА0А0АаАВ'cd09843, PLDc_vPLD2_1, Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipase D2. Catalytic domain, repeat 1, of vertebrate phospholipase D2 (PLD2). PLDs play a pivotal role in transmembrane signaling and cellular regulation. They hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. They also catalyze a transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Vertebrate PLD2 is a membrane associated phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-dependent enzyme that selectively hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (PC). Protein cofactors and calcium might be required for its activation. Most vertebrate PLDs have adjacent Phox (PX) and the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains at their N-terminus, which have been shown to mediate membrane targeting of the protein and are closely linked to polyphosphoinositide signaling. Like other members of the PLD superfamily, the monomer of vertebrate PLDs consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. These PLDs utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╡вА0А0АаАВ1cd09844, PLDc_vPLD1_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipase D1. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipase D1 (PLD1). PLDs play a pivotal role in transmembrane signaling and cellular regulation. They hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. PLDs also catalyze the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Vertebrate PLD1 is a membrane associated phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-dependent enzyme that selectively hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (PC). Protein cofactors and calcium might be required for its activation. Most vertebrate PLDs have adjacent Phox (PX) and the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains at their N-terminus, which have been shown to mediate membrane targeting of the protein and are closely linked to polyphosphoinositide signaling. Like other members of the PLD superfamily, the monomer of vertebrate PLDs consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. These PLDs utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╢вА0А0АаАВ'cd09845, PLDc_vPLD2_2, Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipase D2. Catalytic domain, repeat 2, of vertebrate phospholipase D2 (PLD2). PLDs play a pivotal role in transmembrane signaling and cellular regulation. They hydrolyze the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids with the formation of phosphatidic acid and alcohols. Phosphatidic acid is an essential compound involved in signal transduction. They also catalyze a transphosphatidylation of phospholipids to acceptor alcohols, by which various phospholipids can be synthesized. Vertebrate PLD2 is a membrane associated phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-dependent enzyme that selectively hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine (PC). Protein cofactors and calcium might be required for its activation. Most vertebrate PLDs have adjacent Phox (PX) and the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains at their N-terminus, which have been shown to mediate membrane targeting of the protein and are closely linked to polyphosphoinositide signaling. Like other members of the PLD superfamily, the monomer of vertebrate PLDs consists of two catalytic domains, each of which contains one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue). Two HKD motifs from two domains form a single active site. These PLDs utilize a common two-step ping-pong catalytic mechanism involving an enzyme-substrate intermediate to cleave phosphodiester bonds. The two histidine residues from the two HKD motifs play key roles in the catalysis. Upon substrate binding, a histidine residue from one HKD motif could function as the nucleophile, attacking the phosphodiester bond to create a covalent phosphohistidine intermediate, while the other histidine residue from the second HKD motif could serve as a general acid, stabilizing the leaving group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╖вА0А0АаАВрcd09846, DUF1312, N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N terminal (NGN) insert and Lin0431 are part of DUF1312. Domains of Unknown Function 1312 (DUF1312) are represented in at least 71 bacterial species with no functional annotation. Included in this family are N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N terminal (NGN) insert and Lin0431, having similar structure and surface features that appear to be conserved across these domain families, suggesting similar function. NusG contains NGN at the N-terminus and Kyrpides Ouzounis and Woese (KOW) repeats at the C-terminus in bacteria and archaea, and this insert (often known as Domain II) is found in several bacteria. Lin0431 is similar to NGN-insert but does ot contain the disulphite bridge.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАєвА0А0АаАВШcd09848, M28_TfR, M28 Zn-peptidase Transferrin Receptor family. Peptidase M28 family; Transferrin Receptor (TfR) subfamily. TfRs are homodimeric type II transmembrane proteins containing three distinct domains: protease-like, apical or protease-associated (PA), and helical domains. The protease-like domain is a large extracellular portion (ectodomain). In TfR, it contains a binding site for the transferrin molecule and has 28% identity to membrane glutamate carboxypeptidase II (mGCP-II or PSMA). The PA domain is inserted between the first and second strands of the central beta sheet in the protease-like domain. TfR1 is widely expressed, and is a key player in the uptake of iron-loaded transferrin (Tf) into cells. The TfR1 homodimer binds two molecules of Tf and the complex is then internalized. TfR1 may also participate in cell growth and proliferation. TfR2 binds Tf but with a significantly lower affinity than TfR1. It is expressed chiefly in hepatocytes, hematopoietic cells, and duodenal crypt cells; its expression overlaps with that of hereditary hemochromatosis protein (HFE). TfR2 is involved in iron homeostasis; in humans, mutations in TfR2 are associated with a form of hemochromatosis (HFE3). While related in sequence to peptidase M28 glutamate carboxypeptidase II (also called prostate-specific membrane antigen or PSMA), TfR lacks the metal ion coordination centers and protease activity of that group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ$вА0А0АаАВ9cd09849, M20_Acy1L2_like_2, M20 Peptidase Aminoacylase 1-like protein 2, amidohydrolase family. Peptidase M20 family, Aminoacylase 1-like protein 2 (ACY1L2; amidohydrolase)-like subfamily. This group contains many uncharacterized proteins predicted as amidohydrolases, including gene products of abgA and abgB that catalyze the cleavage of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate, a folate catabolite in Escherichia coli , to p-aminobenzoate and glutamate. p-Aminobenzoyl-glutamate utilization is catalyzed by the abg region gene product, AbgT. Aminoacylase 1 (ACY1) proteins are a class of zinc binding homodimeric enzymes involved in hydrolysis of N-acetylated proteins. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process that is involved in the protection and stability of proteins. Several types of aminoacylases can be distinguished on the basis of substrate specificity. ACY1 breaks down cytosolic aliphatic N-acyl-alpha-amino acids (except L-aspartate), especially N-acetyl-methionine and acetyl-glutamate into L-amino acids and an acyl group. However, ACY1 can also catalyze the reverse reaction, the synthesis of acetylated amino acids. ACY1 may also play a role in xenobiotic bioactivation as well as the inter-organ processing of amino acid-conjugated xenobiotic derivatives (S-substituted-N-acetyl-L-cysteine).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ%вА0А0АаАВ╓cd09850, Ebola-like_HR1-HR2, heptad repeat 1-heptad repeat 2 region of the transmembrane subunit of Filoviridae viruses, Ebola virus and Marburg virus, and related domains. This domain subfamily spans both heptad repeats of the glycoprotein (gp)/transmembrane subunit of various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, including Ebola virus gp2, Marburg virus gp, and the envelope proteins of various ERVs, including human HERV-R_c7q21.2 (ERV-3). This domain includes an N-terminal heptad repeat, a CKS17-like immunosuppressive region, a CX6C motif that forms an intrasubunit disulfide bond, and a C-terminal heptad repeat. N-terminal to HR1-HR2 region is a fusion peptide (FP), and C-terminal, is a membrane-spanning region (MSR). Viral infection involves the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure (three HR1s helices, buttressed by three HR2 helices lying in antiparallel orientation). In this structure, the FP (inserted in the host cell membrane) and MSR (inserted in the viral membrane) are in close proximity. ERVs are likely to originate from ancient germ-line infections by active retroviruses. Some ERVs play specific roles in the host. However, it is unclear whether ERV-3 has a critical biological role: it is expressed in the placenta, but is not fusogenic, has an immunosuppressive domain, but lacks a fusion peptide. Filoviridae, the family of viruses including Ebola and Marburg, may have acquired this domain via horizontal transfer from retroviruses.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўвА0А0АаАВ cd09851, HTLV-1-like_HR1-HR2, heptad repeat 1-heptad repeat 2 region (ectodomain) of the transmembrane subunit of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and related domains. This domain subfamily spans both heptad repeats of the glycoprotein (gp)/transmembrane(TM) subunit of various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, including HTLV-1, HTLV -2, primate Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, simian T-cell lymphotropic virus, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), bovine leukemia virus, and various human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), including, HERV-H1_c2q24.3, HERV-H2_3q26, HERV-F(c)1_cXq21.33, HERV-T_19q13.11, Syncytin-1 (HERV-W_c7q21.2/ ERVWE1), Syncytin-2 (HERV-FRD_6p24.1), and related domains. This domain includes an N-terminal heptad repeat, a CKS17-like immunosuppressive region, a CX6C motif that forms an intrasubunit disulfide bond, and a C-terminal heptad repeat. N-terminal to HR1-HR2 region is a fusion peptide (FP), and C-terminal, is a membrane-spanning region (MSR). Viral infection involves the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure (three HR1s helices, buttressed by three HR2 helices lying in antiparallel orientation). In this structure, the FP (inserted in the host cell membrane) and MSR (inserted in the viral membrane) are in close proximity. ERVs are likely to originate from ancient germ-line infections by active retroviruses. Some modern ERVs, those that integrated into the host genome post-speciation, have a currently active exogenous counterpart, such as FeLV. Some ERVs play specific roles in the host, including placental development, protection of the host from infection by related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, and genome plasticity. Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-2 are expressed in the placenta, and are fusogenic, although they have a different cell specificity for fusion. Syncytin-2, but not Syncytin-1, is immunosuppressive; its immunosuppressive domain may protect the fetus from the mother's immune system. Syncytin-1 may participate in the formation of the placental trophoblast; it is also implicated in cell fusions between cancer and host cells and between cancer cell, and in human osteclast fusion. This subfamily also contains a mouse envelope protein encoded by the Fv-4 env gene, that blocks infection by exogenous MuLV.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВ gcd09852, PIN_SF, PIN (PilT N terminus) domain: Superfamily. PIN_SF The PIN (PilT N terminus) domain belongs to a large nuclease superfamily with representatives from eukaryota, eubacteria, and archaea. PIN domains were originally named for their sequence similarity to the N-terminal domain of an annotated pili biogenesis protein, PilT, a domain fusion between a PIN-domain and a PilT ATPase domain. The structural properties of the PIN domain indicate its putative active center, consisting of invariant acidic amino acid residues (putative metal-binding residues) is geometrically similar in the active center of structure-specific 5' nucleases (also known as Flap endonuclease-1-like), PIN-domain ribonucleases of eukaryotic rRNA editing proteins, and bacterial toxins of toxin-antitoxin (TA) operons. Seen here, are two major divisions in the PIN domain superfamily. The first major division, the structure-specific 5' nuclease family, is represented by FEN1, the 5'-3' exonuclease of DNA polymerase I, and T4 RNase H nuclease PIN domains. These 5' nucleases are involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination. They are capable of both 5'-3' exonucleolytic activity and cleaving bifurcated DNA, in an endonucleolytic, structure-specific manner. Unique to FEN1-like nucleases, the PIN domain has a helical arch/clamp region (I domain) of variable length (approximately 16 to 800 residues) and, inserted within the C-terminal region of the PIN domain, a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. With the exception of Mkt1, these nucleases have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, or Co2+). The second major division of the PIN domain superfamily, the VapC-Smg6 family, includes such eukaryotic ribonucleases as, Smg6, an essential factor in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay; Rrp44, the catalytic subunit of the exosome; and Nob1, a ribosome assembly factor critical in pre-rRNA processing. A large percentage of members in this family are bacterial ribonuclease toxins of TA operons such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitB, as well as, archaeal homologs, Pyrobaculum aerophilum Pea0151 and P. aerophilum Pae2754. Also included are the eukaryotic Fcf1/ Utp24 (FAF1-copurifying factor 1/U three-associated protein 24) and Utp23-like proteins. Components of the small subunit processome, Fcf1/Utp24 and Utp23 are essential proteins involved in pre-rRNA processing and 40S ribosomal subunit assembly.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт^вА0А0АаАВьcd09853, PIN_StructSpec-5'-nucleases, PIN domains of structure-specific 5' nucleases (or flap endonuclease-1-like) involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination. Structure-specific 5' nucleases are capable of both 5'-3' exonucleolytic activity and cleaving bifurcated or branched DNA, in an endonucleolytic, structure-specific manner. The family includes the PIN (PilT N terminus) domains of Flap Endonuclease-1 (FEN1), Exonuclease-1 (EXO1), Mkt1, Gap Endonuclease 1 (GEN1), and Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) nuclease. Also included are the PIN domains of the 5'-3' exonucleases of DNA polymerase I and single domain protein homologs, as well as, the bacteriophage T4- and T5-5' nucleases, and other homologs. These nucleases contain a PIN domain with a helical arch/clamp region (I domain) of variable length (approximately 16 to 800 residues) and a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. With the exception of Mkt1, the nucleases within this family have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, or Co2+).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт_вА0А0АаАВ|cd09854, PIN_VapC-Smg6_family, PIN domains of VapC and Smg6 ribonucleases, ribosome assembly factor NOB1, rRNA-processing protein Fcf1, Archaeoglobus fulgidus AF0591 protein, and homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domains of such ribonucleases as the toxins of prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin operons FitAB and VapBC, as well as, eukaryotic ribonucleases such as Smg6, ribosome assembly factor NOB1, exosome subunit Rrp44 endoribonuclease and, rRNA-processing protein Fcf1, are included in this family. Also included are the PIN domains of the Pyrobaculum aerophilum Pea0151 and Archaeoglobus fulgidus AF0591 proteins and other similar archaeal homologs. These PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains typically contain three or four highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues) which cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт`вА0А0АаАВ8cd09855, PIN_VapC-Smg6-like, PIN domains of VapC and Smg6 ribonucleases, ribosome assembly factor NOB1, Archaeoglobus fulgidus AF0591 protein and homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domains of such ribonucleases as the toxins of prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin operons FitAB and VapBC, as well as, eukaryotic ribonucleases such as Smg6, ribosome assembly factor NOB1, exosome subunit Rrp44 endoribonuclease are included in this family. Also included are the PIN domains of the Pyrobaculum aerophilum Pea0151 and Archaeoglobus fulgidus AF0591 proteins and other similar archaeal homologs. These PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains typically contain three or four highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues) which cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтaвА0А0АаАВ7cd09856, PIN_FEN1-like, PIN domain of Flap Endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like, structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nucleases. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of Flap Endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like nucleases: FEN1, Gap endonuclease 1 (GEN1) and Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) nuclease are members of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. These nucleases contain a PIN domain with a helical arch/clamp region (I domain) of variable length (approximately 30 to 800 residues) and a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Most nucleases within this family also have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+/Mn2+). Some nucleases in this family have C-terminal extensions that act as interaction sites for other proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтbвА0А0АаАВ}cd09857, PIN_EXO1, PIN domain of Exonuclease-1, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease and homologs. Exonuclease-1 (EXO1) is involved in multiple, eukaryotic DNA metabolic pathways, including DNA replication processes (5' flap DNA endonuclease activity and double stranded DNA 5'-exonuclease activity), DNA repair processes (DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and post-replication repair (PRR)), recombination, and telomere integrity. EXO1 functions in the MMS2 error-free branch of the PRR pathway in the maintenance and repair of stalled replication forks. Studies also suggest that EXO1 plays both structural and catalytic roles during MMR-mediated mutation avoidance. EXO1 belongs to the FEN1-EXO1-like family of structure-specific, 5' nucleases. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region (I domain) of variable length (approximately 43 residues in EXO1 PIN domains) and a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Nucleases within this group also have a carboxylate-rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+/Mn2+). EXO1 nucleases also have C-terminal Mlh1- and Msh2-binding domains which allow interaction with MMR and PRR proteins, respectively.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтcвА0А0АаАВ_cd09858, PIN_MKT1, PIN domain of Mkt1: A global regulator of mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins and eukaryotic homologs. The Mkt1 gene product interacts with the Poly(A)-binding protein associated factor, Pbp1, and is present at the 3' end of RNA transcripts during translation. The Mkt1-Pbp1 complex is involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of HO endonuclease expression. Mkt1 and eukaryotic homologs are atypical members of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family. Conical members of this family possess a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (approximately 40 to 55 residues in MKT1 PIN domains) and inserted within the PIN domain is a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Although Mkt1 appears to possess both a PIN and H3TH domain, the Mkt1 PIN domain lacks several of the active site residues necessary to bind essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+/Mn2+) required for nuclease activity in this family. Also, Mkt1 lacks the glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain which is proposed to facilitate duplex DNA binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтdвА0А0АаАВncd09859, PIN_53EXO, PIN domain of the 5'-3' exonuclease of Taq DNA polymerase I and homologs. The 5'-3' exonuclease (53EXO) PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of multi-domain DNA polymerase I and single domain protein homologs are included in this family. Taq contains a polymerase domain for synthesizing a new DNA strand and a 53EXO PIN domain for cleaving RNA primers or damaged DNA strands. Taq's 53EXO PIN domain recognizes and endonucleolytically cleaves a structure-specific DNA substrate that has a bifurcated downstream duplex and an upstream template-primer duplex that overlaps the downstream duplex by 1 bp. The 53EXO PIN domain cleaves the unpaired 5'-arm of the overlap flap DNA substrate. 5'-3' exonucleases are members of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. These nucleases contain a PIN domain with a helical arch/clamp region (I domain) of variable length (approximately 16 residues in 53EXO PIN domains) and a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA/RNA binding. The active site includes a set of conserved acidic residues that are essential for binding divalent metal ions required for nuclease activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтeвА0А0АаАВъcd09860, PIN_T4-like, PIN domain of bacteriophage T3, T4 RNase H, T5-5'nuclease, and homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of bacteriophage T5-5'nuclease (5'-3' exonuclease or T5FEN), bacteriophage T4 RNase H (T4FEN), bacteriophage T3 (T3 phage exodeoxyribonuclease) and other similar 5' nucleases are included in this family. T5-5'nuclease is a 5'-3'exodeoxyribonuclease that also exhibits endonucleolytic activity on flap structures (branched duplex DNA containing a free single-stranded 5'end). T4 RNase H, which removes the RNA primers that initiate lagging strand fragments, has 5'- 3'exonuclease activity on DNA/DNA and RNA/DNA duplexes and has endonuclease activity on flap or forked DNA structures. Bacteriophage T3 is believed to function in the removal of DNA-linked RNA primers and is essential for phage DNA replication and also necessary for host DNA degradation and phage genetic recombination. These nucleases are members of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. They have a PIN domain with a helical arch/clamp region (I domain) of variable length (approximately 20 to 30 residues in PIN T5-like domains) and a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA/RNA binding. The active site includes a set of conserved acidic residues that are essential for binding divalent metal ions required for nuclease activity. In the T5-5'nuclease, structure-specific endonuclease activity requires binding of a single metal ion in the high-affinity, metal binding site 1, whereas exonuclease activity requires both, the high-affinity, metal binding site 1 and the low-affinity, metal binding site 2 to be occupied by a divalent cofactor. The T5-5'nuclease is reported to be able to bind several metal ions including, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Co2+, as co-factors.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтfвА0А0АаАВпcd09861, PIN_VapC-like, PIN domain of ribonucleases (toxins), VapC, FitB, and PAE0151 of bacterial and archaeal toxin/antitoxin-like operons, and other similar homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of ribonucleases (toxins) of prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin (TA) operons, involved in growth inhibition by regulating translation, are included in this family. They include the Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC of the VapBC (virulence associated proteins) TA operon, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitB of the FitAB (fast intracellular trafficking) TA operon. Also included in this family are the uncharacterized Mycobacterium bovis UPF0110 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Sll0205 proteins, as well as, the archaeal Pyrobaculum aerophilum PAE0151 protein. PIN domain-containing toxins, such as, VapC, are nearly always co-expressed with an antitoxin, a cognate protein inhibitor (VapB) forming an inert protein complex. Disassociation of the protein complex activates the ribonuclease activity of the toxin by an, as yet undefined mechanism. VapC-like PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this group typically contain three or four highly conserved acidic residues that cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule. These putative active site residues are thought to bind Mg2+ and/or Mn2+ ions and are essential for single-stranded ribonuclease activity. VapC-like PIN domains are single domain proteins that form dimers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтgвА0А0АаАВ-cd09862, PIN_Rrp44, PIN domain of yeast exosome subunit Rrp44 endoribonuclease and other eukaryotic homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae exosome subunit Rrp44 (Ribosomal RNA-processing protein 44 or Protein Dis3 homolog) and other similar eukaryotic homologs are included in this family. The eukaryotic exosome is a conserved macromolecular complex responsible for many RNA-processing and RNA-degradation reactions. It is composed of nine core subunits that directly binds Rrp44. The Rrp44 nuclease is the catalytic subunit of the exosome and has endonuclease activity in the PIN domain and an exoribonuclease activity in its RNase II-like region. Rrp44 binding to the exosome is mediated mainly by the PIN domain and by subunits Rrp41-Rrp45, and binding predictions indicate that the PIN domain active site is positioned on the outer surface of the exosome. These PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain four highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues) which cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule. Recombinant Rrp44 was shown to possess manganese-dependent endonuclease activity in vitro that was abolished by point mutations in the putative metal binding residues of its PIN domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтhвА0А0АаАВscd09863, PIN_Smg6-like, PIN domain of human telomerase-binding protein EST1, Smg6, and ribosome assembly factor, Nob1, Archaeoglobus fulgidus AF0591 protein and other eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domains of eukaryotic ribonucleases such as Smg5 and Smg6, essential factors in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), and Nob1, a ribosome assembly factor critical in pre-rRNA processing, as well as, the uncharacterized archaeal Archaeoglobus fulgidus AF0591 protein and other eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal homologs are included in this family. Smg5 and Smg6 are essential factors in NMD, a post-transcriptional regulatory pathway that recognizes and rapidly degrades mRNAs containing premature translation termination codons. In vivo, the Smg6 PIN domain elicits degradation of bound mRNAs, as well as, metal-ion dependent, degradation of single-stranded RNA, in vitro. The Nob1 PIN domain binds the single-stranded cleavage site D at the 3'end of 18S rRNA. Recombinant Nob1 binds as a tetramer to pre-18S rRNA fragments containing cleavage site D and believed to cleave at this site. These PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, that is seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this group typically contain three or four highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues) which cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтiвА0А0АаАВ)cd09864, PIN_Fcf1, PIN domain of rRNA-processing protein, Fcf1 (Utp24, YDR339C), and other eukaryotic homologs. Fcf1/Utp24 (FAF1-copurifying factor 1/U three-associated protein 24) is an essential protein involved in pre-rRNA processing and 40S ribosomal subunit assembly. Component of the small subunit (SSU) processome, Fcf1 is an essential nucleolar protein that is required for processing of the 18S pre-rRNA at sites A0-A2. The Fcf1 protein was reported to interact with Pmc1p (vacuolar Ca2+ ATPase) and Cor1p (core subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex). The PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of this protein is a homolog of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but apparently lack the H3TH domain or extensive arch/clamp region seen in the latter. PIN domains typically contain three or four conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues). The Fcf1 PIN domain subfamily has four of these putative active site residues and the Fcf1-Utp23 homolog PIN domain subfamily has three of them. Point mutation studies of the conserved acidic residues in the putative active site of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fcf1 determined they were essential for pre-rRNA processing at sites A1 and A2, whereas the presence of the Fcf1 protein itself is also required for cleavage at site A0.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтjвА0А0АаАВcd09865, PIN_Utp23, PIN domain of rRNA-processing protein, Utp23 (YOR004W), and other fungal homologs. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Utp23 (U three-associated protein 23), component of the small subunit (SSU) processome, is an essential protein involved in pre-rRNA processing and 40S ribosomal subunit assembly. The PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of this protein is a homolog of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but apparently lack the H3TH domain or extensive arch/clamp region seen in the latter. PIN domains typically contain three or four conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues. S. cerevisiae Utp23 lacks several of these key residues and mutation of the conserved acidic residues seen in Utp23 did not interfere with rRNA maturation and cell viability.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтkвА0А0АаАВ╗cd09866, PIN_Fcf1-Utp23-H, PIN domain of rRNA-processing protein Fcf1- and Utp23-like homologs found in eukaryotes except fungi. PIN domain homologs of Fcf1/Utp24 (FAF1-copurifying factor 1/U three-associated protein 24) and Utp23, essential proteins involved in pre-rRNA processing and 40S ribosomal subunit assembly, are included in this subfamily. Fcf1 is a component of the small subunit (SSU) processome and an essential nucleolar protein required for processing of the 18S pre-rRNA at sites A0-A2. These PIN (PilT N terminus) domains are homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but apparently lack the H3TH domain or extensive arch/clamp region seen in the latter. PIN domains typically contain three or four conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues). The Fcf1-Utp23 homolog PIN domain subfamily has three of these conserved acidic residues rather than the four seen in the Fcf1 PIN domain subfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтlвА0А0АаАВ5cd09867, PIN_FEN1, PIN domain of Flap Endonuclease-1, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease and homologs. Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1) is involved in multiple DNA metabolic pathways, including DNA replication processes (5' flap DNA endonuclease activity and double stranded DNA 5'-exonuclease activity) and DNA repair processes (long-patch base excision repair) in eukaryotes and archaea. Interaction between FEN1 and PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen) is an essential prerequisite to FEN1's DNA replication functionality and stimulates FEN1 nuclease activity by 10-50 fold. FEN1 belongs to the FEN1-EXO1-like family of structure-specific, 5' nucleases. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region (I domain) of variable length (approximately 45 residues in FEN1 PIN domains) and a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Nucleases within this group also have a carboxylate-rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+/Mn2+). FEN1 has a C-terminal extension containing residues forming the consensus PIP-box - Qxx(M/L/I)xxF(Y/F) which serves to anchor FEN1 to PCNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтmвА0А0АаАВ╢cd09868, PIN_XPG, PIN domain of Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) nuclease, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease and homologs. The Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) nuclease plays a central role in nucleotide excision repair (NER) in cleaving DNA bubble structures or loops. XPG is a member of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region (I domain). In XPG PIN domains, this arch region can be quite variable and extensive (400 - 800 residues) in length and is required for NER activity and for efficient processing of bubble substrates. Inserted within the PIN domain of these 5' nucleases is a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Nucleases within this group also have a carboxylate-rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+/Mn2+).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтnвА0А0АаАВтcd09869, PIN_GEN1, PIN domain of Gap Endonuclease 1, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease and homologs. Gap Endonuclease 1 (GEN1) is a Holliday junction resolvase reported to symmetrically cleave Holliday junctions and allow religation without additional processing. GEN1 is a member of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region (I domain) of variable length (approximately 30 - 50 residues in GEN1 PIN domains) and a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Nucleases within this group also have a carboxylate-rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+/Mn2+).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтoвА0А0АаАВЇcd09870, PIN_YEN1, PIN domain of Yeast Endonuclease 1, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease and fungal homologs. Yeast Endonuclease 1 (YEN1) is a Holliday junction resolvase which promotes reciprocal exchange during mitotic recombination to maintain genome integrity in budding yeast. YEN1 is a member of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region (I domain) of variable length (approximately 15 - 50 residues in YEN1 PIN domains) and a H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region. Both the H3TH domain (not included here) and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Nucleases within this group also have a carboxylate-rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+/Mn2+).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтpвА0А0АаАВьcd09871, PIN_UPF0110, PIN domain of the VapC-like UPF0110 protein Mb0640 and homologs. Virulence associated protein C (VapC)-like PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of the Mycobacterium bovis UPF0110 protein Mb0640 and other uncharacterized homologs are included in this subfamily. They are similar to the PIN domains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitB toxins of the prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin operons, VapBC and FitAB, respectively, which are believed to be involved in growth inhibition by regulating translation. These toxins are nearly always co-expressed with an antitoxin, a cognate protein inhibitor, forming an inert protein complex. Disassociation of the protein complex activates the ribonuclease activity of the toxin by an, as yet undefined mechanism. VapC-like PIN domains are homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain three highly conserved acidic residues. These putative active site residues are thought to bind Mg2+ and/or Mn2+ ions and be essential for single-stranded ribonuclease activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтqвА0А0АаАВэcd09872, PIN_Sll0205, PIN domain of the VapC-like Sll0205 protein and homologs. Virulence associated protein C (VapC)-like PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of the Synechocystis sp. (strain PCC 6803) Sll0205 protein and other uncharacterized homologs are included in this subfamily. They are similar to the PIN domains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitB toxins of the prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin operons, VapBC and FitAB, respectively, which are believed to be involved in growth inhibition by regulating translation. These toxins are nearly always co-expressed with an antitoxin, a cognate protein inhibitor, forming an inert protein complex. Disassociation of the protein complex activates the ribonuclease activity of the toxin by an, as yet undefined mechanism. VapC-like PIN domains are homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain four highly conserved acidic residues. These putative active site residues are thought to bind Mg2+ and/or Mn2+ ions and be essential for single-stranded ribonuclease activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтrвА0А0АаАВ¤cd09873, PIN_Pae0151, PIN domain of the Pyrobaculum aerophilum Pae0151 and Pae2754 proteins and homologs. Virulence associated protein C (VapC)-like PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of the Pyrobaculum aerophilum proteins, Pae0151 and Pae2754, and homologs are included in this subfamily. They are similar to the PIN domains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitB toxins of the prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin operons, VapBC and FitAB, respectively, which are believed to be involved in growth inhibition by regulating translation. These toxins are nearly always co-expressed with an antitoxin, a cognate protein inhibitor, forming an inert protein complex. Disassociation of the protein complex activates the ribonuclease activity of the toxin by an, as yet undefined mechanism. VapC-like PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain four highly conserved acidic residues. These putative active site residues are thought to bind Mg2+ and/or Mn2+ ions and be essential for single-stranded ribonuclease activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтsвА0А0АаАВScd09874, PIN_MT3492, PIN domain of the hypothetical protein MT3492 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551 and other uncharacterized, annotated PilT protein domain proteins. Virulence associated protein C (VapC)-like PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551, hypothetical protein MT3492, and similar bacterial and archaeal proteins are included in this subfamily. They are PIN domain homologs of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitB toxins of the prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin operons, VapBC and FitAB, respectively, which are believed to be involved in growth inhibition by regulating translation. These toxins are nearly always co-expressed with an antitoxin, a cognate protein inhibitor, forming an inert protein complex. Disassociation of the protein complex activates the ribonuclease activity of the toxin by an, as yet undefined mechanism. VapC-like PIN domains are homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain four highly conserved acidic residues. These putative active site residues are thought to bind Mg2+ and/or Mn2+ ions and be essential for single-stranded ribonuclease activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтtвА0А0АаАВ ╖cd09875, PIN_VapC-FitB-like, PIN domain of ribonucleases (toxins), VapC and FitB, of prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin operons, Pyrococcus horikoshii protein PH0500, and other similar bacterial and archaeal homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain-containing proteins of prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin (TA) operons, such as, Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC of the VapBC (virulence associated proteins) TA operon, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitB of the FitAB (fast intracellular trafficking) TA operon, as well as, the archaeal Pyrococcus horikoshii protein PH0500 are included in this family. Toxins of TA operons are believed to be involved in growth inhibition by regulating translation and are nearly always co-expressed with an antitoxin, a cognate protein inhibitor, forming an inert protein complex. Disassociation of the complex activates the ribonuclease activity of the toxin. In N. gonorrhoeae, FitA and FitB form a heterodimer: FitA is the DNA binding subunit and FitB contains a ribonuclease activity that is blocked by the presence of FitA. A tetramer of FitAB heterodimers binds DNA from the fitAB upstream promoter region with high affinity. This results in both sequestration of FitAB and repression of fitAB transcription. It is thought that FitAB release from the DNA and subsequent dissociation both slows N. gonorrhoeae replication and transcytosis by an as yet undefined mechanism. The toxin M. tuberculosis VapC is a structural homolog of N. gonorrhoeae FitB, but their antitoxin partners, VapB and FitA, respectively, differ structurally. The M. tuberculosis VapC-5 is proposed to be both an endoribonuclease and an exoribonuclease that can act on free RNA in a similar manner to the endo and exonuclease flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1). VapC-like toxins are structural homologs of FEN1-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this group typically contain three or four conserved acidic residues that cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule. These putative active site residues are thought to bind Mg2+ and/or Mn2+ ions and be essential for single-stranded ribonuclease activity. VapC-like PIN domains are single domain proteins that form dimers and dimerization configures the active sites in a groove along the long-axis of the structure.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтuвА0А0АаАВ╞cd09876, PIN_Nob1, PIN domain of eukaryotic ribosome assembly factor Nob1 and archaeal UPF0129 protein Ta0041-like homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosome assembly factor, Nob1 (Nin one binding) protein, the Thermoplasma acidophilum DSM 1728, UPF0129 protein Ta0041, and similar eukaryotic and archaeal homologs are included in this family. The Nob1 PIN domain binds the single-stranded cleavage site D at the 3#end of 18S rRNA. Recombinant Nob1 binds as a tetramer to pre-18S rRNA fragments containing cleavage site D and believed to cleave at this site. These PIN domains are homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain three highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтvвА0А0АаАВЎcd09877, PIN_YacL, PIN domain of Thermus Thermophilus Hb8, uncharacterized Bacillus subtilis YacL, and other bacterial homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of the conserved membrane protein of unknown function of Thermus Thermophilus Hb8, Bacillus subtilis YacL and other similar homologs are included in this family. These PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domain homologs within this group contain four highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues) which cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule. Proteins in this group have a C-terminal TRAM domain whose function is unknown but predicted to be a RNA-binding domain common to tRNA uracil methylation and adenine thiolation enzymes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтwвА0А0АаАВНcd09878, PIN_VirB11L-ATPase, PIN domain of the Methanocaldococcus Jannaschii Dsm 2661 protein, Thermococcus sibiricus MM 739 predicted ATPase, and other similar archaeal homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain present N-terminal of AAA+, VirB11-like ATPases, as well as, the PIN domains of proteins from Methanopyrus kandleri AV19 and Thermococcus sibiricus MM 739, and other similar archaeal homologs are included in this family. Several members of this subfamily possess an AAA+, VirB11-like ATPase domain, flanked by PIN and KH nucleic acid-binding domains. VirB11-ATPase is a type IV secretory pathway component required for T-pilus biogenesis and virulence. These PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain four highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues) which cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтxвА0А0АаАВ√cd09879, PIN_AF0591, PIN domain of Archaeoglobus fulgidus AF0591 protein and other similar archaeal homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of Archaeoglobus fulgidus AF0591 protein and other similar uncharacterized archaeal homologs are included in this family. These PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain four highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues) which cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтyвА0А0АаАВьcd09880, PIN_Smg5-Smg6-like, PIN domain. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) factors, Smg5 and Smg6, and homologs are included in this family. Smg5 and Smg6 are essential factors in NMD, a post-transcriptional regulatory pathway that recognizes and rapidly degrades mRNAs containing premature translation termination codons. In vivo, the Smg6 PIN domain elicits degradation of bound mRNAs, as well as, metal-ion dependent, degradation of single-stranded RNA, in vitro. These PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. Point mutation studies of the conserved aspartate residues in the catalytic center of the Smg6 PIN domain revealed that Smg6 is the endonuclease involved in human NMD. However, Smg5 lacks several of these key catalytic residues and does not degrade single-stranded RNA, in vivo. Eukaryotic Smg5 and Smg6-like PIN domains are present at the C-terminal end of telomerase activating proteins, Est1. Many of the bacterial homologs in this group have an N-terminal PIN domain and a C-terminal PhoH-like ATPase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтzвА0А0АаАВ ▓cd09881, PIN_VapC-FitB, PIN domain of ribonucleases (toxins), VapC and FitB, of prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin operons, Pyrococcus horikoshii protein PH0500, and other similar bacterial and archaeal homologs. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain-containing proteins of prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin (TA) operons, such as, Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC of the VapBC (virulence associated proteins) TA operon, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitB of the FitAB (fast intracellular trafficking) TA operon, as well as, the archaeal Pyrococcus horikoshii protein PH0500 are included in this family. Toxins of TA operons are believed to be involved in growth inhibition by regulating translation and are nearly always co-expressed with an antitoxin, a cognate protein inhibitor, forming an inert protein complex. Disassociation of the complex activates the ribonuclease activity of the toxin. In N. gonorrhoeae, FitA and FitB form a heterodimer: FitA is the DNA binding subunit and FitB contains a ribonuclease activity that is blocked by the presence of FitA. A tetramer of FitAB heterodimers binds DNA from the fitAB upstream promoter region with high affinity. This results in both sequestration of FitAB and repression of fitAB transcription. It is thought that FitAB release from the DNA and subsequent dissociation both slows N. gonorrhoeae replication and transcytosis by an as yet undefined mechanism. The toxin M. tuberculosis VapC is a structural homolog of N. gonorrhoeae FitB, but their antitoxin partners, VapB and FitA, respectively, differ structurally. The M. tuberculosis VapC-5 is proposed to be both an endoribonuclease and an exoribonuclease that can act on free RNA in a similar manner to the endo and exonuclease flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1). VapC-like toxins are structural homologs of FEN1-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this group typically contain three or four conserved acidic residues that cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule. These putative active site residues are thought to bind Mg2+ and/or Mn2+ ions and be essential for single-stranded ribonuclease activity. VapC-like PIN domains are single domain proteins that form dimers and dimerization configures the active sites in a groove along the long-axis of the structure.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт{вА0А0АаАВcd09882, PIN_MtRv0301, PIN domain of the Rv0301 toxin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other uncharacterized, annotated PilT protein domain proteins. Virulence associated protein C (VapC)-like PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Rv0301 and similar bacterial proteins are included in this subfamily. They are PIN domain homologs of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis VapC and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FitB toxins of the prokaryotic toxin/antitoxin operons, VapBC and FitAB, respectively, which are believed to be involved in growth inhibition by regulating translation. These toxins are nearly always co-expressed with an antitoxin, a cognate protein inhibitor, forming an inert protein complex. Disassociation of the protein complex activates the ribonuclease activity of the toxin by an, as yet undefined mechanism. VapC-like PIN domains are homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain four highly conserved acidic residues. These putative active site residues are thought to bind Mg2+ and/or Mn2+ ions and be essential for single-stranded ribonuclease activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт|вА0А0АаАВнcd09883, PIN_PhoHL-ATPase, PIN domain of bacterial Smg6-like homologs with PhoH-like ATPase domains. PIN (PilT N terminus) domain of Smg6-like bacterial proteins with C-terminal PhoH-like ATPase domains and other similar homologs are included in this family. Eukaryotic Smg5 and Smg6 nucleases are essential factors in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a post-transcriptional regulatory pathway that recognizes and rapidly degrades mRNAs containing premature translation termination codons. In vivo, the Smg6 PIN domain elicits degradation of bound mRNAs, as well as, metal ion dependent, degradation of single-stranded RNA, in vitro. These PIN domains are homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain four highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues). Many of the bacterial homologs in this group have an N-terminal PIN domain and a C-terminal PhoH-like ATPase domain and are predicted to be ATPases which are induced by phosphate starvation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт}вА0А0АаАВщcd09884, PIN_Smg5, PIN domain of human telomerase-binding protein EST1, Smg5, and other similar eukaryotic homologs. Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) factors, Smg5 and Smg6 are essential to the post-transcriptional regulatory pathway, NMD, which recognizes recognizes and rapidly degrades mRNAs containing premature translation termination codons. These PIN (PilT N terminus) domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. Point mutation studies of the conserved aspartate residues in the catalytic center of the Smg6 PIN domain revealed that Smg6 is the endonuclease involved in human NMD. However, Smg5 lacks several of these key catalytic residues and does not degrade single-stranded RNA, in vivo. Eukaryotic Smg5 PIN domains are present at the C-terminal end of the telomerase activating proteins, Est1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт~вА0А0АаАВicd09885, PIN_Smg6, PIN domain of human telomerase-binding protein EST1, Smg6, and other similar eukaryotic homologs. Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) factors, Smg5 and Smg6 are essential to the post-transcriptional regulatory pathway, NMD, which recognizes and rapidly degrades mRNAs containing premature translation termination codons. In vivo, the Smg6 PIN (PilT N terminus) domain elicits degradation of bound mRNAs, as well as, metal ion dependent, degradation of single-stranded RNA, in vitro. These PIN domains are structural homologs of flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like PIN domains, but lack the extensive arch/clamp region and the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2-like region, seen in FEN1-like PIN domains. PIN domains within this subgroup contain four highly conserved acidic residues (putative metal-binding, active site residues) which cluster at the C-terminal end of the beta-sheet and form a negatively charged pocket near the center of the molecule. Point mutation studies of the conserved aspartate residues in the catalytic center of the Smg6 PIN domain revealed that Smg6 is the endonuclease involved in human NMD. However, Smg5 lacks several of these key catalytic residues and does not degrade single-stranded RNA, in vivo. Eukaryotic Smg6 PIN domains are present at the C-terminal end of the telomerase activating proteins, Est1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтвА0А0АаАВЩcd09886, NGN_SP, N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal domain in the NusG Specialized Paralog (SP). The N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) protein is involved in transcription elongation and termination. NusG is essential in Escherichia coli and is associated with RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination in bacteria. Paralogs of eubacterial NusG, NusG SP (Specialized Paralog of NusG), are more diverse and often found as the first ORF in operons encoding secreted proteins and LPS biosynthesis genes. NusG SP family members are operon-specific transcriptional antitermination factors. The NusG N-terminal (NGN) domain is quite similar in all NusG orthologs, but its C-terminal domains and the linker that separate these two domains are different. The domain organization of NusG and its orthologs suggest that the common properties of NusG and its orthologs and paralogs are due to their similar NGN domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ'вА0А0АаАВ,cd09887, NGN_Arch, Archaeal N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal (NGN) domain. The N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) protein and its eukaryotic homolog, Spt5, are involved in transcription elongation and termination. Transcription in archaea has a eukaryotic-type transcription apparatus, but contains bacterial-type transcription factors. NusG is one of the few archaeal transcription factors that has orthologs in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Archaeal NusG is similar to bacterial NusG, composed of an NGN domain and a Kyrpides Ouzounis and Woese (KOW) repeat. The eukaryotic ortholog, Spt5, is a large protein composed of an acidic N-terminus, an NGN domain, and multiple KOW motifs at its C-terminus. NusG was originally discovered as a N-dependent antitermination enhancing activity in Escherichia coli and has a variety of functions, such as being involved in RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination in bacteria. Archaeal NusG forms a complex with DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit E (rpoE) that is similar to the Spt5-Spt4 complex in eukaryotes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ(вА0А0АаАВycd09888, NGN_Euk, Eukaryotic N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal (NGN) domain, including plant KTF1 (KOW domain-containing Transcription Factor 1). The N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) protein and its eukaryotic homolog, Spt5, are involved in transcription elongation and termination. NusG contains an NGN domain at its N-terminus and Kyrpides Ouzounis and Woese (KOW) repeats at its C-terminus. Spt5 forms an Spt4-Spt5 complex that is an essential RNA polymerase II elongation factor. NusG was originally discovered as an N-dependent antitermination enhancing activity in Escherichia coli, and has a variety of functions such as its involvement in RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination in bacteria. Orthologs of the NusG gene exist in all bacteria, but their functions and requirements are different. Spt5-like is homologous to the Spt5 proteins present in all eukaryotes, which is unique as it encodes a protein with an additional long carboxy-terminal extension that contains WG/GW motifs. Spt5-like, or KTF1 (KOW domain-containing Transcription Factor 1), is a RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway effector in plants.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ)вА0А0АаАВЖcd09889, NGN_Bact_2, Bacterial N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal (NGN) domain, subgroup 2. The N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) protein is involved in transcription elongation and termination. NusG is essential in Escherichia coli and associates with RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination. Paralogs of eubacterial NusG, NusG SP (Specialized Paralog of NusG), are more diverse and often found as the first ORF in operons encoding secreted proteins and LPS biosynthesis genes. NusG SP family members are operon-specific transcriptional antitermination factors. The NusG N-terminal domain (NGN) is quite similar in all NusG orthologs, but its C-terminal domain and the linker that separates these two domains are different. The domain organization of NusG and its orthologs suggests that the common properties of NusG and its orthologs and paralogs are due to their similar NGN domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ*вА0А0АаАВ╤cd09890, NGN_plant, Plant N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal (NGN) domain. The N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) protein and its eukaryotic homolog, Spt5, are involved in transcription elongation and termination. NusG contains a NGN domain at its N-terminus and Kyrpides Ouzounis and Woese (KOW) repeats at its C-terminus in bacteria and archaea. The eukaryotic ortholog, Spt5, is a large protein comprising an acidic N-terminus, an NGN domain, and multiple KOW motifs at its C-terminus. Spt5 forms an Spt4-Spt5 complex that is an essential RNA polymerase II elongation factor. The bacterial infected plants contain bacterial DNA, such as NGN sequences, that can be used to clone the DNA of uncultured organisms.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ+вА0А0АаАВПcd09891, NGN_Bact_1, Bacterial N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal (NGN) domain, subgroup 1. The N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) protein is involved in transcription elongation and termination in bacteria. NusG is essential in Escherichia coli and associates with RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination. Homologs of the NusG gene exist in all bacteria. The NusG N-terminal domain (NGN) is similar in all NusG homologs, but its C-terminal domain and the linker that separates these two domains are different. The domain organization of NusG suggests that the common properties of NusG and its homologs are due to their similar NGN domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ,вА0А0АаАВ▓cd09892, NGN_SP_RfaH, N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal domain in the NusG Specialized Paralog (SP), RfaH. RfaH is an operon-specific virulence regulator, thought to have arisen from an early duplication of N-Utilization Substance G (NusG). Paralogs of eubacterial NusG, NusG SP (Specialized Paralog of NusG), are more diverse and often found as the first ORF in operons encoding secreted proteins and LPS biosynthesis genes. NusG SP family members are operon-specific transcriptional antitermination factors. NusG is essential in Escherichia coli and is associated with RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination in bacteria. In contrast, RfaH is a non-essential protein that controls expression of operons containing an ops (operon polarity suppressor) element in their transcribed DNA. RfaH and NusG are different in their response to Rho-dependent terminators and regulatory targets. The NusG N-terminal (NGN) domain is quite similar in all NusG orthologs, but its C-terminal domains and the linker that separate these two domains are different. The domain organization of NusG and its homologs suggest that the common properties of NusG and RfaH are due to their similar NGN domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ-вА0А0АаАВscd09893, NGN_SP_TaA, N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal domain in the NusG Specialized Paralog (SP), TaA. The N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) protein is involved in transcription elongation and termination. NusG is essential in Escherichia coli and is associated with RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination in bacteria. Paralogs of eubacterial NusG, NusG SP (Specialized Paralog of NusG), are more diverse and often found as the first ORF in operons encoding secreted proteins and LPS biosynthesis genes. NusG SP family members are operon-specific transcriptional antiterminationn factors. TaA is a NusG SP factor that is required for synthesis of a polyketide antibiotic TA in Myxococcus xanthus. Orthologs of the NusG gene exist in all bacteria, but its functions and requirements are different. The NusG N-terminal (NGN) domain is quite similar in all NusG orthologs, but its C-terminal domains and the linker that separate these two domains are different. The domain organization of NusG and its orthologs suggest that the common properties of NusG and its orthologs and paralogs are due to their similar NGN domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ.вА0А0АаАВЭcd09894, NGN_SP_AnfA1, N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal domain in the NusG Specialized Paralog (SP), AnFA1. Regulation of the afp, antifeeding prophage, gene cluster is mediated by AnFA1, a RfaH-like transcriptional antiterminator. RfaH is an operon-specific virulence regulator, thought to arisen from an early duplication of N-Utilization Substance G (NusG). NusG is essential in Escherichia coli and is associated with RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination in bacteria. Paralogs of eubacterial NusG, NusG SP (Specialized Paralog of NusG), are more diverse and often found as the first ORF in operons encoding secreted proteins and LPS biosynthesis genes. NusG SP family members are operon-specific transcriptional antitermination factors. Orthologs of the NusG gene exist in all bacteria, but their functions and requirements are different. The NusG N-terminal domain (NGN) is similar in all NusG orthologs, but its C-terminal domain and the linker that separate these two domains are different. The domain organization of NusG and its orthologs suggests that the common properties of NusG and its orthologs and paralogs are due to their similar NGN domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ/вА0А0АаАВycd09895, NGN_SP_UpxY, N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal domain in the NusG Specialized Paralog (SP), UpxY. The N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) proteins are involved in transcription elongation and termination. NusG is essential in Escherichia coli and is associated with RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination. Paralogs of eubacterial NusG, NusG SP (Specialized Paralog of NusG), are more diverse and often found as the first ORF in operons encoding secreted proteins and LPS (lipopolysaccharide) biosynthesis genes. NusG SP family members are operon-specific transcriptional antitermination factors. UpxY proteins, UpxY proteins, where the x is replaced by the letter designation of the specific polysaccharide (UpaY to UphY), are a family of NusG SP factors that act specifically in transcriptional antitermination of operons from which they are encoded. UpxYs are necessary and specific for transcription regulation of the polysaccharide biosynthesis operon. Orthologs of the NusG gene exist in all bacteria, but their functions and requirements are different. The NusG N-terminal (NGN) domain is similar in all NusG orthologs, but its C-terminal domain and the linker that separate these two domains are different. The domain organization of NusG and its orthologs suggests that the common properties of NusG and its orthologs and paralogs are due to their similar NGN domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ0вА0А0АаАВtcd09897, H3TH_FEN1-XPG-like, H3TH domains of Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like structure specific 5' nucleases. The 5' nucleases within this family are capable of both 5'-3' exonucleolytic activity and cleaving bifurcated or branched DNA, in an endonucleolytic, structure-specific manner, and are involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination. This family includes the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of Flap Endonuclease-1 (FEN1), Exonuclease-1 (EXO1), Mkt1, Gap Endonuclease 1 (GEN1), Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) nuclease, and other eukaryotic and archaeal homologs. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. With the except of the Mkt1-like proteins, the nucleases within this family have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (i. e., Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, or Co2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and one Asp residue from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╔вА0А0АаАВqcd09898, H3TH_53EXO, H3TH domain of the 5'-3' exonuclease of Taq DNA polymerase I and homologs. H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of the 5'-3' exonuclease (53EXO) of mutli-domain DNA polymerase I and single domain protein homologs are included in this family. Taq DNA polymerase I contains a polymerase domain for synthesizing a new DNA strand and a 53EXO domain for cleaving RNA primers or damaged DNA strands. Taq's 53EXO recognizes and endonucleolytically cleaves a structure-specific DNA substrate that has a bifurcated downstream duplex and an upstream template-primer duplex that overlaps the downstream duplex by 1 bp. The 53EXO cleaves the unpaired 5'-arm of the overlap flap DNA substrate. 5'-3' exonucleases are members of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. The nucleases within this family have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (i. e., Mg2+ or Mn2+ or Zn2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and two Asp residues from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╩вА0А0АаАВ ╗cd09899, H3TH_T4-like, H3TH domain of bacteriophage T3, T4 RNase H, T5-5' nucleases, and homologs. H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of bacteriophage T5-5'nuclease (5'-3' exonuclease or T5FEN), bacteriophage T4 RNase H (T4FEN), bacteriophage T3 (T3 phage exodeoxyribonuclease) and other similar 5' nucleases are included in this family. The T5-5'nuclease is a 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease that also exhibits endonucleolytic activity on flap structures (branched duplex DNA containing a free single-stranded 5'end). T4 RNase H, which removes the RNA primers that initiate lagging strand fragments, has 5'- 3' exonuclease activity on DNA/DNA and RNA/DNA duplexes and has endonuclease activity on flap or forked DNA structures. Bacteriophage T3 is believed to function in the removal of DNA-linked RNA primers and is essential for phage DNA replication and also necessary for host DNA degradation and phage genetic recombination. These nucleases are members of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. They contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. The nucleases within this family have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site (MBS-1) is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site (MBS-2) is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and two Asp residues from the H3TH domain. In the T5-5'nuclease, structure-specific endonuclease activity requires binding of a single metal ion in the high-affinity, MBS-1, whereas exonuclease activity requires both, the high-affinity, MBS-1 and the low-affinity, MBS-2 to be occupied by a divalent cofactor. The T5-5'nuclease is reported to be able to bind several metal ions including, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Co2+, as co-factors. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╦вА0А0АаАВЯcd09900, H3TH_XPG-like, H3TH domains of Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like structure specific 5' nucleases: FEN1 (archaeal), GEN1, YEN1, and XPG. The 5' nucleases within this family are capable of both 5'-3' exonucleolytic activity and cleaving bifurcated or branched DNA, in an endonucleolytic, structure-specific manner, and are involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination. This family includes the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of archaeal Flap Endonuclease-1 (FEN1), Gap Endonuclease 1 (GEN1), Yeast Endonuclease 1 (YEN1), Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) nuclease, and other eukaryotic and archaeal homologs. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. With the except of the Mkt1-like proteins, the nucleases within this family have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (i. e., Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, or Co2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and one Asp residue from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╠вА0А0АаАВcd09901, H3TH_FEN1-like, H3TH domains of Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)-like structure specific 5' nucleases: FEN1 (eukaryotic) and EXO1. The 5' nucleases within this family are capable of both 5'-3' exonucleolytic activity and cleaving bifurcated or branched DNA, in an endonucleolytic, structure-specific manner, and are involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination. This family includes the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of eukaryotic Flap Endonuclease-1 (FEN1), Exonuclease-1 (EXO1), and other eukaryotic homologs. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. The nucleases within this family have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (i. e., Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, or Co2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and one Asp residue from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр═вА0А0АаАВэcd09902, H3TH_MKT1, H3TH domain of Mkt1: A global regulator of mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins and eukaryotic homologs. The Mkt1 gene product interacts with the Poly(A)-binding protein associated factor, Pbp1, and is present at the 3' end of RNA transcripts during translation. The Mkt1-Pbp1 complex is involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of HO endonuclease expression. Mkt1 and eukaryotic homologs are atypical members of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family. Conical members of this family possess a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Although Mkt1 appears to possess both a PIN and H3TH domain, the Mkt1 PIN domain lacks several of the active site residues necessary to bind essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+/Mn2+) required for nuclease activity in this family. Also, Mkt1 lacks the glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain which is proposed to facilitate duplex DNA binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╬вА0А0АаАВAcd09903, H3TH_FEN1-Arc, H3TH domain of Flap Endonuclease-1, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease: Archaeal homologs. Members of this subgroup include the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of archaeal Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1), 5' nucleases. FEN1 is involved in multiple DNA metabolic pathways, including DNA replication processes (5' flap DNA endonuclease activity and double stranded DNA 5'-exonuclease activity) and DNA repair processes (long-patch base excision repair) in eukaryotes and archaea. Interaction between FEN1 and PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen) is an essential prerequisite to FEN1's DNA replication functionality and stimulates FEN1 nuclease activity by 10-50 fold. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. The nucleases within this subfamily have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+ or Mn2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and one Asp residue from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases. Also, FEN1 has a C-terminal extension containing residues forming the consensus PIP-box - Qxx(M/L/I)xxF(Y/F) which serves to anchor FEN1 to PCNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╧вА0А0АаАВHcd09904, H3TH_XPG, H3TH domain of Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) nuclease, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease. The Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G (XPG) nuclease plays a central role in nucleotide excision repair (NER) in cleaving DNA bubble structures or loops. XPG is a member of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. Members of this subgroup include the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of XPG and other similar eukaryotic 5' nucleases. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. These nucleases have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+ or Mn2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and one Asp residue from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╨вА0А0АаАВcd09905, H3TH_GEN1, H3TH domain of Gap Endonuclease 1, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease. Gap Endonuclease 1 (GEN1): Holliday junction resolvase reported to symmetrically cleave Holliday junctions and allow religation without additional processing. GEN1 is a member of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. Members of this subgroup include the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of GEN1 and other similar eukaryotic 5' nucleases. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. These nucleases have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+ or Mn2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and one Asp residue from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╤вА0А0АаАВcd09906, H3TH_YEN1, H3TH domain of Yeast Endonuclease 1, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease. Yeast Endonuclease 1 (YEN1): Holliday junction resolvase which promotes reciprocal exchange during mitotic recombination to maintain genome integrity in budding yeast. YEN1 is a member of the structure-specific, 5' nuclease family that catalyzes hydrolysis of DNA duplex-containing nucleic acid structures during DNA replication, repair, and recombination. Members of this subgroup include the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of YEN1 and other similar fungal 5' nucleases. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. These nucleases have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+ or Mn2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and one Asp residue from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╥вА0А0АаАВEcd09907, H3TH_FEN1-Euk, H3TH domain of Flap Endonuclease-1, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease: Eukaryotic homologs. Members of this subgroup include the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of eukaryotic Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1), 5' nucleases. FEN1 is involved in multiple DNA metabolic pathways, including DNA replication processes (5' flap DNA endonuclease activity and double stranded DNA 5'-exonuclease activity) and DNA repair processes (long-patch base excision repair) in eukaryotes and archaea. Interaction between FEN1 and PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen) is an essential prerequisite to FEN1's DNA replication functionality and stimulates FEN1 nuclease activity by 10-50 fold. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. The nucleases within this subfamily have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+ or Mn2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and one Asp residue from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases. Also, FEN1 has a C-terminal extension containing residues forming the consensus PIP-box - Qxx(M/L/I)xxF(Y/F) which serves to anchor FEN1 to PCNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╙вА0А0АаАВlcd09908, H3TH_EXO1, H3TH domain of Exonuclease-1, a structure-specific, divalent-metal-ion dependent, 5' nuclease. Exonuclease-1 (EXO1) is involved in multiple, eukaryotic DNA metabolic pathways, including DNA replication processes (5' flap DNA endonuclease activity and double stranded DNA 5'-exonuclease activity), DNA repair processes (DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and post-replication repair (PRR), recombination, and telomere integrity. EXO1 functions in the MMS2 error-free branch of the PRR pathway in the maintenance and repair of stalled replication forks. Studies also suggest that EXO1 plays both structural and catalytic roles during MMR-mediated mutation avoidance. Members of this subgroup include the H3TH (helix-3-turn-helix) domains of EXO1 and other similar eukaryotic 5' nucleases. These nucleases contain a PIN (PilT N terminus) domain with a helical arch/clamp region/I domain (not included here) and inserted within the PIN domain is an atypical helix-hairpin-helix-2 (HhH2)-like region. This atypical HhH2 region, the H3TH domain, has an extended loop with at least three turns between the first two helices, and only three of the four helices appear to be conserved. Both the H3TH domain and the helical arch/clamp region are involved in DNA binding. Studies suggest that a glycine-rich loop in the H3TH domain contacts the phosphate backbone of the template strand in the downstream DNA duplex. These nucleases have a carboxylate rich active site that is involved in binding essential divalent metal ion cofactors (Mg2+ or Mn2+) required for nuclease activity. The first metal binding site is composed entirely of Asp/Glu residues from the PIN domain, whereas, the second metal binding site is composed generally of two Asp residues from the PIN domain and one Asp residue from the H3TH domain. Together with the helical arch and network of amino acids interacting with metal binding ions, the H3TH region defines a positively charged active-site DNA-binding groove in structure-specific 5' nucleases. EXO1 nucleases also have C-terminal Mlh1- and Msh2-binding domains which allow interaction with MMR and PRR proteins, respectively.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАр╘вА0А0АаАВ╙cd09909, HIV-1-like_HR1-HR2, heptad repeat 1-heptad repeat 2 region (ectodomain) of the gp41 subunit of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and related domains. This domain family spans both heptad repeats of the glycoprotein (gp)/transmembrane subunit of various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, including human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses (HIV, SIV, and FIV), bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV), equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), and Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) and various ERVs including sheep enJSRV-26, and human ERVs (HERVs): HERV-K_c1q23.3 and HERV-K_c12q14.1. This domain belongs to a larger superfamily containing the HR1-HR2 domain of ERVs and infectious retroviruses, including Ebola virus, and Rous sarcoma virus. Proteins in this family lack the canonical CSK17-like immunosuppressive sequence, and the intrasubunit disulfide bond-forming CX6C motif found in linker region between HR1 and HR2 in the Ebola_RSV-like_HR1-HR2 family. N-terminal to the HR1-HR2 region is a fusion peptide (FP), and C-terminal is a membrane-spanning region (MSR). Viral infection involves the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure (three HR1 helices, buttressed by three HR2 helices lying in antiparallel orientation). In this structure, the FP (inserted in the host cell membrane) and MSR (inserted in the viral membrane) are in close proximity. ERVs are likely to originate from ancient germ-line infections by active retroviruses. Some modern ERVs, those that integrated into the host genome post-speciation, have a currently active exogenous counterpart, such as JSRV. Some ERVs play specific roles in the host, including placental development, protection of the host from infection by related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, and genome plasticity. Included in this subgroup are ERVs from domestic sheep that are related to JSRV, the agent of transmissible lung cancer in sheep, for example enJSRV-26 that retains an intact genome. These endogenous JSRVs protect the sheep against JSRV infection and are required for sheep placental development. HERV-K_c12q14.1 is potentially a complete envelope protein; however, it does not appear to be fusogenic.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА∙вА0А0АаАВоcd09910, NGN-insert_like, NGN-insert domain found between N-terminal domain (D1) and C-terminal KOW domain (DIII) repeats of some N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal (NGN). This family contains a unique insert (domain II, DII) found between the highly conserved N-terminal domain (NGN, domain I, D1) and C-terminal Kyrpides Ouzounis and Woese domain (KOW, domain III, DIII) repeats of some N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N-terminal (NGN) proteins in bacteria such as Aquifex aeolicus NusG (AaeNusG). NusG was originally discovered as having an N-dependent antitermination enhancing activity in Escherichia coli, and has since been shown to have a variety of functions such as being involved in RNA polymerase elongation and Rho-termination. Orthologs of NusG gene exist in bacteria, but their functions and requirements are diverse. The function of DII is as yet unknown, and belongs to Domains of Unknown Function 1312 (DUF1312).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇвА0А0АаАВ%cd09911, Lin0431_like, Listerrria innocua Lin0431 is similar to the N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N terminal (NGN) insert (DII). This family contains domains homologous to Listeria innocua Lin0431, a protein that is similar to the N-Utilization Substance G (NusG) N terminal (NGN) insert (domain II, DII). Lin0431 and Aquifex aeolicus NusG DII (AaeNusG DII ) have similar structure and similar basic charged surface distributions that may bind negatively charged nucleic acids and/or another anionic binding partner, suggesting a possible role in transcription/translation regulating functions. Despite these two domains having low sequence similarity, the NusG DII and DUF1312 domain families may have diverged from common evolutionary ancestral proteins, and may have similar biochemical functions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАївА0А0АаАВ0cd09912, DLP_2, Dynamin-like protein including dynamins, mitofusins, and guanylate-binding proteins. The dynamin family of large mechanochemical GTPases includes the classical dynamins and dynamin-like proteins (DLPs) that are found throughout the Eukarya. This family also includes bacterial DLPs. These proteins catalyze membrane fission during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Dynamin consists of five domains; an N-terminal G domain that binds and hydrolyzes GTP, a middle domain (MD) involved in self-assembly and oligomerization, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain responsible for interactions with the plasma membrane, GED, which is also involved in self-assembly, and a proline arginine rich domain (PRD) that interacts with SH3 domains on accessory proteins. To date, three vertebrate dynamin genes have been identified; dynamin 1, which is brain specific, mediates uptake of synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminals; dynamin-2 is expressed ubiquitously and similarly participates in membrane fission; mutations in the MD, PH and GED domains of dynamin 2 have been linked to human diseases such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth peripheral neuropathy and rare forms of centronuclear myopathy. Dynamin 3 participates in megakaryocyte progenitor amplification, and is also involved in cytoplasmic enlargement and the formation of the demarcation membrane system. This family also includes mitofusins (MFN1 and MFN2 in mammals) that are involved in mitochondrial fusion. Dynamin oligomerizes into helical structures around the neck of budding vesicles in a GTP hydrolysis-dependent manner.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'УвА0А0АаАВ-cd09913, EHD, Eps15 homology domain (EHD), C-terminal domain. Dynamin-like C-terminal Eps15 homology domain (EHD) proteins regulate endocytic events; they have been linked to a number of Rab proteins through their association with mutual effectors, suggesting a coordinate role in endocytic regulation. Eukaryotic EHDs comprise four members (EHD1-4) in mammals and single members in Caenorhabditis elegans (Rme-1), Drosophila melanogaster (Past1) as well as several eukaryotic parasites. EHD1 regulates trafficking of multiple receptors from the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) to the plasma membrane; EHD2 regulates trafficking from the plasma membrane by controlling Rac1 activity; EHD3 regulates endosome-to-Golgi transport, and preserves Golgi morphology; EHD4 is involved in the control of trafficking at the early endosome and regulates exit of cargo toward the recycling compartment as well as late endocytic pathway. Rme-1, an ortholog of human EHD1, controls the recycling of internalized receptors from the endocytic recycling compartment to the plasma membrane. In D. melanogaster, deletion of the Past1 gene leads to infertility as well as premature death of adult flies. Arabidopsis thaliana also has homologs of EHD proteins (AtEHD1 and AtEHD2), possibly involved in regulating endocytosis and signaling.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'ФвА0А0АаАВcd09914, RocCOR, Ras of complex proteins (Roc) C-terminal of Roc (COR) domain family. RocCOR (or Roco) protein family is characterized by a superdomain containing a Ras-like GTPase domain, called Roc (Ras of complex proteins), and a characteristic second domain called COR (C-terminal of Roc). A kinase domain and diverse regulatory domains are also often found in Roco proteins. Their functions are diverse; in Dictyostelium discoideum, which encodes 11 Roco proteins, they are involved in cell division, chemotaxis and development, while in human, where 4 Roco proteins (LRRK1, LRRK2, DAPK1, and MFHAS1) are encoded, these proteins are involved in epilepsy and cancer. Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are known to cause familial Parkinson's disease.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'ХвА0А0АаАВcd09915, Rag, Rag GTPase subfamily of Ras-related GTPases. Rag GTPases (ras-related GTP-binding proteins) constitute a unique subgroup of the Ras superfamily, playing an essential role in regulating amino acid-induced target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) kinase signaling, exocytic cargo sorting at endosomes, and epigenetic control of gene expression. This subfamily consists of RagA and RagB as well as RagC and RagD that are closely related. Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes single orthologs of metazoan RagA/B and RagC/D, Gtr1 and Gtr2, respectively. Dimer formation is important for their cellular function; these domains form heterodimers, as RagA or RagB dimerizes with RagC or RagD, and similarly, Gtr1 dimerizes with Gtr2. In response to amino acids, the Rag GTPases guide the TORC1 complex to activate the platform containing Rheb proto-oncogene by driving the relocalization of mTORC1 from discrete locations in the cytoplasm to a late endosomal and/or lysosomal compartment that is Rheb-enriched and contains Rab-7.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'ЦвА0А0АаАВкcd09916, CpxP_like, CpxP component of the bacterial Cpx-two-component system and related proteins. This family summarizes bacterial proteins related to CpxP, a periplasmic protein that forms part of a two-component system which acts as a global modulator of cell-envelope stress in gram-negative bacteria. CpxP aids in combating extracytoplasmic protein-mediated toxicity, and may also be involved in the response to alkaline pH. Functioning as a dimer, it inhibits activation of the kinase CpxA, but also plays a vital role in the quality control system of P pili. It has been suggested that CpxP directly interacts with CpxA via its concave polar surface. Another member of this family, Spy, is also a periplasmic protein that may be involved in the response to stress. The homology between CpxP and Spy suggests similar functions. A characteristic 5-residue sequence motif LTXXQ is found repeated twice in many members of this family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎвА0А0АаАВєcd09918, SH2_Nterm_SPT6_like, N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Spt6. N-terminal SH2 domain in Spt6. Spt6 is an essential transcription elongation factor and histone chaperone that binds the C-terminal repeat domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. Spt6 contains a tandem SH2 domain with a novel structure and CTD-binding mode. The tandem SH2 domain binds to a serine 2-phosphorylated CTD peptide in vitro, whereas its N-terminal SH2 subdomain does not. CTD binding requires a positively charged crevice in the C-terminal SH2 subdomain, which lacks the canonical phospho-binding pocket of SH2 domains. The tandem SH2 domain is apparently required for transcription elongation in vivo as its deletion in cells is lethal in the presence of 6-azauracil. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВacd09919, SH2_STAT_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines and a number of growth factors from the receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate the transcription of their target genes. However there are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological functions independent of being activated by a receptor. There are seven mammalian STAT family members which have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving tyrosine de-phosphorylation. The CCD interacts with other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to participate in the negative regulation of these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein interactions and has also been implicated in the constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may be particularly important for some cellular functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ3cd09920, SH2_Cbl-b_TKB, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Cbl-b TKB domain. SH2 found in the Cbl-b TKB domain. The Cbl (for Casitas B-lineage lymphoma) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases contains three members Cbl, Cbl-b and Cbl-c. The founding member Cbl was discovered first as the oncogenic protein v-Cbl, a Gag-fusion transforming protein of Cas NS-1 retrovirus, which causes pre- and pro-B lymphomas in mice. The N-terminus of the Cbl proteins is composed of a tyrosine kinase-binding (TKB) domain, also called phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, a short linker region and the RING-type zinc finger. In addition, Cbl and Cbl-b contain a leucine zipper motif and a proline-rich domain in the C-terminus. The TKB domain consists of a four-helix bundle (4H), a calcium-binding EF hand and a divergent SH2 domain. Cbl-b plays a role in early hematopoietic development and is a negative regulator of T-cell receptor, B-cell receptor and high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor signal transduction pathways. It also negatively regulates insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling during muscle atrophy caused by unloading and is involved in EGFR ubiquitination and internalization. Diseases associated with defects in Cbl-b include: multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, and a craniofacial phenotype. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВ`cd09921, SH2_Jak_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain in the Janus kinase (Jak) family. The Janus kinases (Jak) are a family of 4 non-receptor tyrosine kinases (Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Tyk2) which respond to cytokine or growth factor receptor activation. To transduce cytokine signaling, a series of conformational changes occur in the receptor-Jak complex upon extracellular ligand binding. This results in trans-activation of the receptor-associated Jaks followed by phosphorylation of receptor tail tyrosine sites. The Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) are then recruited to the receptor tail, become phosphorylated and translocate to the nucleus to regulate transcription. Jaks have four domains: the pseudokinase domain, the catalytic tyrosine kinase domain, the FERM (band four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, and moesin) domain, and the SH2 (Src Homology-2) domain. The Jak kinases are regulated by several enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. First, the Jak kinase domain is regulated by phosphorylation of the activation loop which is associated with the catalytically competent kinase conformation and is distinct from the inactive kinase conformation. Second, the pseudokinase domain directly modulates Jak catalytic activity with the FERM domain maintaining an active state. Third, the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family and tyrosine phosphatases directly regulate Jak activity. Dysregulation of Jak activity can manifest as either a reduction or an increase in kinase activity resulting in immunodeficiency, inflammatory diseases, hematological defects, autoimmune and myeloproliferative disorders, and susceptibility to infection. Altered Jak regulation occurs by many mechanisms, including: gene translocations, somatic or inherited point mutations, receptor mutations, and alterations in the activity of Jak regulators such as SOCS or phosphatases. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА!вА0А0АаАВ─cd09923, SH2_SOCS_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family. SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВ\cd09925, SH2_SHC, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2 adaptor protein C (SHC). SHC is involved in a wide variety of pathways including regulating proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and bone metabolism. An adapter protein, SHC has been implicated in Ras activation following the stimulation of a number of different receptors, including growth factors [insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor, and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)], cytokines [interleukins 2, 3, and 5], erythropoietin, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and antigens [T-cell and B-cell receptors]. SHC has been shown to bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors, and receptor stimulation leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC. Upon phosphorylation, SHC interacts with another adapter protein, Grb2, which binds to the Ras GTP/GDP exchange factor mSOS which leads to Ras activation. SHC is composed of an N-terminal domain that interacts with proteins containing phosphorylated tyrosines, a (glycine/proline)-rich collagen-homology domain that contains the phosphorylated binding site, and a C-terminal SH2 domain. SH2 has been shown to interact with the tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors of EGF and PDGF and with the tyrosine-phosphorylated C chain of the T-cell receptor, providing one of the mechanisms of T-cell-mediated Ras activation. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#вА0А0АаАВicd09926, SH2_CRK_like, Src homology 2 domain found in cancer-related signaling adaptor protein CRK. SH2 domain in the CRK proteins. CRKI (SH2-SH3) and CRKII (SH2-SH3-SH3) are splicing isoforms of the oncoprotein CRK. CRKs regulate transcription and cytoskeletal reorganization for cell growth and motility by linking tyrosine kinases to small G proteins. The SH2 domain of CRK associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors or components of focal adhesions, such as p130Cas and paxillin. CRK transmits signals to small G proteins through effectors that bind its SH3 domain, such as C3G, the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rap1 and R-Ras, and DOCK180, the GEF for Rac6. The binding of p130Cas to the CRK-C3G complex activates Rap1, leading to regulation of cell adhesion, and activates R-Ras, leading to JNK-mediated activation of cell proliferation, whereas the binding of CRK DOCK180 induces Rac1-mediated activation of cellular migration. The activity of the different splicing isoforms varies greatly with CRKI displaying substantial transforming activity, CRKII less so, and phosphorylated CRKII with no biological activity whatsoever. CRKII has a linker region with a phosphorylated Tyr and an additional C-terminal SH3 domain. The phosphorylated Tyr creates a binding site for its SH2 domain which disrupts the association between CRK and its SH2 target proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВ╕cd09927, SH2_Tensin_like, Src homology 2 domain found in Tensin-like proteins. SH2 domain found in Tensin-like proteins. The Tensins are a family of intracellular proteins that interact with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), integrins, and actin. They are thought act as signaling bridges between the extracellular space and the cytoskeleton. There are four homologues: Tensin1, Tensin2 (TENC1, C1-TEN), Tensin3 and Tensin4 (cten), all of which contain a C-terminal tandem SH2-PTB domain pairing, as well as actin-binding regions that may localize them to focal adhesions. The isoforms of Tensin2 and Tensin3 contain N-terminal C1 domains, which are atypical and not expected to bind to phorbol esters. Tensins 1-3 contain a phosphatase (PTPase) and C2 domain pairing which resembles PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) protein. PTEN is a lipid phosphatase that dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) to yield phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). As PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is the product of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity, PTEN is therefore a key negative regulator of the PI3K pathway. Because of their PTEN-like domains, the Tensins may also possess phosphoinositide-binding or phosphatase capabilities. However, only Tensin2 and Tensin3 have the potential to be phosphatases since only their PTPase domains contain a cysteine residue that is essential for catalytic activity. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА%вА0А0АаАВ╥cd09928, SH2_Cterm_SPT6_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Spt6. Spt6 is an essential transcription elongation factor and histone chaperone that binds the C-terminal repeat domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. Spt6 contains a tandem SH2 domain with a novel structure and CTD-binding mode. The tandem SH2 domain binds to a serine 2-phosphorylated CTD peptide in vitro, whereas its N-terminal SH2 subdomain does not. CTD binding requires a positively charged crevice in the C-terminal SH2 subdomain, which lacks the canonical phospho-binding pocket of SH2 domains. The tandem SH2 domain is apparently required for transcription elongation in vivo as its deletion in cells is lethal in the presence of 6-azauracil. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА&вА0А0АаАВчcd09929, SH2_BLNK_SLP-76, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in B-cell linker (BLNK) protein and SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76). BLNK (also known as SLP-65 or BASH) is an important adaptor protein expressed in B-lineage cells. BLNK consists of a N-terminal sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and a C-terminal SH2 domain. BLNK is a cytoplasmic protein, but a part of it is bound to the plasma membrane through an N-terminal leucine zipper motif and transiently bound to a cytoplasmic domain of Iga through its C-terminal SH2 domain upon B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-stimulation. A non-ITAM phosphotyrosine in Iga is necessary for the binding with the BLNK SH2 domain and/or for normal BLNK function in signaling and B cell activation. Upon phosphorylation BLNK binds Btk and PLCgamma2 through their SH2 domains and mediates PLCgamma2 activation by Btk. BLNK also binds other signaling molecules such as Vav, Grb2, Syk, and HPK1. BLNK has been shown to be necessary for BCR-mediated Ca2+ mobilization, for the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases such as ERK, JNK, and p38 in a chicken B cell line DT40, and for activation of transcription factors such as NF-AT and NF-kappaB in human or mouse B cells. BLNK is involved in B cell development, B cell survival, activation, proliferation, and T-independent immune responses. BLNK is structurally homologous to SLP-76. SLP-76 and (linker for activation of T cells) LAT are adaptor/linker proteins in T cell antigen receptor activation and T cell development. BLNK interacts with many downstream signaling proteins that interact directly with both SLP-76 and LAT. New data suggest functional complementation of SLP-76 and LAT in T cell antigen receptor function with BLNK in BCR function. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'вА0А0АаАВ╘cd09930, SH2_cSH2_p85_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (cSH2) domain found in p85. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are essential for cell growth, migration, and survival. p110, the catalytic subunit, is composed of an adaptor-binding domain, a Ras-binding domain, a C2 domain, a helical domain, and a kinase domain. The regulatory unit is called p85 and is composed of an SH3 domain, a RhoGap domain, a N-terminal SH2 (nSH2) domain, a inter SH2 (iSH2) domain, and C-terminal (cSH2) domain. There are 2 inhibitory interactions between p110alpha and p85 of P13K: 1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110alpha and 2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha. There are 3 inhibitory interactions between p110beta and p85 of P13K: 1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110beta, 2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha, and 3) p85 cSH2 domain with the kinase domain of p110alpha. It is interesting to note that p110beta is oncogenic as a wild type protein while p110alpha lacks this ability. One explanation is the idea that the regulation of p110beta by p85 is unique because of the addition of inhibitory contacts from the cSH2 domain and the loss of contacts in the iSH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА(вА0А0АаАВ cd09931, SH2_C-SH2_SHP_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (C-SH2) domain found in SH2 domain Phosphatases (SHP) proteins. The SH2 domain phosphatases (SHP-1, SHP-2/Syp, Drosophila corkscrew (csw), and Caenorhabditis elegans Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (Ptp-2)) are cytoplasmic signaling enzymes. They are both targeted and regulated by interactions of their SH2 domains with phosphotyrosine docking sites. These proteins contain two SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2) followed by a tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain, and a C-terminal extension. Shp1 and Shp2 have two tyrosyl phosphorylation sites in their C-tails, which are phosphorylated differentially by receptor and nonreceptor PTKs. Csw retains the proximal tyrosine and Ptp-2 lacks both sites. Shp-binding proteins include receptors, scaffolding adapters, and inhibitory receptors. Some of these bind both Shp1 and Shp2 while others bind only one. Most proteins that bind a Shp SH2 domain contain one or more immuno-receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs): [SIVL]xpYxx[IVL]. Shp1 N-SH2 domain blocks the catalytic domain and keeps the enzyme in the inactive conformation, and is thus believed to regulate the phosphatase activity of SHP-1. Its C-SH2 domain is thought to be involved in searching for phosphotyrosine activators. The SHP2 N-SH2 domain is a conformational switch; it either binds and inhibits the phosphatase, or it binds phosphoproteins and activates the enzyme. The C-SH2 domain contributes binding energy and specificity, but it does not have a direct role in activation. Csw SH2 domain function is essential, but either SH2 domain can fulfill this requirement. The role of the csw SH2 domains during Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase (SEV) signaling is to bind Daughter of Sevenless rather than activated SEV. Ptp-2 acts in oocytes downstream of sheath/oocyte gap junctions to promote major sperm protein (MSP)-induced MAP Kinase (MPK-1) phosphorylation. Ptp-2 functions in the oocyte cytoplasm, not at the cell surface to inhibit multiple RasGAPs, resulting in sustained Ras activation. It is thought that MSP triggers PTP-2/Ras activation and ROS production to stimulate MPK-1 activity essential for oocyte maturation and that secreted MSP domains and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases function antagonistically to control ROS and MAPK signaling. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА)вА0А0АаАВ%cd09932, SH2_C-SH2_PLC_gamma_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (C-SH2) domain in Phospholipase C gamma. Phospholipase C gamma is a signaling molecule that is recruited to the C-terminal tail of the receptor upon autophosphorylation of a highly conserved tyrosine. PLCgamma is composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain followed by an elongation factor (EF) domain, 2 catalytic regions of PLC domains that flank 2 tandem SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2), and ending with a SH3 domain and C2 domain. N-SH2 SH2 domain-mediated interactions represent a crucial step in transmembrane signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. SH2 domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY) in the context of particular sequence motifs in receptor phosphorylation sites. Both N-SH2 and C-SH2 have a very similar binding affinity to pY. But in growth factor stimulated cells these domains bind to different target proteins. N-SH2 binds to pY containing sites in the C-terminal tails of tyrosine kinases and other receptors. Recently it has been shown that this interaction is mediated by phosphorylation-independent interactions between a secondary binding site found exclusively on the N-SH2 domain and a region of the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain. This secondary site on the SH2 cooperates with the canonical pY site to regulate selectivity in mediating a specific cellular process. C-SH2 binds to an intramolecular site on PLCgamma itself which allows it to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate. These then activate protein kinase C and release calcium. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА*вА0А0АаАВ Оcd09933, SH2_Src_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. The Src family kinases are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that have been implicated in pathways regulating proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and bone metabolism. It is thought that transforming ability of Src is linked to its ability to activate key signaling molecules in these pathways, rather than through direct activity. As such blocking Src activation has been a target for drug companies. Src family members can be divided into 3 groups based on their expression pattern: 1) Src, Fyn, and Yes; 2) Blk, Fgr, Hck, Lck, and Lyn; and 3) Frk-related kinases Frk/Rak and Iyk/Bsk Of these, cellular c-Src is the best studied and most frequently implicated in oncogenesis. The c-Src contains five distinct regions: a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. Src exists in both active and inactive conformations. Negative regulation occurs through phosphorylation of Tyr, resulting in an intramolecular association between phosphorylated Tyr and the SH2 domain of SRC, which locks the protein in a closed conformation. Further stabilization of the inactive state occurs through interactions between the SH3 domain and a proline-rich stretch of residues within the kinase domain. Conversely, dephosphorylation of Tyr allows SRC to assume an open conformation. Full activity requires additional autophosphorylation of a Tyr residue within the catalytic domain. Loss of the negative-regulatory C-terminal segment has been shown to result in increased activity and transforming potential. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal Tyr residue by C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and Csk homology kinase results in increased intramolecular interactions and consequent Src inactivation. Specific phosphatases, protein tyrosine phosphatase a (PTPa) and the SH-containing phosphatases SHP1/SHP2, have also been shown to take a part in Src activation. Src is also activated by direct binding of focal adhesion kinase (Fak) and Crk-associated substrate (Cas) to the SH2 domain. SRC activity can also be regulated by numerous receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as Her2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАУвА0А0АаАВ║cd09934, SH2_Tec_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Tec-like proteins. The Tec protein tyrosine kinase is the founding member of a family that includes Btk, Itk, Bmx, and Txk. The members have a PH domain, a zinc-binding motif, a SH3 domain, a SH2 domain, and a protein kinase catalytic domain. Btk is involved in B-cell receptor signaling with mutations in Btk responsible for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in humans and X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) in mice. Itk is involved in T-cell receptor signaling. Tec is expressed in both T and B cells, and is thought to function in activated and effector T lymphocytes to induce the expression of genes regulated by NFAT transcription factors. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА,вА0А0АаАВ ecd09935, SH2_ABL, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Abelson murine lymphosarcoma virus (ABL) proteins. ABL-family proteins are highly conserved tyrosine kinases. Each ABL protein contains an SH3-SH2-TK (Src homology 3-Src homology 2-tyrosine kinase) domain cassette, which confers autoregulated kinase activity and is common among nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Several types of posttranslational modifications control ABL catalytic activity, subcellular localization, and stability, with consequences for both cytoplasmic and nuclear ABL functions. Binding partners provide additional regulation of ABL catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and downstream signaling. By combining this cassette with actin-binding and -bundling domain, ABL proteins are capable of connecting phosphoregulation with actin-filament reorganization. Vertebrate paralogs, ABL1 and ABL2, have evolved to perform specialized functions. ABL1 includes nuclear localization signals and a DNA binding domain which is used to mediate DNA damage-repair functions, while ABL2 has additional binding capacity for actin and for microtubules to enhance its cytoskeletal remodeling functions. SH2 is involved in several autoinhibitory mechanism that constrain the enzymatic activity of the ABL-family kinases. In one mechanism SH2 and SH3 cradle the kinase domain while a cap sequence stabilizes the inactive conformation resulting in a locked inactive state. Another involves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which binds the SH2 domain through residues normally required for phosphotyrosine binding in the linker segment between the SH2 and kinase domains. The SH2 domain contributes to ABL catalytic activity and target site specificity. It is thought that the ABL catalytic site and SH2 pocket have coevolved to recognize the same sequences. Recent work now supports a hierarchical processivity model in which the substrate target site most compatible with ABL kinase domain preferences is phosphorylated with greatest efficiency. If this site is compatible with the ABL SH2 domain specificity, it will then reposition and dock in the SH2 pocket. This mechanism also explains how ABL kinases phosphorylates poor targets on the same substrate if they are properly positioned and how relatively poor substrate proteins might be recruited to ABL through a complex with strong substrates that can also dock with the SH2 pocket. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА-вА0А0АаАВ └cd09937, SH2_csk_like, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Carboxyl-Terminal Src Kinase (Csk). Both the C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) and CSK-homologous kinase (CHK) are members of the CSK-family of protein tyrosine kinases. These proteins suppress activity of Src-family kinases (SFK) by selectively phosphorylating the conserved C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine by a similar mechanism. CHK is also capable of inhibiting SFKs by a non-catalytic mechanism that involves binding of CHK to SFKs to form stable protein complexes. The unphosphorylated form of SFKs is inhibited by CSK and CHK by a two-step mechanism. The first step involves the formation of a complex of SFKs with CSK/CHK with the SFKs in the complex are inactive. The second step, involves the phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail tyrosine of SFKs, which then dissociates and adopt an inactive conformation. The structural basis of how the phosphorylated SFKs dissociate from CSK/CHK to adopt the inactive conformation is not known. The inactive conformation of SFKs is stabilized by two intramolecular inhibitory interactions: (a) the pYT:SH2 interaction in which the phosphorylated C-terminal tail tyrosine (YT) binds to the SH2 domain, and (b) the linker:SH3 interaction of which the SH2-kinase domain linker binds to the SH3 domain. SFKs are activated by multiple mechanisms including binding of the ligands to the SH2 and SH3 domains to displace the two inhibitory intramolecular interactions, autophosphorylation, and dephosphorylation of YT. By selective phosphorylation and the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism CSK and CHK are able to inhibit the active forms of SFKs. CSK and CHK are regulated by phosphorylation and inter-domain interactions. They both contain SH3, SH2, and kinase domains separated by the SH3-SH2 connector and SH2 kinase linker, intervening segments separating the three domains. They lack a conserved tyrosine phosphorylation site in the kinase domain and the C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine phosphorylation site. The CSK SH2 domain is crucial for stabilizing the kinase domain in the active conformation. A disulfide bond here regulates CSK kinase activity. The subcellular localization and activity of CSK are regulated by its SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА.вА0А0АаАВ6cd09938, SH2_N-SH2_Zap70_Syk_like, N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP-70) and Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) proteins. ZAP-70 and Syk comprise a family of hematopoietic cell specific protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that are required for antigen and antibody receptor function. ZAP-70 is expressed in T and natural killer (NK) cells and Syk is expressed in B cells, mast cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets, macrophages, and immature T cells. They are required for the proper development of T and B cells, immune receptors, and activating NK cells. They consist of two N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and a C-terminal kinase domain separated from the SH2 domains by a linker or hinge region. Phosphorylation of both tyrosine residues within the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAM; consensus sequence Yxx[LI]x(7,8)Yxx[LI]) by the Src-family PTKs is required for efficient interaction of ZAP-70 and Syk with the receptor subunits and for receptor function. ZAP-70 forms two phosphotyrosine binding pockets, one of which is shared by both SH2 domains. In Syk the two SH2 domains do not form such a phosphotyrosine-binding site. The SH2 domains here are believed to function independently. In addition, the two SH2 domains of Syk display flexibility in their relative orientation, allowing Syk to accommodate a greater variety of spacing sequences between the ITAM phosphotyrosines and singly phosphorylated non-classical ITAM ligands. This model contains the N-terminus SH2 domains of both Syk and Zap70. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА/вА0А0АаАВ┴cd09939, SH2_STAP_family, Src homology 2 domain found in Signal-transducing adaptor protein (STAP) family. STAP1 and STAP2 are signal-transducing adaptor proteins. They are composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH) and SH2 domains along with several tyrosine phosphorylation sites. STAP-1 is an ortholog of BRDG1 (BCR downstream signaling 1). STAP1 protein functions as a docking protein acting downstream of Tec tyrosine kinase in B cell antigen receptor signaling. The protein is phosphorylated by Tec and participates in a positive feedback loop, increasing Tec activity. STAP1 has been shown to interact with C19orf2, an unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor. The STAP2 protein is the substrate of breast tumor kinase, an Src-type non-receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates the interactions linking proteins involved in signal transduction pathways. STAP2 has alternative splicing variants. STAP2 has been shown to interact with tyrosine-protein kinase 6 (PTK6). In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0вА0А0АаАВZcd09940, SH2_Vav_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Vav family. Vav proteins are involved in several processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization, such as the formation of the immunological synapse (IS), phagocytosis, platelet aggregation, spreading, and transformation. Vavs function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rho/Rac family of GTPases. Vav family members have several conserved motifs/domains including: a leucine-rich region, a leucine-zipper, a calponin homology (CH) domain, an acidic domain, a Dbl-homology (DH) domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a cysteine-rich domain, 2 SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a SH2 domain. Vavs are the only known Rho GEFs that have both the DH/PH motifs and SH2/SH3 domains in the same protein. The leucine-rich helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain is thought to be involved in protein heterodimerization with other HLH proteins and it may function as a negative regulator by forming inactive heterodimers. The CH domain is usually involved in the association with filamentous actin, but in Vav it controls NFAT stimulation, Ca2+ mobilization, and its transforming activity. Acidic domains are involved in protein-protein interactions and contain regulatory tyrosines. The DH domain is a GDP-GTP exchange factor on Rho/Rac GTPases. The PH domain in involved in interactions with GTP-binding proteins, lipids and/or phosphorylated serine/threonine residues. The SH3 domain is involved in localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell interacting with protein with proline-rich sequences. The SH2 domain mediates a high affinity interaction with tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. There are three Vav mammalian family members: Vav1 which is expressed in the hematopoietic system, Vav2 and Vav3 are more ubiquitously expressed. The members here include insect and amphibian Vavs. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВ$cd09941, SH2_Grb2_like, Src homology 2 domain found in Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) and similar proteins. The adaptor proteins here include homologs Grb2 in humans, Sex muscle abnormal protein 5 (Sem-5) in Caenorhabditis elegans, and Downstream of receptor kinase (drk) in Drosophila melanogaster. They are composed of one SH2 and two SH3 domains. Grb2/Sem-5/drk regulates the Ras pathway by linking the tyrosine kinases to the Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein Sos, which converts Ras to the active GTP-bound state. The SH2 domain of Grb2/Sem-5/drk binds class II phosphotyrosyl peptides while its SH3 domain binds to Sos and Sos-derived, proline-rich peptides. Besides it function in Ras signaling, Grb2 is also thought to play a role in apoptosis. Unlike most SH2 structures in which the peptide binds in an extended conformation (such that the +3 peptide residue occupies a hydrophobic pocket in the protein, conferring a modest degree of selectivity), Grb2 forms several hydrogen bonds via main chain atoms with the side chain of +2 Asn. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАФвА0А0АаАВ▌cd09942, SH2_nSH2_p85_like, N-terminal Src homology 2 (nSH2) domain found in p85. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are essential for cell growth, migration, and survival. p110, the catalytic subunit, is composed of an adaptor-binding domain, a Ras-binding domain, a C2 domain, a helical domain, and a kinase domain. The regulatory unit is called p85 and is composed of an SH3 domain, a RhoGap domain, a N-terminal SH2 (nSH2) domain, an internal SH2 (iSH2) domain, and C-terminal (cSH2) domain. There are 2 inhibitory interactions between p110alpha and p85 of P13K: (1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110alpha and (2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha. There are 3 inhibitory interactions between p110beta and p85 of P13K: (1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110beta, (2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha, and (3) p85 cSH2 domain with the kinase domain of p110alpha. It is interesting to note that p110beta is oncogenic as a wild type protein while p110alpha lacks this ability. One explanation is the idea that the regulation of p110beta by p85 is unique because of the addition of inhibitory contacts from the cSH2 domain and the loss of contacts in the iSH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА3вА0А0АаАВ╚cd09943, SH2_Nck_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Nck family. Nck proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling intermediates. There are two members known in this family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin polymerization resulting in the production of pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА4вА0А0АаАВЄcd09944, SH2_Grb7_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the growth factor receptor bound, subclass 7 (Grb7) proteins. The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains. There are 3 members of the Grb7 family of proteins: Grb7, Grb10, and Grb14. They are composed of an N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like (RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb7 binds strongly to the erbB2 receptor, unlike Grb10 and Grb14 which bind weakly to it. Grb14 binds to Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR). Grb10 has been shown to interact with many different proteins, including the insulin and IGF1 receptors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-beta, Ret, Kit, Raf1 and MEK1, and Nedd4. Grb7 family proteins are phosphorylated on serine/threonine as well as tyrosine residues. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА5вА0А0АаАВ %cd09945, SH2_SHB_SHD_SHE_SHF_like, Src homology 2 domain found in SH2 domain-containing adapter proteins B, D, E, and F (SHB, SHD, SHE, SHF). SHB, SHD, SHE, and SHF are SH2 domain-containing proteins that play various roles throughout the cell. SHB functions in generating signaling compounds in response to tyrosine kinase activation. SHB contains proline-rich motifs, a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and a SH2 domain. SHB mediates certain aspects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-, neural growth factor (NGF) receptor TRKA-, T cell receptor-, interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor- and focal adhesion kinase- (FAK) signaling. SRC-like FYN-Related Kinase FRK/RAK (also named BSK/IYK or GTK) and SHB regulate apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. SHB promotes apoptosis and is also required for proper mitogenicity, spreading and tubular morphogenesis in endothelial cells. SHB also plays a role in preventing early cavitation of embryoid bodies and reduces differentiation to cells expressing albumin, amylase, insulin and glucagon. SHB is a multifunctional protein that has difference responses in different cells under various conditions. SHE is expressed in heart, lung, brain, and skeletal muscle, while expression of SHD is restricted to the brain. SHF is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, liver, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, and colon. SHD may be a physiological substrate of c-Abl and may function as an adapter protein in the central nervous system. It is also thought to be involved in apoptotic regulation. SHD contains five YXXP motifs, a substrate sequence preferred by Abl tyrosine kinases, in addition to a poly-proline rich region and a C-terminal SH2 domain. SHE contains two pTry protein binding domains, protein interaction domain (PID) and a SH2 domain, followed by a glycine-proline rich region, all of which are N-terminal to the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain. SHF contains four putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites and an SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА6вА0А0АаАВcd09946, SH2_HSH2_like, Src homology 2 domain found in hematopoietic SH2 (HSH2) protein. HSH2 is thought to function as an adapter protein involved in tyrosine kinase signaling. It may also be involved in regulating cytokine signaling and cytoskeletal reorganization in hematopoietic cells. HSH2 contains several putative protein-binding motifs, SH3-binding proline-rich regions, and phosphotyrosine sites, but lacks enzymatic motifs. HSH2 was found to interact with cytokine-regulated tyrosine kinase c-FES and an activated Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase ACK1. HSH2 binds c-FES through both its C-terminal region and its N-terminal region including the SH2 domain and binds ACK1 via its N-terminal proline-rich region. Both kinases bound and tyrosine-phosphorylated HSH2 in mammalian cells. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА7вА0А0АаАВkcd09947, Ebola_HIV-1-like_HR1-HR2, heptad repeat 1-heptad repeat 2 region (ectodomain) of the transmembrane subunit of various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, including Ebola virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This domain superfamily spans both heptad repeats of the glycoprotein (gp)/transmembrane subunit of various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, including Ebola virus gp2, Rous sarcoma virus gp37, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41, and the envelope proteins of various ERVs. In the HR1-HR2 region of Ebola virus and RSV, the linker region between the two repeats includes a CKS17-like immunosuppressive region and a CX6C motif that forms an intra-subunit disulfide bond; MMTV, HIV-1, HERV-K endogenous retroviruses and related sequences lack a canonical CSK17-like sequence, and CX6C motif. N-terminal to the HR1-HR2 region is a fusion peptide (FP), and C-terminal, is a membrane-spanning region (MSR). Viral infection involves the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure (three HR1 helices, buttressed by three HR2 helices lying in antiparallel orientation). In this structure, the FP (inserted in the host cell membrane) and MSR (inserted in the viral membrane) are in close proximity. ERVs are likely to originate from ancient germ-line infections by active retroviruses. Some modern ERVs, those that integrated into the host genome post-speciation, have a currently active exogenous counterpart, such as Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and avian leukemia virus (ALV). Some ERVs play specific roles in the host, including placental development, protection of the host from infection by related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, and genome plasticity. Human ERVs (HERVs) belonging to this superfamily include Syncytin-1 (HERV-W_c7q21.2/ ERVWE1), and Syncytin-2 (HERV-FRD_6p24.1) which are expressed in the placenta, and are fusogenic, although they have a different cell specificity for fusion. Syncytin-2, but not Syncytin-1, is immunosuppressive; its immunosuppressive domain may protect the fetus from the mother's immune system. Syncytin-1 may participate in the formation of the placental trophoblast; it is also implicated in cell fusions between cancer and host cells and between cancer cell, and in human osteclast fusion. This superfamily also contains human HERV-R_c7q21.2 (ERV-3), which is also expressed in the placenta, but is not fusogenic, and has an immunosuppressive domain, but lacks a fusion peptide. It is unclear whether ERV-3 has a critical biological role. Included in this superfamily are ERVs from domestic sheep that are related to JSRV, the agent of transmissible lung cancer in sheep; for example, enJSRV-26 that retains an intact genome. These endogenous JSRVs protect the sheep against JSRV infection and are required for sheep placental development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА·вА0А0АаАВ >cd09948, Ebola_RSV-like_HR1-HR2, heptad repeat 1-heptad repeat 2 region of the transmembrane subunit of various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, including Ebola virus and Rous sarcoma virus. This domain family spans both heptad repeats of the glycoprotein (gp)/transmembrane subunit of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, including Ebola virus gp2, Rous sarcoma virus gp37, and the envelope proteins of various ERVs. This domain includes an N-terminal heptad repeat, a CKS17-like immunosuppressive region, a CX6C motif that forms an intra-subunit disulfide bond, and a C-terminal heptad repeat. N-terminal to HR1-HR2 region is a fusion peptide (FP), while C-terminal, is a membrane-spanning region (MSR). Viral infection involves the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure (three HR1s helices, buttressed by three HR2 helices lying in antiparallel orientation). In this structure, the FP (inserted in the host cell membrane) and MSR (inserted in the viral membrane) are in close proximity. ERVs are likely to originate from ancient germ-line infections by active retroviruses. Some modern ERVs, those that integrated into the host genome post-speciation, have a currently active exogenous counterpart, such as Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and avian leukemia virus (ALV). Some ERVs play specific roles in the host, including placental development, protection of the host from infection by related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, and genome plasticity. Human ERVs (HERVs) belonging to this family include Syncytin-1 (HERV-W_c7q21.2/ ERVWE1), and Syncytin-2 (HERV-FRD_6p24.1) which are expressed in the placenta, and are fusogenic, although they have a different cell specificity for fusion. Syncytin-2, but not Syncytin-1, is immunosuppressive. Its immunosuppressive domain may protect the fetus from the mother's immune system. Syncytin-1 may participate in the formation of the placental trophoblast. It is also implicated in cell fusions between cancer and host cells and between cancer cells, and in human osteclast fusion. This family also contains human HERV-R_c7q21.2 (ERV-3), which is also expressed in the placenta, but is not fusogenic, has an immunosuppressive domain, but lacks a fusion peptide. It is unclear whether ERV-3 has a critical biological role.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА√вА0А0АаАВИcd09949, RSV-like_HR1-HR2, heptad repeat 1-heptad repeat 2 region (ectodomain) of the transmembrane subunit of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), and related domains. This domain subfamily spans both heptad repeats of the glycoprotein (gp)/transmembrane subunit of various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, including Rous sarcoma virus gp37, Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) envelope protein, and the envelope proteins of various ERVs, including those belonging to the ev/J (or EAV-HP) family of chicken ERVs, such as ev/J 4.1 Rb. ALV-J is a recently emerged avian pathogen, the causative agent of myeloid leukosis in meat-type chicken. ERVs are likely to originate from ancient germ-line infections by active retroviruses. ALV-J may have emerged from a recombination event between an unknown ALV and an EAV-HP ERV. This domain includes an N-terminal heptad repeat, a CKS17-like immunosuppressive region, a CX6C motif that forms an intrasubunit disulfide bond, and a C-terminal heptad repeat. N-terminal to HR1-HR2 region is a fusion peptide (FP), and C-terminal, is a membrane-spanning region (MSR). Viral infection involves the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure (three HR1s helices, buttressed by three HR2 helices lying in antiparallel orientation). In this structure, the FP (inserted in the host cell membrane) and MSR (inserted in the viral membrane) are in close proximity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА№вА0А0АаАВ(cd09950, ENVV1-like_HR1-HR2, heptad repeat 1-heptad repeat 2 region (ectodomain) of the transmembrane subunit of the human endogenous retrovirus ENVV1, and related domains. This domain subfamily spans both heptad repeats of the glycoprotein (gp)/transmembrane subunit of various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), including chicken FET-1 (Female Expressed Transcript 1) protein, and the envelope proteins of the human ERVs (HERVs): ENVV1 (also known as HERV-V2_c19q13.41) and ENVV2 (also known as HERV-V1_c19q13.41 ). This domain belongs to a larger superfamily containing the HR1-HR2 domain of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, such as Ebola virus, Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This domain includes an N-terminal heptad repeat, a CKS17-like immunosuppressive region, a CX6C motif that forms an intra-subunit disulfide bond, and a C-terminal heptad repeat. N-terminal to HR1-HR2 region is a fusion peptide (FP), and C-terminal, is a membrane-spanning region (MSR). Viral infection involves the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure (three HR1 helices, buttressed by three HR2 helices lying in antiparallel orientation). In this structure, the FP (inserted in the host cell membrane) and MSR (inserted in the viral membrane) are in close proximity. ERVs are likely to originate from ancient germ-line infections by active retroviruses. Some ERVs play specific roles in the host, including placental development, protection of the host from infection by related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, and genome plasticity. FET-1 may have an ovary-determining role. The FET-1 gene is located on the female specific W chromosome in chickens. During the sex-determining period, the FET-1 transcript is up-regulated in the cortex of the left gonad (the only gonad which develops in female chickens); it is also expressed at a lower level, in neural tissue and waste collection ducts. The genes encoding ENVV1 and ENVV2 proteins are located in tandem on chromosome 19q13.41, and show placenta-specific expression in human and baboon.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА¤вА0А0АаАВVcd09951, HERV-Rb-like_HR1-HR2, heptad repeat 1- heptad repeat 2 region (ectodomain) of the transmembrane subunit of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-R(b)_c3p24.3 and related domains. This domain subfamily spans both heptad repeats of the glycoprotein (gp)/transmembrane subunit of various endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) including the human ERVs (HERVs): HERV-R(b)_c3p24.3 and Syncytin-3 (also known as HERV-P(b)_c14q32.12). This domain belongs to a larger superfamily containing the HR1-HR2 domain of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and infectious retroviruses, such as Ebola virus, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This domain includes an N-terminal heptad repeat, a CKS17-like immunosuppressive region, a CX6C motif that forms an intrasubunit disulfide bond, and a C-terminal, is a heptad repeat. In intact retroviruses, N-terminal to HR1-HR2 region is a fusion peptide (FP), and C-terminal, is a membrane-spanning region (MSR). Viral infection involves the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure (three HR1s helices, buttressed by three HR2 helices lying in antiparallel orientation). In this structure, the FP (inserted in the host cell membrane) and MSR (inserted in the viral membrane) are in close proximity. ERVs are likely to originate from ancient germ-line infections by active retroviruses. Some ERVs play specific roles in the host, including placental development, protection of the host from infection by related pathogenic and exogenous retroviruses, and genome plasticity. Syncytin-3 is fusogenic, HERV-R(b)_c3p24.3 appears not to have fusogenic activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА■вА0А0АаАВ╡cd09966, UP_III_II, Uroplakin IIIb, IIIa and II. Uroplakins (UPs) are a family of proteins that associate with each other to form plaques on the apical surface of the urothelium, the pseudo-stratified epithelium lining the urinary tract from renal pelvis to the bladder outlet. UPs are classified into 3 types: UPIa and UPIb, UPII, and UPIIIa and IIIb. UPIs are tetraspanins that have four transmembrane domains separating one large and one small extracellular domain while UPII and UPIIIs are single-pass transmembrane proteins. UPIa and UPIb form specific heterodimers with UPII and UPIII, respectively, which allows them to exit the endoplasmatic rediculum. UPII/UPIa and UPIIIs/UPIb form heterotetramers; six of these tetramers form the 16nm particle, seen in the hexagonal array of the asymmetric unit membrane, which is believed to form a urinary tract barrier. Uroplakins are also believed to play a role during urinary tract morphogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВcd09967, UP_II, Uroplakin II. Uroplakin II, the dimerization partner of uroplakin Ia, is a member of the uroplakin family. Uroplakins (UPs) are a family of proteins that associate with each other to form plaques on the apical surface of the urothelium, the pseudo-stratified epithelium lining the urinary tract from renal pelvis to the bladder outlet. UPs are classified into 3 types: UPIa and UPIb, UPII, and UPIIIa and IIIb. UPIs are tetraspanins that have four transmembrane domains seperating one large and one small extracellular domain while UPII and UPIIIs are single-pass transmembrane proteins. UPIa and UPIb form specific heterodimers with UPII and UPIII, respectively, which allows them to exit the endoplasmatic rediculum. UPII/UPIa and UPIIIs/UPIb form heterotetramers and six of these tetramers form the 16nm particle, seen in the hexagonal array of the asymmetric unit membrane, which is believed to form a urinary tract barrier. Uroplakins are also believed to play a role during urinary tract morphogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВcd09968, UP_III, Uroplakin III. Uroplakin IIIa and IIIb, the dimerization partners of uroplakin Ib, are a members of the uroplakin family. Uroplakins (UPs) are a family of proteins that associate with each other to form plaques on the apical surface of the urothelium, the pseudo-stratified epithelium lining the urinary tract from renal pelvis to the bladder outlet. UPs are classified into 3 types: UPIa and UPIb, UPII, and UPIIIa and IIIb. UPIs are tetraspanins that have four transmembrane domains seperating one large and one small extracellular domain while UPII and UPIIIs are single-pass transmembrane proteins. UPIa and UPIb form specific heterodimers with UPII and UPIII, respectively, which allows them to exit the endoplasmatic rediculum. UPII/UPIa and UPIIIs/UPIb form heterotetramers and six of these tetramers form the 16nm particle, seen in the hexagonal array of the asymmetric unit membrane, which is believed to form a urinary tract barrier. Uroplakins are also believed to play a role during urinary tract morphogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВcd09969, UP_IIIb, Uroplakin IIIb. Uroplakin IIIb, minor isoform of the dimerization partner of uroplakin Ib, is a members of the uroplakin family. Uroplakins (UPs) are a family of proteins that associate with each other to form plaques on the apical surface of the urothelium, the pseudo-stratified epithelium lining the urinary tract from renal pelvis to the bladder outlet. UPs are classified into 3 types: UPIa and UPIb, UPII, and UPIIIa and IIIb. UPIs are tetraspanins that have four transmembrane domains seperating one large and one small extracellular domain while UPII and UPIIIs are single-pass transmembrane proteins. UPIa and UPIb form specific heterodimers with UPII and UPIII, respectively, which allows them to exit the endoplasmatic rediculum. UPII/UPIa and UPIIIs/UPIb form heterotetramers and six of these tetramers form the 16nm particle, seen in the hexagonal array of the asymmetric unit membrane, which is believed to form a urinary tract barrier. Uroplakins are also believed to play a role during urinary tract morphogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВcd09970, UP_IIIa, Uroplakin IIIa. Uroplakin IIIa, mayor isoform of the dimerization partner of uroplakin Ib, is a members of the uroplakin family. Uroplakins (UPs) are a family of proteins that associate with each other to form plaques on the apical surface of the urothelium, the pseudo-stratified epithelium lining the urinary tract from renal pelvis to the bladder outlet. UPs are classified into 3 types: UPIa and UPIb, UPII, and UPIIIa and IIIb. UPIs are tetraspanins that have four transmembrane domains seperating one large and one small extracellular domain while UPII and UPIIIs are single-pass transmembrane proteins. UPIa and UPIb form specific heterodimers with UPII and UPIII, respectively, which allows them to exit the endoplasmatic rediculum. UPII/UPIa and UPIIIs/UPIb form heterotetramers and six of these tetramers form the 16nm particle, seen in the hexagonal array of the asymmetric unit membrane, which is believed to form a urinary tract barrier. Uroplakins are also believed to play a role during urinary tract morphogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВкcd09971, SdiA-regulated, SdiA-regulated. This model represents a bacterial family of proteins that may be regulated by SdiA, a member of the LuxR family of transcriptional regulators. The C-terminal domain included in the alignment forms a five-bladed beta-propeller structure. The X-ray structure of Escherichia coli yjiK (C-terminal domain) exhibits binding of calcium ions (Ca++) in what appears to be an evolutionarily conserved site. Sequence analysis suggests a distant relationship to proteins that are characterized as containing NHL-repeats. The latter also form beta-propeller structures, with several examples known to form six-bladed beta-propellers. Several of the six-bladed beta-propellers containing NHL repeats have been characterized functionally, including members with enzymatic functions that are dependent on metal ions. No functional characterization is available for this family of five-bladed propellers, though.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВzcd09972, LOTUS_TDRD_OSKAR, The first LOTUS domain in Oskar and Tudor-containing proteins 5 and 7. The first LOTUS domain in Oskar and Tudor-containing proteins 5 and 7: The LOTUS containing proteins are germline-specific and are found in the nuage/polar granules of germ cells. Tudor-containing protein 5 and 7 belong to the evolutionary conserved Tudor domain-containing protein (TDRD) family involved in germ cell development. In mice, TDRD5 and TDRD7 are components of the intermitochondrial cements (IMCs) and the chromatoid bodies (CBs), which are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules involved in RNA processing for spermatogenesis. Oskar protein is a critical component of the pole plasm in the Drosophila oocyte, which is required for germ cell formation.The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ2вА0А0АаАВcd09973, LOTUS_2_TDRD7, The second LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 7 (TDRD7). The second LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 7 (TDRD7): TDRD7 contains three N-terminal LOTUS domains and three Tudor domain repeats at the C-terminus. It belongs to the evolutionary conserved Tudor domain-containing protein (TDRD) family involved in germ cell development. In mice, TDRD7 together with TDRD1/MTR-1, TDRD5 and TDRD6 forms a ribonucleoprotein complex in the intermitochondrial cements (IMCs) and the chromatoid bodies (CBs) involving in RNA processing for spermatogenesis. TDRD7 is functionally essential for the differentiation of germ cells. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain on TDRD7 remains to be characterized. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ3вА0А0АаАВcd09974, LOTUS_3_TDRD7, The third LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 7 (TDRD7). The third LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 7 (TDRD7): TDRD7 contains three N-terminal LOTUS domains and three Tudor domain repeats at the C-terminus. It belongs to the evolutionary conserved Tudor domain-containing protein (TDRD) family involved in germ cell development. In mice, TDRD7 together with TDRD1/MTR-1, TDRD5 and TDRD6 forms a ribonucleoprotein complex in the intermitochondrial cements (IMCs) and the chromatoid bodies (CBs) involving in RNA processing for spermatogenesis. TDRD7 is functionally essential for the differentiation of germ cells. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain on TDRD7 remains to be characterized. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ4вА0А0АаАВмcd09975, LOTUS_2_TDRD5, The second LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 5 (TDRD5). The second LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 5 (TDRD5): TDRD5 contains three N-terminal LOTUS domains and a C-terminal Tudor domain. It belongs to the evolutionary conserved Tudor domain-containing protein (TDRD) family involved in germ cell development. In mice TDRD5 is a component of the intermitochondrial cements (IMCs) and the chromatoid bodies (CBs), which are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules involved in RNA processing for spermatogenesis. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain on TDRD5 remains to be discovered. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ5вА0А0АаАВкcd09976, LOTUS_3_TDRD5, The third LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 5 (TDRD5). The third LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 5 (TDRD5): TDRD5 contains three N-terminal LOTUS domains and a C-terminal Tudor domain. It belongs to the evolutionary conserved Tudor domain-containing protein (TDRD) family involved in germ cell development. In mice TDRD5 is a component of the intermitochondrial cements (IMCs) and the chromatoid bodies (CBs), which are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules involved in RNA processing for spermatogenesis. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain on TDRD5 remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ6вА0А0АаАВ,cd09977, LOTUS_1_Limkain_b1, The first LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP). The first LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP): Limkain b1 is a novel human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. The protein contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ7вА0А0АаАВ.cd09978, LOTUS_2_Limkain_b1, The second LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP). The second LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP): Limkain b1 is a novel human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. The protein contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ8вА0А0АаАВ,cd09979, LOTUS_3_Limkain_b1, The third LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP). The third LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP): Limkain b1 is a novel human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. The protein contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ9вА0А0АаАВ.cd09980, LOTUS_4_Limkain_b1, The fourth LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP). The fourth LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP): Limkain b1 is a novel human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. The protein contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ:вА0А0АаАВ,cd09981, LOTUS_5_Limkain_b1, The fifth LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP). The fifth LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP): Limkain b1 is a novel human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. The protein contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ;вА0А0АаАВ,cd09982, LOTUS_6_Limkain_b1, The sixth LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP). The sixth LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP): Limkain b1 is a novel human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. The protein contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ<вА0А0АаАВ0cd09983, LOTUS_7_Limkain_b1, The seventh LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP). The seventh LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP): Limkain b1 is a novel human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. The protein contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ=вА0А0АаАВ.cd09984, LOTUS_8_Limkain_b1, The eighth LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP). The eighth LOTUS domain on Limkain b1(LKAP): Limkain b1 is a novel human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. The protein contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ>вА0А0АаАВлcd09985, LOTUS_1_TDRD5, The first LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 5 (TDRD5). The first LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 5 (TDRD5): TDRD5 contains three N-terminal LOTUS domains and a C-terminal Tudor domain. It belongs to the evolutionary conserved Tudor domain-containing protein (TDRD) family involved in germ cell development. In mice, TDRD5 is a component of the intermitochondrial cements (IMCs) and the chromatoid bodies (CBs), which are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules involved in RNA processing for spermatogenesis. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain on TDRD5 remains to be identified. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ?вА0А0АаАВcd09986, LOTUS_1_TDRD7, The first LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 7 (TDRD7). The first LOTUS domain on Tudor-containing protein 7 (TDRD7): TDRD7 contains three N-terminal LOTUS domains and three Tudor domain repeats at the C-terminus. It belongs to the evolutionary conserved Tudor domain-containing protein (TDRD) family involved in germ cell development. In mice, TDRD7 together with TDRD1/MTR-1, TDRD5 and TDRD6 forms a ribonucleoprotein complex in the intermitochondrial cements (IMCs) and the chromatoid bodies (CBs) involving in RNA processing for spermatogenesis. TDRD7 is functionally essential for the differentiation of germ cells. The exact molecular function of LOTUS domain on TDRD7 remains to be characterized. Its occurrence in proteins associated with RNA metabolism suggests that it might be involved in RNA binding function. The presence of several basic residues and RNA fold recognition motifs support this hypothesis. The RNA binding function might be the first step of regulating mRNA translation or localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇ@вА0А0АаАВVcd09987, Arginase_HDAC, Arginase-like and histone-like hydrolases. Arginase-like/histone-like hydrolase superfamily includes metal-dependent enzymes that belong to Arginase-like amidino hydrolase family and histone/histone-like deacetylase class I, II, IV family, respectively. These enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of amide bond. Arginases are known to be involved in control of cellular levels of arginine and ornithine, in histidine and arginine degradation and in clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Deacetylases play a role in signal transduction through histone and/or other protein modification and can repress/activate transcription of a number of different genes. They participate in different cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, embryonic development, cytokine signaling important for immune response and post-translational control of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetase. Mammalian histone deacetyases are known to be involved in progression of different tumors. Specific inhibitors of mammalian histone deacetylases are an emerging class of promising novel anticancer drugs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>!вА0А0АаАВWcd09988, Formimidoylglutamase, Formimidoylglutamase or HutE. Formimidoylglutamase (N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate formimidoylhydrolase; formiminoglutamase; N-formiminoglutamate hydrolase; N-formimino-L-glutamate formiminohydrolase; HutE; EC 3.5.3.8) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate to L-glutamate and formamide. This enzyme is involved in histidine degradation, requiring Mn as a cofactor while glutathione may be required for maximal activity. In Pseudomonas PAO1, mutation studies show that histidine degradation proceeds via a 'four-step' pathway if the 'five-step' route is absent and vice versa; in the four-step pathway, formiminoglutaminase (HutE, EC 3.5.3.8) directly converts formiminoglutamate (FIGLU) to L-glutamate and formamide in a single step. Formiminoglutamase has traditionally also been referred to as HutG; however, formiminoglutamase is structurally and mechanistically unrelated to N-formyl-glutamate deformylase (also called HutG). Phylogenetic analysis has suggested that HutE was acquired by horizontal gene transfer from a Ralstonia-like ancestor.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>"вА0А0АаАВєcd09989, Arginase, Arginase family. This family includes arginase, also known as arginase-like amidino hydrolase family, and related proteins. Arginase is a binuclear Mn-dependent metalloenzyme and catalyzes hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea (Arg, EC 3.5.3.1), the reaction being the fifth and final step in the urea cycle, providing the path for the disposal of nitrogenous compounds. Arginase controls cellular levels of arginine and ornithine which are involved in protein biosynthesis, and in production of creatine, polyamines, proline and nitric acid. In vertebrates, at least two isozymes have been identified: type I (ARG1) cytoplasmic or hepatic liver-type arginase and type II (ARG2) mitochondrial or non-hepatic arginase. Point mutations in human arginase ARG1 gene lead to hyperargininemia with consequent mental disorders, retarded development and early death. Hyperargininemia is associated with a several-fold increase in the activity of the mitochondrial arginase (ARG2), causing persistent ureagenesis in patients. ARG2 overexpression plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of cholesterol mediated endothelial dysfunction. Thus, arginase is a therapeutic target to treat asthma, erectile dysfunction, atherosclerosis and cancer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>#вА0А0АаАВПcd09990, Agmatinase-like, Agmatinase-like family. Agmatinase subfamily currently includes metalloenzymes such as agmatinase, guanidinobutyrase, guanidopropionase, formimidoylglutamase and proclavaminate amidinohydrolase. Agmatinase (agmatine ureohydrolase; SpeB; EC=3.5.3.11) is the key enzyme in the synthesis of polyamine putrescine; it catalyzes hydrolysis of agmatine to yield putrescine and urea. This enzyme has been found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, requiring divalent Mn and sometimes Zn, Co or Ca for activity. In mammals, the highest level of agmatinase mRNA was found in liver and kidney. However, catabolism of agmatine via agmatinase apparently is a not major path; it is mostly catabolized via diamine oxidase. Agmatinase has been shown to be down-regulated in tumor renal cells. Guanidinobutyrase (Gbh, EC=3.5.3.7) catalyzes hydrolysis of 4-guanidinobutanoate to yield 4-aminobutanoate and urea in arginine degradation pathway. Activity has been shown for purified enzyme from Arthrobacter sp. KUJ 8602. Additionally, guanidinobutyrase is able to hydrolyze D-arginine, 3-guanidinopropionate, 5-guanidinovaleriate and L-arginine with much less affinity, having divalent Zn ions for catalysis. Proclavaminate amidinohydrolase (Pah, EC 3.5.3.22) hydrolyzes amidinoproclavaminate to yield proclavaminate and urea in clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Activity has been shown for purified enzyme from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Clavulanic acid is the effective inhibitor of beta-lactamases. This acid is used in combination with the penicillin amoxicillin to prevent antibiotic's beta-lactam rings from hydrolysis, thus keeping the antibiotics biologically active.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>$вА0А0АаАВcd09991, HDAC_classI, Class I histone deacetylases. Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) are Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues in histone amino termini to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Enzymes belonging to this group participate in regulation of a number of processes through protein (mostly different histones) modification (deacetylation). Class I histone deacetylases in general act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. This group includes animal HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC8, fungal RPD3, HOS1 and HOS2, plant HDA9, protist, archaeal and bacterial (AcuC) deacetylases. Members of this class are involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, embryonic development, cytokine signaling important for immune response and in posttranslational control of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetase. In mammals, they are known to be involved in progression of various tumors. Specific inhibitors of mammalian histone deacetylases are an emerging class of promising novel anticancer drugs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>%вА0А0АаАВЖcd09992, HDAC_classII, Histone deacetylases and histone-like deacetylases, classII. Class II histone deacetylases are Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues of histones (EC 3.5.1.98) and possibly other proteins to yield deacetylated histones/other proteins. This group includes animal HDAC4,5,6,7,8,9,10, fungal HOS3 and HDA1, plant HDA5 and HDA15 as well as other eukaryotes, archaeal and bacterial histone-like deacetylases. Eukaryotic deacetylases mostly use histones (H2, H3, H4) as substrates for deacetylation; however, non-histone substrates are known (for example, tubulin). Substrates for prokaryotic histone-like deacetylases are not known. Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. Histone deacetylases usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. Interaction partners of class II deacetylases include 14-3-3 proteins, MEF2 family of transcriptional factors, CtBP, calmodulin (CaM), SMRT, N-CoR, BCL6, HP1alpha and SUMO. Histone deacetylases play a role in the regulation of cell cycle, cell differentiation and survival. Class II mammalian HDACs are differentially inhibited by structurally diverse compounds with known antitumor activities, thus presenting them as potential drug targets for human diseases resulting from aberrant acetylation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>&вА0А0АаАВПcd09993, HDAC_classIV, Histone deacetylase class IV also known as histone deacetylase 11. Class IV histone deacetylases (HDAC11; EC 3.5.1.98) are predicted Zn-dependent enzymes. This class includes animal HDAC11, plant HDA2 and related bacterial deacetylases. Enzymes in this subfamily participate in regulation of a number of different processes through protein modification (deacetylation). They catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine of histones (or other proteins) to yield a deacetylated proteins. Histone deacetylases often act as members of large multi-protein complexes such as mSin3A or SMRT/N-CoR. Human HDAC11 does not associate with them but can interact with HDAC6 in vivo. It has been suggested that HDAC11 and HDAC6 may use non-histone proteins as their substrates and play a role other than to directly modulate chromatin structure. In normal tissues, expression of HDAC11 is limited to kidney, heart, brain, skeletal muscle and testis, suggesting that its function might be tissue-specific. In mammals, HDAC11 proteins are known to be involved in progression of various tumors. HDAC11 plays an essential role in regulating OX40 ligand (OX40L) expression in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL); selective inhibition of HDAC11 expression significantly up-regulates OX40L and induces apoptosis in HL cell lines. Thus, inhibition of HDAC11 could be a therapeutic drug option for antitumor immune response in HL patients.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>'вА0А0АаАВ■cd09994, HDAC_AcuC_like, Class I histone deacetylase AcuC (Acetoin utilization protein)-like enzymes. AcuC (Acetoin utilization protein) is a class I deacetylase found only in bacteria and is involved in post-translational control of the acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (AcsA). Deacetylase AcuC works in coordination with deacetylase SrtN (class III), possibly to maintain AcsA in active (deacetylated) form and let the cell grow under low concentration of acetate. B. subtilis AcuC is a member of operon acuABC; this operon is repressed by the presence of glucose and does not show induction by acetoin; acetoin is a bacterial fermentation product that can be converted to acetate via the butanediol cycle in absence of other carbon sources. Inactivation of AcuC leads to slower growth and lower cell yield under low-acetate conditions in Bacillus subtilis. In general, Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) are Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues in histone amino termini to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Enzymes belonging to this group participate in regulation of a number of processes through protein (mostly different histones) modification (deacetylation). Class I histone deacetylases in general act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Members of this class are involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, embryonic development, cytokine signaling important for immune response and in posttranslational control of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>(вА0А0АаАВ\cd09996, HDAC_classII_1, Histone deacetylases and histone-like deacetylases, classII. This subfamily includes bacterial as well as eukaryotic Class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) and related proteins. Deacetylases of class II are Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues of histones (EC 3.5.1.98) and possibly other proteins to yield deacetylated histones/other proteins. Included in this family is a bacterial HDAC-like amidohydrolase (Bordetella/Alcaligenes species FB18817, denoted as FB188 HDAH) shown to be most similar in sequence and function to class II HDAC6 domain 3 or b (HDAC6b). FB188 HDAH is able to remove the acetyl moiety from acetylated histones, and can be inhibited by common HDAC inhibitors such as SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) as well as class II-specific but not class I specific inhibitors.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>)вА0А0АаАВhcd09998, HDAC_Hos3, Class II histone deacetylases Hos3 and related proteins. Fungal histone deacetylase Hos3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a Zn-dependent enzyme belonging to HDAC class II. It catalyzes hydrolysis of an N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. Histone deacetylases usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. Hos3 deacetylase is homodimer, in vitro it shows specificity to H4, H3 and H2A.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>*вА0А0АаАВ├cd09999, Arginase-like_1, Arginase-like amidino hydrolase family. This family includes arginase, also known as arginase-like amidino hydrolase family, as well as arginase-like proteins and are found in bacteria, archaea and eykaryotes, but does not include metazoan arginases. Arginase is a binuclear Mn-dependent metalloenzyme and catalyzes hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea (Arg, EC 3.5.3.1), the reaction being the fifth and final step in the urea cycle, providing the path for the disposal of nitrogenous compounds. Arginase controls cellular levels of arginine and ornithine which are involved in protein biosynthesis, and in production of creatine, polyamines, proline and nitric acid.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>+вА0А0АаАВЩcd10000, HDAC8, Histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8). HDAC8 is a Zn-dependent class I histone deacetylase that catalyzes hydrolysis of an N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. Histone deacetylases usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. HDAC8 is found in human cytoskeleton-bound protein fraction and insoluble cell pellets. It plays a crucial role in intramembraneous bone formation; germline deletion of HDAC8 is detrimental to skull bone formation. HDAC8 is possibly associated with the smooth muscle actin cytockeleton and may regulate the contractive capacity of smooth muscle cells. HDAC8 is also involved in the metabolic control of the estrogen receptor related receptor (ERR)-alpha/peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1-alpha) transcriptional complex as well as in the development of neuroblastoma and T-cell lymphoma. HDAC8-selective small-molecule inhibitors could be a therapeutic drug option for these diseases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>,вА0А0АаАВ\cd10001, HDAC_classII_APAH, Histone deacetylase class IIa. This subfamily includes bacterial acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase (APAH) as well as other Class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) and related proteins. Deacetylases of class II are Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues of histones (EC 3.5.1.98) and possibly other proteins to yield deacetylated histones/other proteins. Mycoplana ramosa APAH exhibits broad substrate specificity and catalyzes the deacetylation of polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine by cleavage of a non-peptide amide bond.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>-вА0А0АаАВжcd10002, HDAC10_HDAC6-dom1, Histone deacetylase 6, domain 1 and histone deacetylase 10. Histone deacetylases 6 and 10 are class IIb Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. HDACs usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. HDAC6 is the only histone deacetylase with internal duplication of two catalytic domains which appear to function independently of each other, and also has a C-terminal ubiquitin-binding domain. It is located in the cytoplasm and associates with microtubule motor complex, functioning as the tubulin deacetylase and regulating microtubule-dependent cell motility. HDAC10 has an N-terminal deacetylase domain and a C-terminal pseudo-repeat that shares significant similarity with its catalytic domain. It is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and is involved in regulation of melanogenesis. It transcriptionally down-regulates thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), leading to altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in human gastric cancer cells. Known interaction partners of HDAC6 are alpha tubulin (substrate) and ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 (also known as Ubiquitin D or UBD) while interaction partners of HDAC10 are Pax3, KAP1, hsc70 and HDAC3 proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>.вА0А0АаАВЯcd10003, HDAC6-dom2, Histone deacetylase 6, domain 2. Histone deacetylase 6 is a class IIb Zn-dependent enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. HDACs usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. HDAC6 is the only histone deacetylase with internal duplication of two catalytic domains which appear to function independently of each other, and also has a C-terminal ubiquitin-binding domain. It is located in the cytoplasm and associates with microtubule motor complex, functioning as the tubulin deacetylase and regulating microtubule-dependent cell motility. Known interaction partners of HDAC6 are alpha tubulin and ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 (also known as Ubiquitin D or UBD).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>/вА0А0АаАВтcd10004, RPD3-like, reduced potassium dependency-3 (RPD3)-like. Proteins of the Rpd3-like family are class I Zn-dependent Histone deacetylases that catalyze hydrolysis of an N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). RPD3 is the yeast homolog of class I HDACs. The main function of RPD3-like group members is regulation of a number of different processes through protein (mostly different histones) modification (deacetylation). This group includes fungal RPD3 and acts via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Members of this group are involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, embryonic development and cytokine signaling important for immune response. Histone deacetylation by yeast RPD3 represses genes regulated by the Ash1 and Ume6 DNA-binding proteins. In mammals, they are known to be involved in progression of various tumors. Specific inhibitors of mammalian histone deacetylases could be a therapeutic drug option.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>0вА0А0АаАВRcd10005, HDAC3, Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). HDAC3 is a Zn-dependent class I histone deacetylase that catalyzes hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. In order to target specific chromatin regions, HDAC3 can interact with DNA-binding proteins (transcriptional factors) either directly or after forming complexes with a number of other proteins, as observed for the SMPT/N-CoR complex which recruits human HDAC3 to specific chromatin loci and activates deacetylation. Human HDAC3 is also involved in deacetylation of non-histone substrates such as RelA, SPY and p53 factors. This protein can also down-regulate p53 function and subsequently modulate cell growth and apoptosis. This gene is therefore regarded as a potential tumor suppressor gene. HDAC3 plays a role in various physiological processes, including subcellular protein localization, cell cycle progression, cell differentiation, apoptosis and survival. HDAC3 has been found to be overexpressed in some tumors including leukemia, lung carcinoma, colon cancer and maxillary carcinoma. Thus, inhibitors precisely targeting HDAC3 (in some cases together with retinoic acid or hyperthermia) could be a therapeutic drug option.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>1вА0А0АаАВаcd10006, HDAC4, Histone deacetylase 4. Histone deacetylase 4 is a class IIa Zn-dependent enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of an N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. Histone deacetylases usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. Class IIa histone deacetylases are signal-dependent co-repressors, having N-terminal regulatory domain with two or three conserved serine residues; phosphorylation of these residues is important for ability to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm and act as transcriptional co-repressors. HDAC4 participates in regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy and skeletogenesis. However, biological substrates for HDAC4 have not been identified; only low lysine deacetylation activity has been demonstrated and active site mutant has enhanced activity toward acetylated lysines. HDAC4 does not bind DNA directly, but through transcription factors MEF2C (myocyte enhancer factor-2C) and MEF2D. Other known interaction partners of the protein are 14-3-3 proteins, SMRT and N-CoR co-repressors, BCL6, HP1, SUMO-1 ubiquitin-like protein, and ANKRA2. It appears to interact in a multiprotein complex with RbAp48 and HDAC3. Furthermore, HDAC4 is required for TGFbeta1-induced myofibroblastic differentiation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>2вА0А0АаАВ'cd10007, HDAC5, Histone deacetylase 5. Histone deacetylase 5 is a class IIa Zn-dependent enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of an N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. Histone deacetylases usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. Class IIa histone deacetylases are signal-dependent co-repressors, having N-terminal regulatory domain with two or three conserved serine residues; phosphorylation of these residues is important for ability to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm and act as transcriptional co-repressors. HDAC5 is involved in integration of chronic drug (cocaine) addiction and depression with changes in chromatin structure and gene expression; cocaine regulates HDAC5 function to antagonize the rewarding impact of cocaine, possibly by blocking drug-stimulated gene expression that supports drug-induced behavioral change. It is also involved in regulation of angiogenesis and cell cycle as well as immune system development. HDAC5 and HDAC9 have been found to be significantly up-regulated in high-risk medulloblastoma compared with low-risk and may potentially be novel drug targets.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>3вА0А0АаАВ╢cd10008, HDAC7, Histone deacetylase 7. Histone deacetylase 7 is a class IIa Zn-dependent enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of an N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. Histone deacetylases usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. Class IIa histone deacetylases are signal-dependent co-repressors, having N-terminal regulatory domain with two or three conserved serine residues; phosphorylation of these residues is important for ability to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm and act as transcriptional co-repressors. HDAC7 is involved in regulation of myocyte migration and differentiation. Known interaction partners of class IIa HDAC7 are myocyte enhancer factors - MEF2A, -2C, and -2D, 14-3-3 proteins, SMRT and N-CoR co-repressors, HDAC3, ETA (endothelin receptor). This enzyme is also involved in the development of the immune system as well as brain and heart development. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding several isoforms have been found for this gene.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>4вА0А0АаАВXcd10009, HDAC9, Histone deacetylase 9. Histone deacetylase 9 is a class IIa Zn-dependent enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of an N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. Histone deacetylases usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. Class IIa histone deacetylases are signal-dependent co-repressors, they have N-terminal regulatory domain with two or three conserved serine residues, phosphorylation of these residues is important for ability to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm and act as transcriptional co-repressors. HDAC9 is involved in regulation of gene expression and dendritic growth in developing cortical neurons. It also plays a role in hematopoiesis. Its deregulated expression may be associated with some human cancers. HDAC5 and HDAC9 have been found to be significantly up-regulated in high-risk medulloblastoma compared with low-risk and may potentially be novel drug targets.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>5вА0А0АаАВccd10010, HDAC1, Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is a Zn-dependent class I enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. HDAC1 is involved in regulation through association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. In particular, HDAC1 appears to play a major role in pre-implantation embryogenesis in establishing a repressive chromatin state. Its interaction with retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor protein is essential in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Together with metastasis-associated protein-2 (MTA2), it deacetylates p53, thereby modulating its effect on cell growth and apoptosis. It participates in DNA-damage response, along with HDAC2; together, they promote DNA non-homologous end-joining. HDAC1 is also involved in tumorogenesis; its overexpression modulates cancer progression. Specific inhibitors of HDAC1 are currently used in cancer therapy.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>6вА0А0АаАВ┘cd10011, HDAC2, Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is a Zn-dependent class I enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. HDAC2 is involved in regulation through association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. It forms transcriptional repressor complexes by associating with several proteins, including the mammalian zinc-finger transcription factor YY1, thus playing an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Additionally, a few non-histone HDAC2 substrates have been found. HDAC2 plays a role in embryonic development and cytokine signaling important for immune response, and is over-expressed in several solid tumors including oral, prostate, ovarian, endometrial and gastric cancer. It participates in DNA-damage response, along with HDAC1; together, they can promote DNA non-homologous end-joining. HDAC2 is considered an important cancer prognostic marker. Inhibitors specifically targeting HDAC2 could be a therapeutic drug option.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>7вА0А0АаАВСcd10013, Cas3''_I, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Cas3''. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA; HD-like nuclease, specifically digesting double-stranded oligonucleotides and preferably cleaving at G:C pairs; signature gene for Type I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇIвА0А0АаАВИcd10014, TFIIA_gamma_C, Gamma subunit of transcription initiation factor IIA, C-terminal domain. Transcription factor II A (TFIIA) is one of the general transcription factors for RNA polymerase II. TFIIA increases the affinity of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) for DNA, in order to assemble the initiation complex. TFIIA also functions as an activator during development and differentiation, and is involved in transcription from TATA-less promoters. TFIIA is composed of more than one subunit in various organisms. Mammalian TFIIA large subunits (TFIIA alpha and beta), and the smaller subunit (TFIIA gamma) form a heterotrimer. TFIIA alpha and beta are encoded by a single TFIIA_alpha_beta gene and post-translationally processed and cleaved. TOA1 and TOA2 are the two subunits of Yeast TFIIA which correspond to Mammalian TFIIA_alpha_beta and TFIIA gamma, respectively. TOA1 and TOA2 form a heterodimeric protein complex. The TFIIA gamma subunit is highly conserved between humans, Drosophila and yeast and it is required for TFIIA function. The C-terminal domain of the gamma (TFIIA_gamma_C) subunit forms a beta-barrel structure together with TFIIA beta.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄вА0А0АаАВ─cd10015, BfiI_C_EcoRII_N_B3, DNA binding domains of BfiI, EcoRII and plant B3 proteins. This family contains the N-terminal DNA binding domain of type IIE restriction endonuclease EcoRII-like proteins, the C-terminal DNA binding domain of type IIS restriction endonuclease BfiI-like proteins and plant-specific B3 proteins. Type II restriction endonucleases are components of restriction modification (RM) systems that protect bacteria and archaea against invading foreign DNA. They usually function as homodimers or homotetramers that cleave DNA at defined sites of 4 to 8 bp in length, and they require Mg2+, not ATP or GTP, for catalysis. EcoRII is specific for the 5'-CCWGG sequence (W stands for A or T). EcoRII consists of 2 domains, the C-terminal catalytic/dimerization domain (EcoRII-C), and the N-terminal effector DNA binding domain (EcoRII-N). BfiI is unique in cleaving DNA at fixed positions downstream of an asymmetric sequence in the absence of Mg2+. BfiI consists of two discrete domains with distinct functions: an N-terminal catalytic domain with non-specific nuclease activity and dimerization function that is more closely related to Nuc, an EDTA-resistant nuclease from the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily; and a C-terminal domain that specifically recognizes its target sequences, 5'-ACTGGG-3'. B3 proteins are a family of plant-specific transcription factors, involved in a great variety of processes, including seed development and auxin response.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВcd10016, EcoRII_N, N-terminal domain of type IIE restriction endonuclease EcoRII and similar proteins. N-terminal domain of type IIE restriction endonuclease EcoRII and similar proteins. Type II restriction endonucleases are components of restriction modification (RM) systems that protect bacteria and archaea against invading foreign DNA. They usually function as homodimers or homotetramers that cleave DNA at defined sites of 4 to 8 bp in length, and they require Mg2+, not ATP or GTP, for catalysis. EcoRII is specific for the 5'-CCWGG sequence (W stands for A or T). EcoRII consists of 2 domains, the C-terminal catalytic/dimerization domain (EcoRII-C), and the N-terminal effector DNA binding domain (EcoRII-N). To be catalytically active, EcoRII has to form a dimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ√cd10017, B3_DNA, Plant-specific B3-DNA binding domain. The plant-specific B3 DNA binding domain superfamily includes the well-characterized auxin response factor (ARF) and the LAV (Leafy cotyledon2 [LEC2]-Abscisic acid insensitive3 [ABI3]-VAL) families, as well as the RAV (Related to ABI3 and VP1) and REM (REproductive Meristem) families. LEC2 and ABI3 have been shown to be involved in seed development, while other members of the LAV family seem to have a more general role, being expressed in many organs during plant development. Members of the ARF family bind to the auxin response element and depending on presence of an activation or repression domain, they activate or repress transcription. RAV and REM families are less studied B3 protein famillies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ[cd10018, BfiI_C, C-terminal domain of type IIs restriction endonuclease BfiI and similar proteins. C-terminal domain of a novel type IIs restriction endonuclease BfiI and similar proteins. Type II restriction endonucleases are components of restriction modification (RM) systems that protect bacteria and archaea against invading foreign DNA. They usually function as homodimers or homotetramers that cleave DNA at defined sites of 4 to 8 bp in length, and they require Mg2+, not ATP or GTP, for catalysis. Unlike all other restriction enzymes known to date, BfiI is unique in cleaving DNA at fixed positions downstream of an asymmetric sequence in the absence of Mg2+. BfiI consists of two discrete domains with distinct functions: an N-terminal catalytic domain with non-specific nuclease activity and dimerization function that is more closely related to Nuc, an EDTA-resistant nuclease from the phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily; and a C-terminal domain that specifically recognizes its target sequences, 5'-ACTGGG-3'. BfiI presumably evolved through domain fusion of a DNA recognition domain to the catalytic Nuc-like domain from the PLD superfamily. BfiI forms a functionally active homodimer which has two DNA-binding surfaces located at the C-terminal domains but only one active site, located at the dimer interface between the two N-terminal catalytic domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ╒cd10019, 14-3-3_sigma, 14-3-3 sigma, an isoform of 14-3-3 protein. 14-3-3 protein sigma isoform, also known as stratifin or human mammary epithelial marker (HME) 1, has been most directly linked to tumor development. In humans, it is expressed by the SFN gene, strictly in stratified squamous epithelial cells in response to DNA damage where it is transcriptionally induced in a p53-dependent manner, subsequently causing cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint. Up-regulation and down-regulation of 14-3-3 sigma expression have both been described in tumors. For example, in human breast cancer, 14-3-3 sigma is predominantly down-regulated by CpG methylation, acting as both a tumor suppressor and a prognostic indicator, while in human scirrhous-type gastric carcinoma (SGC), it is up-regulated and may play an important role in SGC carcinogenesis and progression. Loss of 14-3-3 sigma expression sensitizes tumor cells to treatment with conventional cytostatic drugs, making this protein an attractive therapeutic target. 14-3-3 domains are an essential part of 14-3-3 proteins, a ubiquitous class of regulatory, phosphoserine/threonine-binding proteins found in all eukaryotic cells, including yeast, protozoa and mammalian cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'двА0А0АаАВ`cd10020, 14-3-3_epsilon, 14-3-3 epsilon, an isoform of 14-3-3 protein. 14-3-3 protein epsilon isoform (isoform (also known as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/ tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon polypeptide) is encoded by the YWHAE gene in humans and is involved in cancer cell survival and growth. It interacts with CDC25 phosphatases, RAF1 and IRS1 proteins, suggesting its role in diverse biochemical activities related to signal transduction, such as cell division and regulation of insulin sensitivity. Overexpression of 14-3-3 epsilon in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues predicts a high risk of extrahepatic metastasis and worse survival, and is a potential therapeutic target. It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer. 14-3-3 epsilon overexpression protects colorectal cancer and endothelial cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, while its suppression by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induces cancer and endothelial cell death. Cellular levels of 14-3-3 epsilon could possibly serve as an important regulator of cell survival in response to oxidative stress and other death signals. 14-3-3 domains are an essential part of 14-3-3 proteins, a ubiquitous class of regulatory, phosphoserine/threonine-binding proteins found in all eukaryotic cells, including yeast, protozoa and mammalian cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'евА0А0АаАВ Zcd10022, 14-3-3_beta_zeta, 14-3-3 beta and zeta isoforms of 14-3-3 protein. 14-3-3 protein beta and zeta isoform (also known as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, beta and zeta polypeptide) are encoded by the YWHAB gene and YWHAZ gene in humans. They have been linked to mitogenic signaling and the cell cycle machinery, and to cancer initiation and progression, respectively. The beta isoform has been shown to interact with RAF1 and CDC25 phosphatases and its overexpression is associated with invasion, migration, metastasis and proliferation of tumor cells and its elevated levels are correlated with tumor size, the number of lymph node metastases and a reduced survival rate. It is significantly overexpressed in lung cancer tissues, mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (M-CLL), gastric cancer tissues, aflatoxin B1-induced rat hepatocellular carcinoma K1 and K2 cells, as well as renal cell carcinoma cysts, and can potentially be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in the cancer. Numerous proteins involved in anti-apoptosis and tumor progression were also found to be differentially expressed in gastric cancer cells where 14-3-3 beta is overexpressed. 14-3-3 beta also interacts with human Dapper1 (hDpr1), a key negative regulator of Wnt signaling, via hDpr1 phosphorylation by protein kinase A, thus attenuating the ability of hDpr1 to promote Dishevelled (Dvl) degradation, and subsequently enhancing Wnt signaling. The zeta isoform is ubiquitously expressed and localized to most subcellular regions, including the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus. Its overexpression and gene amplification in multiple cancers are correlated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance in cancer patients. 14-3-3 zeta has been identified as a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis and prognosis in multiple tumor types, including hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck cancer, indicating a potential clinical application for using 14-3-3 zeta in selecting treatment options and predicting cancer outcome. It also interacts with IRS1 protein, suggesting a role in regulating insulin sensitivity. 14-3-3 domains are an essential part of 14-3-3 proteins, a ubiquitous class of regulatory, phosphoserine/threonine-binding proteins found in all eukaryotic cells, including yeast, protozoa and mammalian cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'жвА0А0АаАВ4cd10023, 14-3-3_theta, 14-3-3 theta/tau (theta in mice, tau in human), an isoform of 14-3-3 protein. 14-3-3 tau/theta (tau in humans, theta in mice) isoform (also known as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/ tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, theta polypeptide) is encoded by the YWHAQ gene in humans and plays an important role in controlling apoptosis through interactions with ASK1, c-jun NH-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Its interaction with CDC25c regulates entry into the cell cycle and subsequent interaction with Bad prevents apoptosis. 14-3-3 theta protein expression is induced in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 14-3-3 tau is often overexpressed in breast cancer, which is associated with the downregulation of p21, a p53 target gene, and thus leads to tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 breast cancer cells and shorter patient survival. Therefore, 14-3-3 tau may be a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. Additionally, 14-3-3 theta mediates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the coronavirus nucleocapsid protein which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. 14-3-3 domain is an essential part of 14-3-3 proteins, a ubiquitous class of regulatory, phosphoserine/threonine-binding proteins found in all eukaryotic cells, including yeast, protozoa and mammalian cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'звА0А0АаАВзcd10024, 14-3-3_gamma, 14-3-3 gamma, an isoform of 14-3-3 protein. 14-3-3 gamma isoform (also known as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, gamma polypeptide) is encoded by the YWHAG gene in humans and is induced by growth factors in human vascular smooth muscle cells. It is also highly expressed in skeletal and heart muscles, suggesting an important role in muscle tissue. It has been shown to interact with RAF1 and protein kinase C, proteins involved in various signal transduction pathways. 14-3-3 gamma mediates Cdc25A proteolysis to block premature mitotic entry after DNA damage. 14-3-3 gamma mediates the interaction between Chk1 and Cdc25A; this complex has an essential function in Cdc25A phosphorylation and degradation to block premature mitotic entry after DNA damage. Increased expression of 14-3-3 gamma in lung cancer coincides with loss of functional p53, possibly in a cooperative manner promoting genomic instability. Also, during cell cycle, 14-3-3 gamma protects p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, from degradation mediated by the p53 suppressor MDMX, which may account for elevation of p21 levels independent of p53 and in response to DNA damage. Elevated expression of 14-3-3 gamma in human hepatocellular carcinoma predicts extrahepatic metastasis and worse survival, thus making this protein a candidate biomarker and a potential target for novel therapies against the disease.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'ивА0А0АаАВcd10025, 14-3-3_eta, 14-3-3 eta, an isoform of 14-3-3 protein. 14-3-3 eta isoform (also known as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, eta polypeptide) is expressed mainly in brain, and is involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis regulation. In humans, it is encoded by the YWHAH gene, and is a positional and functional candidate for schizophrenia as well as bipolar disorder (BP). This gene contains a 7 bp repeat sequence in its 5' Untranslated Region (UTR), and early-onset schizophrenia has been associated with changes in the number of this repeat. 14-3-3 eta and gamma are found in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with joint inflammation. Specifically, 14-3-3 eta, which plays a regulatory role in chondrogenic differentiation, is significantly overexpressed in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), a chronic inflammatory disease often associated with growth impairment. Overexpression of Gremlin 1, the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, may play an oncogenic role in carcinomas of the uterine cervix, lung, ovary, kidney, breast, colon, pancreas, and sarcoma, since it functions by interaction with the 14-3-3 eta domain. Therefore, Gremlin 1 and its binding protein 14-3-3 eta could be appropriate targets for developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against human cancers. 14-3-3 domain is an essential part of 14-3-3 proteins, a ubiquitous class of regulatory, phosphoserine/threonine-binding proteins found in all eukaryotic cells, including yeast, protozoa and mammalian cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'йвА0А0АаАВЮcd10026, 14-3-3_plant, Plant 14-3-3 protein domain. Plant 14-3-3 isoforms, similar to their highly conserved homologs in mammals, bind to phosphorylated target proteins to modulate their function. They have been implicated in a variety of physiological functions; in particular, abiotic and biotic stress responses, primary metabolism, as well as various aspects of plant growth and development. They function through the regulation of a diverse range of proteins including transcription factors, kinases, structural proteins, ion channels as well as pathogen defense-related proteins. The 14-3-3 proteins are affected transcriptionally as well as functionally by the environment of the plant, both intracellular and extracellular, thus playing a key role in the response to environmental stress, pathogens and light conditions. Plant 14-3-3 proteins have been divided into epsilon-like groups and non-epsilon groups based on phylogenetic clustering. They have a varying number of isoforms (for example, Arabidopsis has thirteen known protein isoforms, cotton has six) with variation in their affinity for specific binding partners, suggesting specific roles in specific processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'квА0А0АаАВ*cd10027, UDG_F1, Family 1 of Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) enzymes. Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs) are DNA repair enzymes that catalyze the removal of mismatched uracil from DNA to initiate DNA base excision repair pathway. Family 1 enzymes are active against uracil in both ssDNA and dsDNA, and recognize uracil explicitly in an extrahelical conformation via a combination of protein and bound-water interactions. Family 1 enzymes are present in Eubacteria, Eukarya and in some eukaryotic viruses. Members of Family 1 are the most efficient Uracil-DNA glycosylases. Uracil in DNA can arise as a result of mis-incorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or deamination of cytosine. Uracil mispaired with guanine in DNA is one of the major pro-mutagenic events, causing G:C->A:T mutations. Thus, UDG is an essential enzyme for maintaining the integrity of genetic information. More than five UDG families have been characterized so far; these families share similar overall folds, and common active site motifs. However, they may differ in substrate preferences.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ$cd10028, UDG_F2_MUG, G:T/U mismatch specific DNA glcosylase (MUG). G:T/U mismatch specific DNA glycosylases (MUG) are classified as Family 2 of Uracil DNA glycosylase enzymes. MUG catalyzes the removal of thymine or uracil bases mispaired with guanine through the hydrolysis of their N-glycosidic bond, generating abasic sites in DNA to initiate the base excision repair pathway. G:U and G:T mismatched base pairs arise in DNA either by mis-incorporation during DNA replication or by hydrolytic deamination of cytosine and 5-methyl cytosine, respectively. MUGs are dsDNA specific base excision repair enzymes. They explicitly recognize the widowed guanine on the complementary strand rather than the extrahelical scissile pyrimidine. This allows a broader specificity so that some MUGs can excise uracil, thymine or 3, N(4)-ethenocytosine from mismatches with guanine. MUGs are found in Eubacteria and Eukarya, where they appear to have complementary functions of Family 1 UDGs. MUG is an essential enzyme for maintaining the integrity of genetic information.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВоcd10029, UDG_F3_SMUG, SMUG: single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase. SMUG (single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase) is classified as Family 3 of Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) enzymes. SMUG is a DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes the removal of mismatched uracil and its derivatives from DNA to initiate DNA base excision repair pathway. Uracil in DNA can arise as a result of mis-incorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or deamination of cytosine. Uracil mispaired with guanine in DNA is one of the major pro-mutagenic events, causing G:C->A:T mutations. Thus, DNA repair enzymes are essential for maintaining the integrity of genetic information. A Family 3 UDG from human was first characterized to remove Uracil from ssDNA, hence the name hSMUG (single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase). However, subsequent research has shown that hSMUG1 and its rat ortholog can remove Uracil and its oxidized pyrimidine derivatives from both, ssDNA and dsDNA. The SMUG targeted mismatched uracil derivatives include 5-hydroxyuracil (hoU), 5-hydroxymethyluracil (hmU) and 5-formyluracil (fU). SMUGs are found in Eubacteria and Eukarya.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ?cd10030, UDG_F4_TTUDGA_like, Family 4 Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), found exclusively in thermophilic organisms. The enzymes of Family 4 Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), found only in thermophilic organisms, are thermostable enzymes. Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs) are DNA repair enzymes that catalyze the removal of mismatched uracil from DNA to initiate DNA base excision repair pathway. The Thermus thermophilus enzyme TTUDGA removes uracil from both, ssDNA and dsDNA, but not thymine from a G:T mismatch. These details suggest that the mechanism by which Family 4 UDGs remove uracils from DNA is similar to that of Family 1 enzymes. The thermostability of the enzyme may be linked to the presence of an iron-sulfur cluster, salt-bridges and ion pairs on the molecular surface as well as prolines on loops and turns, as commonly found in the Family 4 enzymes. Uracil in DNA can arise as a result of mis-incorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or deamination of cytosine. Uracil mispaired with guanine in DNA is one of the major pro-mutagenic events, causing G:C->A:T mutations.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10031, UDG_F5_TTUDGB_like, Family-5 Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDG), found in thermophilic organisms. Family-5 Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDG), found in thermophilic organisms, are DNA base excision repair enzymes. This family is represented by the enzyme TTUDGB from Thermus thermophilus HB8. Members of this family exhibit high structural and sequence similarity to Family 4 UDGs, which are also found in thermophilic organisms. However, Family 4 and Family 5 enzymes demonstrate differences in substrate specificity and catalytic mechanisms. Both TTUDGA (Family 4) and TTUDGB (Family 5) are capable of removing uracil from double stranded DNA. However, TTUDGA can also remove uracil from single-stranded DNA, while TTUDGB does not. TTUDGB also excises thymine from G:T mismatched DNA. In contrast, TTUDGA cannot remove thymine from a G:T mismatch. Furthermore, TTUDGB removes analogs of uracil from DNA, including 5-hydroxymethyluracil (hmU) and 5-fluorouracil (fU).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ#cd10032, UDG_MUG_like, MUG-like Uracil-DNA glycosylase enzyme family. MUG-like subfamily of Uracil-DNA glycosylase superfamily: Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDG) catalyze the removal of uracil from DNA to initiate DNA base excision repair pathway. Uracil in DNA can arise as a result of mis-incorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or deamination of cytosine. Uracil mispaired with guanine in DNA is one of the major pro-mutagenic events, causing G:C->A:T mutations. Thus, UDG is an essential enzyme for maintaining the integrity of genetic information. The members of this family show closest sequence homology to that of G:T/U mismatch specific DNA glcosylase (MUG, Family 2 UDG). MUG catalyzes the removal of thymine or uracil bases mispaired with guanine through the hydrolysis of their N-glycosidic bond, generating abasic sites in DNA to initiate base excision repair pathway. MUGs are dsDNA specific excision repair enzyme. They explicitly recognize the widowed guanine on the complementary strand rather than the extrahelical scissile pyrimidine.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВЖcd10033, UDG_like_1, Uncharacterized subfamily of Uracil-DNA glycosylases. This is a subfamily of Uracil-DNA glycosylase superfamily. Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDG) catalyze the removal of uracil from DNA to initiate DNA base excision repair pathway. Uracil in DNA can arise as a result of mis-incorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or deamination of cytosine. Uracil mispaired with guanine in DNA is one of the major pro-mutagenic events, causing G:C->A:T mutations. UDG is an essential enzyme for maintaining the integrity of genetic information. This ubiquitously found enzyme hydrolyzes the N-glycosidic bond of deoxyuridine in DNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВЖcd10034, UDG_like_2, Uncharacterized subfamily of Uracil-DNA glycosylases. This is a subfamily of Uracil-DNA glycosylase superfamily. Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDG) catalyze the removal of uracil from DNA to initiate DNA base excision repair pathway. Uracil in DNA can arise as a result of mis-incorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or deamination of cytosine. Uracil mispaired with guanine in DNA is one of the major pro-mutagenic events, causing G:C->A:T mutations. UDG is an essential enzyme for maintaining the integrity of genetic information. This ubiquitously found enzyme hydrolyzes the N-glycosidic bond of deoxyuridine in DNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВЖcd10035, UDG_like_3, Uncharacterized subfamily of Uracil-DNA glycosylases. This is a subfamily of Uracil-DNA glycosylase superfamily. Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDG) catalyze the removal of uracil from DNA to initiate DNA base excision repair pathway. Uracil in DNA can arise as a result of mis-incorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or deamination of cytosine. Uracil mispaired with guanine in DNA is one of the major pro-mutagenic events, causing G:C->A:T mutations. UDG is an essential enzyme for maintaining the integrity of genetic information. This ubiquitously found enzyme hydrolyzes the N-glycosidic bond of deoxyuridine in DNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА!вА0А0АаАВ╤cd10036, Reelin_subrepeat_Nt, Additional N-terminal subrepeat of reelin. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. Some family members appear to have an additional subrepeat at the N-terminus as characterized in this model. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1). Genetic deficiency of reelin, or ApoER2 and VLDLR, or Dab1, all exhibit the same phenotypes, including ataxia, cortical layer inversion and abnormal positioning patterns.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрвА0А0АаАВtcd10037, Reelin_repeat_1_subrepeat_1, N-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 1 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the N-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the C-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсвА0А0АаАВtcd10038, Reelin_repeat_2_subrepeat_1, N-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 2 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the N-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the C-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтвА0А0АаАВtcd10039, Reelin_repeat_3_subrepeat_1, N-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 3 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the N-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the C-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАувА0А0АаАВtcd10040, Reelin_repeat_4_subrepeat_1, N-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 4 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the N-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the C-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАфвА0А0АаАВtcd10041, Reelin_repeat_5_subrepeat_1, N-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 5 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the N-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the C-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАхвА0А0АаАВtcd10042, Reelin_repeat_6_subrepeat_1, N-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 6 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the N-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the C-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАцвА0А0АаАВtcd10043, Reelin_repeat_7_subrepeat_1, N-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 7 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the N-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the C-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАчвА0А0АаАВtcd10044, Reelin_repeat_8_subrepeat_1, N-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 8 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the N-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the C-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАшвА0А0АаАВtcd10045, Reelin_repeat_1_subrepeat_2, C-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 1 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the C-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the N-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАщвА0А0АаАВtcd10046, Reelin_repeat_2_subrepeat_2, C-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 2 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the C-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the N-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАъвА0А0АаАВtcd10047, Reelin_repeat_3_subrepeat_2, C-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 3 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the C-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the N-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАывА0А0АаАВtcd10048, Reelin_repeat_4_subrepeat_2, C-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 4 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the C-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the N-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАьвА0А0АаАВtcd10049, Reelin_repeat_5_subrepeat_2, C-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 5 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the C-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the N-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАэвА0А0АаАВtcd10050, Reelin_repeat_6_subrepeat_2, C-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 6 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the C-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the N-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАювА0А0АаАВtcd10051, Reelin_repeat_7_subrepeat_2, C-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 7 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the C-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the N-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАявА0А0АаАВtcd10052, Reelin_repeat_8_subrepeat_2, C-terminal subrepeat of tandem repeat unit 8 of reelin and related proteins. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in neuronal development, specifically in the brain cortex. It contains 8 tandemly repeated units, each of which is composed of two highly similar subrepeats and a central EGF domain. This model characterizes the C-terminal subrepeat, which directly contacts the N-terminal subrepeat and the EGF domain in a compact arrangement. Consecutive reelin repeat units are packed together to form an overall rod-like molecular structure. Reelin repeats 5 and 6 are reported to interact with neuronal receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), triggering a signaling cascade upon binding and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic disabled-1 (Dab1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЁвА0А0АаАВАcd10145, TFIIA_gamma_N, Gamma subunit of transcription initiation factor IIA, N-terminal helical domain. Transcription factor II A (TFIIA) is one of the general transcription factors for RNA polymerase II. TFIIA increases the affinity of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) for DNA, in order to assemble the initiation complex. TFIIA also functions as an activator during development and differentiation, and is involved in transcription from TATA-less promoters. TFIIA is composed of more than one subunit in various organisms. Mammalian TFIIA large subunits (TFIIA alpha and beta), and the smaller subunit (TFIIA gamma) form a heterotrimer. TFIIA alpha and beta are encoded by a single TFIIA_alpha_beta gene and post-translationally processed and cleaved. TOA1 and TOA2 are the two subunits of Yeast TFIIA which correspond to Mammalian TFIIA_alpha_beta and TFIIA gamma, respectively. TOA1 and TOA2 form a heterodimeric protein complex. The TFIIA gamma subunit is highly conserved between humans, Drosophila and yeast and it is required for TFIIA function. The N-terminal domain of the gamma subunit forms a 4-helix bundle together with the alpha subunit.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВcd10146, LabA_like_C, C-terminal domain of LabA_like proteins. This C-terminal domain is found in a well conserved group of mainly bacterial proteins with no defined function, which contain an N-terminal LabA-like domain. LabA from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, (which does not contain this C-terminal domain) has been shown to play a role in cyanobacterial circadian timing. LabA-like C-terminal domains described here may be related to the LOTUS domain family (which also co-occurs with LabA-like N-terminal domains).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА .вА0А0АаАВ cd10147, Wzt_C-like, C-Terminal domain of O-antigenic polysaccharide transporter protein Wzt and related proteins. The Escherichia coli ABC protein Wzt consists of 2 domains, a conventional ABC domain that binds ATP and utilizes its energy to transport molecules across membranes, and a C terminal domain which is responsible for its target molecule specificity. Wzt is part of the ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transporter complex, responsible for the transport of the O-antigenic polysaccharide (O-PS) portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. This CD includes Wzt proteins from two Escherichia coli serotypes O8 and O9a, WztO8 and WztO9a; these proteins are specific for their cognate polysaccharides (O8 or O9a O-PS).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▐вА0А0АаАВocd10148, CsoR-like_DUF156, Transcriptional regulators CsoR (copper-sensitive operon repressor), RcnR, and FrmR, and related domains; this domain superfamily was previously known as DUF156. This superfamily includes various transcriptional regulators that respond to stressors including Cu(I), Ni(I), sulfite, and formaldehyde. It includes CsoR (copper-sensitive operon repressor) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtCsoR), Bacillus subtilis (BsCsoR), Thermus thermophilus (TthCsoR), and Staphylococcus aureus (SaCsoR), Mycobacterium tuberculosis RicR (regulated in copper repressor, MtRicR), Escherichia coli RncR (formally known as YohL, nickel and cobalt-sensitive), Alcaligenes xylosoxidans NreA (nickel-sensitive), E. coli FrmR (formally known as YaiN, formaldehyde sensitive), and Staphylococcus aureus CstR (CsoR-like sulfur transferase repressor, NWMN_0026.5, SaCstR). CsoR is Cu(I)-inducible, and regulates the expression of genes involved in copper homeostasis. For example, TthCsoR binds the promoter region of the copZ-csoR-copA operon, and represses expression of these genes, which encode the copper chaperone CopZ, CsoR, and the copper efflux P-type ATPase CopA, respectively. In the presence of excess Cu(I), TthCsoR binds this ion, and is released from the DNA, allowing expression of the downstream genes. TthCsoR also senses other metal ions such as Cu(II), Zn(II), Ag(I), Cd(II) and Ni(II). CsoRs form a homotetramer (dimer of dimers). In the case of MtCsoR, two Cys residues on opposite subunits within each dimer, along with a His residue, bind the Cu(I) ion. These residues are conserved in the majority of members of this superfamily. Exceptions include the functionally uncharacterized Bacillus subtilis YrkD where there is an Asn instead of His (C-N-C), E.coli RcnR where there is a Thr instead of the second Cys (C-H-T), or TthCsoR and E.coli FrmR where there is a His instead of the second Cys and which have an additional N-terminal His (not found in those family members having C-H-C) that may also be involved in metal binding (H-C-H-H). A conserved Tyr and a Glu residue facilitate allosteric regulation of DNA binding. SaCstR regulates genes predicted to function in sulfur metabolism; it is thought that oxidation of the intersubunit Cys pair to a mixture of disulphide and trisulphide linkages by sulfite, results in a reduced affinity of SaCstR for the operator DNA. SaCstR exists as a mixture of oligomeric states, including dimers, tetramers and octamers. The sequence of SaCstR was not available at the time this hierarchy was curated and therefore was not included. Escherichia coli RncR represses expression of the gene encoding the nickel and cobalt-efflux protein RcnA. The gene encoding Alcaligenes xylosoxidans NreA is part of the nre nickel resistance locus located on the pTOM9 plasmid from thisbacteria. Escherichia coli FrmR regulates the formaldehyde degradation frmRAB operon.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВСcd10149, ClassIIa_HDAC_Gln-rich-N, Glutamine-rich N-terminal helical domain of various Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDAC4, HDAC5 and HDCA9). This superfamily consists of a glutamine-rich N-terminal helical extension to certain Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs), including HDAC4, HDAC5 and HDAC9; it is missing in HDAC7. It is referred to as the glutamine-rich domain, and confers responsiveness to calcium signals and mediates interactions with transcription factors and cofactors. This domain is able to repress transcription independently of the HDAC's C-terminal, zinc-dependent catalytic domain. It has many intra- and inter-helical interactions which are possibly involved in reversible assembly and disassembly of proteins. HDACs regulate diverse cellular processes through enzymatic deacetylation of histone as well as non-histone proteins, in particular deacetylating N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ\cd10150, CobN_like, CobN subunit of cobaltochelatase, bchH and chlH subunits of magnesium chelatases, and similar proteins. Cobaltochelatase is a complex enzyme that catalyzes the insertion of cobalt into hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide, resulting in cobyrinic acid, as demonstrated for Pseudomonas denitrificans. This is an essential step in the bacterial synthesis of cobalamine (B12). The insertion of cobalt requires a complex composed of three polypeptides, cobN, cobS, and cobT. Also included in this family are protoporphyrin IX magnesium chelatases involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll, specifically the large (chlH or bchH) subunits.They are thought to bind both the protoporphyrin and the magnesium ion. Hydrolysis of ATP by the smaller subunits in the complex may trigger a conformational change that results in the insertion of the ion into the protoporphyrin scaffold. Cryo electron microscopy studies have suggested that a distinct bchH C-terminal domain may bind tightly to the N-terminal domain upon substrate binding, requiring a substantial conformational change of the bchH subunit. It has also been suggested that chlH of higher plants binds abscisic acid via a C-terminal domain and plays a role in abscisic acid signaling, and that the protein spans the chloroplast envelope, with the C-terminus exposed to the cytosol.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▀вА0А0АаАВ╗вА0А0АаАВ╗cd10225, MreB_like, MreB and similar proteins. MreB is a bacterial protein which assembles into filaments resembling those of eukaryotic F-actin. It is involved in determining the shape of rod-like bacterial cells, by assembling into large fibrous spirals beneath the cell membrane. MreB has also been implicated in chromosome segregation; specifically MreB is thought to bind to and segregate the replication origin of bacterial chromosomes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╝вА0А0АаАВ╒cd10227, ParM_like, Plasmid segregation protein ParM and similar proteins. ParM is a plasmid-encoded bacterial homolog of actin, which polymerizes into filaments similar to F-actin, and plays a vital role in plasmid segregation. ParM filaments segregate plasmids paired at midcell into the individual daughter cells. This subfamily also contains Thermoplasma acidophilum Ta0583, an active ATPase at physiological temperatures, which has a propensity to form filaments.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╜вА0А0АаАВ)cd10228, HSPA4_like_NDB, Nucleotide-binding domain of 105/110 kDa heat shock proteins including HSPA4 and similar proteins. This subgroup includes the human proteins, HSPA4 (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 4, APG-2, HS24/P52, hsp70 RY, and HSPH2; the human HSPA4 gene maps to 5q31.1), HSPA4L (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 4-like, APG-1, HSPH3, and OSP94; the human HSPA4L gene maps to 4q28), and HSPH1 (also known as heat shock 105kDa/110kDa protein 1, HSP105; HSP105A; HSP105B; NY-CO-25; the human HSPH1 gene maps to 13q12.3), Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sse1p and Sse2p, and a sea urchin sperm receptor. It belongs to the 105/110 kDa heat shock protein (HSP105/110) subfamily of the HSP70-like family, and includes proteins believed to function generally as co-chaperones of HSP70 chaperones, acting as nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs), to remove ADP from their HSP70 chaperone partners during the ATP hydrolysis cycle. HSP70 chaperones assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Like HSP70 chaperones, HSP105/110s have an N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain (SBD). For HSP70 chaperones, the nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Hsp70 chaperone activity is also regulated by J-domain proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╛вА0А0АаАВЬcd10229, HSPA12_like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of HSPA12A, HSPA12B and similar proteins. Human HSPA12A (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein-12A) and HSPA12B (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein-12B, chromosome 20 open reading frame 60/C20orf60, dJ1009E24.2) belong to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). No co-chaperones have yet been identified for HSPA12A or HSPA12B. The gene encoding HSPA12A maps to 10q26.12, a cytogenetic region that might represent a common susceptibility locus for both schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder; reduced expression of HSPA12A has been shown in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. HSPA12A is also a candidate gene for forelimb-girdle muscular anomaly, an autosomal recessive disorder of Japanese black cattle. HSPA12A is predominantly expressed in neuronal cells. It may also play a role in the atherosclerotic process. The gene encoding HSPA12B maps to 20p13. HSPA12B is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells, is required for angiogenesis, and may interact with known angiogenesis mediators. It may be important for host defense in microglia-mediated immune response. HSPA12B expression is up-regulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in the spinal cord, and mostly located in active microglia; this induced expression may be regulated by activation of MAPK-p38, ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK signaling pathways. Overexpression of HSPA12B also protects against LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction and involves the preserved activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>┐вА0А0АаАВ╚cd10230, HYOU1-like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of human HYOU1 and similar proteins. This subgroup includes human HYOU1 (also known as human hypoxia up-regulated 1, GRP170; HSP12A; ORP150; GRP-170; ORP-150; the human HYOU1 gene maps to11q23.1-q23.3) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lhs1p (also known as Cer1p, SsI1). Mammalian HYOU1 functions as a nucleotide exchange factor (NEF) for HSPA5 (alos known as BiP, Grp78 or HspA5) and may also function as a HSPA5-independent chaperone. S. cerevisiae Lhs1p, does not have a detectable endogenous ATPase activity like canonical HSP70s, but functions as a NEF for Kar2p; it's interaction with Kar2p is stimulated by nucleotide-binding. In addition, Lhs1p has a nucleotide-independent holdase activity that prevents heat-induced aggregation of proteins in vitro. This subgroup belongs to the 105/110 kDa heat shock protein (HSP105/110) subfamily of the HSP70-like family. HSP105/110s are believed to function generally as co-chaperones of HSP70 chaperones, acting as NEFs, to remove ADP from their HSP70 chaperone partners during the ATP hydrolysis cycle. HSP70 chaperones assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Like HSP70 chaperones, HSP105/110s have an N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain (SBD). For HSP70 chaperones, the nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Hsp70 chaperone activity is also regulated by J-domain proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>└вА0А0АаАВ cd10231, YegD_like, Escherichia coli YegD, a putative chaperone protein, and related proteins. This bacterial subfamily includes the uncharacterized Escherichia coli YegD. It belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. YegD lacks the SBD. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). Some family members are not chaperones but instead, function as NEFs for their Hsp70 partners, other family members function as both chaperones and NEFs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>┴вА0А0АаАВ╟cd10232, ScSsz1p_like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of Saccharmomyces cerevisiae Ssz1pp and similar proteins. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ssz1p (also known as /Pdr13p/YHR064C) belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). Some family members are not chaperones but rather, function as NEFs for their Hsp70 partners, while other family members function as both chaperones and NEFs. Ssz1 does not function as a chaperone; it facilitates the interaction between the HSP70 Ssb protein and its partner J-domain protein Zuo1 (also known as zuotin) on the ribosome. Ssz1 is found in a stable heterodimer (called RAC, ribosome associated complex) with Zuo1. Zuo1 can only stimulate the ATPase activity of Ssb, when it is in complex with Ssz1. Ssz1 binds ATP but neither nucleotide-binding, hydrolysis, or its SBD, is needed for its in vivo function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>┬вА0А0АаАВ ░cd10233, HSPA1-2_6-8-like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of HSPA1-A, -B, -L, HSPA-2, -6, -7, -8, and similar proteins. This subfamily includes human HSPA1A (70-kDa heat shock protein 1A, also known as HSP72; HSPA1; HSP70I; HSPA1B; HSP70-1; HSP70-1A), HSPA1B (70-kDa heat shock protein 1B, also known as HSPA1A; HSP70-2; HSP70-1B), and HSPA1L (70-kDa heat shock protein 1-like, also known as HSP70T; hum70t; HSP70-1L; HSP70-HOM). The genes for these three HSPA1 proteins map in close proximity on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6, 6p21.3. This subfamily also includes human HSPA8 (heat shock 70kDa protein 8, also known as LAP1; HSC54; HSC70; HSC71; HSP71; HSP73; NIP71; HSPA10; the HSPA8 gene maps to 11q24.1), human HSPA2 (70-kDa heat shock protein 2, also known as HSP70-2; HSP70-3, the HSPA2 gene maps to 14q24.1), human HSPA6 (also known as heat shock 70kDa protein 6 (HSP70B') gi 94717614, the HSPA6 gene maps to 1q23.3), human HSPA7 (heat shock 70kDa protein 7 , also known as HSP70B; the HSPA7 gene maps to 1q23.3) and Saccharmoyces cerevisiae Stress-Seventy subfamily B/Ssb1p. This subfamily belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). Associations of polymorphisms within the MHC-III HSP70 gene locus with longevity, systemic lupus erythematosus, Meniere's disease, noise-induced hearing loss, high-altitude pulmonary edema, and coronary heart disease, have been found. HSPA2 is involved in cancer cell survival, is required for maturation of male gametophytes, and is linked to male infertility. The induction of HSPA6 is a biomarker of cellular stress. HSPA8 participates in the folding and trafficking of client proteins to different subcellular compartments, and in the signal transduction and apoptosis process; it has been shown to protect cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress partly through an interaction with alpha-enolase. S. cerevisiae Ssb1p, is part of the ribosome-associated complex (RAC), it acts as a chaperone for nascent polypeptides, and is important for translation fidelity; Ssb1p is also a [PSI+] prion-curing factor.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>├вА0А0АаАВcd10234, HSPA9-Ssq1-like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of human HSPA9 and similar proteins. This subfamily includes human mitochondrial HSPA9 (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 9, CSA; MOT; MOT2; GRP75; PBP74; GRP-75; HSPA9B; MTHSP75; the gene encoding HSPA9 maps to 5q31.1), Escherichia coli DnaK, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Stress-seventy subfamily Q protein 1/Ssq1p (also called Ssc2p, Ssh1p, mtHSP70 homolog), and S. cerevisiae Stress-Seventy subfamily C/Ssc1p (also called mtHSP70, Endonuclease SceI 75 kDa subunit). It belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Hsp70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs); for Escherichia coli DnaK, these are the DnaJ and GrpE, respectively.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>─вА0А0АаАВ╣cd10235, HscC_like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of Escherichia coli HscC and similar proteins. This subfamily includes Escherichia coli HscC (also called heat shock cognate protein C, Hsc62, or YbeW) and the the putative DnaK-like protein Escherichia coli ECs0689. It belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, Hsp70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Hsp70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). Two genes in the vicinity of the HscC gene code for potential cochaperones: J-domain containing proteins, DjlB/YbeS and DjlC/YbeV. HscC and its co-chaperone partners may play a role in the SOS DNA damage response. HscC does not appear to require a NEF.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>┼вА0А0АаАВcd10236, HscA_like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of HscA and similar proteins. Escherichia coli HscA (heat shock cognate protein A, also called Hsc66), belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). HscA's partner J-domain protein is HscB; it does not appear to require a NEF, and has been shown to be induced by cold-shock. The HscA-HscB chaperone/co-chaperone pair is involved in [Fe-S] cluster assembly.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╞вА0А0АаАВрcd10237, HSPA13-like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of human HSPA13 and similar proteins. Human HSPA13 (also called 70-kDa heat shock protein 13, STCH, "stress 70 protein chaperone, microsome-associated, 60kD", "stress 70 protein chaperone, microsome-associated, 60kDa"; the gene encoding HSPA13 maps to 21q11.1) belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). STCH contains an NBD but lacks an SBD. STCH may function to regulate cell proliferation and survival, and modulate the TRAIL-mediated cell death pathway. The HSPA13 gene is a candidate stomach cancer susceptibility gene; a mutation in the NBD coding region of HSPA13 has been identified in stomach cancer cells. The NBD of HSPA13 interacts with the ubiquitin-like proteins Chap1 and Chap2, implicating HSPA13 in regulating cell cycle and cell death events. HSPA13 is induced by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╟вА0А0АаАВmcd10238, HSPA14-like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of human HSPA14 and similar proteins. Human HSPA14 (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 14, HSP70L1, HSP70-4; the gene encoding HSPA14 maps to 10p13), is ribosome-associated and belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). HSPA14 interacts with the J-protein MPP11 to form the mammalian ribosome-associated complex (mRAC). HSPA14 participates in a pathway along with Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1, also known as p85 or nibrin), heat shock transcription factor 4b (HSF4b), and HSPA4 (belonging to a different subfamily), that induces tumor migration, invasion, and transformation. HSPA14 is a potent T helper cell (Th1) polarizing adjuvant that contributes to antitumor immune responses.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╚вА0А0АаАВ╝cd10241, HSPA5-like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of human HSPA5 and similar proteins. This subfamily includes human HSPA5 (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 5, glucose-regulated protein 78/GRP78, and immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein/BIP, MIF2; the gene encoding HSPA5 maps to 9q33.3.), Sacchaormyces cerevisiae Kar2p (also known as Grp78p), and related proteins. This subfamily belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. HSPA5 and Kar2p are chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). Multiple ER DNAJ domain proteins have been identified and may exist in distinct complexes with HSPA5 in various locations in the ER, for example DNAJC3-p58IPK in the lumen. HSPA5-NEFs include SIL1 and an atypical HSP70 family protein HYOU1/ORP150. The ATPase activity of Kar2p is stimulated by the NEFs: Sil1p and Lhs1p.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╔вА0А0АаАВ╠cd10276, BamB_YfgL, Beta-barrel assembly machinery (Bam) complex component B and related proteins. BamB (YflG) is a non-essential component of the beta-barrel assembly machinery (Bam), a multi-subunit complex that inserts proteins with beta-barrel topology into the outer membrane. BamB has been found to interact with BamA, which in turn binds and stabilizes pre-folded beta-barrel proteins; it has been suggested that BamB participates in the stabilization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЪвА0А0АаАВDcd10277, PQQ_ADH_I, Ethanol dehydrogenase, a bacterial quinoprotein (PQQ-dependent type I alcohol dehydrogenase). This bacterial family of homodimeric ethanol dehydrogenases utilize pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as a cofactor. It represents proteins whose expression may be induced by ethanol, and which are similar to quinoprotein methanol dehydrogenases, but have higher specificities for ethanol and other primary and secondary alcohols. Dehydrogenases with PQQ cofactors, such as ethanol, methanol, and membrane-bound glucose dehydrogenases, form an 8-bladed beta-propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЫвА0А0АаАВ┐cd10278, PQQ_MDH, Large subunit of methanol dehydrogenase (moxF). Methanol dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in the utilization of C1 compounds as a source of energy and carbon by bacteria. It catalyzes the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, transfering two electrons per methanol to cytochrome c(L) as the acceptor. Methanol dehydrogenase belongs to a family of dehydrogenases with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as cofactor, which also includes dehydrogenases specific to other alcohols and membrane-bound glucose dehydrogenases. This alignment model for the large subunit contains an 8-bladed beta-propeller; the functional enzyme forms a heterotetramer composed of two large and two small subunits.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЬвА0А0АаАВacd10279, PQQ_ADH_II, PQQ_like domain of the quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase (type II). This family of monomeric and soluble type II alcohol dehydrogenases utilizes pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as a cofactor and is related to ethanol, methanol, and membrane-bound glucose dehydrogenases. The alignment model contains an 8-bladed beta-propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЭвА0А0АаАВ+cd10280, PQQ_mGDH, Membrane-bound PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. This bacterial subfamily of enzymes belongs to the dehydrogenase family with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as cofactor, and is the only subfamily that is bound to the membrane. Glucose dehydrogenase converts D-glucose to D-glucono-1,5-lactone in a reaction that is coupled with the respiratory chain in the periplasmic oxidation of sugars and alcohols in gram-negative bacteria. Ubiquinone functions as the electron acceptor. The alignment model contains an 8-bladed beta-propeller.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЮвА0А0АаАВЗcd10281, Nape_like_AP-endo, Neisseria meningitides Nape-like subfamily of the ExoIII family purinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases. This subfamily includes Neisseria meningitides Nape and related proteins. These are Escherichia coli exonuclease III (ExoIII)-like AP endonucleases and belong to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. AP endonucleases participate in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. AP sites are one of the most common lesions in cellular DNA. During BER the damaged DNA is first recognized by DNA glycosylase. AP endonucleases then catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond 5' to the AP site, and this is followed by the coordinated actions of DNA polymerase, deoxyribose phosphatase, and DNA ligase. If left unrepaired, AP sites block DNA replication, and have both mutagenic and cytotoxic effects. AP endonucleases can carry out a variety of excision and incision reactions on DNA, including 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-deoxyribose phosphodiesterase, 3'-phosphatase, and occasionally, nonspecific DNase activities. Different AP endonuclease enzymes catalyze the different reactions with different efficiences. Many organisms have two AP endonucleases, usually one is the dominant AP endonuclease, the other has weak AP endonuclease activity; for example, Neisseria meningitides Nape and NExo. Nape, found in this subfamily, is the dominant AP endonuclease. It exhibits strong AP endonuclease activity, and also exhibits 3'-5'exonuclease and 3'-deoxyribose phosphodiesterase activities.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╪вА0А0АаАВ╖cd10282, DNase1, Deoxyribonuclease 1. Deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase1, EC 3.1.21.1), also known as DNase I, is a Ca2+, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent secretory endonuclease, first isolated from bovine pancreas extracts. It cleaves DNA preferentially at phosphodiester linkages next to a pyrimidine nucleotide, producing 5'-phosphate terminated polynucleotides with a free hydroxyl group on position 3'. It generally produces tetranucleotides. DNase1 substrates include single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, and chromatin. This enzyme may be responsible for apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Other deoxyribonucleases in this subfamily include human DNL1L (human DNase I lysosomal-like, also known as DNASE1L1, Xib, and DNase X ), human DNASE1L2 (also known as DNAS1L2), and DNASE1L3 (also known as DNAS1L3, nhDNase, LS-DNase, DNase Y, and DNase gamma) . DNASE1L3 is implicated in apoptotic DNA fragmentation. DNase I is also a cytoskeletal protein which binds actin. A recombinant form of human DNase1 is used as a mucoactive therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis; it hydrolyzes the extracellular DNA in sputum and reduces its viscosity. Mutations in the gene encoding DNase1 have been associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, a multifactorial autoimmune disease. This subfamily belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┘вА0А0АаАВ╓cd10283, MnuA_DNase1-like, Mycoplasma pulmonis MnuA nuclease-like. This subfamily includes Mycoplasma pulmonis MnuA, a membrane-associated nuclease related to Deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase1 or DNase I, EC 3.1.21.1). The in vivo role of MnuA is as yet undetermined. This subfamily belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┌вА0А0АаАВ╔cd10284, growth_hormone_like, Somatotropin/prolactin hormone family. The somatotropin/prolactin hormone family includes growth hormones 1 and 2, prolactin, prolactin 2, and other members that play vital roles in a variety of processes, including growth control. They are long-chain class-I helical cytokines, most of which are secreted by the pituitary gland, and are active as monomers, binding to cellular receptors with EpoR-like ligand binding domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВ/cd10285, somatotropin_like, Somatotropin or growth hormone (GH), placental lactogen, and related pituitary gland hormones. Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin is a peptide hormone synthesized by the pituitary gland, which mediates anabolic effects in development. GH is known to activate, via binding to specific cellular receptors, the MAPK/ERK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Via the latter, it triggers the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (mostly in the liver). Besides increasing body height, GH has been shown to have a host of other effects.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#вА0А0АаАВOcd10286, somatolactin, Somatolactin (SL) and somatolactin-like proteins. This family of hormones specific to Actinopterygii is expressed in the pars intermedia bordering the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). Somatolactin appears to be involved in acid-base regulation, but much of its physiological role remains to be understood.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВccd10287, prolactin_2, Vertebrate, non-mammalian prolactin 2 (PRL2). A functionally uncharacterized subfamily of the growth-hormone-like helical cytokines, which is found in vertebrata (except for mammals). The protein has been shown to be expressed in the zebrafish eye and brain, but not the pituitary gland, and might play a role in retina development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА%вА0А0АаАВ┤cd10288, prolactin_like, Prolactin (PRL or PRL1), chorionic somatomammotropin, and related pituitary gland hormones. Prolactin is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production and breast development in mammals. Aside from roles in reproduction, various functions have been attributed to prolactin, more than for other pituitary gland hormones combined. These are roles in growth and development, metamorphosis, metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and steroids, brain biochemistry and even immunoregulation, among others. Most of these roles are poorly understood, but it has become clear that many prolactin-like hormones are actually produced in the placenta and not the pituitary.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА&вА0А0АаАВ[cd10289, GST_C_AaRS_like, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of various Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and similar domains. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (AaRS)-like subfamily; This model characterizes the GST_C-like domain found in the N-terminal region of some eukaryotic AaRSs, as well as similar domains found in proteins involved in protein synthesis including Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein 2 (AIMP2), AIMP3, and eukaryotic translation Elongation Factor 1 beta (eEF1b). AaRSs comprise a family of enzymes that catalyze the coupling of amino acids with their matching tRNAs. This involves the formation of an aminoacyl adenylate using ATP, followed by the transfer of the activated amino acid to the 3'-adenosine moiety of the tRNA. AaRSs may also be involved in translational and transcriptional regulation, as well as in tRNA processing. AaRSs in this subfamily include GluRS from lower eukaryotes, as well as GluProRS, MetRS, and CysRS from higher eukaryotes. AIMPs are non-enzymatic cofactors that play critical roles in the assembly and formation of a macromolecular multi-tRNA synthetase protein complex found in higher eukaryotes. The GST_C-like domain is involved in protein-protein interactions, mediating the formation of aaRS complexes such as the MetRS-Arc1p-GluRS ternary complex in lower eukaryotes and the multi-aaRS complex in higher eukaryotes, that act as molecular hubs for protein synthesis. AaRSs from prokaryotes, which are active as dimers, do not contain this GST_C-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓вА0А0АаАВcd10290, GST_C_MetRS_N_fungi, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of Saccharomycetales Methionyl-tRNA synthetase. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Saccharomycetales Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) subfamily; This model characterizes the GST_C-like domain found in the N-terminal region of Saccharomycetales MetRS. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) comprise a family of enzymes that catalyze the coupling of amino acids with their matching tRNAs. This involves the formation of an aminoacyl adenylate using ATP, followed by the transfer of the activated amino acid to the 3'-adenosine moiety of the tRNA. AaRSs may also be involved in translational and transcriptional regulation, as well as in tRNA processing. MetRS is a class I aaRS, containing a Rossman fold catalytic core. It recognizes the initiator tRNA as well as the Met-tRNA for protein chain elongation. The GST_C-like domain of MetRS from Saccharomycetales is involved in protein-protein interactions, to mediate the formation of the the MetRS-Arc1p-GluRS ternary complex which is considered an evolutionary intermediate between prokaryotic aaRS and the multi-aaRS complex found in higher eukaryotes. AaRSs from prokaryotes, which are active as dimers, do not contain this GST_C-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА│вА0А0АаАВGcd10291, GST_C_YfcG_like, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Escherichia coli YfcG Glutathione S-transferases and related uncharacterized proteins. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, YfcG-like subfamily; composed of the Escherichia coli YfcG and related proteins. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST active site is located in a cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain. YfcG is one of nine GST homologs in Escherichia coli. It is expressed predominantly during the late stationary phase where the predominant form of GSH is glutathionylspermidine (GspSH), suggesting that YfcG might interact with GspSH. It has very low or no GSH transferase or peroxidase activity, but displays a unique disulfide bond reductase activity that is comparable to thioredoxins (TRXs) and glutaredoxins (GRXs). However, unlike TRXs and GRXs, YfcG does not contain a redox active cysteine residue and may use a bound thiol disulfide couple such as 2GSH/GSSG for activity. The crystal structure of YcfG reveals a bound GSSG molecule in its active site. The actual physiological substrates for YfcG are yet to be identified.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┤вА0А0АаАВ┬cd10292, GST_C_YghU_like, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Escherichia coli Yghu Glutathione S-transferases and related uncharacterized proteins. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, YghU-like subfamily; composed of the Escherichia coli YghU and related proteins. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST active site is located in a cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain. YghU is one of nine GST homologs in the genome of Escherichia coli. It is similar to Escherichia coli YfcG in that it has poor GSH transferase activity towards typical substrates. It shows modest reductase activity towards some organic hydroperoxides. Like YfcG, YghU also shows good disulfide bond oxidoreductase activity comparable to the activities of glutaredoxins and thioredoxins. YghU does not contain a redox active cysteine residue, and may use a bound thiol disulfide couple such as 2GSH/GSSG for activity. The crystal structure of YghU reveals two GSH molecules bound in its active site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╡вА0А0АаАВcd10293, GST_C_Ure2p, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of fungal Ure2p Glutathione S-transferases. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Ure2p subfamily; composed of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ure2p and related fungal proteins. Ure2p is a regulator for nitrogen catabolism in yeast. It represses the expression of several gene products involved in the use of poor nitrogen sources when rich sources are available. A transmissible conformational change of Ure2p results in a prion called [Ure3], an inactive, self-propagating and infectious amyloid. Ure2p displays a GST fold containing an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain. The N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain is sufficient to induce the [Ure3] phenotype and is also called the prion domain of Ure2p. In addition to its role in nitrogen regulation, Ure2p confers protection to cells against heavy metal ion and oxidant toxicity, and shows glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of GSH with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST active site is located in a cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╢вА0А0АаАВVcd10294, GST_C_ValRS_N, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of vertebrate Valyl-tRNA synthetase. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS) subfamily; This model characterizes the GST_C-like domain found in the N-terminal region of human ValRS and its homologs from other vertebrates such as frog and zebrafish. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) comprise a family of enzymes that catalyze the coupling of amino acids with their matching tRNAs. This involves the formation of an aminoacyl adenylate using ATP, followed by the transfer of the activated amino acid to the 3'-adenosine moiety of the tRNA. AaRSs may also be involved in translational and transcriptional regulation, as well as in tRNA processing. They typically form large stable complexes with other proteins. ValRS forms a stable complex with Elongation Factor-1H (EF-1H), and together, they catalyze consecutive steps in protein biosynthesis, tRNA aminoacylation and its transfer to EF. The GST_C-like domain of ValRS from higher eukaryotes is likely involved in protein-protein interactions, to mediate the formation of the multi-aaRS complex that acts as a molecular hub to coordinate protein synthesis. ValRSs from prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, such as fungi and plants, do not appear to contain this GST_C-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╖вА0А0АаАВScd10295, GST_C_Sigma, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Class Sigma Glutathione S-transferases. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Class Sigma; GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins, and products of oxidative stress. The GST fold contains an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain. Vertebrate class Sigma GSTs are characterized as GSH-dependent hematopoietic prostaglandin (PG) D synthases and are responsible for the production of PGD2 by catalyzing the isomerization of PGH2. The functions of PGD2 include the maintenance of body temperature, inhibition of platelet aggregation, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and mediation of allergy and inflammation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╕вА0А0АаАВюcd10296, GST_C_CLIC4, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Chloride Intracellular Channel 4. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) 4 subfamily; CLICs are auto-inserting, self-assembling intracellular anion channels involved in a wide variety of functions including regulated secretion, cell division, and apoptosis. They can exist in both water-soluble and membrane-bound states and are found in various vesicles and membranes, and they may play roles in the maintenance of these intracellular membranes. The membrane localization domain is present in the N-terminal part of the protein. Structures of soluble CLICs reveal that they adopt a fold similar to GSTs, containing an N-terminal domain with a thioredoxin fold and a C-terminal alpha helical domain. CLIC4, also known as p64H1, is expressed ubiquitously and its localization varies depending on the nature of the cells and tissues, from the plasma membrane to subcellular compartments including the nucleus, mitochondria, ER, and the trans-Golgi network, among others. In response to cellular stress such as DNA damage and senescence, cytoplasmic CLIC4 translocates to the nucleus, where it acts on the TGF-beta pathway. Studies on knockout mice suggest that CLIC4 also plays an important role in angiogenesis, specifically in network formation, capillary sprouting, and lumen formation. CLIC4 has been found to induce apoptosis in several cell types and to retard the growth of grafted tumors in vivo.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╣вА0А0АаАВпcd10297, GST_C_CLIC5, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Chloride Intracellular Channel 5. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) 5 subfamily; CLICs are auto-inserting, self-assembling intracellular anion channels involved in a wide variety of functions including regulated secretion, cell division, and apoptosis. They can exist in both water-soluble and membrane-bound states and are found in various vesicles and membranes, and they may play roles in the maintenance of these intracellular membranes. The membrane localization domain is present in the N-terminal part of the protein. Structures of soluble CLICs reveal that they adopt a fold similar to GSTs, containing an N-terminal domain with a thioredoxin fold and a C-terminal alpha helical domain. CLIC5 exists in two alternatively-spliced isoforms, CLIC5A or CLIC5B (also called p64). It is expressed at high levels in hair cell stereocilia and is associated with the actin cytoskeleton and ezrin. A recessive mutation in the CLIC5 gene in mice led to the lack of coordination and deafness, due to a defect in the basal region of the hair bundle causing stereocilia to degrade. CLIC5 is therefore essential for normal inner ear function. CLIC5 is also highly expressed in podocytes where it is colocalized with the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) complex. It is essential for foot process integrity, and for podocyte morphology and function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА║вА0А0АаАВ?cd10298, GST_C_CLIC2, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Chloride Intracellular Channel 2. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) 2 subfamily; CLICs are auto-inserting, self-assembling intracellular anion channels involved in a wide variety of functions including regulated secretion, cell division, and apoptosis. They can exist in both water-soluble and membrane-bound states and are found in various vesicles and membranes, and they may play roles in the maintenance of these intracellular membranes. The membrane localization domain is present in the N-terminal part of the protein. Structures of soluble CLICs reveal that they adopt a fold similar to GSTs, containing an N-terminal domain with a thioredoxin fold and a C-terminal alpha helical domain. CLIC2 contains an intramolecular disulfide bond and exists as a monomer regardless of redox conditions, in contrast to CLIC1 which forms a dimer under oxidizing conditions. It is expressed in most tissues except the brain, and is highly expressed in the lung, spleen, and in cardiac and skeletal muscles. CLIC2 interacts with ryanodine receptors (cardiac RyR2 and skeletal RyR1) and modulates their activity, suggesting that CLIC2 may function in the regulation of calcium release and signaling in cardiac and skeletal muscles.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╗вА0А0АаАВЙcd10299, GST_C_CLIC3, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Chloride Intracellular Channel 3. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) 3 subfamily; CLICs are auto-inserting, self-assembling intracellular anion channels involved in a wide variety of functions including regulated secretion, cell division, and apoptosis. They can exist in both water-soluble and membrane-bound states and are found in various vesicles and membranes, and they may play roles in the maintenance of these intracellular membranes. The membrane localization domain is present in the N-terminal part of the protein. Structures of soluble CLICs reveal that they adopt a fold similar to GSTs, containing an N-terminal domain with a thioredoxin fold and a C-terminal alpha helical domain. CLIC3 is highly expressed in placental tissues, and may play a role in fetal development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╝вА0А0АаАВ─cd10300, GST_C_CLIC1, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Chloride Intracellular Channel 1. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) 1 subfamily; CLICs are auto-inserting, self-assembling intracellular anion channels involved in a wide variety of functions including regulated secretion, cell division, and apoptosis. They can exist in both water-soluble and membrane-bound states and are found in various vesicles and membranes, and they may play roles in the maintenance of these intracellular membranes. The membrane localization domain is present in the N-terminal part of the protein. Soluble CLIC1 is monomeric and adopts a fold similar to GSTs, containing an N-terminal domain with a thioredoxin fold and a C-terminal alpha helical domain. Upon oxidation, the N-terminal domain of CLIC1 undergoes a structural change to form a non-covalent dimer stabilized by the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond between two cysteines that are far apart in the reduced form. The CLIC1 dimer bears no similarity to GST dimers. The redox-controlled structural rearrangement exposes a large hydrophobic surface, which is masked by dimerization in vitro. In vivo, this surface may represent the docking interface of CLIC1 in its membrane-bound state. The two cysteines in CLIC1 that form the disulfide bond in oxidizing conditions are essential for dimerization and chloride channel activity. CLIC1 is widely expressed in many tissues and its subcellular localization is dependent on cell type and cell cycle phase. It acts as a sensor of cell oxidation and appears to have a role in diseases that involve oxidative stress including tumorigenic and neurodegenerative diseases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╜вА0А0АаАВ8cd10301, GST_C_CLIC6, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Chloride Intracellular Channel 6. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) 6 subfamily; CLICs are auto-inserting, self-assembling intracellular anion channels involved in a wide variety of functions including regulated secretion, cell division, and apoptosis. They can exist in both water-soluble and membrane-bound states and are found in various vesicles and membranes, and they may play roles in the maintenance of these intracellular membranes. The membrane localization domain is present in the N-terminal part of the protein. Structures of soluble CLICs reveal that they adopt a fold similar to GSTs, containing an N-terminal domain with a thioredoxin fold and a C-terminal alpha helical domain. CLIC6 is expressed predominantly in the stomach, pituitary, and brain. It interacts with D2-like dopamine receptors directly and through scaffolding proteins. CLIC6 may be involved in the regulation of secretion, possibly through chloride ion transport regulation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╛вА0А0АаАВЮcd10302, GST_C_GDAP1L1, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1-like 1. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1-like 1 (GDAP1L1) subfamily; GDAP1L1 is a paralogue of GDAP1 with about 56% sequence identity and 70% similarity. It's function is unknown. Like GDAP1, it does not exhibit GST activity using standard substrates. GDAP1 was originally identified as a highly expressed gene at the differentiated stage of GD3 synthase-transfected cells. More recently, mutations in GDAP1 have been reported to cause both axonal and demyelinating autosomal-recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 4A neuropathy. CMT is characterized by slow and progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles. Sequence analysis of GDAP1 shows similarities and differences with GSTs; it appears to contain both N-terminal thioredoxin-fold and C-terminal alpha helical domains of GSTs, however, it also contains additional C-terminal transmembrane domains unlike GSTs. GDAP1 is mainly expressed in neuronal cells and is localized in the mitochondria through its transmembrane domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┐вА0А0АаАВcd10303, GST_C_GDAP1, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) subfamily; GDAP1 was originally identified as a highly expressed gene at the differentiated stage of GD3 synthase-transfected cells. More recently, mutations in GDAP1 have been reported to cause both axonal and demyelinating autosomal-recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 4A neuropathy. CMT is characterized by slow and progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles. Sequence analysis of GDAP1 shows similarities and differences with GSTs; it appears to contain both N-terminal thioredoxin-fold and C-terminal alpha helical domains of GSTs, however, it also contains additional C-terminal transmembrane domains unlike GSTs. GDAP1 is mainly expressed in neuronal cells and is localized in the mitochondria through its transmembrane domains. It does not exhibit GST activity using standard substrates.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА└вА0А0АаАВБcd10304, GST_C_Arc1p_N_like, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of the Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase cofactor 1 and similar proteins. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase cofactor 1 (Arc1p)-like subfamily; Arc1p, also called GU4 nucleic binding protein 1 (G4p1) or p42, is a tRNA-aminoacylation and nuclear-export cofactor. It contains a domain in the N-terminal region with similarity to the C-terminal alpha helical domain of GSTs. This domain mediates the association of the aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), MetRS and GluRS, in yeast to form a stable stoichiometric ternany complex. The GST_C-like domain of Arc1p is a protein-protein interaction domain containing two binding sites which enable it to bind the two aaRSs simultaneously and independently. The MetRS-Arc1p-GluRS complex selectively recruits and aminoacylates its cognate tRNAs without additional cofactors. Arc1p also plays a role in the transport of tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. It may also control the subcellular distribution of GluRS in the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, and the mitochondrial matrix.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┴вА0А0АаАВYcd10305, GST_C_AIMP3, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein 3. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein (AIMP) 3 subfamily; AIMPs are non-enzymatic cofactors that play critical roles in the assembly and formation of a macromolecular multi-tRNA synthetase protein complex that functions as a molecular hub to coordinate protein synthesis. There are three AIMPs, named AIMP1-3, which play diverse regulatory roles. AIMP3, also called p18 or eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon-1 (EEF1E1), contains a C-terminal domain with similarity to the C-terminal alpha helical domain of GSTs. It specifically interacts with methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) and is translocated to the nucleus during DNA synthesis or in response to DNA damage and oncogenic stress. In the nucleus, it interacts with ATM and ATR, which are upstream kinase regulators of p53. It appears to work against DNA damage in cooperation with AIMP2, and similar to AIMP2, AIMP3 is also a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. AIMP3 transgenic mice have shorter lifespans than wild-type mice and they show characteristics of progeria, suggesting that AIMP3 may also be involved in cellular and organismal aging.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┬вА0А0АаАВfcd10306, GST_C_GluRS_N, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) subfamily; This model characterizes the GST_C-like domain found in the N-terminal region of GluRS from lower eukaryotes. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) comprise a family of enzymes that catalyze the coupling of amino acids with their matching tRNAs. This involves the formation of an aminoacyl adenylate using ATP, followed by the transfer of the activated amino acid to the 3'-adenosine moiety of the tRNA. AaRSs may also be involved in translational and transcriptional regulation, as well as in tRNA processing. The GST_C-like domain of GluRS is involved in protein-protein interactions. This domain mediates the formation of the MetRS-Arc1p-GluRS ternary complex found in lower eukaryotes, which is considered an evolutionary intermediate between prokaryotic aaRS and the multi-aaRS complex found in higher eukaryotes. AaRSs from prokaryotes, which are active as dimers, do not contain this GST_C-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА├вА0А0АаАВ┴cd10307, GST_C_MetRS_N, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of Methionyl-tRNA synthetase from higher eukaryotes. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) subfamily; This model characterizes the GST_C-like domain found in the N-terminal region of MetRS from higher eukaryotes. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) comprise a family of enzymes that catalyze the coupling of amino acids with their matching tRNAs. This involves the formation of an aminoacyl adenylate using ATP, followed by the transfer of the activated amino acid to the 3'-adenosine moiety of the tRNA. AaRSs may also be involved in translational and transcriptional regulation, as well as in tRNA processing. MetRS is a class I aaRS, containing a Rossman fold catalytic core. It recognizes the initiator tRNA as well as the Met-tRNA for protein chain elongation. The GST_C-like domain of MetRS from higher eukaryotes is likely involved in protein-protein interactions, to mediate the formation of the multi-aaRS complex that acts as a molecular hub to coordinate protein synthesis. AaRSs from prokaryotes, which are active as dimers, do not contain this GST_C-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА─вА0А0АаАВзcd10308, GST_C_eEF1b_like, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of eukaryotic translation Elongation Factor 1 beta. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, eukaryotic translation Elongation Factor 1 beta (eEF1b) subfamily; eEF1b is a component of the eukaryotic translation elongation factor-1 (EF1) complex which plays a central role in the elongation cycle during protein biosynthesis. EF1 consists of two functionally distinct units, EF1A and EF1B. EF1A catalyzes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal A site concomitant with the hydrolysis of GTP. The resulting inactive EF1A:GDP complex is recycled to the active GTP form by the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor EF1B, a complex composed of at least two subunits, alpha and gamma. Metazoan EFB1 contain a third subunit, beta. eEF1b contains a GST_C-like alpha helical domain at the N-terminal region and a C-terminal guanine nucleotide exchange domain. The GST_C-like domain likely functions as a protein-protein interaction domain, similar to the function of the GST_C-like domains of EF1Bgamma and various aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) from higher eukaryotes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┼вА0А0АаАВBcd10309, GST_C_GluProRS_N, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of bifunctional Glutamyl-Prolyl-tRNA synthetase. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, bifunctional GluRS-Prolyl-tRNA synthetase (GluProRS) subfamily; This model characterizes the GST_C-like domain found in the N-terminal region of GluProRS from higher eukaryotes. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) comprise a family of enzymes that catalyze the coupling of amino acids with their matching tRNAs. This involves the formation of an aminoacyl adenylate using ATP, followed by the transfer of the activated amino acid to the 3'-adenosine moiety of the tRNA. AaRSs may also be involved in translational and transcriptional regulation, as well as in tRNA processing. The GST_C-like domain of GluProRS may be involved in protein-protein interactions, mediating the formation of the multi-aaRS complex in higher eukaryotes. The multi-aaRS complex acts as a molecular hub for protein synthesis. AaRSs from prokaryotes, which are active as dimers, do not contain this GST_C-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╞вА0А0АаАВ*cd10310, GST_C_CysRS_N, Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase from higher eukaryotes. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CysRS) subfamily; This model characterizes the GST_C-like domain found in the N-terminal region of CysRS from higher eukaryotes. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) comprise a family of enzymes that catalyze the coupling of amino acids with their matching tRNAs. This involves the formation of an aminoacyl adenylate using ATP, followed by the transfer of the activated amino acid to the 3'-adenosine moiety of the tRNA. AaRSs may also be involved in translational and transcriptional regulation, as well as in tRNA processing. The GST_C-like domain of CysRS from higher eukaryotes is likely involved in protein-protein interactions, to mediate the formation of the multi-aaRS complex that acts as a molecular hub to coordinate protein synthesis. CysRSs from prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes do not appear to contain this GST_C-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╟вА0А0АаАВВcd10311, PLDc_N_DEXD_c, N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. N-terminal putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic and archeal HKD family nucleases fused to a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain. All members of this subfamily are uncharacterized. Other characterized members of the superfamily that have a related domain architecture ( containing a DEAD/DEAH box helicase domain), include the DNA/RNA helicase superfamily II (SF2) and Res-subunit of type III restriction endonucleases. In addition to the helicase-like region, members of this subfamily also contain one copy of the conserved HKD motif (H-x-K-x(4)-D, where x represents any amino acid residue) in the N-terminal putative catalytic domain. The HKD motif characterizes the phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╕вА0А0АаАВpcd10312, Deadenylase_CCR4b, C-terminal deadenylase domain of CCR4b, also known as CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6-like. This subfamily contains the C-terminal catalytic domain of the deadenylase, CCR4b, also known as CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6-like (CNOT6L). CCR4 belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. CCR4 is the major deadenylase subunit of the CCR4-NOT transcription complex, which contains two deadenylase subunits and several noncatalytic subunits. The other deadenylase subunit, Caf1, is a DEDD-type protein and does not belong in this superfamily. There are two vertebrate CCR4 proteins, CCR4a (also called CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6 or CNOT6) and CCR4b. CCR4b associates with other components, such as CNOT1-3 and Caf1, to form a CCR4-NOT multisubunit complex, which regulates transcription and mRNA degradation. The nuclease domain of CCR4b exhibits Mg2+-dependent deadenylase activity with strict specificity for poly (A) RNA as substrate. CCR4b is mainly localized in the cytoplasm. It regulates cell growth and influences cell cycle progression by regulating p27/Kip1 mRNA levels. It contributes to the prevention of cell death by regulating insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА█вА0А0АаАВcd10313, Deadenylase_CCR4a, C-terminal deadenylase domain of CCR4a, also known as CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6. This subfamily contains the C-terminal catalytic domain of the deadenylase, CCR4a, also known as CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6 (CNOT6). CCR4 belongs to the large EEP (exonuclease/endonuclease/phosphatase) superfamily that contains functionally diverse enzymes that share a common catalytic mechanism of cleaving phosphodiester bonds. CCR4 is the major deadenylase subunit of the CCR4-NOT transcription complex, which contains two deadenylase subunits and several noncatalytic subunits. The other deadenylase subunit, Caf1, is a DEDD-type protein and does not belong in this superfamily. There are two vertebrate CCR4 proteins, CCR4a and CCR4b (also called CNOT6-like or CNOT6L). CCR4a associates with other components, such as CNOT1-3 and Caf1, to form a CCR4-NOT multisubunit complex, which regulates transcription and mRNA degradation. The nuclease domain of CCR4a exhibits Mg2+-dependent deadenylase activity with specificity for poly (A) RNA as substrate. CCR4a is a component of P-bodies and is necessary for foci formation of various P-body components. It also plays a role in cellular responses to DNA damage, by regulating Chk2 activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄вА0А0АаАВ^cd10314, FAM20_C, C-terminal putative kinase domain of FAM20 (family with sequence similarity 20) proteins. This family contains the C-terminal domain of FAM20A, -B, -C and related proteins. FAM20A may participate in enamel development and gingival homeostasis, FAM20B in proteoglycan production, and FAM20C in bone development. FAM20B is a xylose kinase that may regulate the number of glycosaminoglycan chains by phosphorylating the xylose residue in the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans. FAM20C, also called Dentin Matrix Protein 4, is abundant in the dentin matrix, and may participate in the differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells into functional odontoblast-like cells. Mutations in FAM20C are associated with lethal Osteosclerotic Bone Dysplasia (Raine Syndrome), and mutations in FAM20A with Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and Gingival Hyperplasia Syndrome. The C-terminal domains of members of this family are putative kinase domains, based on mutagenesis of the C-terminal domain of Drosophila Four-Jointed, a related Golgi kinase. This domain family is also known as DUF1193.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9вА0А0АаАВмcd10315, CBM41_pullulanase, Family 41 Carbohydrate-Binding Module from pullulanase-like enzymes. Pullulanases (EC 3.2.1.41) are a group of starch-debranching enzymes, catalyzing the hydrolysis of the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages of alpha-glucans, preferentially pullulan. Pullulan is a polysaccharide in which alpha-1,4 linked maltotriosyl units are combined via an alpha-1,6 linkage. These enzymes are of importance in the starch industry, where they are used to hydrolyze amylopectin starch. Pullulanases consist of multiple distinct domains, including a catalytic domain belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM), including CBM41.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА /вА0А0АаАВиcd10316, RGL4_M, Middle domain of rhamnogalacturonan lyase, a family 4 polysaccharide lyase. The rhamnogalacturonan lyase of the polysaccharide lyase family 4 (RGL4) is involved in the degradation of RG (rhamnogalacturonan) type-I, an important pectic plant cell wall polysaccharide, by cleaving the alpha-1,4 glycoside bond between L-rhamnose and D-galacturonic acids in the backbone of RG type-I through a beta-elimination reaction. RGL4 consists of three domains, an N-terminal catalytic domain, a middle domain with a FNIII type fold and a C-terminal domain with a jelly roll fold. Both the middle domain represented by this model and the C-terminal domain are putative carbohydrate binding modules. There are two types of RG lyases, which both cleave the alpha-1,4 bonds of the RG-I main chain (RG chain) through the beta-elimination reaction, but belong to two structurally unrelated polysaccharide lyase (PL) families, 4 and 11.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрвА0А0АаАВМcd10317, RGL4_C, C-terminal domain of rhamnogalacturonan lyase, a family 4 polysaccharide lyase. The rhamnogalacturonan lyase of the polysaccharide lyase family 4 (RGL4) is involved in the degradation of RG (rhamnogalacturonan) type-I, an important pectic plant cell wall polysaccharide, by cleaving the alpha-1,4 glycoside bond between L-rhamnose and D-galacturonic acids in the backbone of RG type-I through a beta-elimination reaction. RGL4 consists of three domains, an N-terminal catalytic domain, a middle domain with a FNIII type fold and a C-terminal domain with a jelly roll fold. Both the middle and the C-terminal domain are putative carbohydrate binding modules. There are two types of RG lyases, which both cleave the alpha-1,4 bonds of the RG-I main chain (RG chain) through the beta-elimination reaction, but belong to two structurally unrelated polysaccharide lyase (PL) families, 4 and 11.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсвА0А0АаАВрcd10318, RGL11, Rhamnogalacturonan lyase of the polysaccharide lyase family 11. The rhamnogalacturonan lyase of the polysaccharide lyase family 11 (RGL11) cleaves glycoside bonds in polygalacturonan as well as RG (rhamnogalacturonan) type-I through a beta-elimination reaction. Functionally characterized members of this family, YesW and YesX from Bacillus subtilis, cleave glycoside bonds between rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues in the RG-I region of plant cell wall pectin. YesW and YesX work synergistically, with YesW cleaving the glycoside bond of the RG chain endolytically, and YesX converting the resultant oligosaccharides through an exotype reaction. This domain is sometimes found in architectures with non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). There are two types of RG lyases, which both cleave the alpha-1,4 bonds of the RG-I main chain through a beta-elimination reaction, but belong to two structurally unrelated polysaccharide lyase (PL) families, 4 and 11.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтвА0А0АаАВNcd10319, EphR_LBD, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin Receptors. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). They are subdivided into 2 groups, A and B type receptors, depending on their ligand ephrin-A or ephrin-B, respectively. In general, class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. Class EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. There are six vertebrate EhpB receptors (EphB1-6), which display promiscuous interactions with three ephrin-B ligands. One exception is EphB2, which also interacts with ephrin A5. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Ephrin/EphR interaction mainly results in cell-cell repulsion or adhesion, making it important in neural development and plasticity, cell morphogenesis, cell-fate determination, embryonic development, tissue patterning, and angiogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'вА0А0АаАВТcd10320, RGL4_N, N-terminal catalytic domain of rhamnogalacturonan lyase, a family 4 polysaccharide lyase. The rhamnogalacturonan lyase of the polysaccharide lyase family 4 (RGL4) is involved in the degradation of RG (rhamnogalacturonan) type-I, an important pectic plant cell wall polysaccharide, by cleaving the alpha-1,4 glycoside bond between L-rhamnose and D-galacturonic acids in the backbone of RG type-I through a beta-elimination reaction. RGL4 consists of three domains, an N-terminal catalytic domain, a middle domain with a FNIII type fold and a C-terminal domain with a jelly roll fold; the middle and C-terminal domains are both putative carbohydrate binding modules. There are two types of RG lyases, which both cleave the alpha-1,4 bonds of the RG-I main chain (RG chain) through the beta-elimination reaction, but belong to two structurally unrelated polysaccharide lyase (PL) families, 4 and 11.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАувА0А0АаАВ▓cd10321, RNase_Ire1_like, RNase domain (also known as the kinase extension nuclease domain) of Ire1 and RNase L. This RNase domain is found in the multi-functional protein Ire1; Ire1 also contains a type I transmembrane serine/threonine protein kinase (STK) domain, and a Luminal dimerization domain. Ire1 is essential for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is activated when protein misfolding is detected in the ER in order to reduce the synthesis of new proteins and increase the capacity of the ER to cope with the stress. IRE1 acts as an ER stress sensor; IRE1 dimerizes through its N-terminal luminal domain and forms oligomers, promoting trans-autophosphorylation by its cytosolic kinase domain which stimulates its endoribonuclease (RNase) activity and results in the cleavage of its mRNA substrate, Hac1 in yeast and Xbp1 in metazoans, thus promoting a splicing event that enables translation into a transcription factor which activates the UPR. This RNase domain is also found in Ribonuclease L (RNase L), sometimes referred to as the 2-5A-dependent RNase. RNase L is a highly regulated, latent endoribonuclease widely expressed in most mammalian tissues. It is involved in the mediation of the antiviral and pro-apoptotic activities of the interferon-inducible 2-5A system; the interferon (IFN)-inducible 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L pathway blocks infections by certain types of viruses through cleavage of viral and cellular single-stranded RNA. RNase L has been shown to have an impact on the pathogenesis of prostate cancer; the RNase L gene, RNASEL, has been identified as a strong candidate for the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) allele.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА 0вА0А0АаАВQcd10322, SLC5sbd, Solute carrier 5 family, sodium/glucose transporters and related proteins; solute-binding domain. This family represents the solute-binding domain of SLC5 proteins (also called the sodium/glucose cotransporter family or solute sodium symporter family) that co-transport Na+ with sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions or vitamins. Family members include: the human glucose (SGLT1, 2, 4, 5), chiro-inositol (SGLT5), myo-inositol (SMIT), choline (CHT), iodide (NIS), multivitamin (SMVT), and monocarboxylate (SMCT) cotransporters, as well as Vibrio parahaemolyticus glucose/galactose (vSGLT), and Escherichia coli proline (PutP) and pantothenate (PutF) cotransporters. Vibrio parahaemolyticus Na(+)/galactose cotransporter (vSGLT) has 13 transmembrane helices (TMs): TM-1, an inverted topology repeat: TMs1-5 and TMs6-10, and TMs 11-12 (TMs numbered to conform to the solute carrier 6 family Aquifex aeolicus LeuT). One member of this family, human SGLT3, has been characterized as a glucose sensor and not a transporter. Members of this family are important in human physiology and disease.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#¤вА0А0АаАВIcd10323, SLC-NCS1sbd, nucleobase-cation-symport-1 (NCS1) transporters; solute-binding domain. NCS1s are essential components of salvage pathways for nucleobases and related metabolites; their known substrates include allantoin, uracil, thiamine, and nicotinamide riboside. This family includes Microbacterium liquefaciens Mhp1, a transporter that mediates the uptake of indolyl methyl- and benzyl-hydantoins as part of a metabolic salvage pathway for their conversion to amino acids. It also includes various Saccharomyces cerevisiae transporters: Fcy21p (Purine-cytosine permease), vitamin B6 transporter Tpn1, nicotinamide riboside transporter 1 (Nrt1p, also called Thi71p), Dal4p (allantoin permease), Fui1p (uridine permease), and Fur4p (uracil permease). Mhp1 has 12 transmembrane (TM) helices (an inverted topology repeat: TMs1-5 and TMs6-10, and TMs11-12; TMs numbered to conform to the solute carrier 6 family Aquifex aeolicus LeuT). NCS1s belong to a superfamily which also contains the solute carrier 5 family sodium/glucose transporters (SLC5s), and SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#■вА0А0АаАВЮcd10324, SLC6sbd, Solute carrier 6 family, neurotransmitter transporters; solute-binding domain. This family represents the solute-binding domain of SLC6 proteins (also called the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family or Na+/Cl--dependent transporter family). These use sodium and chloride electrochemical gradients to catalyze the thermodynamically uphill movement of a variety of substrates, and include neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs). The latter are Na+/Cl--dependent plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), dopamine, and norepinephrine, and the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. NTTs are widely expressed in the mammalian brain, and are involved in regulating neurotransmitter signaling and homeostasis, through facilitating the uptake of released neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into neurons and glial cells. NTTs are the target of a range of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of psychiatric diseases, such as major depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. In addition, they are the primary targets of cocaine, amphetamines and other psychostimulants. This family also includes Drosophila Blot which is expressed primarily in epithelial tissues of ectodermal origin and in the nervous system of the embryo and larvae, but in addition found in the developing oocyte and the freshly laid egg. A lack or reduction of Blot function during oogenesis results in early arrest of embryonic development. 12 transmembrane helices (TMs) appears to be common for eukaryotic and some prokaryotic and archaeal SLC6s, (a core inverted topology repeat, TM1-5 and TM6-10, plus TMs11-12; TMs numbered to conform to the SLC6 Aquifex aeolicus LeuT), although a majority of bacterial, and some archaeal SLC6s lack TM12, for example the functional Fusobacterium nucleatum tyrosine transporter Tyt1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА# вА0А0АаАВmcd10325, SLC5sbd_vSGLT, Vibrio parahaemolyticus Na(+)/galactose cotransporter (vSGLT) and related proteins; solute binding domain. vSGLT transports D-galactose, D-glucose, and alpha-D-fucose, with a sugar specificity in the order of D-galactose >D-fucose >D-glucose. It transports one Na+ ion for each sugar molecule, and appears to function as a monomer. vSGLT has 13 transmembrane helices (TMs): TM-1, an inverted topology repeat: TMs1-5 and TMs6-10, and TMs 11-12 (TMs numbered to conform to the solute carrier 6 family Aquifex aeolicus LeuT). This subfamily belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5) transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВвА0А0АаАВOcd10344, SH2_SLAP, Src homology 2 domain found in Src-like adaptor proteins. SLAP belongs to the subfamily of adapter proteins that negatively regulate cellular signaling initiated by tyrosine kinases. It has a myristylated N-terminus, SH3 and SH2 domains with high homology to Src family tyrosine kinases, and a unique C-terminal tail, which is important for c-Cbl binding. SLAP negatively regulates platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced mitogenesis in fibroblasts and regulates F-actin assembly for dorsal ruffles formation. c-Cbl mediated SLAP inhibition towards actin remodeling. Moreover, SLAP enhanced PDGF-induced c-Cbl phosphorylation by SFK. In contrast, SLAP mitogenic inhibition was not mediated by c-Cbl, but it rather involved a competitive mechanism with SFK for PDGF-receptor (PDGFR) association and mitogenic signaling. Accordingly, phosphorylation of the Src mitogenic substrates Stat3 and Shc were reduced by SLAP. Thus, we concluded that SLAP regulates PDGFR signaling by two independent mechanisms: a competitive mechanism for PDGF-induced Src mitogenic signaling and a non-competitive mechanism for dorsal ruffles formation mediated by c-Cbl. SLAP is a hematopoietic adaptor containing Src homology (SH)3 and SH2 motifs and a unique carboxy terminus. Unlike c-Src, SLAP lacks a tyrosine kinase domain. Unlike c-Src, SLAP does not impact resorptive function of mature osteoclasts but induces their early apoptosis. SLAP negatively regulates differentiation of osteoclasts and proliferation of their precursors. Conversely, SLAP decreases osteoclast death by inhibiting activation of caspase 3. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВ5cd10345, SH2_C-SH2_Zap70_Syk_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP-70) and Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) proteins. ZAP-70 and Syk comprise a family of hematopoietic cell specific protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that are required for antigen and antibody receptor function. ZAP-70 is expressed in T and natural killer (NK) cells and Syk is expressed in B cells, mast cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets, macrophages, and immature T cells. They are required for the proper development of T and B cells, immune receptors, and activating NK cells. They consist of two N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and a C-terminal kinase domain separated from the SH2 domains by a linker or hinge region. Phosphorylation of both tyrosine residues within the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAM; consensus sequence Yxx[LI]x(7,8)Yxx[LI]) by the Src-family PTKs is required for efficient interaction of ZAP-70 and Syk with the receptor subunits and for receptor function. ZAP-70 forms two phosphotyrosine binding pockets, one of which is shared by both SH2 domains. In Syk the two SH2 domains do not form such a phosphotyrosine-binding site. The SH2 domains here are believed to function independently. In addition, the two SH2 domains of Syk display flexibility in their relative orientation, allowing Syk to accommodate a greater variety of spacing sequences between the ITAM phosphotyrosines and singly phosphorylated non-classical ITAM ligands. This model contains the C-terminus SH2 domains of both Syk and Zap70. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ cd10346, SH2_SH2B_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B adapter protein family. The SH2B adapter protein family has 3 members: SH2B1 (SH2-B, PSM), SH2B2 (APS), and SH2B3 (Lnk). SH2B family members contain a pleckstrin homology domain, at least one dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of tyrosine kinases. SH2B1 and SH2B2 function in signaling pathways found downstream of growth hormone receptor and receptor tyrosine kinases, including the insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor receptors. SH2B2beta, a new isoform of SH2B2, is an endogenous inhibitor of SH2B1 and/or SH2B2 (SH2B2alpha), negatively regulating insulin signaling and/or JAK2-mediated cellular responses. SH2B3 negatively regulates lymphopoiesis and early hematopoiesis. The lnk-deficiency results in enhanced production of B cells, and expansion as well as enhanced function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), demonstrating negative regulatory functions of Sh2b3/Lnk in cytokine signaling. Sh2b3/Lnk also functions in responses controlled by cell adhesion and in crosstalk between integrin- and cytokine-mediated signaling. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAвА0А0АаАВxcd10347, SH2_Nterm_shark_like, N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2 domains, ANK, and kinase domain (shark) proteins. These non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases contain two SH2 domains, five ankyrin (ANK)-like repeats, and a potential tyrosine phosphorylation site in the carboxyl-terminal tail which resembles the phosphorylation site in members of the src family. Like, mammalian non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, ZAP-70 and syk proteins, they do not have SH3 domains. However, the presence of ANK makes these unique among protein-tyrosine kinases. Both tyrosine kinases and ANK repeats have been shown to transduce developmental signals, and SH2 domains are known to participate intimately in tyrosine kinase signaling. These tyrosine kinases are believed to be involved in epithelial cell polarity. The members of this family include the shark (SH2 domains, ANK, and kinase domain) gene in Drosophila and yellow fever mosquitos, as well as the hydra protein HTK16. Drosophila Shark is proposed to transduce intracellularly the Crumbs, a protein necessary for proper organization of ectodermal epithelia, intercellular signal. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАBвА0А0АаАВycd10348, SH2_Cterm_shark_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2 domains, ANK, and kinase domain (shark) proteins. These non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases contain two SH2 domains, five ankyrin (ANK)-like repeats, and a potential tyrosine phosphorylation site in its carboxyl-terminal tail which resembles the phosphorylation site in members of the src family. Like, mammalian non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, ZAP-70 and syk proteins, they do not have SH3 domains. However, the presence of ANK makes these unique among protein-tyrosine kinases. Both tyrosine kinases and ANK repeats have been shown to transduce developmental signals, and SH2 domains are known to participate intimately in tyrosine kinase signaling. These tyrosine kinases are believed to be involved in epithelial cell polarity. The members of this family include the shark (SH2 domains, ANK, and kinase domain) gene in Drosophila and yellow fever mosquitos, as well as the hydra protein HTK16. Drosophila Shark is proposed to transduce intracellularly the Crumbs, a protein necessary for proper organization of ectodermal epithelia, intercellular signal. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCвА0А0АаАВдcd10349, SH2_SH2D2A_SH2D7, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2 domain containing protein 2A and 7 (SH2D2A and SH2D7). SH2D2A and SH7 both contain a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЦвА0А0АаАВВcd10350, SH2_SH2D4A, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2 domain containing protein 4A (SH2D4A). SH2D4A contains a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАEвА0А0АаАВБcd10351, SH2_SH2D4B, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2 domain containing protein 4B (SH2D4B). SH2D4B contains a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАFвА0А0АаАВhcd10352, SH2_a2chimerin_b2chimerin, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in alpha2-chimerin and beta2-chimerin proteins. Chimerins are a family of phorbol ester- and diacylglycerol-responsive GTPase-activating proteins. Alpha1-chimerin (formerly known as n-chimerin) and alpha2-chimerin are alternatively spliced products of a single gene, as are beta1- and beta2-chimerin. alpha1- and beta1-chimerin have a relatively short N-terminal region that does not encode any recognizable domains, whereas alpha2- and beta2-chimerin both include a functional SH2 domain that can bind to phosphotyrosine motifs within receptors. All of the isoforms contain a GAP domain with specificity in vitro for Rac1 and a diacylglycerol (DAG)-binding C1 domain which allows them to translocate to membranes in response to DAG signaling and anchors them in close proximity to activated Rac. Other C1 domain-containing diacylglycerol receptors including: PKC, Munc-13 proteins, phorbol ester binding scaffolding proteins involved in Ca2+-stimulated exocytosis, and RasGRPs, diacylglycerol-activated guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Ras and Rap1. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАGвА0А0АаАВЩcd10353, SH2_Nterm_RasGAP, N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 (GAP). RasGAP is part of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins. The protein is located in the cytoplasm and stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21, but not its oncogenic counterpart. Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in RAS inactivation, thereby allowing control of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Mutations leading to changes in the binding sites of either protein are associated with basal cell carcinomas. Alternative splicing results in two isoforms. The shorter isoform which lacks the N-terminal hydrophobic region, has the same activity, and is expressed in placental tissues. In general the longer isoform contains 2 SH2 domains, a SH3 domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain. The C-terminus contains the catalytic domain of RasGap which catalyzes the activation of Ras by hydrolyzing GTP-bound active Ras into an inactive GDP-bound form of Ras. This model contains the N-terminal SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАHвА0А0АаАВЦcd10354, SH2_Cterm_RasGAP, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 (GAP). RasGAP is part of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins. The protein is located in the cytoplasm and stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21, but not its oncogenic counterpart. Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in RAS inactivation, thereby allowing control of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Mutations leading to changes in the binding sites of either protein are associated with basal cell carcinomas. Alternative splicing results in two isoforms. The shorter isoform which lacks the N-terminal hydrophobic region, has the same activity, and is expressed in placental tissues. In general longer isoform contains 2 SH2 domains, a SH3 domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain. The C-terminus contains the catalytic domain of RasGap which catalyzes the activation of Ras by hydrolyzing GTP-bound active Ras into an inactive GDP-bound form of Ras. This model contains the C-terminal SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАIвА0А0АаАВИcd10355, SH2_DAPP1_BAM32_like, Src homology 2 domain found in dual adaptor for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositides ( DAPP1)/B lymphocyte adaptor molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32)-like proteins. DAPP1/Bam32 contains a putative myristoylation site at its N-terminus, followed by a SH2 domain, and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at its C-terminus. DAPP1 could potentially be recruited to the cell membrane by any of these domains. Its putative myristoylation site could facilitate the interaction of DAPP1 with the lipid bilayer. Its SH2 domain may also interact with phosphotyrosine residues on membrane-associated proteins such as activated tyrosine kinase receptors. And finally its PH domain exhibits a high-affinity interaction with the PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) PtdIns(3,4)P(2) second messengers produced at the cell membrane following the activation of PI 3-kinases. DAPP1 is thought to interact with both tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and 3-phosphoinositides and therefore may play a role in regulating the location and/or activity of such proteins(s) in response to agonists that elevate PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and PtdIns(3,4)P(2). This protein is likely to play an important role in triggering signal transduction pathways that lie downstream from receptor tyrosine kinases and PI 3-kinase. It is likely that DAPP1 functions as an adaptor to recruit other proteins to the plasma membrane in response to extracellular signals. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАJвА0А0АаАВncd10356, SH2_ShkA_ShkC, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2 domain-bearing protein kinases A and C (ShkA and ShkC). SH2-bearing genes cloned from Dictyostelium include two transcription factors, STATa and STATc, and a signaling factor, SHK1 (shkA). A database search of the Dictyostelium discoideum genome revealed two additional putative STAT sequences, dd-STATb and dd-STATd, and four additional putative SHK genes, dd-SHK2 (shkB), dd-SHK3 (shkC), dd-SHK4 (shkD), and dd-SHK5 (shkE). This model contains members of shkA and shkC. All of the SHK members are most closely related to the protein kinases found in plants. However these kinases in plants are not conjugated to any SH2 or SH2-like sequences. Alignment data indicates that the SHK SH2 domains carry some features of the STAT SH2 domains in Dictyostelium. When STATc's linker domain was used for a BLAST search, the sequence between the protein kinase domain and the SH2 domain (the linker) of SHK was recovered, suggesting a close relationship among these molecules within this region. SHK's linker domain is predicted to contain an alpha-helix which is indeed homologous to that of STAT. Based on the phylogenetic alignment, SH2 domains can be grouped into two categories, STAT-type and Src-type. SHK family members are in between, but are closer to the STAT-type which indicates a close relationship between SHK and STAT families in their SH2 domains and further supports the notion that SHKs linker-SH2 domain evolved from STAT or STATL (STAT-like Linker-SH2) domain found in plants. In SHK, STAT, and SPT6, the linker-SH2 domains all reside exclusively in the C-terminal regions. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАKвА0А0АаАВocd10357, SH2_ShkD_ShkE, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2 domain-bearing protein kinases D and E (ShkD and ShkE). SH2-bearing genes cloned from Dictyostelium include two transcription factors, STATa and STATc, and a signaling factor, SHK1 (shkA). A database search of the Dictyostelium discoideum genome revealed two additional putative STAT sequences, dd-STATb and dd-STATd, and four additional putative SHK genes, dd-SHK2 (shkB), dd-SHK3 (shkC), dd-SHK4 (shkD), and dd-SHK5 (shkE). This model contains members of shkD and shkE. All of the SHK members are most closely related to the protein kinases found in plants. However these kinases in plants are not conjugated to any SH2 or SH2-like sequences. Alignment data indicates that the SHK SH2 domains carry some features of the STAT SH2 domains in Dictyostelium. When STATc's linker domain was used for a BLAST search, the sequence between the protein kinase domain and the SH2 domain (the linker) of SHK was recovered, suggesting a close relationship among these molecules within this region. SHK's linker domain is predicted to contain an alpha-helix which is indeed homologous to that of STAT. Based on the phylogenetic alignment, SH2 domains can be grouped into two categories, STAT-type and Src-type. SHK family members are in between, but are closer to the STAT-type which indicates a close relationship between SHK and STAT families in their SH2 domains and further supports the notion that SHKs linker-SH2 domain evolved from STAT or STATL (STAT-like Linker-SH2) domain found in plants. In SHK, STAT, and SPT6, the linker-SH2 domains all reside exclusively in the C-terminal regions. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАLвА0А0АаАВJcd10358, SH2_PTK6_Brk, Src homology 2 domain found in protein-tyrosine kinase-6 (PTK6) which is also known as breast tumor kinase (Brk). Human protein-tyrosine kinase-6 (PTK6, also known as breast tumor kinase (Brk)) is a member of the non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase family and is expressed in two-thirds of all breast tumors. PTK6 (9). PTK6 contains a SH3 domain, a SH2 domain, and catalytic domains. For the case of the non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases, the SH2 domain is typically involved in negative regulation of kinase activity by binding to a phosphorylated tyrosine residue near to the C terminus. The C-terminal sequence of PTK6 (PTSpYENPT where pY is phosphotyrosine) is thought to be a self-ligand for the SH2 domain. The structure of the SH2 domain resembles other SH2 domains except for a centrally located four-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet (strands betaA, betaB, betaC, and betaD). There are also differences in the loop length which might be responsible for PTK6 ligand specificity. There are two possible means of regulation of PTK6: autoinhibitory with the phosphorylation of Tyr playing a role in its negative regulation and autophosphorylation at this site, though it has been shown that PTK6 might phosphorylate signal transduction-associated proteins Sam68 and signal transducing adaptor family member 2 (STAP/BKS) in vivo. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАMвА0А0АаАВйcd10359, SH2_SH3BP2, Src homology 2 domain found in c-Abl SH3 domain-binding protein-2 (SH3BP2). The adaptor protein 3BP2/SH3BP2 plays a regulatory role in signaling from immunoreceptors. The protein-tyrosine kinase Syk phosphorylates 3BP2 which results in the activation of Rac1 through the interaction with the SH2 domain of Vav1 and induces the binding to the SH2 domain of the upstream protein-tyrosine kinase Lyn and enhances its kinase activity. 3BP2 has a positive regulatory role in IgE-mediated mast cell activation. In lymphocytes, engagement of T cell or B cell receptors triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of 3BP2. Suppression of the 3BP2 expression by siRNA results in the inhibition of T cell or B cell receptor-mediated activation of NFAT. 3BP2 is required for the proliferation of B cells and B cell receptor signaling. Mutations in the 3BP2 gene are responsible for cherubism resulting in excessive bone resorption in the jaw. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАNвА0А0АаАВ∙cd10360, SH2_Srm, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Src-related kinase lacking C-terminal regulatory tyrosine and N-terminal myristoylation sites (srm). Srm is a nonreceptor protein kinase that has two SH2 domains, a SH3 domain, and a kinase domain with a tyrosine residue for autophosphorylation. However it lacks an N-terminal glycine for myristoylation and a C-terminal tyrosine which suppresses kinase activity when phosphorylated. Srm is most similar to members of the Tec family who other members include: Tec, Btk/Emb, and Itk/Tsk/Emt. However Srm differs in its N-terminal unique domain it being much smaller than in the Tec family and is closer to Src. Srm is thought to be a new family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that may be redundant in function. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАOвА0А0АаАВ¤cd10361, SH2_Fps_family, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in feline sarcoma, Fujinami poultry sarcoma, and fes-related (Fes/Fps/Fer) proteins. The Fps family consists of members Fps/Fes and Fer/Flk/Tyk3. They are cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinases implicated in signaling downstream from cytokines, growth factors and immune receptors. Fes/Fps/Fer contains three coiled-coil regions, an SH2 (Src-homology-2) and a TK (tyrosine kinase catalytic) domain signature. Members here include: Fps/Fes, Fer, Kin-31, and In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАPвА0А0АаАВZcd10362, SH2_Src_Lck, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain in lymphocyte cell kinase (Lck). Lck is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. It is expressed in the brain, T-cells, and NK cells. The unique domain of Lck mediates its interaction with two T-cell surface molecules, CD4 and CD8. It associates with their cytoplasmic tails on CD4 T helper cells and CD8 cytotoxic T cells to assist signaling from the T cell receptor (TCR) complex. When the T cell receptor is engaged by the specific antigen presented by MHC, Lck phosphorylase the intracellular chains of the CD3 and zeta-chains of the TCR complex, allowing ZAP-70 to bind them. Lck then phosphorylates and activates ZAP-70, which in turn phosphorylates Linker of Activated T cells (LAT), a transmembrane protein that serves as a docking site for proteins including: Shc-Grb2-SOS, PI3K, and phospholipase C (PLC). The tyrosine phosphorylation cascade culminates in the intracellular mobilization of a calcium ions and activation of important signaling cascades within the lymphocyte, including the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway, which goes on to activate certain transcription factors such as NFAT, NF-kappaB, and AP-1. These transcription factors regulate the production cytokines such as Interleukin-2 that promote long-term proliferation and differentiation of the activated lymphocytes. The N-terminal tail of Lck is myristoylated and palmitoylated and it tethers the protein to the plasma membrane of the cell. Lck also contains a SH3 domain, a SH2 domain, and a C-terminal tyrosine kinase domain. Lck has 2 phosphorylation sites, the first an autophosphorylation site that is linked to activation of the protein and the second which is phosphorylated by Csk, which inhibits it. Lck is also inhibited by SHP-1 dephosphorylation and by Cbl ubiquitin ligase, which is part of the ubiquitin-mediated pathway. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАQвА0А0АаАВРcd10363, SH2_Src_HCK, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in HCK. HCK is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins and is expressed in hemopoietic cells. HCK is proposed to couple the Fc receptor to the activation of the respiratory burst. It may also play a role in neutrophil migration and in the degranulation of neutrophils. It has two different translational starts that have different subcellular localization. HCK has been shown to interact with BCR gene, ELMO1 Cbl gene, RAS p21 protein activator 1, RASA3, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, ADAM15 and RAPGEF1. Like the other members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to its C-terminal tail. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. HCK has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАRвА0А0АаАВЭcd10364, SH2_Src_Lyn, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Lyn. Lyn is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins and is expressed in the hematopoietic cells, in neural tissues, liver, and adipose tissue. There are two alternatively spliced forms of Lyn. Lyn plays an inhibitory role in myeloid lineage proliferation. Following engagement of the B cell receptors, Lyn undergoes rapid phosphorylation and activation, triggering a cascade of signaling events mediated by Lyn phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) of the receptor proteins, and subsequent recruitment and activation of other kinases including Syk, phospholipase C2 (PLC2) and phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase. These kinases play critical roles in proliferation, Ca2+ mobilization and cell differentiation. Lyn plays an essential role in the transmission of inhibitory signals through phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) in regulatory proteins such as CD22, PIR-B and FC RIIb1. Their ITIM phosphorylation subsequently leads to recruitment and activation of phosphatases such as SHIP-1 and SHP-1 which further down modulate signaling pathways, attenuate cell activation and can mediate tolerance. Lyn also plays a role in the insulin signaling pathway. Activated Lyn phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) leading to an increase in translocation of Glut-4 to the cell membrane and increased glucose utilization. It is the primary Src family member involved in signaling downstream of the B cell receptor. Lyn plays an unusual, 2-fold role in B cell receptor signaling; it is essential for initiation of signaling but is also later involved in negative regulation of the signal. Lyn has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАSвА0А0АаАВЧcd10365, SH2_Src_Src, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in tyrosine kinase sarcoma (Src). Src is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. Src is thought to play a role in the regulation of embryonic development and cell growth. Members here include v-Src and c-Src. v-Src lacks the C-terminal inhibitory phosphorylation site and is therefore constitutively active as opposed to normal cellular src (c-Src) which is only activated under certain circumstances where it is required (e.g. growth factor signaling). v-Src is an oncogene whereas c-Src is a proto-oncogene. c-Src consists of three domains, an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain and a tyrosine kinase domain. The SH2 and SH3 domains work together in the auto-inhibition of the kinase domain. The phosphorylation of an inhibitory tyrosine near the c-terminus of the protein produces a binding site for the SH2 domain which then facilitates binding of the SH3 domain to a polyproline site within the linker between the SH2 domain and the kinase domain. Binding of the SH3 domain inactivates the enzyme. This allows for multiple mechanisms for c-Src activation: dephosphorylation of the C-terminal tyrosine by a protein tyrosine phosphatase, binding of the SH2 domain by a competitive phospho-tyrosine residue, or competitive binding of a polyproline binding site to the SH3 domain. Unlike most other Src members Src lacks cysteine residues in the SH4 domain that undergo palmitylation. Serine and threonine phosphorylation sites have also been identified in the unique domains of Src and are believed to modulate protein-protein interactions or regulate catalytic activity. Alternatively spliced forms of Src, which contain 6- or 11-amino acid insertions in the SH3 domain, are expressed in CNS neurons. c-Src has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАTвА0А0АаАВicd10366, SH2_Src_Yes, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Yes. Yes is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. Yes is the cellular homolog of the Yamaguchi sarcoma virus oncogene. In humans it is encoded by the YES1 gene which maps to chromosome 18 and is in close proximity to thymidylate synthase. A corresponding Yes pseudogene has been found on chromosome 22. YES1 has been shown to interact with Janus kinase 2, CTNND1,RPL10, and Occludin. Yes1 has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАUвА0А0АаАВ╚cd10367, SH2_Src_Fgr, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog, Fgr. Fgr is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. The protein contains N-terminal sites for myristoylation and palmitoylation, a PTK domain, and SH2 and SH3 domains which are involved in mediating protein-protein interactions with phosphotyrosine-containing and proline-rich motifs, respectively. Fgr is expressed in B-cells and myeloid cells, localizes to plasma membrane ruffles, and functions as a negative regulator of cell migration and adhesion triggered by the beta-2 integrin signal transduction pathway. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified Fgr has been shown to interact with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. Fgr has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАVвА0А0АаАВ"cd10368, SH2_Src_Fyn, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Fyn. Fyn is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. Fyn is involved in the control of cell growth and is required in the following pathways: T and B cell receptor signaling, integrin-mediated signaling, growth factor and cytokine receptor signaling, platelet activation, ion channel function, cell adhesion, axon guidance, fertilization, entry into mitosis, and differentiation of natural killer cells, oligodendrocytes and keratinocytes. The protein associates with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the Fyn-binding protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms exist. Fyn is primarily localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation of target proteins by Fyn serves to either regulate target protein activity, and/or to generate a binding site on the target protein that recruits other signaling molecules. FYN has been shown to interact with a number of proteins including: BCAR1, Cbl, Janus kinase, nephrin, Sky, tyrosine kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, and Zap-70. Fyn has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWвА0А0АаАВ cd10369, SH2_Src_Frk, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Fyn-related kinase (Frk). Frk is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. The Frk subfamily is composed of Frk/Rak and Iyk/Bsk/Gst. It is expressed primarily epithelial cells. Frk is a nuclear protein and may function during G1 and S phase of the cell cycle and suppress growth. Unlike the other Src members it lacks a glycine at position 2 of SH4 which is important for addition of a myristic acid moiety that is involved in targeting Src PTKs to cellular membranes. FRK and SHB exert similar effects when overexpressed in rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) and beta-cells, where both induce PC12 cell differentiation and beta-cell proliferation. Under conditions that cause beta-cell degeneration these proteins augment beta-cell apoptosis. The FRK-SHB responses involve FAK and insulin receptor substrates (IRS) -1 and -2. Frk has been demonstrated to interact with retinoblastoma protein. Frk regulates PTEN protein stability by phosphorylating PTEN, which in turn prevents PTEN degradation. Frk also plays a role in regulation of embryonal pancreatic beta cell formation. Frk has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. Like the other members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to its activation loop. The tryosine involved is at the same site as the tyrosine involved in the autophosphorylation of Src. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЧвА0А0АаАВ:cd10370, SH2_Src_Src42, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Src oncogene at 42A (Src42). Src42 is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. The integration of receptor tyrosine kinase-induced RAS and Src42 signals by Connector eNhancer of KSR (CNK) as a two-component input is essential for RAF activation in Drosophila. Src42 is present in a wide variety of organisms including: California sea hare, pea aphid, yellow fever mosquito, honey bee, Panamanian leafcutter ant, and sea urchin. Src42 has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. Like the other members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to its C-terminal tail. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАYвА0А0АаАВОcd10371, SH2_Src_Blk, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in B lymphoid kinase (Blk). Blk is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. Blk is expressed in the B-cells. Unlike most other Src members Blk lacks cysteine residues in the SH4 domain that undergo palmitylation. Blk is required for the development of IL-17-producing gamma-delta T cells. Furthermore, Blk is expressed in lymphoid precursors and, in this capacity, plays a role in regulating thymus cellularity during ontogeny. Blk has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАZвА0А0АаАВ▀cd10372, SH2_STAT1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 proteins. STAT1 is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors. STAT1 is involved in upregulating genes due to a signal by interferons. STAT1 forms homodimers or heterodimers with STAT3 that bind to the Interferon-Gamma Activated Sequence (GAS) promoter element in response to IFN-gamma stimulation. STAT1 forms a heterodimer with STAT2 that can bind Interferon Stimulated Response Element (ISRE) promoter element in response to either IFN-alpha or IFN-beta stimulation. Binding in both cases leads to an increased expression of ISG (Interferon Stimulated Genes). STAT1 has been shown to interact with protein kinase R, Src, IRF1, STAT3, MCM5, STAT2, CD117, Fanconi anemia, complementation group C, CREB-binding protein, Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit, PIAS1, BRCA1, Epidermal growth factor receptor, PTK2, Mammalian target of rapamycin, IFNAR2, PRKCD, TRADD, C-jun, Calcitriol receptor, ISGF3G, and GNB2L1. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines and a number of growth factors from the receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate the transcription of their target genes. However there are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological functions independent of being activated. There are seven mammalian STAT family members which have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to participate in the negative regulation of these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein interactions and has also been implicated in the constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may be particularly important for some cellular functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА[вА0А0АаАВxcd10373, SH2_STAT2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 2 proteins. STAT2 is a member of the STAT protein family. In response to interferon, STAT2 forms a complex with STAT1 and IFN regulatory factor family protein p48 (ISGF3G), in which this protein acts as a transactivator, but lacks the ability to bind DNA directly. Transcription adaptor P300/CBP (EP300/CREBBP) has been shown to interact specifically with STAT2, which is thought to be involved in the process of blocking IFN-alpha response by adenovirus. STAT2 has been shown to interact with MED14, CREB-binding protein, SMARCA4, STAT1, IFNAR2, IFNAR1, and ISGF3G. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines and a number of growth factors from the receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate the transcription of their target genes. However there are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological functions independent of being activated. There are seven mammalian STAT family members which have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to participate in the negative regulation of these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein interactions and has also been implicated in the constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may be particularly important for some cellular functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА\вА0А0АаАВ'cd10374, SH2_STAT3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 proteins. STAT3 encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT protein family. STAT3 mediates the expression of a variety of genes in response to cell stimuli, and plays a key role in many cellular processes such as cell growth and apoptosis. The small GTPase Rac1 regulates the activity of STAT3 and PIAS3 inhibits it. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. STAT 3 activation is required for self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and is essential for the differentiation of the TH17 helper T cells. Mutations in the STAT3 gene result in Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome and human cancers. STAT3 has been shown to interact with Androgen receptor, C-jun, ELP2, EP300, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Glucocorticoid receptor, HIF1A, Janus kinase 1, KHDRBS1, Mammalian target of rapamycin, MyoD, NDUFA13, NFKB1, Nuclear receptor coactivator 1, Promyelocytic leukemia protein, RAC1, RELA, RET proto-oncogene, RPA2, Src, STAT1, and TRIP10. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines and a number of growth factors from the receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate the transcription of their target genes. However there are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological functions independent of being activated. There are seven mammalian STAT family members which have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to participate in the negative regulation of these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein interactions and has also been implicated in the constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may be particularly important for some cellular functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА]вА0А0АаАВrcd10375, SH2_STAT4, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4proteins. STAT4 mediate signals from the IL-12 receptors. STAT4 is mainly phosphorylated by IL-12-mediated signaling pathway in T cells. STAT4 expression is restricted in myeloid cells, thymus and testis. L-12 is the major cytokine that can activate STAT4, resulting in its tyrosine phosphorylation. The IL-12 receptor has two chains, termed IL-12R 1 and IL-12R 2, and ligand binding results in heterodimer formation and activation of the receptor associated JAK kinases, Jak2 and Tyk2. Phosphorylated STAT4 homo-dimerizes via its SH2 domain, and translocates into nucleus where it can recognize traditional N3 STAT target sequences in IL-12 responsive genes. STAT4 can also be phosphorylated in response to IFN-gamma stimulation through activation of Jak1 and Tyk2 in human. IL-17 can also activate STAT4 in human monocytic leukemia cell lines and IL-2 can induce Jak2 and Stat4 activation in NK cells but not in T cells. T helper 1 (Th1) cells produce IL-2 and IFNgamma, whereas Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13. Th1 cells are responsible for cell-mediated/inflammatory immunity and can enhance defenses against infectious agents and cancer, while Th2 cells are essential for humoral immunity and the clearance of parasitic antigens. The most potent factors that can promote Th1 and Th2 differentiation are the cytokines IL-12 and IL-4 respectively Although STAT4 is expressed both in Th1 and Th2 cells, STAT4 can only be phosphorylated by IL-12 which suggests that STAT4 plays an important role in Th1 cell function or development. STAT4 activation leads to Th1 differentiation, including the target genes of STAT4 such as ERM, a transcription factor that belongs to the Ets family of transcription factors. The expression of ERM is specifically induced by IL-12 in wild-type Th1 cells, but not in STAT4-deficient T cells. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines and a number of growth factors from the receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate the transcription of their target genes. However there are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological functions independent of being activated. There are seven mammalian STAT family members which have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to participate in the negative regulation of these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein interactions and has also been implicated in the constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may be particularly important for some cellular functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА^вА0А0АаАВ╖cd10376, SH2_STAT5, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 proteins. STAT5 is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors. Two highly related proteins, STAT5a and STAT5b are encoded by separate genes, but are 90% identical at the amino acid level. Both STAT5a and STAT5b are ubiquitously expressed and functionally interchangeable. Mice lacking either STAT5a or STAT5b have mild defects in prolactin dependent mammary differentiation or sexually dimorphic growth hormone-dependent effects, respectively. Mice lacking both STAT5a and STAT5b exhibit a perinatal lethal phenotype and have multiple defects, including anemia and a virtual absence of B and T lymphocytes. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines and a number of growth factors from the receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate the transcription of their target genes. However there are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological functions independent of being activated. There are seven mammalian STAT family members which have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to participate in the negative regulation of these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein interactions and has also been implicated in the constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may be particularly important for some cellular functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА_вА0А0АаАВQcd10377, SH2_STAT6, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 proteins. STAT6 mediate signals from the IL-4 receptor. Unlike the other STAT proteins which bind an IFNgamma Activating Sequence (GAS), STAT6 stands out as having a unique binding site preference. This site consists of a palindromic sequence separated by a 3 bp spacer (TTCNNNG-AA)(N3 site). STAT6 is able to bind the GAS site but only at a low affinity. STAT6 may be an important regulator of mitogenesis when cells respond normally to IL-4. There is speculation that the inappropriate activation of STAT6 is involved in uncontrolled cell growth in an oncogenic state. IFNgamma is a negative regulator of STAT6 dependent transcription of target genes. Bcl-6 is another negative regulator of STAT6 activity. Bcl-6 is a transcriptional repressor normally expressed in germinal center B cells and some T cells. IL-4 signaling via STAT6 initially occurs unopposed, but is then dampened by a negative feedback mechanism through the IL-4/Stat6 dependent induction of SOCS1 expression. The IL-4 dependent aspect of Th2 differentiation requires the activation of STAT6. IL-4 signaling and STAT6 appear to play an important role in the immune response. Recently, it was shown that large scale chromatin remodeling of the IL-4 gene occurs as cells differentiate into Th2 effectors is STAT6 dependent. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines and a number of growth factors from the receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate the transcription of their target genes. However there are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological functions independent of being activated. There are seven mammalian STAT family members which have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to participate in the negative regulation of these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein interactions and has also been implicated in the constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may be particularly important for some cellular functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА`вА0А0АаАВ\cd10378, SH2_Jak1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain in the Janus kinase 1 (Jak1) proteins. Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), is a member of a class of protein-tyrosine kinases (PTK) characterized by the presence of a second phosphotransferase-related domain immediately N-terminal to the PTK domain. The second phosphotransferase domain bears all the hallmarks of a protein kinase, although its structure differs significantly from that of the PTK and threonine/serine kinase family members. JAK1 is a large, widely expressed membrane-associated phosphoprotein. JAK1 is involved in the interferon-alpha/beta and -gamma signal transduction pathways. The reciprocal interdependence between JAK1 and TYK2 activities in the interferon-alpha pathway, and between JAK1 and JAK2 in the interferon-gamma pathway, may reflect a requirement for these kinases in the correct assembly of interferon receptor complexes. These kinases couple cytokine ligand binding to tyrosine phosphorylation of various known signaling proteins and of a unique family of transcription factors termed the signal transducers and activators of transcription, or STATs. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАaвА0А0АаАВ╚cd10379, SH2_Jak2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain in the Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) proteins. Jak2 is a protein tyrosine kinase involved in a specific subset of cytokine receptor signaling pathways. It has been found to be constitutively associated with the prolactin receptor and is required for responses to gamma interferon. Mice that do not express an active protein for this gene exhibit embryonic lethality associated with the absence of definitive erythropoiesis. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАbвА0А0АаАВсcd10380, SH2_Jak3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain in the Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) proteins. Jak3 is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases involved in cytokine receptor-mediated intracellular signal transduction. It is predominantly expressed in immune cells and transduces a signal in response to its activation via tyrosine phosphorylation by interleukin receptors. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease). In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАcвА0А0АаАВкcd10381, SH2_Jak_Tyk2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain in Tyrosine Kinase 2 (Tyk2), a member of the Janus kinases (JAK). Tyk2 is a member of the tyrosine kinase and, more specifically, the Janus kinases (JAKs) protein families. This protein associates with the cytoplasmic domain of type I and type II cytokine receptors and promulgate cytokine signals by phosphorylating receptor subunits. It is also component of both the type I and type III interferon signaling pathways. As such, it may play a role in anti-viral immunity. A mutation in this gene has been associated with hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) - a primary immunodeficiency characterized by elevated serum immunoglobulin E. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАdвА0А0АаАВ┴cd10382, SH2_SOCS1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАeвА0А0АаАВ┴cd10383, SH2_SOCS2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАfвА0А0АаАВ└cd10384, SH2_SOCS3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАgвА0А0АаАВ┐cd10385, SH2_SOCS4, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАhвА0А0АаАВ┐cd10386, SH2_SOCS5, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family. SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАiвА0А0АаАВ└cd10387, SH2_SOCS6, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАjвА0А0АаАВ└cd10388, SH2_SOCS7, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАkвА0А0АаАВ>cd10389, SH2_SHB, Src homology 2 domain found in SH2 domain-containing adapter protein B (SHB). SHB functions in generating signaling compounds in response to tyrosine kinase activation. SHB contains proline-rich motifs, a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and a SH2 domain. SHB mediates certain aspects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-, neural growth factor (NGF) receptor TRKA-, T cell receptor-, interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor- and focal adhesion kinase- (FAK) signaling. SRC-like FYN-Related Kinase FRK/RAK (also named BSK/IYK or GTK) and SHB regulate apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. SHB promotes apoptosis and is also required for proper mitogenicity, spreading and tubular morphogenesis in endothelial cells. SHB also plays a role in preventing early cavitation of embryoid bodies and reduces differentiation to cells expressing albumin, amylase, insulin and glucagon. SHB is a multifunctional protein that has difference responses in different cells under various conditions. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАlвА0А0АаАВ┘cd10390, SH2_SHD, Src homology 2 domain found in SH2 domain-containing adapter proteins D (SHD). The expression of SHD is restricted to the brain. SHD may be a physiological substrate of c-Abl and may function as an adapter protein in the central nervous system. It is also thought to be involved in apoptotic regulation. SHD contains five YXXP motifs, a substrate sequence preferred by Abl tyrosine kinases, in addition to a poly-proline rich region and a C-terminal SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАmвА0А0АаАВlcd10391, SH2_SHE, Src homology 2 domain found in SH2 domain-containing adapter protein E (SHE). SHE is expressed in heart, lung, brain, and skeletal muscle. SHE contains two pTry protein binding domains, protein interaction domain (PID) and a SH2 domain, followed by a glycine-proline rich region, all of which are N-terminal to the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАnвА0А0АаАВlcd10392, SH2_SHF, Src homology 2 domain found in SH2 domain-containing adapter protein F (SHF). SHF is thought to play a role in PDGF-receptor signaling and regulation of apoptosis. SHF is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, liver, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, and colon. SHF contains four putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites and an SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАoвА0А0АаАВЗcd10393, SH2_RIN1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras and Rab interactor 1 (RIN1)-like proteins. RIN1, a member of the RIN (AKA Ras interaction/interference) family, have multifunctional domains including SH2 and proline-rich (PR) domains in the N-terminal region, and RIN-family homology (RH), VPS9 and Ras-association (RA) domains in the C-terminal region. RIN proteins function as Rab5-GEFs. Previous studies showed that RIN1 interacts with EGF receptors via its SH2 domain and regulates trafficking and degradation of EGF receptors via its interaction with STAM, indicating a vital role for RIN1 in regulating endosomal trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). RIN1 was first identified as a Ras-binding protein that suppresses the activated RAS2 allele in S. cerevisiae. RIN1 binds to the activated Ras through its carboxyl-terminal domain and this Ras-binding domain also binds to 14-3-3 proteins as Raf-1 does. The SH2 domain of RIN1 are thought to interact with the phosphotyrosine-containing proteins, but the physiological partners for this domain are unknown. The proline-rich domain in RIN1 is similar to the consensus SH3 binding regions. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАpвА0А0АаАВ2cd10394, SH2_RIN2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras and Rab interactor 2 (RIN2)-like proteins. RIN2, a member of the RIN (AKA Ras interaction/interference) family, have multifunctional domains including SH2 and proline-rich (PR) domains in the N-terminal region, and RIN-family homology (RH), VPS9 and Ras-association (RA) domains in the C-terminal region. RIN proteins function as Rab5-GEFs. Ras induces activation of Rab5 through RIN2, which is a direct downstream target of Ras and a direct upstream regulator of Rab5. In other words it is the binding of the GTP-bound form of Ras to the RA domain of RIN2 that enhances the GEF activity toward Rab5. It is thought that the RA domain negatively regulates the Rab5 GEF activity. In steady state, RIN2 is likely to form a closed conformation by an intramolecular interaction between the RA domain and the Vps9p-like (Rab5 GEF) domain, negatively regulating the Rab5 GEF activity. In the active state, the binding of Ras to the RA domain may reduce the intramolecular interaction and stabilize an open conformation of RIN2. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАqвА0А0АаАВcd10395, SH2_RIN3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras and Rab interactor 3 (RIN3)-like proteins. RIN3, a member of the RIN (AKA Ras interaction/interference) family, have multifunctional domains including SH2 and proline-rich (PR) domains in the N-terminal region, and RIN-family homology (RH), VPS9 and Ras-association (RA) domains in the C-terminal region. RIN proteins function as Rab5-GEFs. RIN3 stimulated the formation of GTP-bound Rab31, a Rab5-subfamily GTPase, and formed enlarged vesicles and tubular structures, where it colocalized with Rab31. Transferrin appeared to be transported partly through the RIN3-positive vesicles to early endosomes. RIN3 interacts via its Pro-rich domain with amphiphysin II, which contains SH3 domain and participates in receptor-mediated endocytosis. RIN3, a Rab5 and Rab31 GEF, plays an important role in the transport pathway from plasma membrane to early endosomes. Mutations in the region between the SH2 and RH domain of RIN3 specifically abolished its GEF action on Rab31, but not Rab5. RIN3 was also found to partially translocate the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor from the trans-Golgi network to peripheral vesicles and that this is dependent on its Rab31-GEF activity. These data indicate that RIN3 specifically acts as a GEF for Rab31. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАrвА0А0АаАВ╠cd10396, SH2_Tec_Itk, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Tec protein, IL2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk). A member of the Tec protein tyrosine kinase Itk is expressed thymus, spleen, lymph node, T lymphocytes, NK and mast cells. It plays a role in T-cell proliferation and differentiation, analogous to Tec family kinases Txk. Itk has been shown to interact with Fyn, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, KHDRBS1, PLCG1, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, Linker of activated T cells, Karyopherin alpha 2, Grb2, and Peptidylprolyl isomerase A. Most of the Tec family members have a PH domain (Txk and the short (type 1) splice variant of Drosophila Btk29A are exceptions), a Tec homology (TH) domain, a SH3 domain, a SH2 domain, and a protein kinase catalytic domain. The TH domain consists of a Zn2+-binding Btk motif and a proline-rich region. The Btk motif is found in Tec kinases, Ras GAP, and IGBP. It is crucial for the function of Tec PH domains and it's lack of presence in Txk is not surprising since it lacks a PH domain. The type 1 splice form of the Drosophila homolog also lacks both the PH domain and the Btk motif. The proline-rich regions are highly conserved for the most part with the exception of Bmx whose residues surrounding the PXXP motif are not conserved (TH-like) and Btk29A which is entirely unique with large numbers of glycine residues (TH-extended). Tec family members all lack a C-terminal tyrosine having an autoinhibitory function in its phosphorylated state. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАsвА0А0АаАВ▀cd10397, SH2_Tec_Btk, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Tec protein, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). A member of the Tec protein tyrosine kinase Btk is expressed in bone marrow, spleen, all hematopoietic cells except T lymphocytes and plasma cells where it plays a crucial role in B cell maturation and mast cell activation. Btk has been shown to interact with GNAQ, PLCG2, protein kinase D1, B-cell linker, SH3BP5, caveolin 1, ARID3A, and GTF2I. Most of the Tec family members have a PH domain (Txk and the short (type 1) splice variant of Drosophila Btk29A are exceptions), a Tec homology (TH) domain, a SH3 domain, a SH2 domain, and a protein kinase catalytic domain. Btk is implicated in the primary immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's agammaglobulinemia). The TH domain consists of a Zn2+-binding Btk motif and a proline-rich region. The Btk motif is found in Tec kinases, Ras GAP, and IGBP. It is crucial for the function of Tec PH domains and it's lack of presence in Txk is not surprising since it lacks a PH domain. The type 1 splice form of the Drosophila homolog also lacks both the PH domain and the Btk motif. The proline-rich regions are highly conserved for the most part with the exception of Bmx whose residues surrounding the PXXP motif are not conserved (TH-like) and Btk29A which is entirely unique with large numbers of glycine residues (TH-extended). Tec family members all lack a C-terminal tyrosine having an autoinhibitory function in its phosphorylated state. Two tyrosine phosphorylation (pY) sites have been identified in Btk: one located in the activation loop of the catalytic domain which regulates the transition between open (active) and closed (inactive) states and the other in its SH3 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАtвА0А0АаАВПcd10398, SH2_Tec_Txk, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Tec protein, Txk. A member of the Tec protein tyrosine kinase Txk is expressed in thymus, spleen, lymph node, T lymphocytes, NK cells, mast cell lines, and myeloid cell line. Txk plays a role in TCR signal transduction, T cell development, and selection which is analogous to the function of Itk. Txk has been shown to interact with IFN-gamma. Unlike most of the Tec family members Txk lacks a PH domain. Instead Txk has a unique region containing a palmitoylated cysteine string which has a similar membrane tethering function as the PH domain. Txk also has a zinc-binding motif, a SH3 domain, a SH2 domain, and a protein kinase catalytic domain. The TH domain consists of a Zn2+-binding Btk motif and a proline-rich region. The Btk motif is found in Tec kinases, Ras GAP, and IGBP and crucial to the function of the PH domain. It is not present in Txk which is not surprising since it lacks a PH domain. The type 1 splice form of the Drosophila homolog also lacks both the PH domain and the Btk motif. The proline-rich regions are highly conserved for the most part with the exception of Bmx whose residues surrounding the PXXP motif are not conserved (TH-like) and Btk29A which is entirely unique with large numbers of glycine residues (TH-extended). Tec family members all lack a C-terminal tyrosine having an autoinhibitory function in its phosphorylated state. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАuвА0А0АаАВ!cd10399, SH2_Tec_Bmx, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Tec protein, Bmx. A member of the Tec protein tyrosine kinase Bmx is expressed in the endothelium of large arteries, fetal endocardium, adult endocardium of the left ventricle, bone marrow, lung, testis, granulocytes, myeloid cell lines, and prostate cell lines. Bmx is involved in the regulation of Rho and serum response factor (SRF). Bmx has been shown to interact with PAK1, PTK2, PTPN21, and RUFY1. Most of the Tec family members have a PH domain (Txk and the short (type 1) splice variant of Drosophila Btk29A are exceptions), a Tec homology (TH) domain, a SH3 domain, a SH2 domain, and a protein kinase catalytic domain. The TH domain consists of a Zn2+-binding Btk motif and a proline-rich region. The Btk motif is found in Tec kinases, Ras GAP, and IGBP. It is crucial for the function of Tec PH domains. It is not present in Txk and the type 1 splice form of the Drosophila homolog. The proline-rich regions are highly conserved for the most part with the exception of Bmx whose residues surrounding the PXXP motif are not conserved (TH-like) and Btk29A which is entirely unique with large numbers of glycine residues (TH-extended). Tec family members all lack a C-terminal tyrosine having an autoinhibitory function in its phosphorylated state. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАvвА0А0АаАВ┌cd10400, SH2_SAP1a, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SLAM-associated protein (SAP) 1a. The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) gene encodes SAP (also called SH2D1A/DSHP) a protein that consists of a 5 residue N-terminus, a single SH2 domain, and a short 25 residue C-terminal tail. XLP is characterized by an extreme sensitivity to Epstein-Barr virus. Both T and natural killer (NK) cell dysfunctions have been seen in XLP patients. SAP binds the cytoplasmic tail of Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), 2B4, Ly-9, and CD84. SAP is believed to function as a signaling inhibitor, by blocking or regulating binding of other signaling proteins. SAP and the SAP-like protein EAT-2 recognize the sequence motif TIpYXX[VI], which is found in the cytoplasmic domains of a restricted number of T, B, and NK cell surface receptors and are proposed to be natural inhibitors or regulators of the physiological role of a small family of receptors on the surface of these cells. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАwвА0А0АаАВюcd10401, SH2_C-SH2_Syk_like, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) proteins. ZAP-70 and Syk comprise a family of hematopoietic cell specific protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that are required for antigen and antibody receptor function. ZAP-70 is expressed in T and natural killer (NK) cells and Syk is expressed in B cells, mast cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets, macrophages, and immature T cells. They are required for the proper development of T and B cells, immune receptors, and activating NK cells. They consist of two N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and a C-terminal kinase domain separated from the SH2 domains by a linker or hinge region. Phosphorylation of both tyrosine residues within the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAM; consensus sequence Yxx[LI]x(7,8)Yxx[LI]) by the Src-family PTKs is required for efficient interaction of ZAP-70 and Syk with the receptor subunits and for receptor function. ZAP-70 forms two phosphotyrosine binding pockets, one of which is shared by both SH2 domains. In Syk the two SH2 domains do not form such a phosphotyrosine-binding site. The SH2 domains here are believed to function independently. In addition, the two SH2 domains of Syk display flexibility in their relative orientation, allowing Syk to accommodate a greater variety of spacing sequences between the ITAM phosphotyrosines and singly phosphorylated non-classical ITAM ligands. This model contains the C-terminus SH2 domains of Syk. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАxвА0А0АаАВ°cd10402, SH2_C-SH2_Zap70, C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP-70). ZAP-70 and Syk comprise a family of hematopoietic cell specific protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that are required for antigen and antibody receptor function. ZAP-70 is expressed in T and natural killer (NK) cells and Syk is expressed in B cells, mast cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets, macrophages, and immature T cells. They are required for the proper development of T and B cells, immune receptors, and activating NK cells. They consist of two N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and a C-terminal kinase domain separated from the SH2 domains by a linker or hinge region. Phosphorylation of both tyrosine residues within the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAM; consensus sequence Yxx[LI]x(7,8)Yxx[LI]) by the Src-family PTKs is required for efficient interaction of ZAP-70 and Syk with the receptor subunits and for receptor function. ZAP-70 forms two phosphotyrosine binding pockets, one of which is shared by both SH2 domains. In Syk the two SH2 domains do not form such a phosphotyrosine-binding site. The SH2 domains here are believed to function independently. In addition, the two SH2 domains of Syk display flexibility in their relative orientation, allowing Syk to accommodate a greater variety of spacing sequences between the ITAM phosphotyrosines and singly phosphorylated non-classical ITAM ligands. This model contains the C-terminus SH2 domains of Zap70. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАyвА0А0АаАВzcd10403, SH2_STAP1, Src homology 2 domain found in Signal-transducing adaptor protein 1 (STAP1). STAP1 is a signal-transducing adaptor protein. It is composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH) and SH2 domains along with several tyrosine phosphorylation sites. STAP-1 is an ortholog of BRDG1 (BCR downstream signaling 1). STAP1 protein functions as a docking protein acting downstream of Tec tyrosine kinase in B cell antigen receptor signaling. The protein is phosphorylated by Tec and participates in a positive feedback loop, increasing Tec activity. STAP1 has been shown to interact with C19orf2, an unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАzвА0А0АаАВ(cd10404, SH2_STAP2, Src homology 2 domain found in Signal-transducing adaptor protein 2 (STAP2). STAP2 is a signal-transducing adaptor protein. It is composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH) and SH2 domains along with several tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The STAP2 protein is the substrate of breast tumor kinase, an Src-type non-receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates the interactions linking proteins involved in signal transduction pathways. STAP2 has alternative splicing variants. STAP2 has been shown to interact with tyrosine-protein kinase 6 (PTK6). In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА{вА0А0АаАВcd10405, SH2_Vav1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Vav1 proteins. Proto-oncogene vav is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. All vavs are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation leading to their activation. There are three Vav mammalian family members: Vav1 which is expressed in the hematopoietic system, and Vav2 and Vav3 are more ubiquitously expressed. Vav1 plays a role in T-cell and B-cell development and activation. It has been identified as the specific binding partner of Nef proteins from HIV-1, resulting in morphological changes, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and the JNK/SAPK signaling cascade, leading to increased levels of viral transcription and replication. Vav1 has been shown to interact with Ku70, PLCG1, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, Janus kinase 2, SIAH2, S100B, Abl gene, ARHGDIB, SHB, PIK3R1, PRKCQ, Grb2, MAPK1, Syk, Linker of activated T cells, Cbl gene and EZH2. Vav proteins are involved in several processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization, such as the formation of the immunological synapse (IS), phagocytosis, platelet aggregation, spreading, and transformation. Vavs function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rho/Rac family of GTPases. Vav family members have several conserved motifs/domains including: a leucine-rich region, a leucine-zipper, a calponin homology (CH) domain, an acidic domain, a Dbl-homology (DH) domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a cysteine-rich domain, 2 SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a SH2 domain. Vavs are the only known Rho GEFs that have both the DH/PH motifs and SH2/SH3 domains in the same protein. The leucine-rich helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain is thought to be involved in protein heterodimerization with other HLH proteins and it may function as a negative regulator by forming inactive heterodimers. The CH domain is usually involved in the association with filamentous actin, but in Vav it controls NFAT stimulation, Ca2+ mobilization, and its transforming activity. Acidic domains are involved in protein-protein interactions and contain regulatory tyrosines. The DH domain is a GDP-GTP exchange factor on Rho/Rac GTPases. The PH domain in involved in interactions with GTP-binding proteins, lipids and/or phosphorylated serine/threonine residues. The SH3 domain is involved in localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell interacting with protein with proline-rich sequences. The SH2 domain mediates a high affinity interaction with tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|вА0А0АаАВ ╫cd10406, SH2_Vav2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Vav2 proteins. Proto-oncogene vav is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. All vavs are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation leading to their activation. There are three Vav mammalian family members: Vav1 which is expressed in the hematopoietic system, and Vav2 and Vav3 are more ubiquitously expressed. Vav2 is a GEF for RhoA, RhoB and RhoG and may activate Rac1 and Cdc42. Vav2 has been shown to interact with CD19 and Grb2. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for Vav2. Vav proteins are involved in several processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization, such as the formation of the immunological synapse (IS), phagocytosis, platelet aggregation, spreading, and transformation. Vavs function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rho/Rac family of GTPases. Vav family members have several conserved motifs/domains including: a leucine-rich region, a leucine-zipper, a calponin homology (CH) domain, an acidic domain, a Dbl-homology (DH) domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a cysteine-rich domain, 2 SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a SH2 domain. Vavs are the only known Rho GEFs that have both the DH/PH motifs and SH2/SH3 domains in the same protein. The leucine-rich helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain is thought to be involved in protein heterodimerization with other HLH proteins and it may function as a negative regulator by forming inactive heterodimers. The CH domain is usually involved in the association with filamentous actin, but in Vav it controls NFAT stimulation, Ca2+ mobilization, and its transforming activity. Acidic domains are involved in protein-protein interactions and contain regulatory tyrosines. The DH domain is a GDP-GTP exchange factor on Rho/Rac GTPases. The PH domain in involved in interactions with GTP-binding proteins, lipids and/or phosphorylated serine/threonine residues. The SH3 domain is involved in localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell interacting with protein with proline-rich sequences. The SH2 domain mediates a high affinity interaction with tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА}вА0А0АаАВ ▄cd10407, SH2_Vav3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Vav3 proteins. Proto-oncogene vav is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. All vavs are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation leading to their activation. There are three Vav mammalian family members: Vav1 which is expressed in the hematopoietic system, and Vav2 and Vav3 are more ubiquitously expressed. Vav3 preferentially activates RhoA, RhoG and, to a lesser extent, Rac1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. VAV3 has been shown to interact with Grb2. Vav proteins are involved in several processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization, such as the formation of the immunological synapse (IS), phagocytosis, platelet aggregation, spreading, and transformation. Vavs function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rho/Rac family of GTPases. Vav family members have several conserved motifs/domains including: a leucine-rich region, a leucine-zipper, a calponin homology (CH) domain, an acidic domain, a Dbl-homology (DH) domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a cysteine-rich domain, 2 SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a SH2 domain. Vavs are the only known Rho GEFs that have both the DH/PH motifs and SH2/SH3 domains in the same protein. The leucine-rich helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain is thought to be involved in protein heterodimerization with other HLH proteins and it may function as a negative regulator by forming inactive heterodimers. The CH domain is usually involved in the association with filamentous actin, but in Vav it controls NFAT stimulation, Ca2+ mobilization, and its transforming activity. Acidic domains are involved in protein-protein interactions and contain regulatory tyrosines. The DH domain is a GDP-GTP exchange factor on Rho/Rac GTPases. The PH domain in involved in interactions with GTP-binding proteins, lipids and/or phosphorylated serine/threonine residues. The SH3 domain is involved in localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell interacting with protein with proline-rich sequences. The SH2 domain mediates a high affinity interaction with tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА~вА0А0АаАВ╡cd10408, SH2_Nck1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Nck. Nck proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling intermediates. There are two members known in this family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin polymerization resulting in the production of pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ╕cd10409, SH2_Nck2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Nck. Nck proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling intermediates. There are two members known in this family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin polymerization resulting in the production of pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаААвА0А0АаАВCcd10410, SH2_SH2B1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B adapter proteins (SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3). SH2B1 (SH2-B, PSM), like other members of the SH2B adapter protein family, contains a pleckstrin homology domain, at least one dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of tyrosine kinases. SH2B1 and SH2B2 function in signaling pathways found downstream of growth hormone receptor and receptor tyrosine kinases, including the insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor receptors. SH2B2beta, a new isoform of SH2B2, is an endogenous inhibitor of SH2B1 and/or SH2B2 (SH2B2alpha), negatively regulating insulin signaling and/or JAK2-mediated cellular responses. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАБвА0А0АаАВ;cd10411, SH2_SH2B2, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B adapter proteins (SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3). SH2B2 (APS), like other members of the SH2B adapter protein family, contains a pleckstrin homology domain, at least one dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of tyrosine kinases. SH2B1 and SH2B2 function in signaling pathways found downstream of growth hormone receptor and receptor tyrosine kinases, including the insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor receptors. SH2B2beta, a new isoform of SH2B2, is an endogenous inhibitor of SH2B1 and/or SH2B2 (SH2B2alpha), negatively regulating insulin signaling and/or JAK2-mediated cellular responses. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАВвА0А0АаАВ°cd10412, SH2_SH2B3, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B adapter proteins (SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3). SH2B3 (Lnk), like other members of the SH2B adapter protein family, contains a pleckstrin homology domain, at least one dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of tyrosine kinases. SH2B3 negatively regulates lymphopoiesis and early hematopoiesis. The lnk-deficiency results in enhanced production of B cells, and expansion as well as enhanced function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), demonstrating negative regulatory functions of Sh2b3/Lnk in cytokine signaling. Sh2b3/Lnk also functions in responses controlled by cell adhesion and in crosstalk between integrin- and cytokine-mediated signaling. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАГвА0А0АаАВїcd10413, SH2_Grb7, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the growth factor receptor bound, subclass 7 (Grb7) proteins. The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains. Grb7 is part of the Grb7 family of proteins which also includes Grb10, and Grb14. They are composed of an N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like (RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb7 binds strongly to the erbB2 receptor, unlike Grb10 and Grb14 which bind weakly to it. Grb7 family proteins are phosphorylated on serine/threonine as well as tyrosine residues. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАДвА0А0АаАВЭcd10414, SH2_Grb14, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the growth factor receptor bound, subclass 14 (Grb14) proteins. The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains. Grb14 is part of the Grb7 family of proteins which also includes Grb7, and Grb14. They are composed of an N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like (RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb14 binds to Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) and weakly to the erbB2 receptor. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЕвА0А0АаАВcd10415, SH2_Grb10, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the growth factor receptor bound, subclass 10 (Grb10) proteins. The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains. Grb10 is part of the Grb7 family of proteins which also includes Grb7, and Grb14. They are composed of an N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like (RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb10 has been shown to interact with many different proteins, including the insulin and IGF1 receptors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-beta, Ret, Kit, Raf1 and MEK1, and Nedd4. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЖвА0А0АаАВВcd10416, SH2_SH2D2A, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2 domain containing protein 2A (SH2D2A). SH2D2A contains a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЗвА0А0АаАВ}cd10417, SH2_SH2D7, Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2 domain containing protein 7 (SH2D7). SH2D7 contains a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАШвА0А0АаАВРcd10418, SH2_Src_Fyn_isoform_a_like, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Fyn isoform a like proteins. Fyn is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. This cd contains the SH2 domain found in Fyn isoform a type proteins. Fyn is involved in the control of cell growth and is required in the following pathways: T and B cell receptor signaling, integrin-mediated signaling, growth factor and cytokine receptor signaling, platelet activation, ion channel function, cell adhesion, axon guidance, fertilization, entry into mitosis, and differentiation of natural killer cells, oligodendrocytes and keratinocytes. The protein associates with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the Fyn-binding protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms exist. Fyn is primarily localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation of target proteins by Fyn serves to either regulate target protein activity, and/or to generate a binding site on the target protein that recruits other signaling molecules. FYN has been shown to interact with a number of proteins including: BCAR1, Cbl, Janus kinase, nephrin, Sky, tyrosine kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, and Zap-70. Fyn has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЙвА0А0АаАВРcd10419, SH2_Src_Fyn_isoform_b_like, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Fyn isoform b like proteins. Fyn is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. This cd contains the SH2 domain found in Fyn isoform b type proteins. Fyn is involved in the control of cell growth and is required in the following pathways: T and B cell receptor signaling, integrin-mediated signaling, growth factor and cytokine receptor signaling, platelet activation, ion channel function, cell adhesion, axon guidance, fertilization, entry into mitosis, and differentiation of natural killer cells, oligodendrocytes and keratinocytes. The protein associates with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the Fyn-binding protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms exist. Fyn is primarily localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation of target proteins by Fyn serves to either regulate target protein activity, and/or to generate a binding site on the target protein that recruits other signaling molecules. FYN has been shown to interact with a number of proteins including: BCAR1, Cbl, Janus kinase, nephrin, Sky, tyrosine kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, and Zap-70. Fyn has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАКвА0А0АаАВ│cd10420, SH2_STAT5b, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5b proteins. STAT5 is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors. Two highly related proteins, STAT5a and STAT5b are encoded by separate genes, but are 90% identical at the amino acid level. Both STAT5a and STAT5b are ubiquitously expressed and functionally interchangeable. Mice lacking either STAT5a or STAT5b have mild defects in prolactin dependent mammary differentiation or sexually dimorphic growth hormone-dependent effects, respectively. Mice lacking both STAT5a and STAT5b exhibit a perinatal lethal phenotype and have multiple defects, including anemia and a virtual absence of B and T lymphocytes. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines and a number of growth factors from the receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate the transcription of their target genes. However there are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological functions independent of being activated. There are seven mammalian STAT family members which have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to participate in the negative regulation of these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein interactions and has also been implicated in the constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may be particularly important for some cellular functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЛвА0А0АаАВоcd10421, SH2_STAT5a, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5a proteins. STAT5 is a member of the STAT family of transcription factors. Two highly related proteins, STAT5a and STAT5b are encoded by separate genes, but are 90% identical at the amino acid level. Both STAT5a and STAT5b are ubiquitously expressed and functionally interchangeable. Mice lacking either STAT5a or STAT5b have mild defects in prolactin dependent mammary differentiation or sexually dimorphic growth hormone-dependent effects, respectively. Mice lacking both STAT5a and STAT5b exhibit a perinatal lethal phenotype and have multiple defects, including anemia and a virtual absence of B and T lymphocytes. STAT proteins mediate the signaling of cytokines and a number of growth factors from the receptors of these extracellular signaling molecules to the cell nucleus. STATs are specifically phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases, or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated STAT molecules dimerize by reciprocal binding of their SH2 domains to the phosphotyrosine residues. These dimeric STATs translocate into the nucleus, bind to specific DNA sequences, and regulate the transcription of their target genes. However there are a number of unphosphorylated STATs that travel between the cytoplasm and nucleus and some STATs that exist as dimers in unstimulated cells that can exert biological functions independent of being activated. There are seven mammalian STAT family members which have been identified: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5 (STAT5A and STAT5B), and STAT6. There are 6 conserved domains in STAT: N-terminal domain (NTD), coiled-coil domain (CCD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), alpha-helical linker domain (LD), SH2 domain, and transactivation domain (TAD). NTD is involved in dimerization of unphosphorylated STATs monomers and for the tetramerization between STAT1, STAT3, STAT4 and STAT5 on promoters with two or more tandem STAT binding sites. It also plays a role in promoting interactions with transcriptional co-activators such as CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300, as well as being important for nuclear import and deactivation of STATs involving tyrosine de-phosphorylation. CCD interacts with other proteins, such as IFN regulatory protein 9 (IRF-9/p48) with STAT1 and c-JUN with STAT3 and is also thought to participate in the negative regulation of these proteins. Distinct genes are bound to STATs via their DBD domain. This domain is also involved in nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylated dimers upon cytokine stimulation. LD links the DNA-binding and SH2 domains and is important for the transcriptional activation of STAT1 in response to IFN-gamma. It also plays a role in protein-protein interactions and has also been implicated in the constitutive nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of unphosphorylated STATs in resting cells. The SH2 domain is necessary for receptor association and tyrosine phosphodimer formation. Residues within this domain may be particularly important for some cellular functions mediated by the STATs as well as residues adjacent to this domain. The TAD interacts with several proteins, namely minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5), breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and CBP/p300. TAD also contains a modulatory phosphorylation site that regulates STAT activity and is necessary for maximal transcription of a number of target genes. The conserved tyrosine residue present in the C-terminus is crucial for dimerization via interaction with the SH2 domain upon the interaction of the ligand with the receptor. STAT activation by tyrosine phosphorylation also determines nuclear import and retention, DNA binding to specific DNA elements in the promoters of responsive genes, and transcriptional activation of STAT dimers. In addition to the SH2 domain there is a coiled-coil domain, a DNA binding domain, and a transactivation domain in the STAT proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАМвА0А0АаАВ6cd10422, RNase_Ire1, RNase domain (also known as the kinase extension nuclease domain) of Ire1. The model represents the C-terminal endoribonuclease domain of the multi-functional protein Ire1; Ire1 in addition contains a type I transmembrane serine/threonine protein kinase (STK) domain, and a Luminal dimerization domain. Ire1 is essential for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR), which acts as an ER stress sensor and is the oldest and most conserved component of the UPR in eukaryotes. During ER stress, IRE1 dimerizes through its N-terminal luminal domain and forms oligomers, promoting trans-autophosphorylation by its cytosolic kinase domain. This leads to a conformational change that stimulates its endoribonuclease (RNase) activity and results in the cleavage of its mRNA substrate, Hac1 in yeast and Xbp1 in metazoans, thus promoting a splicing event that enables translation into a transcription factor which activates the UPR. This RNase domain is homologous to the RNase domain of RNase L, and possesses a novel fold for a nuclease and appears to be rigid irrespective of the activation state of IRE1. Structural analysis and mutational studies have revealed that an early stage 'phosphoryl-transfer' competent conformation of IRE1 favors face-to-face dimerization of the kinase domains which precedes and is distinct from the RNase 'active' back-to-back conformation. Furthermore, in yeast IRE1, the flavonol quercetin activates the RNase and potentiates activation of the protein kinase by ADP, hinting at the possible existence of endogenous cytoplasmic ligands that may function along with stress signals from ER lumen in order to modulate IRE1 activity, thus identifying IRE1 as a target for development of ATP-competitive inhibitors to modulate the UPR with specific relevance for multiple myeloma.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА 1вА0А0АаАВ╗cd10423, RNase_RNase-L, RNase domain (also known as the kinase extension nuclease domain) of RNase L. Ribonuclease L (RNase L), sometimes referred to as the 2-5A-dependent RNase, is a highly regulated, latent endoribonuclease (thus the 'L' in RNase L) and is widely expressed in most mammalian tissues. It is involved in the mediation of the antiviral and pro-apoptotic activities of the interferon-inducible 2-5A system, which blocks infections by certain types of viruses through cleavage of viral and cellular single-stranded RNA. RNase L is unique in that it is composed of three major domains; N-terminus regulatory ankyrin repeat domain (ARD), followed by a linker, a protein kinase (PK)-like domain and a C-terminal ribonuclease (RNase) domain. The RNase domain has homology with IRE1, also containing both a kinase and an endoribonuclease, that functions in the unfolded protein response (UPR). RNase L has been shown to have an impact on the pathogenesis of prostate cancer; the RNase L gene, RNASEL, has been identified as a strong candidate for the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) allele. The broad range of biological functions of RNase offers a possibility for RNase L as a therapeutic target.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА 2вА0А0АаАВЧcd10424, GST_C_9, C-terminal, alpha helical domain of an unknown subfamily 9 of Glutathione S-transferases. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, unknown subfamily 9; composed of uncharacterized proteins with similarity to GSTs. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins, and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST fold contains an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╚вА0А0АаАВ╜cd10425, Ephrin-A_Ectodomain, Ectodomain of Ephrin A. Ephrins and their receptors EphR play an important role in cell communication in normal physiology, as well as in disease pathogenesis. Binding of the ephrin (Eph) ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact, since both molecules are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling, depending on Eph kinase activity) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Eph signaling controls cell morphology, adhesion, migration and invasion. Ephrins can be subdivided into 2 groups, A and B, depending on their respective receptors EphA or EphB. The nine human EphA receptors bind to five GPI-linked ephrin-A ligands. Interactions are promiscuous within each class, and some Eph receptors can also bind to ephrins of the other class. All ephrin As contain a highly conserved receptor binding ectodomain described by this model. Although ephrin As do not have a cytoplasmic tail (in contrast to ephrin Bs), they are still capable of downstream activation of Src family kinases and phosphoinositide-3-kinases, most likely involving coreceptors such as neurotrophin receptors.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў8вА0А0АаАВгcd10426, Ephrin-B_Ectodomain, Ectodomain of Ephrin B. Ephrin Bs have several conserved tyrosine phosphorylation sites in their cytoplasmic PDZ-like domain, which are important for signal transduction. Ephrins and their receptors EphR play an important role in cell communication in normal physiology, as well as in disease pathogenesis. Binding of the ephrin (Eph) ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact, since both molecules are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling, depending on Eph kinase activity) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Eph signaling controls cell morphology, adhesion, migration and invasion. Ephrins can be subdivided into 2 groups, A and B, depending on their respective receptors EphA or EphB. The nine human EphA receptors bind to five GPI-linked ephrin-A ligands and the five EphB receptors bind to three transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. Interactions are promiscuous within each class, and some Eph receptors can also bind to ephrins of the other class. All ephrin Bs contain a highly conserved receptor binding ectodomain described in this model.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў9вА0А0АаАВ}cd10427, FGGY_GK_1, Uncharacterized subgroup; belongs to the glycerol kinases subfamily of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. This subgroup contains uncharacterized bacterial proteins belonging to the glycerol kinase subfamily of the FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases. The glycerol kinase subfamily includes glycerol kinases (GK; EC 2.7.1.30), and glycerol kinase-like proteins from all three kingdoms of living organisms. Glycerol is an important intermediate of energy metabolism and it plays fundamental roles in several vital physiological processes. GKs are involved in the entry of external glycerol into cellular metabolism. They catalyze the rate-limiting step in glycerol metabolism by transferring a phosphate from ATP to glycerol thus producing glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) in the cytoplasm. Under different conditions, GKs from different species may exist in different oligomeric states. The monomer of GKs is composed of two large domains separated by a deep cleft that forms the active site. This model includes both the N-terminal domain, which adopts a ribonuclease H-like fold, and the structurally related C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАъвА0А0АаАВьcd10428, LFG_like, Proteins similar to and including lifeguard (LFG), a putative regulator of apoptosis. Lifeguard (LFG) inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis and interacts with the death receptor FasR/CD95/Apo1. LFG has been shown to interact with Bax and is supposed to be integral to cellular membranes such as the ER. A close homolog, PP1201 or RECS1, appears located in the Golgi compartment and also interacts with the Fas receptor CD95/Apo1. PP1201 is expressed in response to shear stress.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВ▐cd10429, GAAP_like, Golgi antiapoptotic protein. GAAP (or transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 4) is a regulator of apoptosis that is related to the BAX inhibitor (BI)-1 like family of small transmembrane proteins, which have been shown to have an antiapoptotic effect either by stimulating the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2, a well-characterized oncogene, or by inhibiting the proapoptotic effect of Bax, another member of the Bcl-2 family. Human GAAP has been linked to the modulation of intracellular fluxes of Ca(2+), by suppressing influx from the extracellular medium and reducing release from intracellular stores. A viral homolog (vaccinia virus vGAAP) acts similar to its human counterpart in inhibiting apoptosis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВcd10430, BI-1, BAX inhibitor (BI)-1. Mammalian members of the BAX inhibitor (BI)-1 like family of small transmembrane proteins have been shown to have an antiapoptotic effect either by stimulating the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2, a well-characterized oncogene, or by inhibiting the proapoptotic effect of Bax, another member of the Bcl-2 family. Their broad tissue distribution and high degree of conservation suggests an important regulatory role. In plants, BI-1 like proteins play a role in pathogen resistance.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВЗcd10431, GHITM, Growth-hormone inducible transmembrane protein. GHITM appears to be ubiquitiously expressed in mammalian cells and expression has also been observed in various cancer cell lines. A cytoprotective function has been suggested. It is closely related to the BAX inhibitor (BI)-1 like family of small transmembrane proteins, which have been shown to have an antiapoptotic effect.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВcd10432, BI-1-like_bacterial, Bacterial BAX inhibitor (BI)-1/YccA-like proteins. This family is comprised of bacterial relatives of the mammalian members of the BAX inhibitor (BI)-1 like family of small transmembrane proteins, which have been shown to have an antiapoptotic effect either by stimulating the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2, a well-characterized oncogene, or by inhibiting the proapoptotic effect of Bax, another member of the Bcl-2 family. In plants, BI-1 like proteins play a role in pathogen resistance. A characterized prokaryotic member, Escherichia coli YccA, has been shown to interact with ATP-dependent protease FtsH, which degrades abnormal membrane proteins as part of a quality control mechanism to keep the integrity of biological membranes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВZcd10433, YccA_like, YccA-like proteins. A prokaryotic member of the BAX inhibitor (BI)-1 like family of small transmembrane proteins, Escherichia coli YccA, has been shown to interact with ATP-dependent protease FtsH, which degrades abnormal membrane proteins as part of a quality control mechanism to keep the integrity of biological membranes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ Ўcd10434, GIY-YIG_UvrC_Cho, Catalytic GIY-YIG domain of nucleotide excision repair endonucleases UvrC, Cho, and similar proteins. UvrC is essential for nucleotide excision repair (NER). The N-terminal catalytic GIY-YIG domain of UvrC (also known as Uri domain) is responsible for the 3' incision reaction and the C-terminal half of UvrC, consisting of an UvrB-binding domain (UvrBb), EndoV-like nuclease domain and a helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) DNA-binding domain, contains the residues involved in 5' incision. The N- and C-terminal regions are joined by a common Cys-rich domain containing four conserved Cys residues. Besides UvrC, protein Cho (UvrC homolog) serves as a second endonuclease in E. coli NER. Cho contains GIY-YIG motif followed by a Cys-rich region and shares sequence homology with the N-terminal half of UvrC. It is capable of incising the DNA at the 3' side of a lesion in the presence of the UvrA and UvrB proteins during NER. The C-terminal half of Cho is a unique uncharacterized domain, which is distinct from that of UvrC. Moreover, unlike UvrC, Cho does not require the UvrC-binding domain of UvrB for the 3' incision reaction, which might cause the shift in incision position and the difference in incision efficiencies between Cho and UvrC on different damaged substrates. Due to this, the range of NER in E. coli can be broadened by combining action of Cho and UvrC. This family also includes many uncharacterized epsilon proofreading subunits of DNA polymerase III, which have an additional N-terminal ExoIII domain and a 3'-5' exonuclease domain homolog, fused to an UvrC-like region or a Cho-like region. The UvrC-like region includes a GIY-YIG motif, followed by a Cys-rich region, and an UvrB-binding domain (UvrBb), but lacks the EndoV-like nuclease domain and the helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) DNA-binding domain. The Cho-like region consists of a GIY-YIG motif, followed by the Cys-rich region, and the unique uncharacterized domain presenting in the C-terminal half of Cho. Some family members may not carry the Cys-rich region. This family also includes a specific Cho-like protein from G. violaceus, which possesses only UvrBb domain at the C-terminus, but lacks the additional N-terminal ExoIII domain. The oother two remote homologs of UvrC, Bacillus-I and -II, are included in this family as well. Both of them contain a GIY-YIG domain, but no Cys-rich region. Moreover, the whole C-terminal region of Bacillus-I is replaces by an unknown domain, and Bacillus-II possesses another unknown N-terminal extension.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАэвА0А0АаАВ!cd10435, GIY-YIG_RE_Eco29kI_like, Catalytic GIY-YIG domain of type II restriction endonucleases R.Eco29kI, R.Cfr42I, and similar proteins. This family corresponds to the catalytic GIY-YIG domain of a group of GGCGCC-specific type II restriction endonucleases R.Eco29kI, R.Cfr42I, and similar proteins. R.Eco29kI is encoded on plasmid pECO29 in the E. coli strain 29K. This enzyme recognizes the palindromic 5'-CCGC/GG-3' target and cuts between Cyt4 and Gua5 on each strand of the restriction site to generate 3'-staggered ends. R.Eco29kI forms a domain-swapped homodimeric catalytically active complex during DNA binding and cleavage. Each subunit contains one GIY-YIG catalytic motif. Restriction endonucleases R.Cfr42I is an isoschizomer of R.Eco29kI. Unlike R.Eco29kI, R.Cfr42I is functional as a homotetramer, binding and cleaving two cognate DNA molecules in a cooperative manner. Members in this family are single-domain proteins sharing sequence similarities with the catalytic domain of GIY-YIG endonucleases, such as homing endonuclease I-TevI. However, they utilize loop insertions and terminal extensions instead of the separate DNA-binding domain to interact with the target site 5'-CCGC/GG-3'. A divalent metal-ion cofactor is required for their catalysis, but not for substrate binding. This family also includes a hypothetical protein from Deinococcus radiodurans that corresponds to MraI, a type II restriction enzyme similar to GIY-YIG family of homing endonucleases. MraI is shown to be an isoschizomer of Eco29kI, Cfr42I recognizing the palindromic nucleotide sequence 5'-CCGC reduced GG-3'. The enzyme shows an absolute requirement of Mg2+, but is active in the absence of added 2-mercaptoethanol. MraI represents the first restriction enzyme from a bacterium whose DNA lacks modified methylated bases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАювА0А0АаАВRcd10436, GIY-YIG_EndoII_Hpy188I_like, Catalytic GIY-YIG domain of coliphage T4 non-specific endonuclease II, type II restriction endonuclease R.Hpy188I, and similar proteins. This family includes two different GIY-YIG enzymes, coliphage T4 non-specific endonuclease II (EndoII), and type II restriction endonuclease R.Hpy188I. They display high sequence similarity to each other, and both of them contain an extra N-terminal hairpin that lacks counterparts in other GIY-YIG enzymes. EndoII encoded by gene denA catalyzes the initial step in degradation of host DNA, which permits scavenging of host-derived nucleotides for phage DNA synthesis. R.Hpy188I recognizes the unique sequence, 5'-TCNGA-3', and cleaves the DNA between nucleotides N and G in its recognition sequence to generate a single nucleotide 3'-overhang. EndoII binds to two DNA substrates as an X-shaped tetrameric structure composed as a dimer of dimers. In contrast, two subunits of R.Hpy188I form a dimer to embrace one bound DNA. Divalent metal-ion cofactors are required for their catalytic events, but not for the substrates binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАявА0А0АаАВ┤cd10437, GIY-YIG_HE_I-TevI_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of GIY-YIG intron endonuclease I-TevI, I-BmoI, I-BanI, I-BthII and similar proteins. I-TevI is a site-specific GIY-YIG homing endonuclease encoded within the group I intron of the thymidylate synthase gene (td) from Escherichia coli phage T4. It functions as an endonuclease that catalyzes the first step in intron homing by generating a double-strand break in the intronless td allele within a sequence designated the homing site. I-TevI recognizes its extensive 37 base pair DNA target in a site-specific, but sequence-tolerant manner. The cleavage site is located at 23 (upper strand) and 25 (lower strand) nucleotides upstream of the intron insertion site. A divalent cation, such as Mg2+, is required for the catalysis. I-TevI also acts as a repressor of its own transcription. It binds an operator that is located upstream of the I-TevI coding sequence and overlaps the T4 late promoter, which drives I-TevI expression from within the td intron. I-TevI binds the homing sites and the operator with the same affinity, but cleaves the homing site more efficiently than the operator. I-TevI consists of an N-terminal catalytic domain, containing the GIY-YIG motif, and a C-terminal DNA-binding domain that binds DNA as a monomer, joined by a flexible linker. The C-terminal domain includes three subdomains: a zinc finger, a minor-groove binding alpha-helix (NUMOD3, nuclease-associated modular domain 3), and a helix-turn-helix domain (HTH). The last two are responsible for DNA-binding. The zinc finger is part of the linker and not required for DNA-binding. It is implicated as a distance sensor to constrain the catalytic domain to cleave the homing site at a fixed position. None of other GIY-YIG endonucleases have been found to have the zinc finger motif. This family also includes a reduced activity isoschizomer of I-TevI, I-BmoI, which is encoded within the group I intron of the thymidylate synthase (TS) gene (thyA) from Bacillus mojavensis. I-BmoI catalyzes the first step in intron homing by generating a double-strand break in the intronless td allele within a sequence designated the homing site in the presence of a divalent cation cofactor, such as Mg2+. In the absence of Mg2+, I-Bmol only nicks one of the strands. Both I-BmoI and I-TevI bind a homologous stretch of TS-encoding DNA as monomers, but use different strategies to distinguish intronless from intron-containing substrates. I-TevI recognizes substrates at the level of DNA-binding. However, I-BmoI binds both intron-containing and intronless TS-encoding substrates, but efficiently cleaves only intronless substrate. Afterwards they cleave their respective intronless substrates in the same positions, and both require a critical G-C base pair adjacent to the top strand site for efficient cleavage. The C-terminal domain of I-BmoI has nuclease-associated modular DNA-binding domains (NUMODs), but lacks the zinc finger, which is different from that of I-TevI. Although the zinc finger implicated as a distance determination in I-TevI is absent, I-BmoI still possesses some cleavage distance discrimination. Besides I-TevI and I-BmoI, this family contains a putative GIY-YIG homing endonuclease, I-BanI, encoded within the self-splicing group I intron of nrdE gene from Bacillus anthracis. It contains two major domains, the N-terminal GIY-YIG domain and the C-terminal DNA-binding domain that consists of a minor-groove DNA binding alpha-helix motif and a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif. I-BanI generates a double-strand break (DSB) in the intronless nrdE gene. The cleavage site is located at 5 and 7 nucleotides upstream of the intron insertion site, with 2-nucleotide 3' extensions. The recognition site is 35 to 40 base pairs and covers the cleavage site with a bias toward the downstream region including the (intervening sequence) IVS insertion site. Moreover, this family contains another putative GIY-YIG homing endonuclease, I-BthII, encoded within the self-splicing group I intron of nrdF gene from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. pakistani. It contains a GIY-YIG motif that generates a double-strand break (DSB) in the intronless nrdF gene. The cleavage site is located at 7 and 9 nucleotides upstream of the intron insertion site, leaving 2-nucleotide 3' extensions. The recognition site is 27 to 29 base pairs with the DSB cleavage site at the 5'-end of the top strand, and with the intervening sequence (IVS) insertion site approximately in the middle of the recognition site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЁвА0А0АаАВ╒cd10438, GIY-YIG_MSH, Catalytic GIY-YIG domain of eukaryotic DNA mismatch repair protein MutS homologs. This family represents a putative GIY-YIG nuclease domain C-terminally fused to the DNA-repair ATPase on a small group of eukaryotic DNA mismatch repair protein mutS homologs (MSH). The MSH proteins in this family do not have the zinc finger domain, but have a predicted mitochondrial localization. They might play roles in the recognition and repair of errors made during the replication of DNA. The prototype of this family is the protein encoded by the chloroplast mutator (CHM) locus from Arabidopsis thaliana. It is suggested that this protein could be involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial genome stability.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАёвА0А0АаАВжcd10439, GIY-YIG_COG3410, GIY-YIG domain of uncharacterized bacterial protein structurally related to COG3410. This family contains a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins. Although their function roles have not been recognized, these proteins contain a putative GIY-YIG domain in their N-terminus. Moreover, a conserved domain COG3410 with unknown function has been found in the C-terminus of most family members.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЄвА0А0АаАВBcd10440, GIY-YIG_COG3680, GIY-YIG domain of uncharacterized proteins from bacteria and their eukaryotic homologs. This family includes a group of functionally uncharacterized proteins from bacteria and their eukaryotic homologs which are present only in metazoa. These proteins might have nuclease activities and possibly be engaged in DNA repair or recombination, since they share sequence homology with the catalytic GIY-YIG domain of bacterial UvrC DNA repair proteins. Distinct from their prokaryotic relatives, the eukaryotic homologs contain an N-terminal extension that includes the region of approximately 3-4 ankyrin repeats, unique motifs mediating protein-protein interactions. Some of eukaryotic homologs do have an additional LEM domain located between ankyrin repeats region and GIY-YIG domain. The LEM domain, found in inner nuclear membrane proteins, may be involved in protein- or DNA-binding. The different domain composition of the eukaryotic homologs suggests that they might participate in interactions with multiple partners and implies important cellular function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАєвА0А0АаАВкcd10441, GIY-YIG_COG1833, GIY-YIG domain of hypothetical proteins from archaea and their bacterial homologs. This family includes a group of functionally uncharacterized hypothetical proteins from archaea and their bacterial homologs. These proteins contain a putative GIY-YIG domain that shows sequence homology with bacterial UvrC DNA repair proteins. Meanwhile, all of them share a C-terminal extension with semi-conserved Cys and His residues, which suggests that the extended region may be a zinc-binding nucleic acid interaction domain. Although the majority of family members have a standalone GIY-YIG domain composition, some of them do have additional endonulcease III domain or sugar fermentation stimulation protein domain, both of which are N-terminally fused to the GIY-YIG domain. As a result, those proteins could perform some other role by cooperating with different domains, which remains to be determined in the future.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇвА0А0АаАВъcd10442, GIY-YIG_PLEs, Catalytic GIY-YIG endonuclease domain of penelope-like elements and similar proteins. This model corresponds to the EN domain of PLEs that contains catalytic module of the GIY-YIG endonucleases of group I bacterial/organellar introns, as well as bacterial UvrC DNA repair proteins. It can cleave DNA with low nucleotide sequence specificity. However, the PLEs EN domain is distinct from other GIY-YIG endonucleases by the presence of a well-conserved CCHH motif (CX(2-7)CX(33-39)HX(3-5)H, X can be any residue). The role of the CCHH motif has not yet been identified. Penelope-like elements (PLEs) represent a novel class of eukaryotic retroelements, which do not belong to either long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons or non-LTR retrotransposons (often called LINEs), but instead form a sister clade to telomerase reverse transcriptases (TERTs), highly specialized non-mobile reverse transcriptases (RTs) which are responsible for the addition of telomeric repeats to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. The single open reading frame (ORF) encoded by PLE consists of two principal domains, RT domain and endonuclease (EN) domain, jointed by a linker region of variable length. Both of these two domains are functionally active.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАївА0А0АаАВСcd10443, GIY-YIG_HE_Tlr8p_PBC-V_like, GIY-YIG domain of uncharacterized hypothetical protein found in phycodnavirus PBCV-1 DNA virus, T. thermophila Tlr element eoncoding protein Tlr8p, and similar proteins found in bacteria. The family includes a group of diverse uncharacterized hypothetical proteins with a GIY-YIG domain that shows statistically significant similarity to the N-terminal catalytic domains of GIY-YIG family of intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-TevI. Similar to I-TevI, family members from phycodnavirus PBCV-1 DNA virus have nuclease-associated modular DNA-binding domains (NUMODs) and a helix-turn-helix (HTH) domain C-terminally fused to the GIY-YIG domain, which suggests that these PBCV-1 acquired the I-TevI-like homing endonucleases from phages by horizontal gene transfer. This family also includes proteins that appear to connect homing endonucleases with Penelope elements, such as Tetrahymena thermophila Tlr element encoding protein Tlr8p that possess additional N-terminal and central structural regions, followed by a putative superfamily 1 helicase domain and I-TevI-like GIY-YIG domain, but lacks the NUMOD domains and HTH domain. It is suggested that the Tlr8p element could have acquired its GIY-YIG domain w ithin the nucleus of the ciliate cell infected by the Phycodnavirus. Some family members only contain a standalone GIY-YIG domain and their biological functions are unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎвА0А0АаАВ ]cd10444, GIY-YIG_SegABCDEFG, N-terminal catalytic GIY-YIG domain of bacteriophage T4 segABCDEFG gene encoding proteins. The prototypes of Seg family are proteins SegA, B, C, D, E, F, and G encoded by five seg genes segA, B, C, D, E, F, and G in the bacteriophage T4 genome, respectively. SegA, B, C, D, E, F, and G are not encoded by introns, but free-standing homologs of the GIY-YIG family of endonucleases encoded by group I introns, which are thought to initiate the homing of their own intron by cleaving the intronless DNA at or near the site of insertion. Both phage T4 intron-encoded and free-standing GIY-YIG endonucleases contribute to the exclusion of T2 markers from the progeny of mixed infections. SegA, encoded by the bacteriophage T4 segA gene, is a double-strand DNA endonulcease with a hierarchy of site specificity. The cleavage site of SegA is located in the uvsX gene of T4. Its cleaving activity requires the presence of Mg2+ and can be stimulated by the presence of ATP or ATPgammaS. Bacteriophage T4 segB gene encoding protein SegB is a site-specific endonuclease that recognizes a 27-bp sequence, cleaves DNA by introdu cing double-strand breaks in the adjacent gene 56 of T2 during mixed infection in the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+, or Ca2+ cations, and produces mostly 3' 2-nt protruding ends at its DNA cleavage site. It functions as a homing endonuclease to ensure spreading of its own gene and the surrounding tRNA genes among T4-related phages. Bacteriophage T4 segE gene encoding SegE is a site-specific endonuclease that preferentially cleaves DNA in a site located at the 5' end of the uvsW gene in the RB30 genome. It is responsible for a non-reciprocal genetic exchange between T-even-related phages. Bacteriophage T4 gene 69 encoding SegF is a site-specific double-strand DNA endonuclease that promotes marker exclusion. It preferentially introduces a double-strand break in the adjacent T2 gene 56 over T4 gene 56 both in vitro and in vivo during mixed infection, which results in the replacement of T2 gene 56 by T4 gene 56 in a process similar to group I intron homing. The cleavage site is located 210- and 212-bp upstream from its insertion site. Bacteriophage T4 segG gene (formerly gene 32.1) encoding SegG (also known as F-TevIV) is a double-strand DNA endonuclease adjacent to gene 32 of phage T4 that promotes marker exclusion. Although it is absent from phage T2, SegG preferentially introduces a double-strand break in T2 gene 32 during mixed infection, which results in replacement of T2 genetic markers by the corresponding T4 markers. The cleavage site is located 332- and 334-bp from its insertion site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўвА0А0АаАВ]cd10445, GIY-YIG_bI1_like, Catalytic GIY-YIG domain of putative intron-encoded endonuclease bI1 and similar proteins. The prototype of this family is a putative intron-encoded mitochondrial DNA endonuclease bI1 found in mitochondrion Ustilago maydis. This protein may arise from proteolytic cleavage of an in-frame translation of COB exon 1 plus intron 1, containing the bI1 open reading frame. It contains an N-terminal truncated non-functional cytochrome b region and a C-terminal intron-encoded endonuclease bI1 region. The bI1 region shows high sequence similarity to endonucleases of group I introns of fungi and phage and might be involved in intron homing. Many uncharacterized bI1 homologs existing in fungi and chlorophyta in this family do not contain the cytochrome b region, but have a standalone bI1-like region, which contains a GIY-YIG domain and a minor-groove binding alpha-helix nuclease-associated modular domain (NUMOD). This family also includes a Yarrowia lipolytica mobile group-II intron COX1-i1, also called intron alpha, encoding protein with reverse transcriptase activity. The group-II intron COX1-i1 may be involv ed both in the generation of the circular multimeric DNA molecules (senDNA alpha) which amplify during the senescence syndrome and in the generation of the site-specific deletion which accumulates in the premature-death syndrome.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВмcd10446, GIY-YIG_unchar_1, GIY-YIG domain of uncharacterized hypothetical protein found in bacteria. The family includes a group of uncharacterized bacterial hypothetical proteins with a GIY-YIG domain that shows statistically significant similarity to the N-terminal catalytic domains of GIY-YIG family of intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-TevI and catalytic GIY-YIG domain of nucleotide excision repair endonuclease UvrC.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА∙вА0А0АаАВуcd10447, GIY-YIG_unchar_2, GIY-YIG domain of uncharacterized hypothetical protein found in bacteria and archaea. The family includes a group of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins, mainly found in bacteria and a few found in archaea, with a GIY-YIG domain that shows statistically significant similarity to the N-terminal catalytic domains of GIY-YIG family of intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-TevI and catalytic GIY-YIG domain of nucleotide excision repair endonuclease UvrC.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА·вА0А0АаАВЯcd10448, GIY-YIG_unchar_3, GIY-YIG domain of uncharacterized hypothetical protein found in bacteria. The family includes a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with a GIY-YIG domain that shows statistically significant similarity to the N-terminal catalytic domains of GIY-YIG family of intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-TevI and catalytic GIY-YIG domain of nucleotide excision repair endonuclease UvrC.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА√вА0А0АаАВNcd10449, GIY-YIG_SLX1_like, Catalytic GIY-YIG domain of yeast structure-specific endonuclease subunit SLX1 and its homologs. Structure-specific endonuclease subunit SLX1 is a highly conserved protein from yeast to human, with an N-terminal GIY-YIG endonuclease domain and a C-terminal PHD-type zinc finger postulated to mediate protein-protein or protein-DNA interaction. SLX1 forms active heterodimeric complexes with its SLX4 partner, which has additional roles in the DNA damage response that are distinct from the function of the heterodimeric SLX1-SLX4 nuclease. In yeast, the SLX1-SLX4 complex functions as a 5' flap endonuclease that maintains ribosomal DNA copy number, where SLX1 and SLX4 are shown to be catalytic and regulatory subunits, respectively. This endonuclease introduces single-strand cuts in duplex DNA on the 3' side of junctions with single-strand DNA. In addition to 5' flap endonuclease activity, human SLX1-SLX4 complex has been identified as a Holliday junction resolvase that promotes symmetrical cleavage of static and migrating Holliday junctions. SLX1 also associates with MUS81, EME1, C20orf94, PLK1, and ERCC1. Some eukaryotic SLX1 homologs lack the zinc finger domain, but possess intrinsically unstructured extensions of unknown function. These unstructured segments might be involved in interactions with other proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА№вА0А0АаАВ╠cd10450, GIY-YIG_AtGrxS16_like, GIY-YIG domain found in CAXIP1-like proteins, iron-sulfur cluster assembly proteins, and similar proteins. The family includes CAX-interacting protein-1 (CXIP1)-like proteins and iron-sulfur cluster assembly proteins, both of which contain a GIY-YIG domain that shows statistically significant similarity to the N-terminal catalytic domains of GIY-YIG family of intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-TevI and catalytic GIY-YIG domain of nucleotide excision repair endonuclease UvrC. CAXIP1 is a novel PICOT (protein kinase C-interacting cousin of thioredoxin) domain-containing Arabidopsis protein that activates H+/Ca2+ exchanger CAX1, and its homolog CAX4, but not CAX2 or CAX3. Iron-sulfur cluster assembly proteins in this family also contain a C-terminal NifU-like domain that corresponds to a common region between the NifU protein from nitrogen-fixing bacteria and rhodobacterial species. The biochemical function of NifU is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА¤вА0А0АаАВ6cd10451, GIY-YIG_LuxR_like, GIY-YIG domain of LuxR and ArsR family transcriptional regulators, and uncharacterized hypothetical proteins found in bacteria. The family includes some bacterial LuxR and ArsR family transcriptional regulators. The a C-terminal conserved domain shows sequence similarity to the N-terminal catalytic GIY-YIG domains of intron-encoded homing endonucleases. Besides, they have an N-terminally fused transcriptional regulators module, comprising the winged helix-turn-helix (wHTH) domain and uncharacterized domain DUF2087. At this point, they are distinct from GIY-YIG homing endonucleases, which typically contain a variety of C-terminally fused nuclease-associated modular DNA-binding domains (NUMODs). Moreover, some key residues relevant to catalysis in GIY-YIG endonucleases are mutanted or absent in this family, which suggests that members in this family might lose the catalytic function that GIY-YIG endonucleases possess. This family also includes many uncharacterized hypothetical proteins that consist of a standalone GIY-YIG like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА■вА0А0АаАВЛcd10452, GIY-YIG_RE_Eco29kI_NgoMIII, Catalytic GIY-YIG domain of type II restriction enzyme R.Eco29kI, R.NgoMIII, and similar proteins. This family corresponds to the catalytic GIY-YIG domain of GGCGCC-specific type II restriction endonucleases R.Eco29kI, NgoMIII, and similar proteins. R.Eco29kI is encoded on plasmid pECO29 in the E. coli strain 29K. This enzyme recognizes the palindromic 5'-CCGC/GG-3' target and cuts between Cyt4 and Gua5 on each strand of the restriction site to generate 3'-staggered ends. R.Eco29kI forms a domain-swapped homodimeric catalytically active complex during DNA binding and cleavage. Each subunit contains one GIY-YIG catalytic motif. Restriction endonucleases R.NgoMIII is an isoschizomer of R.Eco29kI. Members in this family are single-domain proteins sharing sequence similarities with the catalytic domain of GIY-YIG endonucleases, such as homing endonuclease I-TevI. However, they utilize loop insertions and terminal extensions instead of the separate DNA-binding domain to interact with the target site 5'-CCGC/GG-3'. A divalent metal-ion cofactor is required for their catalysis, but not for their substrate binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВcd10453, GIY-YIG_RE_Cfr42I, Catalytic GIY-YIG domain of type II restriction enzyme R.Cfr42I and similar proteins. This family corresponds to the catalytic GIY-YIG domain of GGCGCC-specific type II restriction endonucleases R.Cfr42I and similar proteins. R.Cfr42I is encoded on plasmid pET21b(+) in the Citrobacter freundii RFL42 strain. This enzyme recognizes the palindromic 5'-CCGC/GG-3' target and cuts between Cyt4 and Gua5 on each strand of the restriction site to generate 3'-staggered ends. It is an isoschizomer of R.Eco29kI. Unlike R.Eco29kI, R.Cfr42I is functional as a homotetramer, binding and cleaving two cognate DNA molecules in a cooperative manner. Members in this family are single-domain proteins sharing sequence similarities with the catalytic domain of GIY-YIG endonucleases, such as homing endonuclease I-TevI. However, they utilize loop insertions and terminal extensions instead of the separate DNA-binding domain to interact with the target site 5'-CCGC/GG-3'. A divalent metal-ion cofactor is required for their catalysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВИcd10454, GIY-YIG_COG3680_Meta, GIY-YIG domain of hypothetical proteins from Metazoa. Members of this family are functionally uncharacterized hypothetical proteins from Metazoa. They have bacterial homologs that display sequence homology with the catalytic GIY-YIG domain of bacterial UvrC DNA repair proteins. However, unlike their bacterial relatives, these Metazoan proteins contain an N-terminal extension that includes the region of approximately 3-4 ankyrin repeats, unique motifs mediating protein-protein interactions. Some of them do have an additional LEM domain located between ankyrin repeats region and GIY-YIG domain. The LEM domain, found in inner nuclear membrane proteins, may be involved in protein- or DNA-binding. The different domains composition suggests members in this subfamily might participate in interactions with multiple partners and imply some important cellular functions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВTcd10455, GIY-YIG_SLX1, Catalytic GIY-YIG domain of yeast structure-specific endonuclease subunit SLX1 and its eukaryotic homologs. Structure-specific endonuclease subunit SLX1 is a highly conserved protein from yeast to human, with an N-terminal GIY-YIG endonuclease domain and a C-terminal PHD-type zinc finger postulated to mediate protein-protein or protein-DNA interaction. SLX1 forms active heterodimeric complexes with its SLX4 partner, which has additional roles in the DNA damage response that are distinct from the function of the heterodimeric SLX1-SLX4 nuclease. In yeast, the SLX1-SLX4 complex functions as a 5' flap endonuclease that maintains ribosomal DNA copy number, where SLX1 and SLX4 are shown to be catalytic and regulatory subunits, respectively. This endonuclease introduces single-strand cuts in duplex DNA on the 3' side of junctions with single-strand DNA. In addition to 5' flap endonuclease activity, human SLX1-SLX4 complex has been identified as a Holliday junction resolvase that promotes symmetrical cleavage of static and migrating Holliday junctions. SLX1 also associates with MUS81, EME1, C20orf94, PLK1, and ERCC1. Some eukaryotic SLX1 homologs lack the zinc finger domain, but possess intrinsically unstructured extensions of unknown function. These unstructured segments might be involved in interactions with other proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ╛cd10456, GIY-YIG_UPF0213, The GIY-YIG domain of uncharacterized protein family UPF0213 related to structure-specific endonuclease SLX1. This family contains a group of uncharacterized proteins found mainly in bacteria and several in dsDNA viruses. Although their function roles have not been recognized, these proteins show significant sequence similarities with the N-terminal GIY-YIG endonuclease domain of structure-specific endonuclease subunit SLX1, which binds another structure-specific endonuclease subunit SLX4 to form an active heterodimeric SLX1-SLX4 complex. This complex functions as a 5' flap endonuclease in yeast, and has also been identified as a Holliday junction resolvase in human.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВScd10457, GIY-YIG_AtGrxS16, GIY-YIG domain found in CAXIP1-like proteins. The family includes CAX-interacting protein-1 (CXIP1)-like proteins which contain a GIY-YIG domain that shows statistically significant similarity to the N-terminal catalytic domains of GIY-YIG family of intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-TevI and catalytic GIY-YIG domain of nucleotide excision repair endonuclease UvrC. CAXIP1 is a novel PICOT (protein kinase C-interacting cousin of thioredoxin) domain-containing Arabidopsis protein that activates H+/Ca2+ exchanger CAX1, and its homolog CAX4, but not CAX2 or CAX3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ¤cd10458, GIY-YIG_NifU, GIY-YIG domain found in iron-sulfur cluster assembly proteins. This family includes a group of uncharacterized iron-sulfur cluster assembly proteins that transiently bind the iron-sulfur cluster before transfer to target apoproteins. These iron-sulfur cluster assembly proteins contains a GIY-YIG domain that shows statistically significant similarity to the N-terminal catalytic domains of GIY-YIG family of intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-TevI and catalytic GIY-YIG domain of nucleotide excision repair endonuclease UvrC. They also contain a C-terminal NifU-like domain that corresponds to a common region between the NifU protein from nitrogen-fixing bacteria and rhodobacterial species. The biochemical function of NifU is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ╬cd10459, PUB_PNGase, PNGase/UBA or UBX (PUB) domain of the P97 adaptor protein Peptide:N-glycanase (PNGase). This PUB (PNGase/UBA or UBX) domain is found in the p97 adaptor protein PNGase (Peptide:N-glycanase). The PUB domain functions as a p97 (also known as valosin-containing protein or VCP) adaptor by interacting with the D1 and/or D2 ATPase domains. The type II AAA+ ATPase p97 is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the deglycosylation of ERAD substrates, membrane fusion, transcription factor activation and cell cycle regulation through differential binding to specific adaptor proteins. Peptide:N-glycanase (PNGase), a deglycosylating enzyme that functions in proteasome-dependent degradation of misfolded glycoproteins which are translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol during ERAD, associates with the ubiquitin-proteasome system proteins mediated by the N-terminal PUB domain. PNGase is present in all eukaryotic organisms; however, the yeast PNGase ortholog does not contain the PUB domain. The mammalian PNGase binds a considerable number of proteins via its PUB domain; these include ERAD E3 enzyme, the autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR or gp78), SAKS and Derlin-1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ№cd10460, PUB_UBXD1, PNGase/UBA or UBX (PUB) domain of UBXD1. This PUB domain is found in p97 adaptor protein UBXD1 (UBX domain-containing protein 1, also called UBXD6). It functions as a p97 (also known as valosin-containing protein or VCP) adaptor by interacting with the D1 and/or D2 ATPase domains. The type II AAA+ ATPase p97 is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the deglycosylation of ERAD substrates, membrane fusion, transcription factor activation and cell cycle regulation through differential binding to specific adaptor proteins. The PUB domain in UBX-domain protein 1 (UBXD1), which is widely expressed in higher eukaryotes, except for fungi, and which is involved in substrate recruitment to p97, interacts strongly with the C-terminus of p97. UBXD1 also interacts with HRD1 and HERP, both components of the ERAD pathway, via p97. It is possibly involved in aggresome formation; aggresomes are perinuclear compartments that contain misfolded proteins colocalized with centrosome markers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ6cd10461, PUB_UBA_plant, PNGase/UBA or UBX (PUB) domain of plant Ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain containing proteins. The PUB domain functions as a p97 (also known as valosin-containing protein or VCP) adaptor by interacting with the D1 and/or D2 ATPase domains. The type II AAA+ ATPase p97 is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the deglycosylation of ERAD substrates, membrane fusion, transcription factor activation and cell cycle regulation through differential binding to specific adaptor proteins. The UBA domain, along with UBL (ubiquitin-like) domain, has been implicated in proteasomal degradation by associating with substrates destined for degradation as well as with subunits of the proteasome, thus regulating protein turnover. This family contains only plant UBA domain-containing proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВъcd10462, PUB_UBA, PNGase/UBA or UBX (PUB) domain of Ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain containing proteins. The PUB domain functions as a p97 (also known as valosin-containing protein or VCP) adaptor by interacting with the D1 and/or D2 ATPase domains. The type II AAA+ ATPase p97 is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the deglycosylation of ERAD substrates, membrane fusion, transcription factor activation and cell cycle regulation through differential binding to specific adaptor proteins. The UBA domain, along with UBL (ubiquitin-like) domain, has been implicated in proteasomal degradation by associating with substrates destined for degradation as well as with subunits of the proteasome, thus regulating protein turnover.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВJcd10463, PUB_WLM, PNGase/UBA or UBX (PUB) domain of the Wss1p-like metalloprotease (WLM) family. The PUB domain functions as a p97 (also known as valosin-containing protein or VCP) adaptor by interacting with the D1 and/or D2 ATPase domains. The type II AAA+ ATPase p97 is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the deglycosylation of ERAD substrates, membrane fusion, transcription factor activation and cell cycle regulation through differential binding to specific adaptor proteins. WLM domains are found mostly in plant proteins, belonging to the Zincin-like superfamily of Zn-dependent peptidases that are linked to the ubiquitin signaling pathway through its fusion with the ubiquitin-binding PUB, ubiquitin-like, and Little Finger domains. More specifically, genetic evidence implicates the WLM family in de-SUMOylation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВcd10464, PUB_RNF31, PNGase/UBA or UBX (PUB) domain of the RNF31 (or HOIP) protein. This PUB domain is found in the p97 adaptor protein RNF31 (RING finger protein 31). The PUB domain functions as a p97 (also known as valosin-containing protein or VCP) adaptor by interacting with the D1 and/or D2 ATPase domains. The type II AAA+ ATPase p97 is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as the deglycosylation of ERAD substrates, membrane fusion, transcription factor activation and cell cycle regulation through differential binding to specific adaptor proteins. The RNF31 protein, also known as HOIP or Zibra, contains an N-terminal PUB domain similar to those in PNGase and UBXD1, suggesting its association with p97. RNF31 functions in a complex with another RING-finger protein (HOIL-IL), displaying E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity, and forming linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) through linkages between the N- and C-termini of ubiquitin. LUBAC has been shown to activate the NF-kappaB pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВПcd10466, FimH_man-bind, Mannose binding domain of FimH and related proteins. This family, restricted to gammaproteobacteria, includes FimH, a mannose-specific adhesin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. The domain appears to bind specifically to D-mannose and mediates cellular adhesion to mannosylated proteins, a prerequisite to colonization and subsequent invasion of epithelial tissues.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА8вА0А0АаАВFcd10467, FAM20_C_like, C-terminal putative kinase domain of FAM20 (family with sequence similarity 20), Drosophila Four-jointed (Fj), and related proteins. Drosophila Fj is a Golgi kinase that phosphorylates Ser or Thr residues within extracellular cadherin domains of a transmembrane receptor Fat and its ligand, Dachsous (Ds). The Fat signaling pathway regulates growth, gene expression, and planar cell polarity (PCP). Defects from mutation in the Drosophila fj gene include loss of the intermediate leg joint, and a PCP defect in the eye. Fjx1, the murine homologue of Fj, has been shown to be involved in both the Fat and Hippo signaling pathways, these two pathways intersect at multiple points. The Hippo pathway is important in organ size control and in cancer. FAM20B is a xylose kinase that may regulate the number of glycosaminoglycan chains by phosphorylating the xylose residue in the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans. This domain has homology to a kinase-active site, mutation of three conserved Asp residues at the Drosophila Fj putative active site abolished its ability to phosphorylate Ft and Ds cadherin domains. FAM20A may participate in enamel development and gingival homeostasis, FAM20B in proteoglycan production, and FAM20C in bone development. FAM20C, also called Dentin Matrix Protein 4, is abundant in the dentin matrix, and may participate in the differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells into functional odontoblast-like cells. Mutations in FAM20C are associated with lethal Osteosclerotic Bone Dysplasia (Raine Syndrome), and mutations in FAM20A with Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and Gingival Hyperplasia Syndrome. This model includes the FAM20_C domain family, previously known as DUF1193; FAM20_C appears to be homologous to the catalytic domain of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-like family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА:вА0А0АаАВ╧cd10468, Four-jointed-like_C, C-terminal kinase domain of Drosophila Four-jointed (Fj), mouse Fjx1, and related proteins. Drosophila Fj is a Golgi type II transmembrane protein that is partially secreted, and is a kinase that phosphorylates Ser or Thr residues within extracellular cadherin domains of a transmembrane receptor Fat and its ligand, Dachsous (Ds). Mutation of three conserved Asp residues at the Drosophila Fj putative active site abolished its ability to phosphorylate Ft and Ds cadherin domains. The Fat signaling pathway regulates growth, gene expression, and planar cell polarity (PCP). Defects from mutation in Drosophila Fj include loss of the intermediate leg joint, and a PCP defect in the eye. The expression of the Drospophila fj gene is modulated by Notch, Unpaired (JAK/STAT), and Wingless signals. Mouse Fjx1, has been shown to be involved in both the Fat and Hippo signaling pathways; these two pathways intersect at multiple points. The Hippo pathway is important in organ size control and in cancer. The expression of the mouse fjx1 gene is also Notch dependent; fjx1 is expressed in the brain, the peripheral nervous system, in epithelial structures of different organs, and during limb development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;вА0А0АаАВКcd10469, FAM20A_C, C-terminal putative kinase domain of FAM20A. Human FAM20A may play a fundamental role in enamel development and gingival homeostasis as mutations in FAM20A may underlie the pathogenesis of the autosomal recessive Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and Gingival Hyperplasia Syndrome. It is expressed in ameloblasts and gingivae. AI refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders of biomineralization caused by a lack of normal enamel formation. Mouse FAM20A is a secreted protein and the gene encoding it is differentially expressed in hematopoietic cells undergoing myeloid differentiation. This protein has also been associated with growth disorder in mice. The C-terminal domain of FAM20A is a putative kinase domain, based on mutagenesis of the C-terminal domain of Drosophila Four-Jointed, a related Golgi kinase. This subfamily belongs to the FAM20_C (also known as DUF1193) domain family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<вА0А0АаАВHcd10470, FAM20B_C, C-terminal putative kinase domain of FAM20B xylose kinase. Experiments with human FAM20B suggest that it is a xylose kinase that participates in proteoglycan production. It may regulate the number of glycosaminoglycan chains by phosphorylating the xylose residue in the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans. The C-terminal domain of FAM20B is a putative kinase domain, based on mutagenesis of the C-terminal domain of Drosophila Four-Jointed, a related Golgi kinase. This subfamily belongs to the FAM20_C (also known as DUF1193) domain family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА=вА0А0АаАВpcd10471, FAM20C_C, C-terminal putative kinase domain of FAM20C (also known as Dentin Matrix Protein 4, DMP4). Mouse DMP4 is abundant in the dentin matrix, and is expressed in high levels in odontoblasts. These latter cells synthesize various nucleators or inhibitors of mineralization. The in vivo role of DMP4 in dentinogenesis is unclear. However, gain- and loss-of-function experiments suggest that it participates in the differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells into functional odontoblast-like cells. In addition to this domain, DMP4 contains a Greek key calcium-binding domain. Human FAM20C participates in bone development; mutations in FAM20C are associated with lethal Osteosclerotic Bone Dysplasia (Raine Syndrome), an autosomal recessive disorder in which affected individuals die within days or weeks of birth, usually due to thoratic malformation resulting in respiratory failure. The C-terminal domain of FAM20C is a putative kinase domain, based on mutagenesis of the C-terminal domain of Drosophila Four-Jointed, a related Golgi kinase. This subfamily belongs to the FAM20_C (also known as DUF1193) domain family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВFcd10472, EphR_LBD_B, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-B receptors. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. They play important roles in synapse formation and plasticity, spine morphogenesis, axon guidance, and angiogenesis. In the intestinal epithelium, EphB receptors are Wnt signaling target genes that control cell compartmentalization. They function as suppressors of colon cancer progression. There are six vertebrate EhpB receptors (EphB1-6), which display promiscuous interactions with three ephrin-B ligands. One exception is EphB2, which also interacts with ephrin A5. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Ephrin/EphR interaction mainly results in cell-cell repulsion or adhesion, making it important in neural development and plasticity, cell morphogenesis, cell-fate determination, embryonic development, tissue patterning, and angiogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА(вА0А0АаАВсcd10473, EphR_LBD_A, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptors. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Ephrin/EphR interaction mainly results in cell-cell repulsion or adhesion, making it important in neural development and plasticity, cell morphogenesis, cell-fate determination, embryonic development, tissue patterning, and angiogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА)вА0А0АаАВTcd10474, EphR_LBD_B4, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-B Receptor 4. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. There are six vertebrate EhpB receptors (EphB1-6), which display promiscuous interactions with three ephrin-B ligands. EphB4 plays a role in osteoblast differentiation and has been linked to multiple myeloma. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА*вА0А0АаАВдcd10475, EphR_LBD_B6, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-B Receptor 6. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. There are six vertebrate EhpB receptors (EphB1-6), which display promiscuous interactions with three ephrin-B ligands. EphB6, a kinase-defective member of this family, is downregulated in MDA-MB-231-breast cancer cells and myeloid cancers and upregulated in neuroblasoma and glioblastoma. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА+вА0А0АаАВ╢cd10476, EphR_LBD_B1, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-B Receptor 1. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. There are six vertebrate EhpB receptors (EphB1-6), which display promiscuous interactions with three ephrin-B ligands. Using EphB1 knockout-mice, EphB1 has been shown to be essential to the development of long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular model of synaptic plasticity, learning and memory formation. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА,вА0А0АаАВcd10477, EphR_LBD_B2, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-B Receptor 2. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. There are six vertebrate EhpB receptors (EphB1-6), which display promiscuous interactions with three ephrin-B ligands. EphB2 plays a role in cell positioning in the gastrointestinal tract by being expressed in proliferating progenitor cells. It also has been implicated in colorectal cancer. A loss of EphB2, as well as EphA4, also precedes memory decline in a murine model of Alzheimers disease. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА-вА0А0АаАВ╘cd10478, EphR_LBD_B3, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-B Receptor 3. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. There are six vertebrate EhpB receptors (EphB1-6), which display promiscuous interactions with three ephrin-B ligands. EphB3 plays a role in cell positioning in the gastrointestinal tract by being preferentially expressed in Paneth cells. It also has been implicated in early colorectal cancer and early stage squamous cell lung cancer. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА.вА0А0АаАВ╣cd10479, EphR_LBD_A1, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptor 1. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. EphA1 is downregulated in some advanced colorectal and myeloid cancers and upregulated in neuroblasoma and glioblastoma. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Ephrin/EphR interaction mainly results in cell-cell repulsion or adhesion.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА/вА0А0АаАВkcd10480, EphR_LBD_A2, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptor 2. EphRs comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyr kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. EphA2 negatively regulates cell differentiation and has been shown to be overexpressed in tumor cells and tumor blood vessels in a variety of cancers including breast, prostate, lung, and colon. As a result, it is an attractive target for drug design since its inhibition could affect several aspects of tumor progression. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Ephrin/EphR interaction mainly results in cell-cell repulsion or adhesion.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0вА0А0АаАВcd10481, EphR_LBD_A3, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptor 3. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. EphA3 has been implicated in leukemia, lung and other cancers. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Ephrin/EphR interaction mainly results in cell-cell repulsion or adhesion.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВcd10482, EphR_LBD_A4, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptor 4. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. A loss of EphA4, as well as EphB2, precedes memory decline in a murine model of Alzheimers disease. EphA4 has been shown to have a negative effect on axon regeneration and functional restoration in corticospinal lesions and is downregulated in some cervical cancers. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА2вА0А0АаАВ2cd10483, EphR_LBD_A5, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptor 5. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. EphA5 is almost exclusively expressed in the nervous system. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА3вА0А0АаАВ|cd10484, EphR_LBD_A6, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptor 6. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. EphA6, like other Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands, seems to play a role in neural development, underlying learning and memory. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА4вА0А0АаАВVcd10485, EphR_LBD_A7, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptor 7. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. EphA7 has been implicated in various cancers, including prostate, gastic and colorectal cancers. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА5вА0А0АаАВ#cd10486, EphR_LBD_A8, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptor 8. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. EphA8 has been implicated in various cancers. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА6вА0А0АаАВ▀cd10487, EphR_LBD_A10, Ligand Binding Domain of Ephrin type-A Receptor 10. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. EphA10, which contains an inactive tyr kinase domain, may function to attenuate signals of co-clustered active receptors. EphA10 is mainly expressed in the testis. EphRs contain a ligand binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Ephrin/EphR interaction results in cell-cell repulsion or adhesion.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА7вА0А0АаАВfcd10488, MH1_R-SMAD, N-terminal Mad Homology 1 (MH1) domain of receptor regulated SMADs. The MH1 is a small DNA-binding domain present in SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. It binds to the major groove in an unusual manner via a beta hairpin structure. It negatively regulates the functions of the MH2 domain, the C-terminal domain of SMAD. This MH1 domain is found in all receptor regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) including SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD5 and SMAD9. SMAD1 plays an essential role in bone development and postnatal bone formation through activation by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 1 receptor kinase. SMAD2 regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, while SMAD3 modulates signals of activin and TGF-beta. SMAD4, a common mediator SMAD (co-SMAD) binds R-SMADs, forming an oligomeric complex that binds to DNA and serves as a transcription factor. SMAD5 is involved in bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signal modulation, possibly playing a role in the pathway involving inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cells by TGF-beta. SMAD9 (also known as SMAD8) can mediate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into tendon-like cells by inhibiting the osteogenic pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАДвА0А0АаАВIcd10489, MH1_SMAD_6_7, N-terminal Mad Homology 1 (MH1) domain in SMAD6 and SMAD7. The MH1 is a small DNA-binding domain present in SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. MH1 binds to the DNA major groove in an unusual manner via a beta hairpin structure. It negatively regulates the functions of the MH2 domain, the C-terminal domain of SMAD. This MH1 domain is found in SMAD6 and SMAD7, both inhibitory SMADs (I-SMADs) and negative regulators of signaling mediated by TGF-beta superfamily. SMAD6 specifically inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor mediated signaling while SMAD7 enhances muscle differentiation and is often associated with cancer, tissue fibrosis and inflammatory diseases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЕвА0А0АаАВ7cd10490, MH1_SMAD_1_5_9, N-terminal Mad Homology 1 (MH1) domain in SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD9 (also known as SMAD8). The MH1 is a small DNA-binding domain present in SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. MH1 binds to the DNA major groove in an unusual manner via a beta hairpin structure. It negatively regulates the functions of the MH2 domain, the C-terminal domain of SMAD. This MH1 domain is found in SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD9, all closely related receptor regulated SMADs (R-SMADs). SMAD1 plays an essential role in bone development and postnatal bone formation through activation by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 1 receptor kinase. SMAD5 is involved in bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signal modulation and may also play a role in the pathway involving inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cells by TGF-beta. SMAD9 mediates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into tendon-like cells by inhibiting the osteogenic pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЖвА0А0АаАВYcd10491, MH1_SMAD_2_3, N-terminal Mad Homology 1 (MH1) domain in SMAD2 and SMAD3. The MH1 is a small DNA-binding domain present in SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. MH1 binds to the DNA major groove in an unusual manner via a beta hairpin structure. It negatively regulates the functions of the MH2 domain, the C-terminal domain of SMAD. This MH1 is found in SMAD2 as well as SMAD3. SMAD2 mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thereby regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. It plays a role in the transmission of extracellular signals from ligands of the TGF-beta superfamily growth factors into the cell nucleus. SMAD3 modulates signals of activin and TGF-beta. It binds SMAD4, enabling its transmigration into the nucleus where it forms complexes with other proteins and acts as a transcription factor. Increased SMAD3 activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of scleroderma.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЗвА0А0АаАВєcd10492, MH1_SMAD_4, N-terminal Mad Homology 1 (MH1) domain in SMAD4. The MH1 is a small DNA-binding domain present in SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. MH1 binds to the DNA major groove in an unusual manner via a beta hairpin structure. It negatively regulates the functions of the MH2 domain, the C-terminal domain of SMAD. This MH1 belongs to SMAD4, a common mediator SMAD (co-SMAD), which belongs to the Dwarfin family of proteins and is involved in many cell functions such as differentiation, apoptosis, gastrulation, embryonic development and cell cycle. SMAD4 binds receptor regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) such as SMAD1 or SMAD2, and forms an oligomeric complex that binds to DNA and serves as a transcription factor. SMAD4 is often mutated in several cancers, such as multiploid colorectal cancer and pancreatic carcinoma, as well as in juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАИвА0А0АаАВ(cd10493, MH1_SMAD_6, N-terminal Mad Homology 1 (MH1) domain in SMAD6. The MH1 is a small DNA-binding domain present in SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. MH1 binds to the DNA major groove in an unusual manner via a beta hairpin structure. It negatively regulates the functions of the MH2 domain, the C-terminal domain of SMAD. This MH1 belongs to SMAD6, an inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD) or antagonistic SMAD, which acts as a negative regulator of signaling mediated by TGF-beta superfamily ligands, by competing with SMAD4 and preventing the transcription of SMAD4's gene products. SMAD6 specifically inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor mediated signaling.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЙвА0А0АаАВ@cd10494, MH1_SMAD_7, N-terminal Mad Homology 1 (MH1) domain in SMAD7. The MH1 is a small DNA-binding domain present in SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins. It binds to the major groove in an unusual manner via a beta hairpin structure. It negatively regulates the functions of the MH2 domain, the C-terminal domain of SMAD. This MH1 belongs to SMAD7, an inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD) or antagonistic SMAD, which acts as a negative regulator of signaling mediated by TGF-beta superfamily ligands, by blocking TGF-beta type 1 and activin association with the receptor as well as access to SMAD2. SMAD7 enhances muscle differentiation, playing pivotal roles in embryonic development and adult homoeostasis. Altered expression of SMAD7 is often associated with cancer, tissue fibrosis and inflammatory diseases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАКвА0А0АаАВ┤cd10495, MH2_R-SMAD, C-terminal Mad Homology 2 (MH2) domain in receptor regulated SMADs. The MH2 domain is located at the C-terminus of the SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. The MH2 domain is responsible for type I receptor interaction, phosphorylation-triggered homo- and hetero-oligomerization, and transactivation. It is negatively regulated by the N-terminal MH1 domain. Receptor regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) include SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD5 and SMAD9. SMAD1 plays an essential role in bone development and postnatal bone formation through activation by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 1 receptor kinase. SMAD2 regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, while SMAD3 modulates signals of activin and TGF-beta. SMAD5 is involved in BMP signal modulation, possibly playing a role in the pathway involving inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cells by TGF-beta. SMAD9 (also known as SMAD8) can mediate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into tendon-like cells by inhibiting the osteogenic pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАМвА0А0АаАВНcd10496, MH2_I-SMAD, C-terminal Mad Homology 2 (MH2) domain in Inhibitory SMADs. The MH2 domain is located at the C-terminus of the SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. The MH2 domain is responsible for type I receptor interaction, phosphorylation-triggered homo- and hetero-oligomerization, and transactivation. It is negatively regulated by the N-terminal MH1 domain, which prevents it from forming a complex with SMAD4. SMAD6 and SMAD7 are inhibitory SMADs (I-SMADs) that function as negative regulators of signaling mediated by the TGF-beta superfamily. SMAD6 specifically inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor mediated signaling, while SMAD7 enhances muscle differentiation and is often associated with cancer, tissue fibrosis and inflammatory diseases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАНвА0А0АаАВ?cd10497, MH2_SMAD_1_5_9, C-terminal Mad Homology 2 (MH2) domain in SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD9. The MH2 domain is located at the C-terminus of the SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. The MH2 domain is responsible for type I receptor interaction, phosphorylation-triggered homo- and hetero-oligomerization, and transactivation. It is negatively regulated by the N-terminal MH1 domain, which prevents it from forming a complex with SMAD4. SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD9 (also known as SMAD8), are receptor regulated SMADs (R-SMADs). SMAD1 plays an essential role in bone development and postnatal bone formation through activation by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type 1 receptor kinase. SMAD5 is involved in BMP signal modulation and may also play a role in the pathway involving inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cells by TGF-beta. SMAD9 mediates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into tendon-like cells by inhibiting the osteogenic pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАОвА0А0АаАВхcd10498, MH2_SMAD_4, C-terminal Mad Homology 2 (MH2) domain in SMAD4. The MH2 domain is located at the C-terminus of the SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. The MH2 domain is responsible for type I receptor interaction, phosphorylation-triggered homo- and hetero-oligomerization, and transactivation. It is negatively regulated by the N-terminal MH1 domain. SMAD4, which belongs to the Dwarfin family of proteins, is involved in many cell functions such as differentiation, apoptosis, gastrulation, embryonic development and the cell cycle. SMAD4 binds receptor regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) such as SMAD1 or SMAD2, and forms an oligomeric complex that binds to DNA and serves as a transcription factor. SMAD4 is often mutated in several cancers, such as multiploid colorectal cancer, cervical cancer and pancreatic carcinoma, as well as in juvenile polyposis syndrome.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАПвА0А0АаАВcd10499, MH2_SMAD_6, C-terminal Mad Homology 2 (MH2) domain in SMAD6. The MH2 domain is located at the C-terminus of the SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. The MH2 domain is responsible for type I receptor interaction, phosphorylation-triggered homo- and hetero-oligomerization, and transactivation. It is negatively regulated by the N-terminal MH1 domain, which prevents it from forming a complex with SMAD4. SMAD6, an inhibitory or antagonistic SMAD (I-SMAD), acts as a negative regulator of signaling mediated by the TGF-beta superfamily of ligands, by competing with SMAD4 and preventing the transcription of SMAD4's gene products. SMAD6 specifically inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor mediated signaling. SMAD6 and SMAD7 act as critical mediators for effective TGF-beta I-mediated suppression of Interleukin-1/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) signaling through simultaneous binding to Pellino-1, an adaptor protein of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), via their MH2 domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАРвА0А0АаАВcd10500, MH2_SMAD_7, C-terminal Mad Homology 2 (MH2) domain in SMAD7. The MH2 domain is located at the C-terminus of the SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. The MH2 domain is responsible for type I receptor interaction, phosphorylation-triggered homo- and hetero-oligomerization, and transactivation. It is negatively regulated by the N-terminal MH1 domain, which prevents it from forming a complex with SMAD4. SMAD7, an inhibitory or antagonistic SMAD (I-SMAD), acts as a negative regulator of signaling mediated by the TGF-beta superfamily of ligands, by blocking TGF-beta type 1 and activin association with the receptor as well as access to SMAD2. SMAD7 enhances muscle differentiation, playing pivotal roles in embryonic development and adult homoeostasis. SMAD7 and SMAD6 act as critical mediators for effective TGF-beta I-mediated suppression of Interleukin-1/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) signaling through simultaneous binding to Pellino-1, an adaptor protein of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 1(IRAK1), via their MH2 domains. Altered expression of SMAD7 is often associated with cancer, tissue fibrosis and inflammatory diseases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАСвА0А0АаАВТcd10506, RNAP_IV_RPD1_N, Largest subunit (NRPD1) of higher plant RNA polymerase IV, N-terminal domain. NRPD1 and NRPE1 are the largest subunits of plant DNA-dependent RNA polymerase IV and V that, together with second largest subunits (NRPD2 and NRPE2), form the active site region of the DNA entry and RNA exit channel. Higher plants have five multi-subunit nuclear RNA polymerases; RNAP I, RNAP II and RNAP III, which are essential for viability, plus the two isoforms of the non-essential polymerase RNAP IV and V, which specialize in small RNA-mediated gene silencing pathways. RNAP IV and/or V might be involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation of endogenous repetitive elements, silencing of transgenes, regulation of flowering-time genes, inducible regulation of adjacent gene pairs, and spreading of mobile silencing signals. The subunit compositions of RNAP IV and V reveal that they evolved from RNAP II.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў вА0А0АаАВ=cd10507, Zn-ribbon_RPA12, C-terminal zinc ribbon domain of RPA12 subunit of RNA polymerase I. The C-terminal zinc ribbon domain (C_ribbon) of subunit A12 (C-ribbon_RPA12) in RNA polymerase (Pol) I is involved in intrinsic transcript cleavage. Eukaryote genomes are transcribed by three nuclear RNA polymerases (Pol I, II and III) that share some subunits. RPA12 in Pol I, RPB9 in Pol II, RPC11 in Pol III and TFS in archaea are distantly related to each other and to the TFIIS elongation factor of Pol II. RPA12 has two zinc-binding domains separated by a flexible linker.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎ╨вА0А0АаАВ┤cd10508, Zn-ribbon_RPB9, C-terminal zinc ribbon domain of RPB9 subunit of RNA polymerase II. The C-terminal zinc ribbon domain (C_ribbon) of subunit B9 (C-ribbon_RPB9) in RNA polymerase (Pol) II is involved in intrinsic transcript cleavage. Eukaryote genomes are transcribed by three nuclear RNA polymerases (Pol I, II and III) that share some subunits. RPB9 have strong homology to RPA12 of Pol I and RPC11 of Pol III subunits but its intrinsic cleavage activity is weaker for Pol II. C-ribbon_RPB9 is homologous to Pol II elongation factor TFIIS domain III. The very weak cleavage activity of Pol II is stimulated by TFIIS. RPB9 has two zinc-binding domains separated by a flexible linker.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎ╤вА0А0АаАВecd10509, Zn-ribbon_RPC11, C-terminal zinc ribbon domain of RPC11 subunit of RNA polymerase III. The C-terminal zinc ribbon domain (C_ribbon) of subunit C11 (C-ribbon_RPC11) in RNA polymerase (Pol) III is required for intrinsic transcript cleavage. RPC11 is also involved in Pol III termination. Eukaryote genomes are transcribed by three nuclear RNA polymerases (Pol I, II and III) that share some subunits. RPC11 have strong homology to RPB9 of Pol II and RPA12 of Pol I. C-ribbon_RPC11 is homologous to Pol II elongation factor TFIIS domain III. C11 has two zinc-binding domains separated by a flexible linker.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎ╥вА0А0АаАВ▀cd10511, Zn-ribbon_TFS, C-terminal zinc ribbon domain of archaeal Transcription Factor S (TFS). TFS is an archaeal protein that stimulates the intrinsic cleavage activity of archaeal RNA polymerase. TFS C-terminal domain shows sequence similarity to the homologous C-terminal zinc ribbon domain of subunits A12.2, Rpb9, and C11 in eukaryotic RNA Polymerases (Pol) I, II, and III, respectively and domain III of TFIIS. TFS is not a subunit of archaeal RNA polymerase even though its domains arrangement is similar to A12.2, Rpb9, and C1. TFS is a transcription factor with a similar function to eukaryotic TFIIS. TFS has external cleavage induction activity and improves the fidelity of transcription. TFS has two zinc-binding domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎ╙вА0А0АаАВycd10546, VKOR, Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) family. VKOR (also named VKORC1) is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide and vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone, an essential co-factor subsequently used in the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in blood coagulation enzymes. This family includes enzymes that are present in vertebrates, Drosophila, plants, bacteria, and archaea. All homologs of VKOR contain an active site CXXC motif, which is switched between reduced and disulfide-bonded states during the reaction cycle. In some plant and bacterial homologs, the VKOR domain is fused with domains of the thioredoxin family of oxidoreductases which may function as redox partners in initiating the reduction cascade. Warfarin, a widely used oral anticoagulant used in medicine as well as rodenticides, inhibits the activity of VKOR, resulting in decreased levels of reduced vitamin K, which is required for the function of several clotting factors. However, anticoagulation effect of warfarin is significantly associated with polymorphism of certain genes, including VKORC1. Interestingly, in rodents, an adaptive trait appears to have evolved convergently by selection on new or standing genetic polymorphisms in VKORC1 as well as by adaptive introgressive hybridization between species, likely brought about by human-mediated dispersal.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╓вА0А0АаАВєcd10549, MtMvhB_like, Uncharacterized polyferredoxin-like protein. This family contains uncharacterized polyferredoxin protein similar to Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum MvhB. The mvhB is a gene of the methylviologen-reducing hydrogenase operon. It is predicted to contain 12 [4Fe-4S] clusters, and was therefore suggested to be a polyferredoxin. As a subfamily of the beta subunit of the DMSO Reductase (DMSOR) family, it is predicted to function as electron carrier in the reducing reaction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсвА0А0АаАВ┴cd10550, DMSOR_beta_like, uncharacterized subfamily of DMSO Reductase beta subunit family. This family consists of the small beta iron-sulfur (FeS) subunit of the DMSO Reductase (DMSOR) family. Members of this family also contain a large, periplasmic molybdenum-containing alpha subunit and may have a small gamma subunit as well. Examples of heterodimeric members with alpha and beta subunits include arsenite oxidase, and tungsten-containing formate dehydrogenase (FDH-T) while heterotrimeric members containing alpha, beta, and gamma subunits include formate dehydrogenase-N (FDH-N), and nitrate reductase (NarGHI). The beta subunit contains four Fe4/S4 and/or Fe3/S4 clusters which transfer the electrons from the alpha subunit to a hydrophobic integral membrane protein, presumably a cytochrome containing two b-type heme groups. The reducing equivalents are then transferred to menaquinone, which finally reduces the electron-accepting enzyme system.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсАвА0А0АаАВ└cd10551, PsrB, polysulfide reductase beta (PsrB) subunit. This family includes the beta subunit of bacterial polysulfide reductase (PsrABC), an integral membrane-bound enzyme responsible for quinone-coupled reduction of polysulfides, a process important in extreme environments such as deep-sea vents and hot springs. Polysulfide reductase contains three subunits: a catalytic subunit PsrA, an electron transfer PsrB subunit and the hydrophobic transmembrane PsrC subunit. PsrB belongs to the DMSO reductase superfamily that contains [4Fe-4S] clusters which transfer the electrons from the A subunit to the hydrophobic integral membrane C subunit via the B subunit. In Shewanella oneidensis, which has highly diverse anaerobic respiratory pathways, PsrABC is responsible for H2S generation as well as its regulation via respiration of sulfur species. PsrB transfers electrons from PsrC (serving as quinol oxidase) to the catalytic subunit PsrA for reduction of corresponding electron acceptors. It has been shown that T. thermophilus polysulfide reductase could be a key energy-conserving enzyme of the respiratory chain, using polysulfide as the terminal electron acceptor and pumping protons across the membrane.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсБвА0А0АаАВcd10552, TH_beta_N, N-terminal FeS domain of pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase (TH), beta subunit. This family includes the beta subunit of pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase (TH), a cytoplasmic molybdenum (Mo) enzyme from anaerobic microorganisms like Pelobacter acidigallici and Desulfitobacterium hafniense which catalyzes the conversion of pyrogallol to phloroglucinol, an important building block of plant polymers. TH belongs to the DMSO reductase (DMSOR) family; it is a heterodimer consisting of a large alpha catalytic subunit and a small beta FeS subunit. The beta subunit has two domains with the N-terminal domain containing three [4Fe-4S] centers and a seven-stranded, mainly antiparallel beta-barrel domain. In the anaerobic bacterium Pelobacter acidigallici, gallic acid, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, or phloroglucinol carboxylic acid are fermented to three molecules of acetate (plus CO2), and TH is the key enzyme in the fermentation pathway, which converts pyrogallol to phloroglucinol in the absence of O2.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсВвА0А0АаАВ№cd10553, PhsB_like, uncharacterized beta subfamily of DMSO Reductase similar to Desulfonauticus sp PhsB. This family includes beta FeS subunits of anaerobic DMSO reductase (DMSOR) superfamily that have yet to be characterized. DMSOR consists of a large, periplasmic molybdenum-containing alpha subunit as well as a small beta FeS subunit, and may also have a small gamma subunit. Examples of heterodimeric members with alpha and beta subunits include arsenite oxidase, and the tungsten-containing formate dehydrogenase (FDH-T). Examples of heterotrimeric members containing alpha, beta, and gamma subunits include formate dehydrogenase-N (FDH-N), and nitrate reductase (NarGHI). The beta subunit contains four Fe4/S4 and/or Fe3/S4 clusters which transfer the electrons from the alpha subunit to a hydrophobic integral membrane protein, presumably a cytochrome containing two b-type heme groups. The reducing equivalents are then transferred to menaquinone, which finally reduces the electron-accepting enzyme system.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсГвА0А0АаАВЦcd10554, HycB_like, HycB, HydN and similar proteins. This family includes HycB, the FeS subunit of a membrane-associated formate hydrogenlyase system (FHL-1) in Escherichia coli that breaks down formate, produced during anaerobic fermentation, to H2 and CO2. FHL-1 consists of formate dehydrogenase H (FDH-H) and the hydrogenase 3 complex (Hyd-3). HycB is thought to code for the [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin subunit of hydrogenase 3, which functions as an intermediate electron carrier protein between hydrogenase 3 and formate dehydrogenase. HydN codes for the [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin subunit of FDH-H; a hydN in-frame deletion mutation causes only weak reduction in hydrogenase activity, but loss of more than 60% of FDH-H activity. This pathway is only active at low pH and high formate concentrations, and is thought to provide a detoxification/de-acidification system countering the buildup of formate during fermentation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсДвА0А0АаАВэcd10555, EBDH_beta, beta subunit of ethylbenzene-dehydrogenase (EBDH). This subfamily includes ethylbenzene dehydrogenase (EBDH, EC 1.17.99.2), a member of the DMSO reductase family. EBDH oxidizes the hydrocarbon ethylbenzene to (S)-1-phenylethanol. It is a heterotrimer, with the alpha subunit containing the catalytic center with a molybdenum held by two molybdopterin-guanine dinucleotides, the beta subunit containing four iron-sulfur clusters (the electron transfer subunit) and the gamma subunit containing a methionine and a lysine as axial heme ligands. During catalysis, electrons produced by substrate oxidation are transferred to a heme in the gamma subunit and then presumably to a separate cytochrome involved in nitrate respiration.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЕвА0А0АаАВРcd10556, SER_beta, Beta subunit of selenate reductase. This subfamily includes beta FeS subunit of selenate reductase (SER), a member of the DMSO reductase family. SER catalyzes the reduction of selenate to selenite in bacterial species that can obtain energy by respiring anaerobically with selenate as the terminal electron acceptor. The enzyme comprises three subunits SerABC, forming a heterotrimer, with the catalytic component (alpha-subunit), iron-sulfur protein (beta-subunit) and monomeric b-type heme-containing gamma subunit. Beta subunit contains coordinating one [3Fe-4S] cluster and three [4Fe-4S] clusters and functions as electron carrier.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЖвА0А0АаАВИcd10557, NarH_beta-like, beta subunit of nitrate reductase A (NarH) and similar proteins. This subfamily includes nitrate reductase A, a member of the DMSO reductase family. The respiratory nitrate reductase complex (NarGHI) from E. coli is a heterotrimer, with the catalytic subunit (NarG) with a molybdo-bis (molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide) cofactor and an [Fe-S] cluster, the electron transfer subunit (NarH) with four [Fe-S] clusters, and the integral membrane subunit (NarI) with two b-type hemes. Nitrate reductase A often forms a respiratory chain with the formate dehydrogenase via the lipid soluble quinol pool. Electron transfer from formate to nitrate is coupled to proton translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane generating proton motive force by a redox loop mechanism. Demethylmenaquinol (DMKH2) has been shown to be a good substrate for NarGHI in nitrate respiration in E. coli.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЗвА0А0АаАВ╕cd10558, FDH-N, The beta FeS subunit of formate dehydrogenase-N (FDH-N). This subfamily contains beta FeS subunit of formate dehydrogenase-N (FDH-N), a member of the DMSO reductase family. FDH-N is involved in the major anaerobic respiratory pathway in the presence of nitrate, catalyzing the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide at the expense of nitrate reduction to nitrite. Thus, FDH-N is a major component of nitrate respiration of Escherichia coli. This integral membrane enzyme forms a heterotrimer; the alpha-subunit (FDH-G) is the catalytic site of formate oxidation and membrane-associated, incorporating a selenocysteine (SeCys) residue and a [4Fe/4S] cluster in addition to two bis-MGD cofactors, the beta subunit (FDH-H) contains four [4Fe/4S] clusters which transfer the electrons from the alpha subunit to the gamma-subunit (FDH-I), a hydrophobic integral membrane protein, presumably a cytochrome containing two b-type heme groups.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсИвА0А0АаАВ^cd10559, W-FDH, tungsten-containing formate dehydrogenase, small subunit. This subfamily contains beta subunit of Tungsten-containing formate dehydrogenase (W-FDH), a member of the DMSO reductase family. W-FDH contains a tungsten instead of molybdenum at the catalytic center. This enzyme seems to be exclusively found in organisms such as hyperthermophilic archaea that live in extreme environments. It is a heterodimer of a large and a small subunit; the large subunit harbors the W site and one [4Fe-4S] center and the small subunit, containing three [4Fe-4S] clusters, functions to transfer electrons.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЙвА0А0АаАВ■cd10560, FDH-O_like, beta subunit of formate dehydrogenase O (FDH-O) and similar proteins. This subfamily includes beta subunit of formate dehydrogenase family O (FDH-O), which is highly homologous to formate dehydrogenase N (FDH-N), a member of the DMSO reductase family. In E. coli three formate dehydrogenases are synthesized that are capable of oxidizing formate; Fdh-H, couples formate disproportionation to hydrogen and CO2, and is part of the cytoplasmically oriented formate hydrogenlyase complex, while FDH-N and FDH-O indicate their respective induction after growth with nitrate and oxygen. Little is known about FDH-O, although it shows formate oxidase activity during aerobic growth and is also synthesized during nitrate respiration, similar to FDH-N.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсКвА0А0АаАВЖcd10561, HybA_like, the FeS subunit of hydrogenase 2. This subfamily includes the beta-subunit of hydrogenase 2 (Hyd-2), an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of H2 to protons and electrons. Hyd-2 is membrane-associated and forms an unusual heterotetrameric [NiFe]-hydrogenase in that it lacks the typical cytochrome b membrane anchor subunit that transfers electrons to the quinone pool. The electron transfer subunit of Hyd-2 (HybA) which is predicted to contain four iron-sulfur clusters, is essential for electron transfer from Hyd-2 to menaquinone/demethylmenaquinone (MQ/DMQ) to couple hydrogen oxidation to fumarate reduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсЛвА0А0АаАВ═cd10562, FDH_b_like, uncharacterized subfamily of beta subunit of formate dehydrogenase. This subfamily includes the beta-subunit of formate dehydrogenases that are as yet uncharacterized. Members of the DMSO reductase family include formate dehydrogenase N and O (FDH-N, FDH-O) and tungsten-containing formate dehydrogenase (W-FDH) and other similar proteins. FDH-N, a major component of nitrate respiration of Escherichia coli, is involved in the major anaerobic respiratory pathway in the presence of nitrate, catalyzing the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide at the expense of nitrate reduction to nitrite. It forms a heterotrimer; the alpha-subunit (FDH-G) is the catalytic site of formate oxidation and membrane-associated, incorporating a selenocysteine (SeCys) residue and a [4Fe/4S] cluster in addition to two bis-MGD cofactors, the beta subunit (FDH-H) contains four [4Fe/4S] clusters which transfer the electrons from the alpha subunit to the gamma-subunit (FDH-I), a hydrophobic integral membrane protein, presumably a cytochrome containing two b-type heme groups. W-FDH contains a tungsten instead of molybdenum at the catalytic center. This enzyme seems to be exclusively found in organisms such as hyperthermophilic archaea that live in extreme environments. It is a heterodimer of a large and a small subunit; the large subunit harbors the W site and one [4Fe-4S] center and the small subunit, containing three [4Fe-4S] clusters, functions to transfer electrons.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсМвА0А0АаАВАcd10563, CooF_like, CooF, iron-sulfur subunit of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. This family includes CooF, the iron-sulfur subunit of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), found in anaerobic bacteria and archaea. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase is a key enzyme for carbon monoxide (CO) metabolism, where CooF is the proposed mediator of electron transfer between CODH and the CO-induced hydrogenase, catalyzing the reaction that uses CO as a single carbon and energy source, and producing only H2 and CO2. The ion-sulfur subunit contains four Fe4/S4 and/or Fe3/S4 clusters which transfer the electrons in the protein complex during reaction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсНвА0А0АаАВ╣cd10564, NapF_like, NapF, iron-sulfur subunit of periplasmic nitrate reductase. This family contains NapF protein, the iron-sulfur subunit of periplasmic nitrate reductase. The periplasmic nitrate reductase NapABC of Escherichia coli likely functions during anaerobic growth in low-nitrate environments; napF operon expression is activated by cyclic AMP receptor protein (Crp). NapF is a subfamily of the beta subunit of DMSO reductase (DMSOR) family. DMSOR family members have a large, periplasmic molybdenum-containing alpha subunit as well as a small beta FeS subunit, and may also have a small gamma subunit. The beta subunit contains four Fe4/S4 and/or Fe3/S4 clusters which transfer the electrons from the alpha subunit to a hydrophobic integral membrane protein, presumably a cytochrome containing two b-type heme groups. The reducing equivalents are then transferred to menaquinone, which finally reduces the electron-accepting enzyme system.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсОвА0А0АаАВcd10569, FERM_C_Talin, FERM domain C-lobe/F3 of Talin. Talin (also called filopodin) plays an important role in initiating actin filament growth in motile cell protrusions. It is responsible for linking the cytoplasmic domains of integrins to the actin-based cytoskeleton, and is involved in vinculin, integrin and actin interactions. At the leading edge of motile cells, talin colocalises with the hyaluronan receptor layilin in transient adhesions, some of which become more stable focal adhesions (FA). During this maturation process, layilin is replaced with integrins, where localized production of PI(4,5)P(2) by type 1 phosphatidyl inositol phosphate kinase type 1gamma (PIPK1gamma) is thought to play a role in FA assembly. Talins are composed of a N-terminal region FERM domain which us made up of 3 subdomains (N, alpha-, and C-lobe; or- A-lobe, B-lobe, and C-lobe; or F1, F2, and F3) connected by short linkers, a talin rod which binds vinculin, and a conserved C-terminal region with actin- and integrin-binding sites. There are 2 additional actin-binding domains, one in the talin rod and the other in the FERM domain. Both the F2 and F3 FERM subdomains contribute to F-actin binding. Subdomain F3 of the FERM domain contains overlapping binding sites for integrin cytoplasmic domains and for the type 1 gamma isoform of PIP-kinase (phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase). The FERM domain has a cloverleaf tripart structure . F3 within the FERM domain is part of the PH domain family. The FERM domain is found in the cytoskeletal-associated proteins such as ezrin, moesin, radixin, 4.1R, and merlin. These proteins provide a link between the membrane and cytoskeleton and are involved in signal transduction pathways. The FERM domain is also found in protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) , the tyrosine kinases FAK and JAK, in addition to other proteins involved in signaling. This domain is structurally similar to the PH and PTB domains and consequently is capable of binding to both peptides and phospholipids at different sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАХвА0А0АаАВ╨cd10570, PH-GRAM, Pleckstrin Homology-Glucosyltransferases, Rab-like GTPase activators and Myotubularins (PH-GRAM) domain. Myotubularin-related proteins are a subfamily of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that dephosphorylate D3-phosphorylated inositol lipids. Mutations in this family cause the human neuromuscular disorders myotubular myopathy and type 4B Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome. 6 of the 13 MTMRs (MTMRs 5, 9-13) contain naturally occurring substitutions of residues required for catalysis by PTP family enzymes. Although these proteins are predicted to be enzymatically inactive, they are thought to function as antagonists of endogenous phosphatase activity or interaction modules. Most MTMRs contain a N-terminal PH-GRAM domain, a Rac-induced recruitment domain (RID) domain, a PTP domain (which may be active or inactive), a SET-interaction domain, and a C-terminal coiled-coil region. In addition some members contain DENN domain N-terminal to the PH-GRAM domain and FYVE, PDZ, and PH domains C-terminal to the coiled-coil region. The GRAM domain, found in myotubularins, glucosyltransferases, and other putative membrane-associated proteins, is part of a larger motif with a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain fold.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА3┴вА0А0АаАВщcd10571, PH_beta_spectrin, Beta-spectrin pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Beta spectrin binds actin and functions as a major component of the cytoskeleton underlying cellular membranes. Beta spectrin consists of multiple spectrin repeats followed by a PH domain, which binds to inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. The PH domain of beta-spectrin is thought to play a role in the association of spectrin with the plasma membrane of cells. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЧвА0А0АаАВJcd10572, PH_RhoGEF3_XPLN, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. RhoGEF3/XPLN, a Rho family GEF, preferentially stimulates guanine nucleotide exchange on RhoA and RhoB, but not RhoC, RhoG, Rac1, or Cdc42 in vitro. It also possesses transforming activity. RhoGEF3/XPLN contains a tandem Dbl homology and PH domain, but lacks homology with other known functional domains or motifs. It is expressed in the brain, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, platelets, and macrophage and neuronal cell lines. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАШвА0А0АаАВхcd10573, PH_DAPP1, Dual Adaptor for Phosphotyrosine and 3-Phosphoinositides Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. DAPP1 (also known as PHISH/3' phosphoinositide-interacting SH2 domain-containing protein or Bam32) plays a role in B-cell activation and has potential roles in T-cell and mast cell function. DAPP1 promotes B cell receptor (BCR) induced activation of Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, which feed into mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation pathways and affect cytoskeletal rearrangement. DAPP1can also regulate BCR-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). DAPP1 contains an N-terminal SH2 domain and a C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain with a single tyrosine phosphorylation site located centrally. DAPP1 binds strongly to both PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2. The PH domain is essential for plasma membrane recruitment of PI3K upon cell activation. PH domains have diverse functions, but in general are involved in targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular location or in the interaction with a binding partner. They share little sequence conservation, but all have a common fold, which is electrostatically polarized. Less than 10% of PH domains bind phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) with high affinity and specificity. PH domains are distinguished from other PIP-binding domains by their specific high-affinity binding to PIPs with two vicinal phosphate groups: PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 which results in targeting some PH domain proteins to the plasma membrane. A few display strong specificity in lipid binding. Any specificity is usually determined by loop regions or insertions in the N-terminus of the domain, which are not conserved across all PH domains. PH domains are found in cellular signaling proteins such as serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases, regulators of G-proteins, endocytotic GTPases, adaptors, as well as cytoskeletal associated molecules and in lipid associated enzymes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЩвА0А0АаАВкcd10574, EVH1_SPRED-like, Sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing-like proteins EVH1 domain. The Spred family has the following domains: an N-terminal EVH1 domain, a unique KBD (c-Kit kinase binding) domain which that is phosphorylated by the stem cell factor receptor c-Kit, and a C-terminal cysteine-rich SPR (Sprouty-related) domain which is involved in membrane localization. There are 3 Spred proteins: Spred1 which interacts with both Ras and Raf through its SPR domain; Spred2 which is the most abundant isoform; and Spred3 which has a non-functional KBD and maintains the inhibitory action on Raf. Legius syndrome is caused by heterozygous mutations in Spred1. Both EVH1 and SPR domains are involved in the inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway by Spred proteins. The specific function of the Spred2 EVH1 domain is unknown and there are no known interacting proteins to date. It is thought that its EVH1 domain will have a fourth distinct peptide binding mechanism within the EVH1 family. The EVH1 domains are part of the PH domain superamily. There are 5 EVH1 subfamilies: Enables/VASP, Homer/Vesl, WASP, Dcp1, and Spred. Ligands are known for three of the EVH1 subfamilies, all of which bind proline-rich sequences: the Enabled/VASP family binds to FPPPP peptides, the Homer/Vesl family binds PPxxF peptides, and the WASP family binds LPPPEP peptides. EVH1 has a PH-like fold, despite having minimal sequence similarity to PH or PTB domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЪвА0А0АаАВ▄cd10575, TNFRSF6B, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6B (TNFRSF6B), also known as decoy receptor 3 (DcR3). The subfamily TNFRSF6B is also known as decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), M68, or TR6. This protein is a soluble receptor without death domain and cytoplasmic domain, and secreted by cells. It acts as a decoy receptor that competes with death receptors for ligand binding. It is a pleiotropic immunomodulator and biomarker for inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Over-expression of this gene has been noted in several cancers, including pancreatic carcinoma, and gastrointestinal tract tumors. It can neutralize the biological effects of three tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members: TNFSF6 (Fas ligand/FasL/CD95L) and TNFSF14 (LIGHT) which are both involved in apoptosis and inflammation, and TNFSF15 (TNF-like molecule 1A/TL1A), which is a T cell co-stimulator and involved in gut inflammation. DcR3 is a novel inflammatory marker; higher DcR3 levels strongly correlate with inflammation and independently predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on hemodialysis. Increased synovial inflammatory cells infiltration in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis is also associated with the elevated DcR3 expression. In cartilaginous fish, mRNA expression of DcR3 in the thymus and leydig, which are the representative lymphoid tissues of elasmobranchs, suggests that DcR3 may act as a modulator in the immune system. Interestingly, in banded dogfish (Triakis scyllia), DcR3 mRNA is strongly expressed in the gill, compared with human expression in the normal lung; both are respiratory organs, suggesting potential relevance of DcR3 to respiratory function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9евА0А0АаАВ╧cd10576, TNFRSF1A, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A), also known as TNFR1. TNFRSF1A (also known as type I TNFR, TNFR1, DR1, TNFRSF1A, CD120a, p55) binds TNF-alpha, through the death domain (DD), and activates NF-kappaB, mediates apoptosis and activates signaling pathways controlling inflammatory, immune, and stress responses. It mediates signal transduction by interacting with antiapoptotic protein BCL2-associated athanogene 4 (BAG4/SODD) and adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRADD that play regulatory roles. The human genetic disorder called tumor necrosis factor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), or periodic fever syndrome, is associated with germline mutations of the extracellular domains of this receptor, possibly due to impaired receptor clearance. TNFRSF1A polymorphisms rs1800693 and rs4149584 are associated with elevated risk of multiple sclerosis. Serum levels of TNFRSF1A are elevated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and high levels are also associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. Patients with idiopathic recurrent acute pericarditis (IRAP), presumed to be an autoimmune process, have also been shown to carry rare mutations (R104Q and D12E) in the TNFRSF1A gene.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9жвА0А0АаАВ[cd10577, TNFRSF1B, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B), also known as TNFR2. TNFRSF1B (also known as TNFR2, type 2 TNFR, TNFBR, TNFR80, TNF-R75, TNF-R-II, p75, CD120b) binds TNF-alpha, but lacks the death domain (DD) that is associated with the cytoplasmic domain of TNFRSF1A (TNFR1). It is inducible and expressed exclusively by oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, T cells, thymocytes, myocytes, endothelial cells, and in human mesenchymal stem cells. TNFRSF1B protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OLGs) against oxidative stress, and induces the up-regulation of cell survival genes. While pro-inflammatory and pathogen-clearing activities of TNF are mediated mainly through activation of TNFRSF1A, a strong activator of NF-kappaB, TNFRSF1B is more responsible for suppression of inflammation. Although the affinities of both receptors for soluble TNF are similar, TNFRSF1B is sometimes more abundantly expressed and thought to associate with TNF, thereby increasing its concentration near TNFRSF1A receptors, and making TNF available to activate TNFRSF1A (a ligand-passing mechanism).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9звА0А0АаАВеcd10578, TNFRSF3, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 3 (TNFRSF3), also known as lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTBR). TNFRSF3 (also known as lymphotoxin beta receptor, LTbetaR, CD18, TNFCR, TNFR3, D12S370, TNFR-RP, TNFR2-RP, LT-BETA-R, TNF-R-III) plays a role in signaling during development of lymphoid and other organs, lipid metabolism, immune response, and programmed cell death. Its ligands include lymphotoxin (LT) alpha/beta membrane form (heterotrimer) and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 (also known as LIGHT). TNFRSF3 agonism by these ligands initiates canonical, as well as non-canonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, and preferentially results in the translocation of p52-RELB complexes into the nucleus. While these ligands are often expressed by T and B cells, TNFRSF3 is conspicuous absence on T and B lymphocytes and NK cells, suggesting that signaling may be unidirectional for TNFRSF3. Activity of this receptor has also been linked to carcinogenesis; it helps trigger apoptosis and can also lead to release of the interleukin 8 (IL8). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9ивА0А0АаАВжcd10579, TNFRSF6, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6), also known as fas cell surface death receptor (Fas). TNFRSF6 (also known as fas cell surface death receptor (FasR) or Fas, APT1, CD95, FAS1, APO-1, FASTM, ALPS1A) contains a death domain and plays a central role in the physiological regulation of programmed cell death. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies and diseases of the immune system. The receptor interactions with the Fas ligand (FasL), allowing the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex that includes Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), caspase 8, and caspase 10; autoproteolytic processing of the caspases in the complex triggers a downstream caspase cascade, leading to apoptosis. This receptor has also been shown to activate NF-kappaB, MAPK3/ERK1, and MAPK8/JNK, and is involved in transducing the proliferating signals in normal diploid fibroblast and T cells. Of the several alternatively spliced transcript variants, some are candidates for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Isoforms lacking the transmembrane domain may negatively regulate the apoptosis mediated by the full length isoform.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9йвА0А0АаАВ 8cd10580, TNFRSF10, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10 (TNFRSF10), includes TNFRSF10A (DR4), TNFRSF10B (DR5), TNFRSF10C (DcR1) and TNFRSF10D (DcR2). TNFRSF10 family contains TNFRSF10A (also known as DR4, Apo2, TRAIL-R1, CD261), TNFRSF10B (also known as DR5, KILLER, TRICK2A, TRAIL-R2, TRICKB, CD262), TNFRSF10C (also known as DcR1, TRAIL-R3, LIT, TRID, CD263), and TNFRSF10D (also known as DcR2, TRUNDD, TRAIL-R4, CD264). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TNFSF10/TRAIL) binds to all 4 receptors. DR4 (TRAIL-R1) and DR5 (TRAIL-R2) are membrane-bound and contain a death domain in their intracellular portion, which is able to transmit an apoptotic signal, thus often called death receptors. In contrast, DcR1 (TRAIL-R3), which lacks the complete intracellular portion and DcR2 (TRAIL-R4), which has a truncated cytoplasmic death domain, do not transmit an apoptotic signal, thus known as decoy receptors. Apoptosis mediated by DR4 and DR5 requires Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain (FADD), a death domain containing adaptor protein. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms and one non-coding transcript have been found for TNFRSF10B/DR5. DcR1 appears to function as an antagonistic receptor that protects cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis; it has been found to be a p53-regulated DNA damage-inducible gene. The expression of this gene is detected in many normal tissues but not in most cancer cell lines, which may explain the specific sensitivity of cancer cells to the apoptosis-inducing activity of TRAIL. DcR2 has been shown to play an inhibitory role in TRAIL-induced cell apoptosis. The membrane expression of all of these receptors (DR4, DR5, DcR1, and DcR2) is greater in normal endometrium (NE) than in endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC). In EAC patients, membrane expression of these receptors are not independent predictors of survival. DcR1 and DcR2 expression is critical in cell growth and apoptosis in cutaneous or uveal melanoma; DcR1 and DcR2 are frequently methylated in both, leading to loss of gene expression and melanomagenesis. On the other hand, DR4 and DR5 methylation is rare in cutaneous melanoma and frequent in uveal melanoma; their expression is wholly independent of the promoter methylation status. DcR1 and DcR2 genes are also reported to be hyper-methylated in prostate cancer. The TRAIL ligand, a potent and specific inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells, has been explored as a therapeutic drug; experimental data has shown that DR4 specific TRAIL variants are more efficacious than wild-type TRAIL in pancreatic cancer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9квА0А0АаАВcd10581, TNFRSF11B, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B), also known as Osteoprotegerin (OPG). TNFRSF11B (also known as Osteoprotegerin, OPG, TR1, OCIF) is a secreted glycoprotein that regulates bone resorption. It binds to two ligands, RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand, also known as osteoprotegerin ligand, OPGL, TRANCE, TNF-related activation induced cytokine), a critical cytokine for osteoclast differentiation, and TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), involved in immune surveillance. Therefore, acting as a decoy receptor for RANKL and TRAIL, OPG inhibits the regulatory effects of nuclear factor-kappaB on inflammation, skeletal, and vascular systems, and prevents TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Studies in mice counterparts suggest that this protein and its ligand also play a role in lymph-node organogenesis and vascular calcification. Circulating OPG levels have emerged as independent biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with acute or chronic heart disease. OPG has also been implicated in various inflammations and linked to diabetes and poor glycemic control. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported, although their full length nature has not been determined.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9лвА0А0АаАВtcd10582, TNFRSF14, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (TNFRSF14), also known as herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). TNFRSF14 (also known as herpes virus entry mediator or HVEM, ATAR, CD270, HVEA, LIGHTR, TR2) regulates T-cell immune responses by activating inflammatory, as well as inhibitory signaling pathways. HVEM acts as a receptor for the canonical TNF-related ligand LIGHT (lymphotoxin-like), which exhibits inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for HVEM. It also acts as a ligand for the immunoglobulin superfamily proteins BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator) and CD160, a feature distinguishing HVEM from other immune regulatory molecules, thus, creating a functionally diverse set of intrinsic and bidirectional signaling pathways. HVEM is highly expressed in the gut epithelium. Genome-wide association studies have shown that Hvem is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk gene, suggesting that HVEM could have a regulatory role influencing the regulation of epithelial barrier, host defense, and the microbiota. Mouse models have revealed that HVEM is involved in colitis pathogenesis, mucosal host defense, and epithelial immunity, thus acting as a mucosal gatekeeper with multiple regulatory functions in the mucosa. HVEM plays a critical role in both tumor progression and resistance to antitumor immune responses, possibly through direct and indirect mechanisms. It is known to be expressed in several human malignancies, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, follicular lymphoma and melanoma. HVEM network may therefore be an attractive target for drug intervention.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9мвА0А0АаАВЩcd10583, TNFRSF21, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 (TNFRSF21), also known as death receptor (DR6). TNFRSF21 (also known as death receptor 6 (DR6), CD358, BM-018) is highly expressed in differentiating neurons as well as in the adult brain, and is upregulated in injured neurons. DR6 negatively regulates neurondendrocyte, axondendrocyte, and oligodendrocyte survival, hinders axondendrocyte and oligodendrocyte regeneration and its inhibition has a neuro-protective effect in nerve injury. It activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8, also called c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1), and induces cell apoptosis by associating with TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain (TRADD), which is known to mediate signal transduction of tumor necrosis factor receptors. TNFRSF21 plays a role in T-helper cell activation, and may be involved in inflammation and immune regulation. Its possible ligand is alpha-amyloid precursor protein (APP), hence probably involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease; when released, APP binds in an autocrine/paracrine manner to activate a caspase-dependent self-destruction program that removes unnecessary or connectionless axons. Increasing beta-catenin levels in brain endothelium upregulates TNFRSF21 and TNFRSF19, indicating that these death receptors are downstream target genes of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which has been shown to be required for blood-brain barrier development. DR6 is up-regulated in numerous solid tumors as well as in tumor vascular cells, including ovarian cancer and may be a clinically useful diagnostic and predictive serum biomarker for some adult sarcoma subtypes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9нвА0А0АаАВIcd10585, CE4_SF, Catalytic NodB homology domain of the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. The carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily mainly includes chitin deacetylases (EC 3.5.1.41), bacterial peptidoglycan N-acetylglucosamine deacetylases (EC 3.5.1.-), and acetylxylan esterases (EC 3.1.1.72), which catalyze the N- or O-deacetylation of substrates such as acetylated chitin, peptidoglycan, and acetylated xylan, respectively. Members in this superfamily contain a NodB homology domain that adopts a deformed (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold, which encompasses a mononuclear metalloenzyme employing a conserved His-His-Asp zinc-binding triad, closely associated with the conserved catalytic base (aspartic acid) and acid (histidine) to carry out acid/base catalysis. The NodB homology domain of CE4 superfamily is remotely related to the 7-stranded beta/alpha barrel catalytic domain of the superfamily consisting of family 38 glycoside hydrolases (GH38), family 57 heat stable retaining glycoside hydrolases (GH57), lactam utilization protein LamB/YcsF family proteins, and YdjC-family proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВcd10718, SH2_CIS, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS). CIS family members are known to be cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of the CIS gene can be induced by IL2, IL3, GM-CSF and EPO in hematopoietic cells. Proteasome-mediated degradation of this protein has been shown to be involved in the inactivation of the erythropoietin receptor. Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАНвА0А0АаАВwcd10719, DnaJ_zf, Zinc finger domain of DnaJ and HSP40. Central/middle or CxxCxGxG-motif containing domain of DnaJ/Hsp40 (heat shock protein 40). DnaJ proteins are highly conserved and play crucial roles in protein translation, folding, unfolding, translocation, and degradation. They act primarily by stimulating the ATPase activity of Hsp70s, an important chaperonin family. Hsp40 proteins are characterized by the presence of an N-terminal J domain, which mediates the interaction with Hsp70. This central domain contains four repeats of a CxxCxGxG motif and binds to two Zinc ions. It has been implicated in substrate binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАфвА0А0АаАВ╝cd10747, DnaJ_C, C-terminal substrate binding domain of DnaJ and HSP40. The C-terminal region of the DnaJ/Hsp40 protein mediates oligomerization and binding to denatured polypeptide substrate. DnaJ/Hsp40 is a widely conserved heat-shock protein. It prevents the aggregation of unfolded substrate and forms a ternary complex with both substrate and DnaK/Hsp70; the N-terminal J-domain of DnaJ/Hsp40 stimulates the ATPase activity of DnaK/Hsp70.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАхвА0А0АаАВ▄cd10748, anti-TRAP, anti-TRAP (AT) protein specific to Bacilli. In Bacillus subtilis and related bacteria, AT binds to the TRAP protein, (tryptophan-activated trp RNA-binding attenuation protein), effectively disrupting interaction of TRAP with mRNAs. Upon binding of tryptophan, TRAP (which forms a complex of 11 identical subunits) interacts with a specific location in the leader RNA and blocks translation of the tryptophan biosynthetic operon. AT, in turn, recognizes the tryptophan-activated TRAP complex and prevents RNA binding. AT is expressed in response to high levels of uncharged tryptophan tRNA. AT contains a zinc-binding motif that closely resembles the zinc-binding motifs in the zinc-finger region of DnaJ/Hsp40. AT has been shown to form homo-dodecameric assemblies, and can actually do that in two different relative orientations, resulting in two different dodecamers. Recent data suggest that the trimeric form of AT may be the biologically relevant active complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАцвА0А0АаАВнcd10785, GH38-57_N_LamB_YdjC_SF, Catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 38 and 57, lactam utilization protein LamB/YcsF family proteins, YdjC-family proteins, and similar proteins. The superfamily possesses strong sequence similarities across a wide range of all three kingdoms of life. It mainly includes four families, glycoside hydrolases family 38 (GH38), heat stable retaining glycoside hydrolases family 57 (GH57), lactam utilization protein LamB/YcsF family, and YdjC-family. The GH38 family corresponds to class II alpha-mannosidases (alphaMII, EC 3.2.1.24), which contain intermediate Golgi alpha-mannosidases II, acidic lysosomal alpha-mannosidases, animal sperm and epididymal alpha -mannosidases, neutral ER/cytosolic alpha-mannosidases, and some putative prokaryotic alpha-mannosidases. AlphaMII possess a-1,3, a-1,6, and a-1,2 hydrolytic activity, and catalyzes the degradation of N-linked oligosaccharides by employing a two-step mechanism involving the formation of a covalent glycosyl enzyme complex. GH57 is a purely prokaryotic family with the majority of thermostable enzymes from extremophiles (many of them are archaeal hyperthermophiles), which exhibit the enzyme specificities of alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25), amylopullulanase (EC 3.2.1.1/41), and alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22). This family also includes many hypothetical proteins with uncharacterized activity and specificity. GH57 cleaves alpha-glycosidic bond by employing a retaining mechanism, which involves a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, allowing transglycosylation. Although the exact molecular function of LamB/YcsF family and YdjC-family remains unclear, they show high sequence and structure homology to the members of GH38 and GH57. Their catalytic domains adopt a similar parallel 7-stranded beta/alpha barrel, which is remotely related to catalytic NodB homology domain of the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<БвА0А0АаАВtcd10786, GH38N_AMII_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of class II alpha-mannosidases and similar proteins; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). Alpha-mannosidases (EC 3.2.1.24) are extensively found in eukaryotes and play important roles in the processing of newly formed N-glycans and in degradation of mature glycoproteins. A deficiency of this enzyme causes the lysosomal storage disease alpha-mannosidosis. Many bacterial and archaeal species also possess putative alpha-mannosidases, but their activity and specificity is largely unknown. Based on different functional characteristics and sequence homology, alpha-mannosidases have been organized into two classes (class I, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 47, and class II, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 38). Members of this family corresponds to class II alpha-mannosidases (alphaMII), which contain intermediate Golgi alpha-mannosidases II, acidic lysosomal alpha-mannosidases, animal sperm and epididymal alpha -mannosidases, neutral ER/cytosolic alpha-mannosidases, and some putative prokaryotic alpha-mannosidases. AlphaMII possess a-1,3, a-1,6, and a-1,2 hydrolytic activity, and catalyzes the degradation of N-linked oligosaccharides. The N-terminal catalytic domain of alphaMII adopts a structure consisting of parallel 7-stranded beta/alpha barrel. Members in this family are retaining glycosyl hydrolases of family GH38 that employs a two-step mechanism involving the formation of a covalent glycosyl enzyme complex. Two carboxylic acids positioned within the active site act in concert: one as a catalytic nucleophile and the other as a general acid/base catalyst.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ВвА0А0АаАВУcd10787, LamB_YcsF_like, LamB/YcsF family of lactam utilization protein. The LamB/YbgL family includes the Aspergillus nidulans protein LamB, and its homologs from all three kingdoms of life. The lamb gene locates at the lam locus of Aspergillus nidulans, consisting of two divergently transcribed genes, lamA and lamB, needed for the utilization of lactams such as 2-pyrrolidinone. Both genes are under the control of the positive regulatory gene amdR and are subject to carbon and nitrogen metabolite repression. Although the exact molecular function of LamB is unknown, it might be required for conversion of exogenous 2-pyrrolidinone to endogenous GABA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ГвА0А0АаАВТcd10788, YdjC_like, YdjC-family proteins. YdjC-family proteins are widely distributed, from human to bacteria. It is represented by an uncharacterised protein YdjC (also known as ChbG), encoded by the chb (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, also called [GlcNAc]2) or cel operon in Escherichia coli, which encodes enzymes involved in growth on an N,N'-diacetylchitobiose carbon source. This subfamily also includes hopanoid biosynthesis associated proteins HpnK and many uncharacterized YdjC homologs. Although the exact molecular function of the YdjC-family proteins remains unclear, it has been suggested that they play a role in the cleavage of cellobiosephosphate.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ДвА0А0АаАВpcd10789, GH38N_AMII_ER_cytosolic, N-terminal catalytic domain of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)/cytosolic class II alpha-mannosidases; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). The subfamily is represented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar alpha-mannosidase Ams1, rat ER/cytosolic alpha-mannosidase Man2C1, and similar proteins. Members in this family share high sequence similarity. None of them have any classical signal sequence or membrane spanning domains, which are typical of sorting or targeting signals. Ams1 functions as a second resident vacuolar hydrolase in S. cerevisiae. It aids in recycling macromolecular components of the cell through hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-d-mannose residues. Ams1 utilizes both the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt, nutrient-rich conditions) and autophagic (starvation conditions) pathways for biosynthetic delivery to the vacuole. Man2C1is involved in oligosaccharide catabolism in both the ER and cytosol. It can catalyze the cobalt-dependent cleavage of alpha 1,2-, alpha 1,3-, and alpha 1,6-linked mannose residues. Members in this family are retaining glycosyl hydrolases of family GH38 that employs a two-step mechanism involving the formation of a covalent glycosyl-enzyme complex. Two carboxylic acids positioned within the active site act in concert: one as a catalytic nucleophile and the other as a general acid/base catalyst.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЕвА0А0АаАВ(cd10790, GH38N_AMII_1, N-terminal catalytic domain of putative prokaryotic class II alpha-mannosidases; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). This mainly bacterial subfamily corresponds to a group of putative class II alpha-mannosidases, including various proteins assigned as alpha-mannosidases, Streptococcus pyogenes (SpGH38) encoded by ORF spy1604. Escherichia coli MngB encoded by the mngB/ybgG gene, and Thermotoga maritime TMM, and similar proteins. SpGH38 targets alpha-1,3 mannosidic linkages. SpGH38 appears to exist as an elongated dimer and display alpha-1,3 mannosidase activity. It is active on disaccharides and some aryl glycosides. SpGH38 can also effectively deglycosylate human N-glycans in vitro. MngB exhibits alpha-mannosidase activity that catalyzes the conversion of 2-O-(6-phospho-alpha-mannosyl)-D-glycerate to mannose-6-phosphate and glycerate in the pathway which enables use of mannosyl-D-glycerate as a sole carbon source. TMM is a homodimeric enzyme that hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, alpha -1,2-mannobiose, alpha -1,3-mannobiose, alpha -1,4-mannobiose, and alpha -1,6-mannobiose. The GH38 family contains retaining glycosyl hydrolases that employ a two-step mechanism involving the formation of a covalent glycosyl enzyme complex. Two carboxylic acids positioned within the active site act in concert: one as a catalytic nucleophile and the other as a general acid/base catalyst. Divalent metal ions, such as zinc or cobalt ions, are suggested to be required for the catalytic activities of typical class II alpha-mannosidases. However, TMM requires the cobalt or cadmium for its activity. The cadmium ion dependency is unique to TMM. Moreover, TMM is inhibited by swainsonine but not 1-deoxymannojirimycin, which is in agreement with the features of cytosolic alpha-mannosidase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЖвА0А0АаАВ_cd10791, GH38N_AMII_like_1, N-terminal catalytic domain of mainly uncharacterized eukaryotic proteins similar to alpha-mannosidases; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). The subfamily of mainly uncharacterized eukaryotic proteins shows sequence homology with class II alpha-mannosidases (AlphaAMIIs). AlphaAMIIs possess a-1,3, a-1,6, and a-1,2 hydrolytic activity, and catalyze the degradation of N-linked oligosaccharides. The N-terminal catalytic domain of alphaMII adopts a structure consisting of parallel 7-stranded beta/alpha barrel. This subfamily belongs to the GH38 family of retaining glycosyl hydrolases, which employ a two-step mechanism involving the formation of a covalent glycosyl enzyme complex; two carboxylic acids positioned within the active site act in concert: one as a catalytic nucleophile and the other as a general acid/base catalyst.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЗвА0А0АаАВвcd10792, GH57N_AmyC_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of alpha-amylase ( AmyC ) and similar proteins. Alpha-amylases (alpha-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolases, EC 3.2.1.1) play essential roles in alpha-glucan metabolism by catalyzing the hydrolysis of polysaccharides such as amylose starch, and beta-limit dextrin. This subfamily is represented by a novel alpha-amylase (AmyC) encoded by hyperthermophilic organism Thermotoga maritime ORF tm1438, and its prokaryotic homologs. AmyC functions as a homotetramer and shows thermostable amylolytic activity. It is strongly inhibited by acarbose. AmyC is composed of a N-terminal catalytic domain, containing a distorted TIM-barrel structure with a characteristic (beta/alpha)7 fold motif, and two additional less conserved domains. There are other two canonical alpha-amylases encoded from T. maritime that lack the sequence similarity to AmyC, and belong to a different superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ИвА0А0АаАВ▓cd10793, GH57N_TLGT_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of 4-alpha-glucanotransferase; glycoside hydrolase family 57 (GH57). 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (TLGT, EC 2.4.1.25) plays a key role in the maltose metabolism. It catalyzes the disproportionation of amylose and the formation of large cyclic alpha-1,4-glucan (cycloamylose) from linear amylose. TLGT functions as a homodimer. Each monomer is composed of two domains, an N-terminal catalytic domain with a (beta/alpha)7 barrel fold and a C-terminal domain with a twisted beta-sandwich fold. Some family members have been designated as alpha-amylases, such as the heat-stable eubacterial amylase from Dictyoglomus thermophilum (DtAmyA) and the extremely thermostable archaeal amylase from Pyrococcus furiosus(PfAmyA). However, both of these proteins are 4-alpha-glucanotransferases. DtAmyA was shown to have transglycosylating activity and PfAmyA exhibits 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЙвА0А0АаАВЕcd10794, GH57N_PfGalA_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of alpha-galactosidase; glycoside hydrolase family 57 (GH57). Alpha-galactosidases (GalA, EC 3.2.1.22) catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha-1,6-linked galactose residues from oligosaccharides and polymeric galactomannans. Based on sequence similarity, the majority of eukaryotic and bacterial GalAs have been classified into glycoside hydrolase family GH27, GH36, and GH4, respectively. This subfamily is represented by a novel type of GalA from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfGalA), which belongs to the GH57 family. PfGalA is an extremely thermo-active and thermostable GalA that functions as a bacterial-like GalA, however, without the capacity to hydrolyze polysaccharides. It specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl-alpha-galactopyranoside, and to some extent that of melibiose and raffinose. PfGalA has a pH optimum between 5.0-5.5.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<КвА0А0АаАВPcd10795, GH57N_MJA1_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of a thermoactive alpha-amylase from Methanococcus jannaschii and similar proteins; glycoside hydrolase family 57 (GH57). The subfamily is represented by a thermostable alpha-amylase (MJA1, EC 3.2.1.1) encoded from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii locus, M J1611. MJA1 has a broad pH optimum 5.0-8.0. It exhibits extremely thermophilic alpha-amylase activity that catalyzes the hydrolysis of large sugar polymers with alpha-l,6 and alpha-l,4 linkages, and yields products including glucose polymers of 1-7 units. MJ1611 also encodes another alpha-amylase with catalytic features distinct from MJA1, which belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH-13), and is not included here. This subfamily also includes many uncharacterized proteins found in bacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЛвА0А0АаАВНcd10796, GH57N_APU, N-terminal catalytic domain of thermoactive amylopullulanases; glycoside hydrolase family 57 (GH57). Pullulanases (EC 3.2.1.41) are capable of hydrolyzing the alpha-1,6 glucosidic bonds of pullulan, producing maltotriose. Amylopullulanases (APU, E.C 3.2.1.1/41) are type II pullulanases which can also degrade both the alpha-1,6 and alpha-1,4 glucosidic bonds of starch, producing oligosaccharides. This subfamily includes GH57 archaeal thermoactive APUs, which show both pullulanolytic and amylolytic activities. They have an acid pH optimum and the presence of Ca2+ might increase their activity, thermostability, and substrate affinity. Besides GH57 thermoactive APUs, all mesophilic and some thermoactive APUs belong to glycoside hydrolase family 13 with catalytic features distinct from GH57. This subfamily also includes many uncharacterized proteins found in bacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<МвА0А0АаАВGcd10797, GH57N_APU_like_1, N-terminal putative catalytic domain of mainly uncharacterized prokaryotic proteins similar to archaeal thermoactive amylopullulanases; glycoside hydrolase family 57 (GH57). This subfamily of mainly uncharacterized bacterial proteins, shows high sequence homology to GH57 archaeal thermoactive amylopullulanases (APU, E.C 3.2.1.1/41). Thermoactive APUs are type II pullulanases with both pullulanolytic and amylolytic activities. They have an acid pH optimum and the presence of Ca2+ might increase their activity, thermostability, and substrate affinity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<НвА0А0АаАВHcd10798, GH57N_like_1, Uncharacterized subfamily of glycoside hydrolase family 57 (GH57). This subfamily of uncharacterized bacterial proteins, shows high sequence homology to glycoside hydrolase family 57 (GH57). Glycoside hydrolase family 57(GH57) is a chiefly prokaryotic family with the majority of thermostable enzymes coming from extremophiles (many of these are archaeal hyperthermophiles), which exhibit the enzyme specificities of alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25), amylopullulanase (EC 3.2.1.1/41), and alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ОвА0А0АаАВшcd10800, LamB_YcsF_YbgL_like, Escherichia coli putative lactam utilization protein YbgL and similar proteins. This subfamily of the LamB/YbgL family is represented by the Escherichia coli putative lactam utilization protein YbgL. Although their molecular function of member of this subfamily is unknown, they show high sequence similarity to the Aspergillus nidulans lactam utilization protein LamB, which might be required for conversion of exogenous 2-pyrrolidinone to endogenous GABA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ПвА0А0АаАВ▐cd10801, LamB_YcsF_like_1, uncharacterized proteins similar to the Aspergillus nidulans lactam utilization protein LamB. This mainly bacterial subfamily of the LamB/YbgL family, contains many well conserved uncharacterized proteins. Although their molecular function remains unknown, those proteins show high sequence similarity to the Aspergillus nidulans lactam utilization protein LamB, which might be required for conversion of exogenous 2-pyrrolidinone to endogenous GABA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<РвА0А0АаАВНcd10802, YdjC_TTHB029_like, Thermus thermophiles TTHB029 and similar proteins. This subfamily is represented by an YdjC-family protein TTHB029 from Thermus thermophilus HB8; it is similar to Escherichia coli YdjC, a hypothetical protein encoded by the celG gene. TTHB029 functions as a homodimer. Each of monomer consists of (beta/alpha)-barrel fold. The molecular function of TTHB029 is unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<СвА0А0АаАВ╘cd10803, YdjC_EF3048_like, Enterococcus faecalis EF3048 and similar proteins. This subfamily is represented by a putative cellobiose-phosphate cleavage protein EF3048 from Enterococcus faecalis v583. It is similar to Escherichia coli YdjC, a hypothetical protein encoded by the celG gene. EF3048 might function as a homodimer. Each of the monomers consists of a (beta/alpha)-barrel fold that forms an active homodimer. The molecular function of the EF3048 is unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ТвА0А0АаАВ$cd10804, YdjC_HpnK_like, hopanoid biosynthesis associated protein HpnK and similar proteins. The subfamily includes some uncharacterized proteins annotated as hopanoid biosynthesis associated proteins, HpnK. They show high sequence similarity to proteins from the YdjC-family, the latter is represented by an uncharacterised protein YdjC (also known as ChbG) encoded by the chb (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, also called [GlcNAc]2) or cel operon in Escherichia coli, which encodes enzymes involved in growth on an N,N'-diacetylchitobiose carbon source.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<УвА0А0АаАВcd10805, YdjC_like_1, uncharacterized YdjC-like family proteins from bacteria. The subfamily contains many hypothetical proteins, and belongs to the YdjC-like family of uncharacterized proteins from bacteria. The YdjC-family is represented by an uncharacterised protein YdjC (also known as ChbG) encoded by the chb (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, also called [GlcNAc]2) or cel operon in Escherichia coli, which encodes enzymes involved in growth on an N,N'-diacetylchitobiose carbon source. The molecular function of this subfamily is unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ФвА0А0АаАВ)cd10806, YdjC_like_2, uncharacterized YdjC-like family proteins from eukaryotes. This eukaryotic subfamily contains hypothetical and uncharacterized proteins, and belongs to the YdjC-like family of uncharacterized proteins. The YdjC-family is represented by an uncharacterised protein YdjC (also known as ChbG) encoded by the chb (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, also called [GlcNAc]2) or cel operon in Escherichia coli, which encodes enzymes involved in growth on an N,N'-diacetylchitobiose carbon source. The molecular function of this subfamily is unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ХвА0А0АаАВcd10807, YdjC_like_3, uncharacterized YdjC-like family proteins from bacteria. This subfamily contains many hypothetical proteins, and belongs to the YdjC-like family of uncharacterized proteins from bacteria. The YdjC-family is represented by an uncharacterised protein YdjC (also known as ChbG) encoded by the chb (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, also called [GlcNAc]2) or cel operon in Escherichia coli, which encodes enzymes involved in growth on an N,N'-diacetylchitobiose carbon source. The molecular function of this subfamily is unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЦвА0А0АаАВ┐cd10808, YdjC, Escherichia coli YdjC-like family of proteins. Uncharacterized subfamily of YdjC-like family of proteins. Included in this subfamily is the uncharacterized Escherichia coli protein YdjC (also known as ChbG), encoded by the chb (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, also called [GlcNAc]2) or cel operon, which encodes enzymes involved in growth on an N,N'-diacetylchitobiose carbon source. The molecular function of this subfamily is unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЧвА0А0АаАВ Юcd10809, GH38N_AMII_GMII_SfManIII_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of Golgi alpha-mannosidase II, Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 alpha-mannosidase III, and similar proteins; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). This subfamily is represented by Golgi alpha-mannosidase II (GMII, also known as mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3- 1,6-alpha mannosidase, EC 3.2.1.114, Man2A1), a monomeric, membrane-anchored class II alpha-mannosidase existing in the Golgi apparatus of eukaryotes. GMII plays a key role in the N-glycosylation pathway. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the terminal both alpha-1,3-linked and alpha-1,6-linked mannoses from the high-mannose oligosaccharide GlcNAc(Man)5(GlcNAc)2 to yield GlcNAc(Man)3(GlcNAc)2(GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosmine), which is the committed step of complex N-glycan synthesis. GMII is activated by zinc or cobalt ions and is strongly inhibited by swainsonine. Inhibition of GMII provides a route to block cancer-induced changes in cell surface oligosaccharide structures. GMII has a pH optimum of 5.5-6.0, which is intermediate between those of acidic (lysosomal alpha-mannosidase) and neutral (ER/cytosolic alpha-mannosidase) enzymes. GMII is a retaining glycosyl hydrolase of family GH38 that employs a two-step mechanism involving the formation of a covalent glycosyl enzyme complex; two carboxylic acids positioned within the active site act in concert: one as a catalytic nucleophile and the other as a general acid/base catalyst. This subfamily also includes human alpha-mannosidase 2x (MX, also known as mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3- 1,6-alpha mannosidase, EC 3.2.1.114, Man2A2). MX is enzymatically and functionally very similar to GMII, and is thought to also function in the N-glycosylation pathway. Also found in this subfamily is class II alpha-mannosidase encoded by Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cell. This alpha-mannosidase is an integral membrane glycoprotein localized in the Golgi apparatus. It shows high sequence homology with mammalian Golgi alpha-mannosidase II(GMII). It can hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (pNP-alpha-Man), and it is inhibited by swainsonine. However, the Sf9 enzyme is stimulated by cobalt and can hydrolyze (Man)5(GlcNAc)2 to (Man)3(GlcNAc)2, but it cannot hydrolyze GlcNAc(Man)5(GlcNAc)2, which is distinct from that of GMII. Thus, this enzyme has been designated as Sf9 alpha-mannosidase III (SfManIII). It probably functions in an alternate N-glycan processing pathway in Sf9 cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ШвА0А0АаАВХcd10810, GH38N_AMII_LAM_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase and similar proteins; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). The subfamily is represented by lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (LAM, Man2B1, EC 3.2.1.114), which is a broad specificity exoglycosidase hydrolyzing all known alpha 1,2-, alpha 1,3-, and alpha 1,6-mannosidic linkages from numerous high mannose type oligosaccharides. LAM is expressed in all tissues and in many species. In mammals, the absence of LAM can cause the autosomal recessive disease alpha-mannosidosis. LAM has an acidic pH optimum at 4.0-4.5. It is stimulated by zinc ion and is inhibited by cobalt ion and plant alkaloids, such as swainsonine (SW). LAM catalyzes hydrolysis by a double displacement mechanism in which a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate is formed and hydrolyzed via oxacarbenium ion-like transition states. A carboxylic acid in the active site acts as the catalytic nucleophile in the formation of the covalent intermediate while a second carboxylic acid acts as a general acid catalyst. The same residue is thought to assist in the hydrolysis (deglycosylation) step, this time acting as a general base.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЩвА0А0АаАВхcd10811, GH38N_AMII_Epman_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of mammalian core-specific lysosomal alpha 1,6-mannosidase and similar proteins; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). The subfamily is represented by a novel human core-specific lysosomal alpha 1,6-mannosidase (Epman, Man2B2) and similar proteins. Although it was previously named as epididymal alpha-mannosidase, Epman has a broadly distributed transcript expression profile. Different from the major broad specificity lysosomal alpha-mannosidases (LAM, MAN2B1), Epman is not associated with genetic alpha-mannosidosis that is caused by the absence of LAM. Furthermore, Epman has unique substrate specificity. It can efficiently cleave only the alpha 1,6-linked mannose residue from (Man)3GlcNAc, but not (Man)3(GlcNAc)2 or other larger high mannose oligosaccharides, in the core of N-linked glycans. In contrast, the major LAM can cleave all of the alpha-linked mannose residues from high mannose oligosaccharides except the core alpha 1,6-linked mannose residue. Moreover, it is suggested that the catalytic activity of Epman is dependent on prior action by di-N-acetyl-chitobiase (chitobiase), which indicates there is a functional cooperation between these two enzymes for the full and efficient catabolism of mammalian lysosomal N-glycan core structures. Epman has an acidic pH optimum. It is strongly stimulated by cobalt or zinc ions and strongly inhibited by furanose analogues swainsonine (SW) and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-mannitol (DIM).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЪвА0А0АаАВccd10812, GH38N_AMII_ScAms1_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of yeast vacuolar alpha-mannosidases and similar proteins; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). The family is represented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-mannosidase (Ams1) and its eukaryotic homologs. Ams1 functions as a second resident vacuolar hydrolase in S. cerevisiae. It aids in recycling macromolecular components of the cell through hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-d-mannose residues. Ams1 forms an oligomer in the cytoplasm and retains its oligomeric form during the import process. It utilizes both the Cvt (nutrient-rich conditions) and autophagic (starvation conditions) pathways for biosynthetic delivery to the vacuole. Mutants in either pathway are defective in Ams1 import. Members in this family show high sequence similarity with rat ER/cytosolic alpha-mannosidase Man2C1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЫвА0А0АаАВ·cd10813, GH38N_AMII_Man2C1, N-terminal catalytic domain of mammalian cytosolic alpha-mannosidase Man2C1 and similar proteins; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). The subfamily corresponds to cytosolic alpha-mannosidase Man2C1 (also known as ER-mannosidase II or neutral/cytosolic mannosidase), mainly found in various vertebrates, and similar proteins. Man2C1 plays an essential role in the catabolism of cytosolic free oligomannosides derived from dolichol intermediates and the degradation of newly synthesized glycoproteins in ER or cytosol. It can catalyze the cleavage of alpha 1,2-, alpha 1,3-, and alpha 1,6-linked mannose residues. Man2C1 is a cobalt-dependent enzyme belonging to alpha-mannosidase class II. It has a neutral pH optimum and is strongly inhitibed by furanose analogs swainsonine (SW) and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-mannitol (DIM), moderately by deoxymannojirimycin (DMM), but not by kifunensine (KIF). DMM and KIF, both pyranose analogs, are normally known to inhibit class I alpha-mannosidase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЬвА0А0АаАВ°cd10814, GH38N_AMII_SpGH38_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of SPGH38, a putative alpha-mannosidase of Streptococcus pyogenes, and its prokaryotic homologs; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). The subfamily is represented by SpGH38 of Streptococcus pyogenes, which has been assigned as a putative alpha-mannosidase, and is encoded by ORF spy1604. SpGH38 appears to exist as an elongated dimer and display alpha-1,3 mannosidase activity. It is active on disaccharides and some aryl glycosides. SpGH38 can also effectively deglycosylate human N-glycans in vitro. A divalent metal ion, such as a zinc ion, is required for its activity. SpGH38 is inhibited by swainsonine. The absence of any secretion signal peptide suggests that SpGH38 may be intracellular.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЭвА0А0АаАВEcd10815, GH38N_AMII_EcMngB_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of Escherichia coli alpha-mannosidase MngB and its bacterial homologs; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). The bacterial subfamily is represented by Escherichia coli alpha-mannosidase MngB, which is encoded by the mngB gene (previously called ybgG). MngB exhibits alpha-mannosidase activity that converts 2-O-(6-phospho-alpha-mannosyl)-D-glycerate to mannose-6-phosphate and glycerate in the pathway which enables use of mannosyl-D-glycerate as a sole carbon source. A divalent metal ion is required for its activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЮвА0А0АаАВмcd10816, GH57N_BE_TK1436_like, N-terminal catalytic domain of Gh57 branching enzyme TK 1436 and similar proteins. The subfamily is represented by a novel branching-enzyme TK1436 of hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1. Branching enzymes (BEs, EC 2.4.1.18) play a key role in synthesis of alpha-glucans and they generally are classified into glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13). However, TK1436 belongs to the GH57 family. It functions as a monomer and possesses BE activity. TK1436 is composed of a distorted N-terminal (beta/alpha)7-barrel domain and a C-terminal five alpha-helical domain, both of which participate in the formation of the active-site cleft.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ЯвА0А0АаАВcd10909, ChtBD1_GH18_2, Hevein or type 1 chitin binding domain (ChtBD1) subfamily; in some members co-occurs with family 18 glycosyl hydrolases. This subfamily includes a Toxoplasma gondii ME49 protein annotated as a putative mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase. ChtBD1 is a lectin domain found in proteins from plants and fungi that bind N-acetylglucosamine, plant endochitinases, wound-induced proteins such as hevein, a major IgE-binding allergen in natural rubber latex, and the alpha subunit of Kluyveromyces lactis killer toxin. This domain is involved in the recognition and/or binding of chitin subunits; it typically occurs N-terminal to glycosyl hydrolase domains in chitinases, together with other carbohydrate-binding domains, or by itself in tandem-repeat arrangements.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9sвА0А0АаАВ2cd10910, limkain_b1_N_like, N-terminal LabA-like domain of limkain b1 and similar proteins. This eukaryotic subfamily of LabA-like domains contains the N-terminal domain of human limkain b1, a human autoantigen, localized to a subset of ABCD3 and PXF marked peroxisomes. Limkain b1 may be a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. Limkain b1 contains multiple copies of LOTUS domains and a conserved RNA recognition motif, its - and similar - domain architectures are shared by several members of this family, and a function of these architectures in RNA binding or RNA metabolism has been suggested. The function of the N-terminal domain is unknown. LabA_like domains exhibit some similarity to the NYN domain, a distant relative of the PIN-domain nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╪вА0А0АаАВ=cd10911, LabA, LabA_like proteins. A well conserved group of bacterial and archaeal proteins with no defined function. LabA, a member from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, has been shown to play a role in cyanobacterial circadian timing. It is required for negative feedback regulation of the autokinase/autophosphatase KaiC, a central component of the circadian clock system. In particular, LabA seems necessary for KaiC-dependent repression of gene expression. LabA_like domains exhibit some similarity to the NYN domain, a distant relative of the PIN-domain nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┘вА0А0АаАВ cd10913, Peptidase_C25_N_gingipain, gingipain subgroup of the Peptidase C25 family N-terminal domain. Gingipain, produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, exemplifies the Peptidase family C25, a unique class of cysteine proteases. P. gingivalis is one of the primary gram-negative pathogens that causes periodontitis, a disease also associated with other diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The gingipain subgroup contains extracellular Arg- and Lys-specific proteinases called Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp); RgpA and RgpB are homologous Arg-specific gingipains encoded by two closely related genes, rgpA and rgpB, while Lys-specific gingipain is encoded by the single kgp gene. Mutant studies have shown that, among the large quantities of proteolytic enzymes produced by P. gingivalis, these three proteases are major virulence factors of this bacterium. All three genes encode an N-terminal pre-pro fragment, followed by the protease domain; however, rgpA and kgp also encode additional C-terminal HA (hemaglutinin/adhesion) subunits which consist of several sequence-related adhesion domains. Although unique, their cysteine protease active site residues (His and Cys) forming the catalytic dyad, are well-conserved, cleaving the C-terminal peptide bond with Arg or Lys residues. Gingipains are evolutionarily related to other highly specific proteases including caspases, clostripain, legumains, and separase. Gingipains function by dysregulating host defense and inflammatory responses, and degrading host proteins, e.g. tissue, cells, matrix, plasma and immunological proteins. It has been suggested that they enhance gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) production through activation of the kallikrein/kinin pathways, thus increasing vascular permeability and causing gingival inflammation, a distinctive feature of periodontitis. RgpA and RgpB are also able to cleave and activate coagulation factors IX and X in order to activate prothrombin to produce thrombin, which in turn increases production of GCF. The gingipains also play a pivotal role in the survival of P. gingivalis in the host by attacking the host defense system through cleavage of several immunological molecules, while at the same time evading the host-immune response by dysregulating the cytokine network.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА +вА0А0АаАВ Зcd10914, Peptidase_C25_N_1, uncharacterized subgroup of the Peptidase C25 family N-terminal domain. Domains in this subgroup are uncharacterized members of the Peptidase family C25 N-terminal domain family. Peptidase family C25 is a unique class of cysteine proteases, exemplified by gingipain, which is produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis is one of the primary gram-negative pathogens that causes periodontitis, a disease that is also associated with other diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Gingipains are a group of extracellular Arg- and Lys-specific proteinases called Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp); RgpA and RgpB are homologous Arg-specific gingipains encoded by two closely related genes, rgpA and rgpB, while Lys-specific gingipain is encoded by the single kgp gene (also called prtK, prkP). Mutant studies have shown that, among the large quantities of proteolytic enzymes produced by P. gingivalis, these three proteases are major virulence factors of this bacterium. All three genes encode an N-terminal pre-pro fragment, followed by the protease domain; however, rgpA and kgp also encode additional C-terminal HA (hemaglutinin/adhesion) subunits which consist of several sequence-related adhesion domains. Although unique, their cysteine protease active site residues (His and Cys) forming the catalytic dyad are well-conserved, cleaving the C-terminal peptide bond with Arg or Lys residues. Gingipains are evolutionarily related to other highly specific proteases including caspases, clostripain, legumains, and separase. Gingipains function by dysregulating host defense and inflammatory responses, and degrading host proteins, e.g. tissue, cells, matrix, plasma and immunological proteins. They are proposed to enhance gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) production through activation of the kallikrein/kinin pathways, thus increasing vascular permeability and causing gingival inflammation, a distinctive feature of periodontitis. RgpA and RgpB are also able to cleave and activate coagulation factors IX and X in order to activate prothrombin to produce thrombin, which in turn increases production of GCF. The gingipains also play a pivotal role in the survival of P. gingivalis in the host by attacking the host defense system through cleavage of several immunological molecules, while at the same time evading the host-immune response by dysregulating the cytokine network.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА ,вА0А0АаАВ pcd10915, Peptidase_C25_N_2, uncharacterized subgroup of the Peptidase C25 family N-terminal domain. Domains in this subgroup are uncharacterized members of the Peptidase family C25 N-terminal domain family. Peptidases family C25 are a unique class of cysteine proteases, exemplified by gingipain, which is produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis is one of the primary gram-negative pathogens that causes periodontitis, a disease that is also associated with other diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Gingipains are a group of extracellular Arg- and Lys-specific proteinases called Arg-gingipain (Rgp) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp); RgpA and RgpB are homologous Arg-specific gingipains encoded by two closely related genes, rgpA and rgpB, while Lys-specific gingipain is encoded by the single kgp gene. Mutant studies have shown that, among the large quantities of proteolytic enzymes produced by P. gingivalis, these three proteases are major virulence factors of this bacterium. All three genes encode an N-terminal pre-pro fragment, followed by the protease domain; however, rgpA and kgp also encode additional C-terminal HA (hemaglutinin/adhesion) subunits which consist of several sequence-related adhesion domains. Although unique, their cysteine protease active site residues (His and Cys) forming the catalytic dyad are well-conserved, cleaving the C-terminal peptide bond with Arg or Lys residues. Gingipains are evolutionarily related to other highly specific proteases including caspases, clostripain, legumains, and separase. Gingipains function by dysregulating host defense and inflammatory responses, and degrading host proteins, e.g. tissue, cells, matrix, plasma and immunological proteins. They are proposed to enhance gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) production through activation of the kallikrein/kinin pathways, thus increasing vascular permeability and causing gingival inflammation, a distinctive feature of periodontitis. RgpA and RgpB are also able to cleave and activate coagulation factors IX and X in order to activate prothrombin to produce thrombin, which in turn increases production of GCF. The gingipains also play a pivotal role in the survival of P. gingivalis in the host by attacking the host defense system through cleavage of several immunological molecules, while at the same time evading the host-immune response by dysregulating the cytokine network.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА -вА0А0АаАВ╦cd10916, CE4_PuuE_HpPgdA_like, Catalytic domain of bacterial PuuE allantoinases, Helicobacter pylori peptidoglycan deacetylase (HpPgdA), and similar proteins. This family is a member of the very large and functionally diverse carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. It contains bacterial PuuE (purine utilization E) allantoinases, a peptidoglycan deacetylase from Helicobacter pylori (HpPgdA), Escherichia coli ArnD, and many uncharacterized homologs from all three kingdoms of life. PuuE allantoinase appears to be metal-independent and specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of (S)-allantoin into allantoic acid. Different from PuuE allantoinase, HpPgdA has the ability to bind a metal ion at the active site and is responsible for a peptidoglycan modification that counteracts the host immune response. Both PuuE allantoinase and HpPgdA function as a homotetramer. The monomer is composed of a 7-stranded barrel with detectable sequence similarity to the 6-stranded barrel NodB homology domain of polysaccharide deacetylase (DCA)-like proteins in the CE4 superfamily, which removes N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides. However, in contrast with the typical DCAs, PuuE allantoinase and HpPgdA might not exhibit a solvent-accessible polysaccharide binding groove and only recognize a small substrate molecule. ArnD catalyzes the deformylation of 4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose-phosphoundecaprenol to 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose-phosphoundecaprenol.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВcd10917, CE4_NodB_like_6s_7s, Catalytic NodB homology domain of rhizobial NodB-like proteins. This family belongs to the large and functionally diverse carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily, whose members show strong sequence similarity with some variability due to their distinct carbohydrate substrates. It includes many rhizobial NodB chitooligosaccharide N-deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.-)-like proteins, mainly from bacteria and eukaryotes, such as chitin deacetylases (EC 3.5.1.41), bacterial peptidoglycan N-acetylglucosamine deacetylases (EC 3.5.1.-), and acetylxylan esterases (EC 3.1.1.72), which catalyze the N- or O-deacetylation of substrates such as acetylated chitin, peptidoglycan, and acetylated xylan. All members of this family contain a catalytic NodB homology domain with the same overall topology and a deformed (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold with 6- or 7 strands. Their catalytic activity is dependent on the presence of a divalent cation, preferably cobalt or zinc, and they employ a conserved His-His-Asp zinc-binding triad closely associated with the conserved catalytic base (aspartic acid) and acid (histidine) to carry out acid/base catalysis. Several family members show diversity both in metal ion specificities and in the residues that coordinate the metal.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ▌cd10918, CE4_NodB_like_5s_6s, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of PgaB, IcaB, and similar proteins which consist of a deformed (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold with 5- or 6-strands. This family belongs to the large and functionally diverse carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily, whose members show strong sequence similarity with some variability due to their distinct carbohydrate substrates. It includes bacterial poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine N-deacetylase PgaB, hemin storage system HmsF protein in gram-negative species, intercellular adhesion proteins IcaB, and many uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases. It also includes a putative polysaccharide deacetylase YxkH encoded by the Bacillus subtilis yxkH gene, which is one of six polysaccharide deacetylase gene homologs present in the Bacillus subtilis genome. Sequence comparison shows all family members contain a conserved domain similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which consists of a deformed (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold with 6 or 7 strands. However, in this family, most proteins have 5 strands and some have 6 strands. Moreover, long insertions are found in many family members, whose function remains unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ=cd10919, CE4_CDA_like, Putative catalytic domain of chitin deacetylase-like proteins from insects and similar proteins. Chitin deacetylases (CDAs, EC 3.5.1.41) are secreted metalloproteins belonging to a family of extracellular chitin-modifying enzymes that catalyze the N-deacetylation of chitin, a beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine polymer, to form chitosan, a polymer of beta-(1,4)-linked d-glucosamine residues. CDAs have been isolated and characterized from various bacterial and fungal species and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase family 4 (CE4). This family includes many CDA-like proteins, mainly from insects, which contain a putative CDA-like catalytic domain similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of CE4 esterases. Some family members have an additional chitin binding domain (ChBD), or an additional low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDLa), or both. Due to the lack of some catalytically relevant residues, several insect CDA-like proteins are devoid of enzymatic activity and may simply bind to chitin and thus influence the mechanical or permeability properties of chitin-containing structures such as the cuticle or the peritrophic membrane. This family also includes many uncharacterized hypothetical proteins from bacteria, exhibiting high sequence similarity to insect CDA-like proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАaвА0А0АаАВCcd10920, CE4_WbmS, Catalytic domain of a putative polysaccharide deacetylase WbmS from Bordetella bronchiseptica and similar proteins. This family is represented by a putative polysaccharide deacetylase encoded by the O-antigen-related gene wbmS in Bordetella bronchiseptica. Although its precise function remains unknown, it has been suggested that WbmS might be involved in the biosynthesis of O-antigen, an important component of the gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, and may also play a role in sugar phosphate transfer. Structural superposition and sequence comparison show that WbmS consists of a conserved domain similar to the 7-stranded barrel catalytic domain of polysaccharide deacetylases (DACs) from the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily, which removes N-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАbвА0А0АаАВrcd10921, CE4_MJ0505_like, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized protein MJ0505 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and similar proteins. This family contains an uncharacterized protein MJ0505 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and its prokaryotic homologs. Although their biochemical properties remain to be determined, members in this family is composed of a seven-stranded barrel with a detectable sequence similarity to the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups of cell wall polysaccharides and belong to a larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАcвА0А0АаАВ╥cd10922, CE4_PelA_like_C, C-terminal Putative NodB-like catalytic domain of PelA-like uncharacterized hypothetical proteins found in bacteria. This family is represented by a protein PelA of unknown function that is encoded by a gene in the pelA-G gene cluster for pellicle production and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PelA and most of the family members contain a domain of unknown function, DUF297, in the N-terminus and a C-terminal domain that shows high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАdвА0А0АаАВcd10923, CE4_COG5298, Putative NodB-like catalytic domain of uncharacterized proteins found in bacteria. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. Some family members contain an additional copper amine oxidase N-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАeвА0А0АаАВ│cd10924, CE4_COG4878, Putative NodB-like catalytic domain of uncharacterized proteins found in bacteria. The family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАfвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10925, CE4_u1, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАgвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10926, CE4_u2, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАhвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10927, CE4_u3, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАiвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10928, CE4_u4, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАjвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10929, CE4_u5, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАkвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10930, CE4_u6, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАlвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10931, CE4_u7, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАmвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10932, CE4_u8, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАnвА0А0АаАВ╩cd10933, CE4_u9, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАoвА0А0АаАВПcd10934, CE4_cadherin_MopE_like_N, N-terminal Putative NodB-like catalytic domain of hypothetical proteins containing C-terminal cadherin or MopE copper binding domains. The family includes several cadherin or MopE copper binding domain containing hypothetical proteins found in bacteria. Cadherins are glycoproteins involved in Ca2+-mediated cell-cell adhesion. The cadherin domains occur as repeats in the extracellular regions which are thought to mediate cell-cell contact when bound to calcium. They play a role in cell fate, signalling, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The copper binding domain involves a tryptophan metabolite, kynurenine, in the protein MopE. Members of this family contain an additional conserved domain, which is N-terminally fused to the cadherin domain or the MopE copper binding domain. Although its function remains unclear, the conserved domain exhibits a seven-stranded barrel with a detectable sequence similarity to the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАpвА0А0АаАВ\cd10935, CE4_WalW, Putative catalytic domain of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein WalW and its bacterial homologs. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein WalW found in bacteria. Although their biochemical properties remain to be determined, members of this family is composed of a seven-stranded barrel with detectable sequence similarity to the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАqвА0А0АаАВ╙cd10936, CE4_DAC2, Putative catalytic domain of family 2 polysaccharide deacetylases (DACs) from bacteria. This family contains an uncharacterized protein BH1492 from Bacillus halodurans, an uncharacterized protein ATU2773 from Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, and other bacterial hypothetical proteins. Although their functions are still unknown, structural superposition and sequence comparison suggest that BH1492 and ATU2773 might be divergently related to the 7-stranded barrel catalytic domain of polysaccharide deacetylases (DACs) from the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily, which remove N-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides. This family is designated as DAC family 2, a divergent DAC family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАrвА0А0АаАВНcd10938, CE4_HpPgdA_like, Catalytic domain of Helicobacter pylori peptidoglycan deacetylase (HpPgdA) and similar proteins. This family is represented by a peptidoglycan deacetylase (HP0310, HpPgdA) from the gram-negative pathogen Helicobacter pylori. HpPgdA has the ability to bind a metal ion at the active site and is responsible for a peptidoglycan modification that counteracts the host immune response. It functions as a homotetramer. The monomer is composed of a 7-stranded barrel with detectable sequence similarity to the 6-stranded barrel NodB homology domain of polysaccharide deacetylase (DCA)-like proteins in the CE4 superfamily, which removes N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides. In contrast to typical NodB-like DCAs, HpPgdA does not exhibit a solvent-accessible polysaccharide binding groove, suggesting that the enzyme binds a small molecule at the active site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАsвА0А0АаАВсcd10939, CE4_ArnD, Catalytic domain of Escherichia coli 4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose-phosphoundecaprenol deformylase ArnD and other bacterial homologs. This family is represented by Escherichia coli 4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose-phosphoundecaprenol deformylase ArnD (EC 3.5.1.n3). ArnD plays an important role in the biosynthesis of undecaprenyl phosphate alpha-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (alpha-L-Ara4N). It catalyzes the deformylation of 4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose-phosphoundecaprenol to 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose-phosphoundecaprenol. The ArnD-dependent deformylation likely occurs on the inner leaflet of the inner membrane. This family also includes many uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases. All family members show high sequence homology to the catalytic domain of bacterial PuuE (purine utilization E) allantoinases and Helicobacter pylori peptidoglycan deacetylase (HpPgdA), and are classified within the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАtвА0А0АаАВcd10940, CE4_PuuE_HpPgdA_like_1, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases similar to bacterial PuuE allantoinases and Helicobacter pylori peptidoglycan deacetylase (HpPgdA). This family contains many uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases (DCAs) that show high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of bacterial PuuE allantoinases and Helicobacter pylori peptidoglycan deacetylase (HpPgdA). PuuE allantoinase appears to be metal-independent and specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of (S)-allantoin into allantoic acid. Different from PuuE allantoinase, HpPgdA has the ability to bind a metal ion at the active site and is responsible for a peptidoglycan modification that counteracts the host immune response. Both PuuE allantoinase and HpPgdA function as homotetramers. The monomer is composed of a 7-stranded barrel with detectable sequence similarity to the 6-stranded barrel NodB homology domain of DCA-like proteins in the CE4 superfamily, which removes N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides. In contrast to typical NodB-like DCAs, PuuE allantoinase and HpPgdA do not exhibit a solvent-accessible polysaccharide binding groove and might only bind a small molecule at the active site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАuвА0А0АаАВcd10941, CE4_PuuE_HpPgdA_like_2, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases similar to bacterial PuuE allantoinases and Helicobacter pylori peptidoglycan deacetylase (HpPgdA). This family contains many uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases (DCAs) that show high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of bacterial PuuE allantoinases and Helicobacter pylori peptidoglycan deacetylase (HpPgdA). PuuE allantoinase appears to be metal-independent and specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of (S)-allantoin into allantoic acid. Different from PuuE allantoinase, HpPgdA has the ability to bind a metal ion at the active site and is responsible for a peptidoglycan modification that counteracts the host immune response. Both PuuE allantoinase and HpPgdA function as homotetramers. The monomer is composed of a 7-stranded barrel with detectable sequence similarity to the 6-stranded barrel NodB homology domain of DCA-like proteins in the CE4 superfamily, which removes N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides. In contrast to typical NodB-like DCAs, PuuE allantoinase and HpPgdA do not exhibit a solvent-accessible polysaccharide binding groove and might only bind a small molecule at the active site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАvвА0А0АаАВ╦cd10942, CE4_u11, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАwвА0А0АаАВfcd10943, CE4_NodB, Putative catalytic domain of rhizobial NodB chitooligosaccharide N-deacetylase and its bacterial homologs. This family corresponds to rhizobial NodB chitooligosaccharide N-deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.-), encoded by nodB gene from the nodulation (nod) gene cluster that is responsible for the biosynthesis of bacterial nodulation signals, termed Nod factors. NodB is involved in de-N-acetylating the nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine residue of chitooligosaccharides to allow for the attachment of the fatty acyl group by the acyltransferase NodA. The monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine cannot be deacetylated by NodB. NodB is composed of a 6-stranded barrel catalytic domain with detectable sequence similarity to the 7-stranded barrel homology domain of polysaccharide deacetylase (DCA)-like proteins in the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАxвА0А0АаАВ▐cd10944, CE4_SmPgdA_like, Catalytic NodB homology domain of Streptococcus mutans polysaccharide deacetylase PgdA, Bacillus subtilis YheN, and similar proteins. This family is represented by a putative polysaccharide deacetylase PgdA from the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans (SmPgdA) and Bacillus subtilis YheN (BsYheN), which are members of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. SmPgdA is an extracellular metal-dependent polysaccharide deacetylase with a typical CE4 fold, with metal bound to a His-His-Asp triad. It possesses de-N-acetylase activity toward a hexamer of chitooligosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine, but not shorter chitooligosaccharides or a synthetic peptidoglycan tetrasaccharide. SmPgdA plays a role in tuning cell surface properties and in interactions with (salivary) agglutinin, an essential component of the innate immune system, most likely through deacetylation of an as-yet-unidentified polysaccharide. SmPgdA shows significant homology to the catalytic domains of peptidoglycan deacetylases from Streptococcus pneumoniae (SpPgdA) and Listeria monocytogenes (LmPgdA), both of which are involved in the bacterial defense mechanism against human mucosal lysozyme. The Bacillus subtilis genome contains six polysaccharide deacetylase gene homologs: pdaA, pdaB (previously known as ybaN), yheN, yjeA, yxkH and ylxY. The biological function of BsYheN is still unknown. This family also includes many uncharacterized polysaccharide deacetylases mainly found in bacteria.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАyвА0А0АаАВ]cd10946, CE4_Mll8295_like, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized Mll8295 protein encoded from Rhizobium loti and its bacterial homologs. This family is represented by a putative polysaccharide deacetylase Mll8295 encoded from Rhizobium loti. Although its biological function still remains unknown, Mll8295 shows high sequence homology to the catalytic domain of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide deacetylase PgdA (SpPgdA), which is an extracellular metal-dependent polysaccharide deacetylase with de-N-acetylase activity toward a hexamer of chitooligosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine, but not shorter chitooligosaccharides or a synthetic peptidoglycan tetrasaccharide. Both Mll8295 and SpPgdA belong to the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. This family also includes many uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАzвА0А0АаАВ┴cd10947, CE4_SpPgdA_BsYjeA_like, Catalytic NodB homology domain of Streptococcus pneumoniae peptidoglycan deacetylase PgdA, Bacillus subtilis BsYjeA protein, and their bacterial homologs. This family is represented by Streptococcus pneumoniae peptidoglycan GlcNAc deacetylase (SpPgdA), a member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. SpPgdA protects gram-positive bacterial cell wall from host lysozymes by deacetylating peptidoglycan N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues. It consists of three separate domains: N-terminal, middle and C-terminal (catalytic) domains. The catalytic NodB homology domain is similar to the deformed (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold adopted by other CE4 esterases, which harbors a mononuclear metalloenzyme employing a conserved His-His-Asp zinc-binding triad closely associated with conserved catalytic base (aspartic acid) and acid (histidine) to carry out acid/base catalysis. The enzyme is able to accept GlcNAc3 as a substrate, with the N-acetyl of the middle sugar being removed by the enzyme. This family also includes Bacillus subtilis BsYjeA protein encoded by the yjeA gene, which is one of the six polysaccharide deacetylase gene homologs (pdaA, pdaB/ybaN, yheN, yjeA, yxkH and ylxY) in the Bacillus subtilis genome. Although homology comparison shows that the BsYjeA protein contains a polysaccharide deacetylase domain, and was predicted to be a membrane-bound xylanase or a membrane-bound chitooligosaccharide deacetylase, more recent research indicates BsYjeA might be a novel non-specific secretory endonuclease which creates random nicks progressively on the two strands of dsDNA, resulting in highly distinguishable intermediates/products very different in chemical and physical compositions over time. In addition, BsYjeA shares several enzymatic properties with the well-understood DNase I endonuclease. Both enzymes are active on ssDNA and dsDNA, both generate random nicks, and both require Mg2+ or Mn2+ for hydrolytic activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА{вА0А0АаАВУcd10948, CE4_BsPdaA_like, Catalytic NodB homology domain of Bacillus subtilis polysaccharide deacetylase PdaA, and its bacterial homologs. The Bacillus subtilis genome contains six polysaccharide deacetylase gene homologs: pdaA, pdaB (previously known as ybaN), yheN, yjeA, yxkH and ylxY. This family is represented by Bacillus subtilis pdaA gene encoding polysaccharide deacetylase BsPdaA, which is a member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. BsPdaA deacetylates peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) residues to facilitate the formation of muramic delta-lactam, which is required for recognition of germination lytic enzymes. BsPdaA deficiency leads to the absence of muramic delta-lactam residues in the spore cortex. Like other CE4 esterases, BsPdaA consists of a single catalytic NodB homology domain that appears to adopt a deformed (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold with a putative substrate binding groove harboring the majority of the conserved residues. It utilizes a general acid/base catalytic mechanism involving a tetrahedral transition intermediate, where a water molecule functions as the nucleophile tightly associated to the zinc cofactor.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|вА0А0АаАВжcd10949, CE4_BsPdaB_like, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of Bacillus subtilis putative polysaccharide deacetylase PdaB, and its bacterial homologs. The Bacillus subtilis genome contains six polysaccharide deacetylase gene homologs: pdaA, pdaB (previously known as ybaN), yheN, yjeA, yxkH and ylxY. This family is represented by the putative polysaccharide deacetylase PdaB encoded by the pdaB gene on sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Although its biochemical properties remain to be determined, the PdaB (YbaN) protein is essential for maintaining spores after the late stage of sporulation and is highly conserved in spore-forming bacteria. The glycans of the spore cortex may be candidate PdaB substrates. Based on sequence similarity, the family members are classified as carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily members. However, the classical His-His-Asp zinc-binding motif of CE4 esterases is missing in this family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА}вА0А0АаАВдcd10950, CE4_BsYlxY_like, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized protein YlxY from Bacillus subtilis and its bacterial homologs. The Bacillus subtilis genome contains six polysaccharide deacetylase gene homologs: pdaA, pdaB (previously known as ybaN), yheN, yjeA, yxkH and ylxY. This family is represented by Bacillus subtilis putative polysaccharide deacetylase BsYlxY, encoded by the ylxY gene, which is a member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. Although its biological function still remains unknown, BsYlxY shows high sequence homology to the catalytic domain of Bacillus subtilis pdaB gene encoding a putative polysaccharide deacetylase (BsPdaB), which is essential for the maintenance of spores after the late stage of sporulation and is highly conserved in spore-forming bacteria. However, disruption of the ylxY gene in B. subtilis did not cause any sporulation defect. Moreover, the Asp residue in the classical His-His-Asp zinc-binding motif of CE4 esterases is mutated to a Val residue in this family. Other catalytically relevant residues of CE4 esterases are also not conserved, which suggest that members of this family may be inactive.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА~вА0А0АаАВcd10951, CE4_ClCDA_like, Catalytic NodB homology domain of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum chitin deacetylase and similar proteins. This family is represented by the chitin deacetylase (endo-chitin de-N-acetylase, ClCDA, EC 3.5.1.41) from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (also known as Glomerella lindemuthiana), which is a member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. ClCDA catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetamido groups of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitin, converting it to chitosan in fungal cell walls. It consists of a single catalytic domain similar to the deformed (alpha/beta)8 barrel fold adopted by other CE4 esterases, which encompasses a mononuclear metalloenzyme employing a conserved His-His-Asp zinc-binding triad closely associated with the conserved catalytic base (aspartic acid) and acid (histidine), to carry out acid/base catalysis. It possesses a highly conserved substrate-binding groove, with subtle alterations that influence substrate specificity and subsite affinity. Unlike its bacterial homologs, ClCDA contains two intramolecular disulfide bonds that may add stability to this secreted protein. The family also includes many uncharacterized deacetylases and hypothetical proteins mainly from eukaryotes, which show high sequence similarity to ClCDA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВGcd10952, CE4_MrCDA_like, Catalytic NodB homology domain of Mucor rouxii chitin deacetylase and similar proteins. This family is represented by the chitin deacetylase (MrCDA, EC 3.5.1.41) encoded from the fungus Mucor rouxii (also known as Amylomyces rouxii). MrCDA is an acidic glycoprotein with a very stringent specificity for beta1-4-linked N-acetylglucosamine homopolymers. It requires at least four residues (chitotetraose) for catalysis, and can achieve extensive deacetylation on chitin polymers. MrCDA shows high sequence similarity to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum chitin deacetylase (endo-chitin de-N-acetylase, ClCDA), which consists of a single catalytic domain similar to the deformed (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold adopted by the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily, which encompasses a mononuclear metalloenzyme employing a conserved His-His-Asp zinc-binding triad closely associated with the conserved catalytic base (aspartic acid) and acid (histidine) to carry out acid/base catalysis. The family also includes some uncharacterized eukaryotic and bacterial homologs of MrCDA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаААвА0А0АаАВВcd10953, CE4_SlAXE_like, Catalytic NodB homology domain of Streptomyces lividans acetylxylan esterase and its bacterial homologs. This family is represented by Streptomyces lividans acetylxylan esterase (SlAXE, EC 3.1.1.72), a member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. SlAXE deacetylates O-acetylated xylan, a key component of plant cell walls. It shows no detectable activity on generic esterase substrates including para-nitrophenyl acetate. It is specific for sugar-based substrates and will precipitate acetylxylan as a result of deacetylation. SlAXE also functions as a chitin and chitooligosaccharide de-N-acetylase with equal efficiency to its activity on xylan. SlAXE forms a dimer. Each monomer contains a catalytic NodB homology domain with the same overall topology and a deformed (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold as other CE4 esterases, which encompasses a mononuclear metalloenzyme employing a conserved His-His-Asp zinc-binding triad closely associated with the conserved catalytic base (aspartic acid) and acid (histidine), to carry out acid/base catalysis. SlAXE possess a single metal center with a chemical preference for Co2+.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАБвА0А0АаАВ┘cd10954, CE4_CtAXE_like, Catalytic NodB homology domain of Clostridium thermocellum acetylxylan esterase and its bacterial homologs. This family is represented by Clostridium thermocellum acetylxylan esterase (CtAXE, EC 3.1.1.72), a member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. CtAXE deacetylates O-acetylated xylan, a key component of plant cell walls. It shows no detectable activity on generic esterase substrates including para-nitrophenyl acetate. It is specific for sugar-based substrates and will precipitate acetylxylan, as a consequence of deacetylation. CtAXE is a monomeric protein containing a catalytic NodB homology domain with the same overall topology and a deformed (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold as other CE4 esterases. However, due to differences in the topography of the substrate-binding groove, the chemistry of the active center, and metal ion coordination, CtAXE has different metal ion preference and lacks activity on N-acetyl substrates. It is significantly activated by Co2+. Moreover, CtAXE displays distinctly different ligand coordination to the metal ion, utilizing an aspartate, a histidine, and four water molecules, as opposed to the conserved His-His-Asp zinc-binding triad of other CE4 esterases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАВвА0А0АаАВ`cd10955, CE4_BH0857_like, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized BH0857 protein from Bacillus halodurans and its bacterial homologs. This family is represented by a putative polysaccharide deacetylase BH0857 from Bacillus halodurans. Although its biological function still remains unknown, BH0857 shows high sequence homology to the catalytic NodB homology domain of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide deacetylase PgdA (SpPgdA), which is an extracellular metal-dependent polysaccharide deacetylase with de-N-acetylase activity toward a hexamer of chitooligosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine, but not shorter chitooligosaccharides or a synthetic peptidoglycan tetrasaccharide. Both BH0857 and SpPgdA belong to the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. This family also includes many uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАГвА0А0АаАВUcd10956, CE4_BH1302_like, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized BH1302 protein from Bacillus halodurans and its bacterial homologs. This family is represented by a putative polysaccharide deacetylase BH1302 from Bacillus halodurans. Although its biological function is unknown, BH1302 shows high sequence homology to the catalytic NodB homology domain of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide deacetylase PgdA (SpPgdA), which is an extracellular metal-dependent polysaccharide deacetylase with de-N-acetylase activity toward a hexamer of chitooligosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine, but not shorter chitooligosaccharides or a synthetic peptidoglycan tetrasaccharide. Both BH1302 and SpPgdA belong to the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. This family also includes many uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАДвА0А0АаАВ└cd10958, CE4_NodB_like_2, Catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized chitin deacetylases and hypothetical proteins. This family includes some uncharacterized chitin deacetylases and hypothetical proteins, mainly from eukaryotes. Although their biological function is unknown, members in this family show high sequence homology to the catalytic NodB homology domain of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum chitin deacetylase (endo-chitin de-N-acetylase, ClCDA, EC 3.5.1.41), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetamido groups of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitin, converting it to chitosan in fungal cell walls. Like ClCDA, this family is a member the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЕвА0А0АаАВшcd10959, CE4_NodB_like_3, Catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases. This family includes many uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases. Although their biological function still remains unknown, members in this family show high sequence homology to the catalytic NodB homology domain of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide deacetylase PgdA (SpPgdA), which is an extracellular metal-dependent polysaccharide deacetylase with de-N-acetylase activity toward a hexamer of chitooligosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine, but not shorter chitooligosaccharides or a synthetic peptidoglycan tetrasaccharide. Like SpPgdA, this family is a member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЖвА0А0АаАВшcd10960, CE4_NodB_like_1, Catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases. This family includes many uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases. Although their biological function still remains unknown, members in this family show high sequence homology to the catalytic NodB homology domain of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide deacetylase PgdA (SpPgdA), which is an extracellular metal-dependent polysaccharide deacetylase with de-N-acetylase activity toward a hexamer of chitooligosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine, but not shorter chitooligosaccharides or a synthetic peptidoglycan tetrasaccharide. Like SpPgdA, this family is a member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЗвА0А0АаАВцcd10962, CE4_GT2-like, Catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized bacterial glycosyl transferase, group 2-like family proteins. This family includes many uncharacterized bacterial proteins containing an N-terminal GH18 (glycosyl hydrolase, family 18) domain, a middle NodB-like homology domain, and a C-terminal GT2-like (glycosyl transferase group 2) domain. Although their biological function is unknown, members in this family contain a middle NodB homology domain that is similar to the catalytic domain of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide deacetylase PgdA (SpPgdA), an extracellular metal-dependent polysaccharide deacetylase with de-N-acetylase activity toward a hexamer of chitooligosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine, but not shorter chitooligosaccharides or a synthetic peptidoglycan tetrasaccharide. Like SpPgdA, this family is a member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. The presence of three domains suggests that members of this family may be multifunctional.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАИвА0А0АаАВycd10963, CE4_RC0012_like, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized protein RC0012 from Rickettsia conorii and its bacterial homologs. This family contains an uncharacterized protein RC0012 from Rickettsia conorii and its bacterial homologs. Although their biochemical properties remain to be determined, members in this family seems to be composed of a seven-stranded barrel with detectable sequence similarity to the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЙвА0А0АаАВcd10964, CE4_PgaB_5s, N-terminal putative catalytic polysaccharide deacetylase domain of bacterial poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine N-deacetylase PgaB, and similar proteins. This family is represented by an outer membrane lipoprotein, poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine N-deacetylase (PgaB, EC 3.5.1.-), encoded by Escherichia coli pgaB gene from the pgaABCD (formerly ycdSRQP) operon, which affects biofilm development by promoting abiotic surface binding and intercellular adhesion. PgaB catalyzes the N-deacetylation of poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PGA), a biofilm adhesin polysaccharide that stabilizes biofilms of E. coli and other bacteria. PgaB contains an N-terminal NodB homology domain with a 5-stranded beta/alpha barrel, and a C-terminal carbohydrate binding domain required for PGA N-deacetylation, which may be involved in binding to unmodified poly-beta-1,6-GlcNAc and assisting catalysis by the deacetylase domain. This family also includes several orthologs of PgaB, such as the hemin storage system HmsF protein, encoded by Yersinia pestis hmsF gene from the hmsHFRS operon, which is essential for Y. pestis biofilm formation. Like PgaB, HmsF is an outer membrane protein with an N-terminal NodB homology domain, which is likely involved in the modification of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) component of the biofilm. HmsF also has a conserved but uncharacterized C-terminal domain that is present in other HmsF-like proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. This alignment model corresponds to the N-terminal NodB homology domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАКвА0А0АаАВзcd10965, CE4_IcaB_5s, Putative catalytic polysaccharide deacetylase domain of bacterial intercellular adhesion protein IcaB and similar proteins. The family is represented by the surface-attached protein intercellular adhesion protein IcaB (Poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine N-deacetylase, EC 3.5.1.-), encoded by Staphylococcus epidermidis icaB gene from the icaABC gene cluster that is involved in the synthesis of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), which is located mainly on the cell surface. IcaB is a secreted, cell wall-associated protein that plays a crucial role in exopolysaccharide modification in bacterial biofilm formation. It catalyzes the N-deacetylation of poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG, also referred to as PIA), a biofilm adhesin polysaccharide. IcaB shows high homology to the N-terminal NodB homology domain of Escherichia coli PgaB. At this point, they are classified in the same family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЛвА0А0АаАВcd10966, CE4_yadE_5s, Putative catalytic polysaccharide deacetylase domain of uncharacterized protein yadE and similar proteins. This family contains an uncharacterized protein yadE from Escherichia coli and its bacterial homologs. Although its molecular function remains unknown, yadE shows high sequence similarity with the catalytic NodB homology domain of outer membrane lipoprotein PgaB and the surface-attached protein intercellular adhesion protein IcaB. Both PgaB and IcaB are essential in bacterial biofilm formation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@ вА0А0АаАВ`cd10967, CE4_GLA_like_6s, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of gellan lyase and similar proteins. This family is represented by the extracellular polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, gellan lyase (gellanase, EC 4.2.2.-), from Bacillus sp. The enzyme acts on gellan exolytically and releases a tetrasaccharide of glucuronyl-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-glucose with unsaturated glucuronic acid at the nonreducing terminus. The family also includes many uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases, which show high sequence similarity to Bacillus sp. gellan lyase. Although their biological functions remain unknown, all members of the family contain a conserved domain with a 6-stranded beta/alpha barrel, which is similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of rhizobial NodB-like proteins, belonging to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАНвА0А0АаАВcd10968, CE4_Mlr8448_like_5s, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of Mesorhizobium loti Mlr8448 protein and its bacterial homologs. This family contains Mesorhizobium loti Mlr8448 protein and its bacterial homologs. Although their biochemical properties are yet to be determined, members in this subfamily contain a conserved domain with a 5-stranded beta/alpha barrel, which is similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of rhizobial NodB-like proteins, belonging to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@!вА0А0АаАВ$cd10969, CE4_Ecf1_like_5s, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of a hypothetical protein Ecf1 from Escherichia coli and similar proteins. This family contains a hypothetical protein Ecf1 from Escherichia coli and its prokaryotic homologs. Although their biochemical properties remain to be determined, members in this family contain a conserved domain with a 5-stranded beta/alpha barrel, which is similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of rhizobial NodB-like proteins, belonging to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@"вА0А0АаАВ#cd10970, CE4_DAC_u1_6s, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases which consist of a 6-stranded beta/alpha barrel. This family contains uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases. Although their biological functions remain unknown, all members of the family contain a conserved domain with a 6-stranded beta/alpha barrel, which is similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of rhizobial NodB-like proteins, belonging to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@#вА0А0АаАВ:cd10971, CE4_DAC_u2_5s, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases which consist of a 5-stranded beta/alpha barrel. This family contains many uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases. Although their biological functions remain unknown, all members of this family are predicted to contain a conserved domain with a 5-stranded beta/alpha barrel, which is similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of rhizobial NodB-like proteins, belonging to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАСвА0А0АаАВ0cd10972, CE4_DAC_u3_5s, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases which consist of a 5-stranded beta/alpha barrel. This family contains uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases. Although their biological functions remain unknown, all members of the family are predicted to contain a conserved domain with a 5-stranded beta/alpha barrel, which is similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of rhizobial NodB-like proteins, belonging to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАТвА0А0АаАВ5cd10973, CE4_DAC_u4_5s, Putative catalytic NodB homology domain of uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases which consist of a 5-stranded beta/alpha barrel. This family contains many uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases. Although their biological functions remain unknown, all members of the family are predicted to contain a conserved domain with a 5-stranded beta/alpha barrel, which is similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of rhizobial NodB-like proteins, belonging to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@$вА0А0АаАВ@cd10974, CE4_CDA_like_1, Putative catalytic domain of chitin deacetylase-like proteins with additional chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain (ChBD) and/or a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDLa). Chitin deacetylases (CDAs, EC 3.5.1.41) are secreted metalloproteins belonging to a family of extracellular chitin-modifying enzymes that catalyze the N-deacetylation of chitin, a beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine polymer, to form chitosan, a polymer of beta-(1,4)-linked d-glucosamine residues. CDAs have been isolated and characterized from various bacterial and fungal species and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. This family includes many CDA-like proteins mainly from insects, which contain a putative CDA-like catalytic domain similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of CE4 esterases. In addition to the CDA-like domain, family members contain two additional domains, a chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain (ChBD) and a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDLa), or have the ChBD domain but do not have the LDLa domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАФвА0А0АаАВЛcd10975, CE4_CDA_like_2, Putative catalytic domain of chitin deacetylase-like proteins. Chitin deacetylases (CDAs, EC 3.5.1.41) are secreted metalloproteins belonging to a family of extracellular chitin-modifying enzymes that catalyze the N-deacetylation of chitin, a beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine polymer, to form chitosan, a polymer of beta-(1,4)-linked d-glucosamine residues. CDAs have been isolated and characterized from various bacterial and fungal species and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily. This family includes many midgut-specific CDA-like proteins mainly from insects, such as Tribolium castaneum CDAs (TcCDA6-9). These proteins contain a putative CDA-like catalytic domain similar to the catalytic NodB homology domain of CE4 esterases. In addition to the CDA-like domain, some family members have an additional chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain (ChBD).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАХвА0А0АаАВ\cd10976, CE4_CDA_like_3, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial hypothetical proteins similar to insect chitin deacetylase-like proteins. The family includes many uncharacterized bacterial hypothetical proteins that show high sequence similarity to insect chitin deacetylase-like proteins. Chitin deacetylases (CDAs, EC 3.5.1.41) are secreted metalloproteins belonging to a family of extracellular chitin-modifying enzymes that catalyze the N-deacetylation of chitin, a beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine polymer, to form chitosan, a polymer of beta-(1,4)-linked d-glucosamine residues.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЦвА0А0АаАВ╦cd10977, CE4_PuuE_SpCDA1, Catalytic domain of bacterial PuuE allantoinases, Schizosaccharomyces pombe chitin deacetylase 1 (SpCDA1), and similar proteins. Allantoinase (EC 3.5.2.5) can hydrolyze allantoin((2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)urea), one of the most important nitrogen carrier for some plants, soil animals, and microorganisms, to allantoate. DAL1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes an allantoinase. However, some organisms possess allantoinase activity but lack DAL1 allantoinase. In those organisms, a defective allantoinase gene, named puuE (purine utilization E), encodes an allantoinase that specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of (S)-allantoin into allantoic acid. PuuE allantoinase is related to polysaccharide deacetylase (DCA), one member of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily, that removes N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups of cell wall polysaccharides, and lacks sequence similarity with the known DAL1 allantoinase that belongs to the amidohydrolase superfamily. PuuE allantoinase functions as a homotetramer. Its monomer is composed of a 7-stranded barrel with detectable sequence similarity to the 6-stranded barrel NodB homology domain of DCAs. It appears to be metal-independent and acts on a small substrate molecule, which is distinct from the common features of DCAs that are normally metal ion dependent and recognize multimeric substrates. This family also includes a chitin deacetylase 1 (SpCDA1) encoded by the Schizosaccharomyces pombe cda1 gene. Although the general function of chitin deacetylase (CDA) is the synthesis of chitosan from chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine, to build up the proper ascospore wall, the actual function of SpCDA1 might involve allantoin hydrolysis. It is likely orthologous to PuuE allantoinase, whereas it is more distantly related to the CDAs found in other fungi, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Mucor rouxii. Those CDAs are similar with rizobial NodB protein and are not included in this family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЧвА0А0АаАВcd10978, CE4_Sll1306_like, Putative catalytic domain of Synechocystis sp. Sll1306 protein and other bacterial homologs. The family contains Synechocystis sp. Sll1306 protein and uncharacterized bacterial polysaccharide deacetylases. Although their biological function remains unknown, they show very high sequence homology to the catalytic domain of bacterial PuuE (purine utilization E) allantoinases. PuuE allantoinase specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of (S)-allantoin into allantoic acid. It functions as a homotetramer. Its monomer is composed of a 7-stranded barrel with detectable sequence similarity to the 6-stranded barrel NodB homology domain of polysaccharide deacetylase-like proteins in the CE4 superfamily, which removes N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides. PuuE allantoinase appears to be metal-independent and acts on a small substrate molecule, which is distinct from the common feature of polysaccharide deacetylases that are normally metal ion dependent and recognize multimeric substrates.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАШвА0А0АаАВ╝cd10979, CE4_PuuE_like, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases similar to bacterial PuuE allantoinases. The family includes a group of uncharacterized prokaryotic polysaccharide deacetylases (DCAs) that show high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of bacterial PuuE (purine utilization E) allantoinases. PuuE allantoinase specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of (S)-allantoin into allantoic acid. It functions as a homotetramer. Its monomer is composed of a 7-stranded barrel with detectable sequence similarity to the 6-stranded barrel NodB homology domain of DCA-like proteins in the CE4 superfamily, which removes N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups from cell wall polysaccharides. PuuE allantoinase appears to be metal-independent and acts on a small substrate molecule, which is distinct from the common feature of DCAs which are normally metal ion dependent and recognize multimeric substrates.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЩвА0А0АаАВъcd10980, CE4_SpCDA1, Putative catalytic domain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe chitin deacetylase 1 (SpCDA1), and similar proteins. This family is represented by Schizosaccharomyces pombe chitin deacetylase 1 (SpCDA1), encoded by the cda1 gene. The general function of chitin deacetylase (CDA) is the synthesis of chitosan from chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine, to build up the proper ascospore wall. The actual function of SpCDA1 might be involved in allantoin hydrolysis. It is likely an ortholog to bacterial PuuE allantoinase, whereas it is more distantly related to the CDAs found in other fungi, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Mucor rouxii. Those CDAs are similar with rizobial NodB protein and are not included in this family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЪвА0А0АаАВ)cd10981, ZnPC_S1P1, Zinc dependent phospholipase C/S1-P1 nuclease. This model describes both the bacterial and archeal zinc-dependent phospholipase C, a domain found in the alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens, as well as S1/P1 nucleases, which predominantly act on single-stranded DNA and RNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9┤вА0А0АаАВ╠cd10985, MH2_SMAD_2_3, C-terminal Mad Homology 2 (MH2) domain in SMAD2 and SMAD3. The MH2 domain is located at the C-terminus of the SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) family of proteins, which are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. The MH2 domain is responsible for type I receptor interaction, phosphorylation-triggered homo- and hetero-oligomerization, and transactivation. It is negatively regulated by the N-terminal MH1 domain. SMAD2 and SMAD3 are receptor regulated SMADs (R-SMADs). SMAD2 regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, while SMAD3 modulates signals of activin and TGF-beta.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАТвА0А0АаАВcd11005, M35_like, Peptidase M35 family. Family M35 Zn2+-metallopeptidase domain, also known as the deuterolysin family, contains fungal as well as bacterial metalloendopeptidases that include deuterolysin (EC2.4.24.39), peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidase (MEP), penicillolysin, as well as uncharacterized sequences. Typically, members of this family of extracellular peptidases contain a unique zinc-binding motif (the aspzincin motif), defined by the HExxH + D motif where an aspartic acid is the third zinc ligand and is found in a GTXDXXYG motif C-terminal to the His zinc ligands. Deuterolysins are highly active towards basic nuclear proteins such as histones and protamines, with a preference for a Lys or Arg residue in the P1' subsite. MEPs specifically cleave peptidyl-lysine bonds (-X-Lys-) in proteins and peptides. Penicillolysin, a thermolabile protease from Penicillium citrinum, strongly hydrolyzes nuclear proteins such as clupeine, salmine and histone. Many members of the M35 peptidases display unusual thermostabilities.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАчвА0А0АаАВ╡cd11006, M35_peptidyl-Lys_like, Peptidase M35 domain of peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidases and related proteins. This family M35 Zn2+-metallopeptidase extracellular domain is mostly found in proteins characterized as peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidases (MEP; peptidyllysine metalloproteinase; EC 3.4.24.20), including some well-characterized domains in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. Achromogenes (AsaP1) and Grifola frondosa (GfMEP). These proteins specifically cleave peptidyl-lysine bonds (-X-Lys- where X may even be Pro) in proteins and peptides. AsaP1 peptidase has been shown to be important in the virulence of A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, having a major role in the fish innate immune response. Members of this family contain a unique zinc-binding motif (the aspzincin motif), defined by the HExxH + D motif where an aspartic acid is the third zinc ligand and is found in a GTXDXXYG or similar motif C-terminal to the His zinc ligands.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАшвА0А0АаАВбcd11007, M35_like_1, Peptidase M35-like domain of uncharacterized proteins. This family contains proteins similar to the M35 Zn2+-metallopeptidases, also known as the deuterolysin family, presumably these are bacterial metalloendopeptidases that have yet to be characterized. Typically, members of this family of extracellular peptidases contain a unique zinc-binding motif (the aspzincin motif), defined by the HExxH + D motif where an aspartic acid is the third zinc ligand; however, members of this family do not contain the GTXDXXYG motif C-terminal to the His zinc ligands that is typical for the M35 proteases. Deuterolysins are highly active towards basic nuclear proteins such as histones and protamines, with a preference for a Lys or Arg residue in the P1' subsite. MEPs specifically cleave peptidyl-lysine bonds (-X-Lys-) in proteins and peptides. Many members of the M35 peptidases display unusual thermostabilities.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАщвА0А0АаАВ8cd11008, M35_deuterolysin_like, Peptidase M35 domain of deuterolysins and related proteins. This family M35 Zn2+-metallopeptidase extracellular domain is found in fungal deutrolysins (acid metalloproteinase, neutral proteinase II), including some well-characterized metallopeptidase domains in Aspergillus oryzae (NpII), Aspergillus fumigatus (MEP20), Penicillium roqueforti (protease II) and Emericella nidulans (PepJ peptidase). The neutral proteinase II from Aspergillus oryzae (NpII) unfolds reversibly upon incubation at higher temperatures, and loss in activity is mainly due to autoproteolysis. MEP20 is encoded by the mepB gene, which appears to be associated with the cytoplasmic degradation of small peptides. PepJ peptidase is a thermostable enzyme released under carbon starvation. Most members of this family contain a unique zinc-binding motif (the aspzincin motif), defined by the HExxH + D motif where an aspartic acid is the third zinc ligand and is found in a GTXDXXYG or similar motif C-terminal to the His zinc ligands. The aspzincin motif is poorly conserved in one subgroup, that includes Asp f2, a major allergen from Aspergillus fumigatus. This subgroup in addition lacks the key conserved Tyr residue which acts as a proton donor during catalysis, and no protease activity has been detected to date for Asp f2.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАъвА0А0АаАВчcd11009, Zn_dep_PLPC, Zinc dependent phospholipase C (alpha toxin). This domain conveys a zinc dependent phospholipase C activity (EC 3.1.4.3). It is found in a monomeric phospholipase C of Bacillus cereus as well as in the alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium bifermentans, which is involved in haemolysis and cell rupture. It is also found in a lecithinase of Listeria monocytogenes, which is involved in breaking the 2-membrane vacuoles that surround the bacterium.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9╡вА0А0АаАВЄcd11010, S1-P1_nuclease, S1/P1 nucleases and related enzymes. This family summarizes both S1 and P1 nucleases (EC:3.1.30.1) which cleave RNA and single stranded DNA with no base specificity. S1 nuclease is more active on DNA than RNA. Its reaction products are oligonucleotides or single nucleotides with 5' phosphoryl groups. Although its primary substrate is single-stranded, it may also introduce single-stranded breaks in double-stranded DNA or RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrids. It is used as a reagent in nuclease protection assays and in removing single stranded tails from DNA molecules to create blunt ended molecules and opening hairpin loops generated during synthesis of double stranded cDNA. P1 nuclease cleaves its substrate at every position yielding nucleoside 5' monophosphates, and it does not recognize or act on double-stranded DNA. It is useful at removing single stranded strands hanging off the end of double stranded DNA and at completely cleaving melted DNA for simple DNA composition analysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9╢вА0А0АаАВ╗cd11012, CuRO_6_ceruloplasmin, The sixth cupredoxin domain of Ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin is a multicopper oxidase essential for normal iron homeostasis and copper transport in blood. It also functions in amine oxidation and as an antioxidant preventing free radicals in serum. The protein has 6 cupredoxin domains with six copper centers; three mononuclear sites in domain 2, 4 and 6 and three in the form of trinuclear clusters at the interface of domains 1 and 6. Ceruloplasmin exhibits internal sequence homology that appears to have evolved from the triplication of a sequence unit composed of two tandem cupredoxin domains. This model represents the sixth cupredoxin domain of ceruloplasmin.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў:вА0А0АаАВCcd11013, Plantacyanin, Plantacyanin is a subclass of phytocyanins, plant type I copper proteins. Plantacyanins belong to the phytocyanin family of blue copper proteins, a ubiquitous family of plant cupredoxins. Plantacyanin is involved in electron transfer reactions with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form. The exact function of plantacyanin is unknown. However plantacyanin is shown to play a role in reproduction in Arabidopsis. Plantacyanins may also be stress-related proteins and be involved in plant defense responses.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў;вА0А0АаАВzcd11014, Mavicyanin, Mavicyanin is a subclass of phytocyanins, a plant blue copper protein. Mavicyanin is a glycosylated protein isolated from Cucurbita pepo medullosa (zucchini) peelings. It belongs to the phytocyanin family of blue copper proteins, a ubiquitous family of plant cupredoxins. Mavicyanin is involved in electron transfer reactions with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form. The copper is tetrahedrally coordinated by a cysteine, 2 histidines, and a glutamine residue, like in the case of stellacyanin. The biological roles of mavicyanin have not been elucidated yet.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў<вА0А0АаАВ^cd11015, CuRO_2_FVIII_like, The second cupredoxin domain of coagulation factor VIII and similar proteins. Factor VIII functions in the factor X-activating complex of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. It facilitates blood clotting by acting as a cofactor for factor IXa. In the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipids, Factor VIII and IXa form a complex that converts factor X to the activated form Xa. A variety of mutations in the Factor VIII gene can cause hemophilia A, which typically requires replacement therapy with purified protein. Factor VIII is synthesized as a single polypeptide with six cupredoxin domains and a domain structure of 1-2-3-4-B-5-6-C1-C2, where 1-6 are cupredoxin domains, B is a domain with no known structural homologs and is dispensible for coagulant activity, and C are domains distantly related to discoidin protein-fold family members. Factor VIII is initially processed through proteolysis to generate a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain (1-2-3-4) and a light chain (5-6-C1-C2), which circulates in a tight complex with von Willebrand factor (VWF). Further processing of the heavy chain produces activated factor VIIIa, a heterotrimer composed of polypeptides (1-2), (3-4), and the light chain. This model represents the cupredoxin domain 2 of unprocessed Factor VIII or the heavy chain of circulating Factor VIII, and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў=вА0А0АаАВ^cd11016, CuRO_4_FVIII_like, The fourth cupredoxin domain of coagulation factor VIII and similar proteins. Factor VIII functions in the factor X-activating complex of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. It facilitates blood clotting by acting as a cofactor for factor IXa. In the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipids, Factor VIII and IXa form a complex that converts factor X to the activated form Xa. A variety of mutations in the Factor VIII gene can cause hemophilia A, which typically requires replacement therapy with purified protein. Factor VIII is synthesized as a single polypeptide with six cupredoxin domains and a domain structure of 1-2-3-4-B-5-6-C1-C2, where 1-6 are cupredoxin domains, B is a domain with no known structural homologs and is dispensible for coagulant activity, and C are domains distantly related to discoidin protein-fold family members. Factor VIII is initially processed through proteolysis to generate a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain (1-2-3-4) and a light chain (5-6-C1-C2), which circulates in a tight complex with von Willebrand factor (VWF). Further processing of the heavy chain produces activated factor VIIIa, a heterotrimer composed of polypeptides (1-2), (3-4), and the light chain. This model represents the cupredoxin domain 4 of unprocessed Factor VIII or the heavy chain of circulating Factor VIII, and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў>вА0А0АаАВхcd11017, Phytocyanin_like_1, A subclass of phytocyanins, plant blue or type I copper proteins. Phytocyanins are plant blue or type I copper proteins. They are involved in electron transfer reactions with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form. Phytocyanins are classified into four groups: stellacyanin, plantacyanin, uclacyanin and early nodulin groups. Members of this unknown subgroup appear to have lost the T1 copper binding site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў?вА0А0АаАВzcd11018, CuRO_6_FVIII_like, The sixth cupredoxin domain of coagulation factor VIII and similar proteins. Factor VIII functions in the factor X-activating complex of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. It facilitates blood clotting by acting as a cofactor for factor IXa. In the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipids, Factor VIII and IXa form a complex that converts factor X to the activated form Xa. A variety of mutations in the Factor VIII gene can cause hemophilia A, which typically requires replacement therapy with purified protein. Factor VIII is synthesized as a single polypeptide with six cupredoxin domains and a domain structure of 1-2-3-4-B-5-6-C1-C2, where 1-6 are cupredoxin domains, B is a domain with no known structural homologs and is dispensible for coagulant activity, and C are domains distantly related to discoidin protein-fold family members. Factor VIII is initially processed through proteolysis to generate a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain (1-2-3-4) and a light chain (5-6-C1-C2), which circulates in a tight complex with von Willebrand factor (VWF). Further processing of the heavy chain produces activated factor VIIIa, a heterotrimer composed of polypeptides (1-2), (3-4), and the light chain. This model represents the cupredoxin domain 6 of unprocessed Factor VIII or the second cupredoxin domain the light chain of circulating Factor VIII, and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў@вА0А0АаАВScd11019, OsENODL1_like, Early nodulin-like protein (OsENODL1) and similar proteins. This family includes early nodulin-like protein (OsENODL1) from Oryza sativa and similar proteins. It belongs to the phytocyanin family of blue copper proteins, a ubiquitous family of plant cupredoxins. Phytocyanin is involved in electron transfer reactions with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form. OsENODL1 expression occurs specifically at the late developmental stage of the seeds. Members of this subgroup appear to have lost the T1 copper binding site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўAвА0А0АаАВЎcd11020, CuRO_1_CuNIR, Cupredoxin domain 1 of Copper-containing nitrite reductase. Copper-containing nitrite reductase (CuNIR), which catalyzes the reduction of NO2- to NO, is the key enzyme in the denitrification process in denitrifying bacteria. CuNIR contains at least one type 1 copper center and a type 2 copper center, which serves as the active site of the enzyme. A histidine, bound to the Type 2 Cu center, is responsible for binding and reducing nitrite. A Cys-His bridge plays an important role in facilitating rapid electron transfer from the type 1 center to the type 2 center. A reduced type I blue copper protein (pseudoazurin) was found to be a specific electron transfer donor for the copper-containing NIR in bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўBвА0А0АаАВ╜cd11021, CuRO_2_ceruloplasmin, The second cupredoxin domain of Ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin is a multicopper oxidase essential for normal iron homeostasis and copper transport in blood. It also functions in amine oxidation and as an antioxidant preventing free radicals in serum. The protein has 6 cupredoxin domains with six copper centers; three mononuclear sites in domain 2, 4 and 6 and three in the form of trinuclear clusters at the interface of domains 1 and 6. Ceruloplasmin exhibits internal sequence homology that appears to have evolved from the triplication of a sequence unit composed of two tandem cupredoxin domains. This model represents the second cupredoxin domain of ceruloplasmin.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўCвА0А0АаАВ╜cd11022, CuRO_4_ceruloplasmin, The fourth cupredoxin domain of Ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin is a multicopper oxidase essential for normal iron homeostasis and copper transport in blood. It also functions in amine oxidation and as an antioxidant preventing free radicals in serum. The protein has 6 cupredoxin domains with six copper centers; three mononuclear sites in domain 2, 4 and 6 and three in the form of trinuclear clusters at the interface of domains 1 and 6. Ceruloplasmin exhibits internal sequence homology that appears to have evolved from the triplication of a sequence unit composed of two tandem cupredoxin domains. This model represents the fourth cupredoxin domain of ceruloplasmin.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўDвА0А0АаАВicd11023, CuRO_2_ceruloplasmin_like_2, cupredoxin domain of ceruloplasmin homologs. Uncharacterized subfamily of ceruloplasmin homologous proteins. Ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) is a multicopper oxidase essential for normal iron homeostasis. Ceruloplasmin also functions in copper transport, amine oxidase and as an antioxidant preventing free radicals in serum. The protein has 6 cupredoxin domains and exhibits internal sequence homology that appears to have evolved from the triplication of a sequence unit composed of two tandem cupredoxin domains. This model represents the first domain of the triplicated units.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўEвА0А0АаАВacd11024, CuRO_1_2DMCO_NIR_like, The cupredoxin domain 1 of a two-domain laccase related to nitrite reductase. The two-domain laccase (small laccase) in this family differs significantly from all laccases. It resembles the two domain nitrite reductase in both sequence and structure. It consists of two cupredoxin domains and forms trimers and hence resembles the quaternary structure of nitrite reductases more than that of large laccases. There are three trinuclear copper clusters in the enzyme localized between domains 1 and 2 of each pair of neighbor chains. Three copper ions of type 1 lie close to one another near the surface of the central part of the trimer, and, effectively, a trimeric substrate binding site is formed in their vicinity. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic substrates coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It displays broad substrate specificity, catalyzing the oxidation of a wide variety of aromatic, notably phenolic, and inorganic substances. Laccase has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўFвА0А0АаАВЗcd11234, E_set_GDE_N, N-terminal Early set domain associated with the catalytic domain of Glycogen debranching enzyme. E or "early" set domains are associated with the catalytic domain of the glycogen debranching enzyme at the N-terminal end. Glycogen debranching enzymes have both 4-alpha-glucanotransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase activities. As a transferase, it transfers a segment of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan to a new 4-position in an acceptor, which may be glucose or another 1,4-alpha-D-glucan. As a glucosidase, it catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-glucoside linkages at points of branching in chains of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues. The N-terminal domain of the glycogen debranching enzyme may be related to the immunoglobulin and/or fibronectin type III superfamilies. These domains are associated with different types of catalytic domains at either the N-terminal or C-terminal end and may be involved in homodimeric/tetrameric/dodecameric interactions. Members of this family include members of the alpha amylase family, sialidase, galactose oxidase, cellulase, cellulose, hyaluronate lyase, chitobiase, and chitinase. This domain is also a member of the CBM48 (Carbohydrate Binding Module 48) family whose members include pullulanase, maltooligosyl trehalose synthase, starch branching enzyme, glycogen branching enzyme, isoamylase, and the beta subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒вА0А0АаАВЬcd11235, Sema_semaphorin, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorins. Semaphorins are regulator molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. They can be divided into 7 classes. Vertebrates have members in classes 3-7, whereas classes 1 and 2 are known only in invertebrates. Class 2 and 3 semaphorins are secreted proteins; classes 1 and 4 through 6 are transmembrane proteins; and class 7 is membrane associated via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. The semaphorins exert their function through their receptors, the neuropilin and plexin families. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА0вА0А0АаАВ╘cd11236, Sema_plexin_like, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of Plexins and MET-like receptor tyrosine kinases. Plexins form a conserved family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and may be the ancestor of semaphorins. Ligand binding activates signal transduction pathways controlling axon guidance in the nervous system and other developmental processes including cell migration and morphogenesis, immune function, and tumor progression. Plexins are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity. In vertebrates, type A Plexins serve as the co-receptors for neuropilins to mediate the signalling of class 3 semaphorins except Sema3E, which signals through Plexin D1. Plexins serve as direct receptors for several other members of the semaphorin family: class 6 semaphorins signal through type A plexins and class 4 semaphorins through type B. Plexin C1 serves as the receptor of Sema7A and plays regulation roles in both immune and nervous systems. This family also includes the Met and RON receptor tyrosine kinases. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a ligand-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА1вА0А0АаАВвА0А0АаАВЩcd11250, Sema_3B, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 3B (Sema3B). Sema3B is coexpressed with semaphorin 3F and both proteins are candidate tumor suppressors. Both Sema3B and Sema3F show high levels of expression in normal tissues and low-grade tumors but are down-regulated in highly metastatic tumors in the lung, melanoma cells, bladder carcinoma cells and prostate carcinoma. They are upregulated by estrogen and inhibit cell motility and invasiveness through decreased FAK phosphorylation and inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Two receptor families, the neuropilins (NP) and plexins, have been implicated in mediating the actions of semaphorins 3B and 3F. Sema3B is a member of the class 3 semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВ{cd11251, Sema_3C, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 3C (Sema3C). Sema3C is a secreted semaphorin expressed in and adjacent to cardiac neural crest cells, and causes impaired migration of neural crest cells to the developing cardiac outflow tract, resulting in the interruption of the aortic arch and persistent truncus arteriosus. It has been proposed that Sema3C acts as a guidance molecule, regulating migration of neural crest cells that express semaphorin receptors such as plexin A2. Sema3C may also participate in tumor progression. The cleavage of Sema3C induced by ADAMTS1 promotes the migration of breast cancer cells. Sema3C is a member of the class 3 semaphorin family of secreted proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВHcd11252, Sema_3D, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 3D (Sema3D). Sema3D is a secreted semaphorin expressed during the development of the nervous system. In zebrafish, Sema3D is expressed in the ventral tectum. It guides retinal axons along the dorsoventral axis of the tectum and guides the laterality of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections. Both Sema3D knockdown or its ubiquitous overexpression induced aberrant ipsilateral projections. Proper balance of Sema3D is needed at the midline for the progression of RGC axons from the chiasm midline into the contralateral optic tract. Sema3D is a member of the class 3 semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAвА0А0АаАВ{cd11253, Sema_3E, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 3E (Sema3E). Sema3E is a secreted molecule implicated in axonal path finding and inhibition of developmental and postischemic angiogenesis. It is also highly expressed in metastatic cancer cells. Sema3E signaling, through its high affinity functional receptor Plexin D1, drives cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic spreading. Sema3E is a member of the class 3 semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАBвА0А0АаАВYcd11254, Sema_3F, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 3F (Sema3F). Sema3F is coexpressed with semaphorin3B. Both Sema3B and Sema3F proteins are candidate tumor suppressors that are down-regulated in highly metastatic tumors. Two receptor families, the neuropilins and plexins, have been implicated in mediating the actions of semaphorins 3B and 3F. Sema3F is a member of the class 3 semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCвА0А0АаАВcd11255, Sema_3G, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 3G (Sema3G). Semaphorin 3G is identified as a primarily endothelial cell- expressed class 3 semaphorin that controls endothelial and smooth muscle cell functions in autocrine and paracrine manners, respectively. It is mainly expressed in the lung and kidney, and a little in the brain. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАDвА0А0АаАВ1cd11256, Sema_4A, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 4A (Sema4A). Sema4A is expressed in immune cells and is thus termed an "immune semaphorin". It plays critical roles in T cell-DC interactions in the immune response. It has been reported to enhance activation and differentiation of T cells in vitro and generation of antigen-specific T cells in vivo. The function of Sema4A in the immune response implicates its role in infectious and noninfectious diseases. Sema4A exerts its function through three receptors, namely Plexin B, Plexin D1, and Tim-2. Sema4A belongs to the class 4 transmembrane semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. TThe Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАEвА0А0АаАВЧcd11257, Sema_4B, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 4B (Sema4B). Sema4B, expressed in T and B cells, is an immune semaphorin. It functions as a negative regulatory of basophils through T cell-basophil contacts and it significantly inhibits IL-4 and IL-6 production from basophils in response to various stimuli, including IL-3 and papain. In addition, T cell-derived Sema4B suppresses basophil-mediated Th2 skewing and humoral memory responses. Sema4B may be also involved in lung cancer cell mobility by inducing the degradation of CLCP1 (CUB, LCCL-homology, coagulation factor V/VIII homology domains protein). Sema4B is characterized by a PDZ-binding motif at the carboxy-terminus, which mediates interaction with the post-synaptic density protein PSD-95/SAP90, which is thought to play a central role during synaptogenesis and in the structure and function of post-synaptic specializations of excitatory synapses. Sema4B belongs to class 4 transmembrane semaphorin family proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАFвА0А0АаАВёcd11258, Sema_4C, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 4C (Sema4C). Sema4C acts as a Plexin B2 ligand to regulate the development of cerebellar granule cells and to modulate ureteric branching in the developing kidney. The binding of Sema4C to Plexin B2 results the phosphorylation of downstream regulator ErbB-2 and the plexin protein itself. The cytoplasmic region of Sema4C binds a neurite-outgrowth-related protein SFAP75, suggesting that Sema4C may also play a role in neural function. Sema4C belongs to the class 4 transmembrane semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАGвА0А0АаАВжcd11259, Sema_4D, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 4D (Sema4D, also known as CD100). Sema4D/CD100 is expressed in immune cells and plays critical roles in immune response; it is thus termed an "immune semaphorin". It is expressed by lymphocytes and promotes the aggregation and survival of B lymphocytes and inhibits cytokine-induced migration of immune cells in vitro. Sema4D/CD100 knock-out mice demonstrate that Sema4D is required for normal activation of B and T lymphocytes. Sema4D increases B-cell and DC function using either Plexin B1 or CD72 as receptors. The function of Sema4D in immune response implicates its role in infectious and noninfectious diseases. Sema4D belongs to the class 4 transmembrane semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАHвА0А0АаАВ"cd11260, Sema_4E, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 4E (Sema4E). Sema4E is expressed in the epithelial cells that line the pharyngeal arches in zebrafish. It may act as a guidance molecule to restrict the branchiomotor axons to the mesenchymal cells. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies demonstrate that Sema4E is essential for the guidance of facial axons from the hindbrain into their pharyngeal arch targets and is sufficient for guidance of gill motor axons. Sema4E guides facial motor axons by a repulsive action. Sema4E belongs to the class 4 transmembrane semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules involved in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАIвА0А0АаАВСcd11261, Sema_4F, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 4F (Sema4F). Sema4F plays role in heterotypic cell-cell contacts and controls cell proliferation and suppresses tumorigenesis. In neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients, reduced Sema4F level disrupts Schwann cell/axonal interactions. Experiments using a yeast two-hybrid system show that the extreme C-terminus of Sema4F interacts with the PDZ domains of post-synaptic density protein SAP90/PSD-95, indicating possible functional involvement of Semas4F at glutamatergic synapses. Recent work also suggests a role for Sema4F in the injury response of intramedullary axotomized motoneuron. Sema4F belongs to the class 4 transmembrane semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulator molecules involved in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАJвА0А0АаАВvcd11262, Sema_4G, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 4G (Sema4G). The Sema4G and Sema4C genes are expressed in the developing cerebellar cortex. Sema4G and Sema4C proteins specifically bind to Plexin B2 expressed in the cerebellar granule cells. Sema4G and Sema4C are involved in neural tube closure and cerebellar granule cell development through Plexin B2.Sema4G belongs to the class 4 transmembrane semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules involved in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАKвА0А0АаАВ4cd11263, Sema_5A, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 5A (Sema5A). Originally, mouse Sema5A was identified as a protein that induces inhibitory responses during optic nerve development. Recent studies show that Sema5A controls innate immunity in mice. It also has been identified as a candidate gene for causing idiopathic autism in humans. Plexin B3 functions as a binding partner and receptor for Sema5A. Furthermore, Sema5A is also implicated in cancer. The role of the Drosophila Sema5A ortholog, Dsema-5C, in tumorigenicity and metastasis has been reported. Sema5A is highly expressed in human pancreatic cancer cells and is associated with tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Sema5A belongs to class 5 semaphorin family of proteins, which are transmembrane glycoproteins characterized by unique thrombospondin specific repeats in the extracellular region of the protein. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules involved in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАLвА0А0АаАВcd11264, Sema_5B, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 5B (Sema5B). Sema5B is expressed in regions of the basal telencephalon in rat. Sema5B is an inhibitory cue for corticofugal axons and acts as a source of repulsion for the appropriate guidance of cortical axons away from structures such as the ventricular zone as they navigate toward and within subcortical regions. In addition to its role as a guidance cue, Sema5B regulates the development and maintenance of synapse size and number in hippocampal neurons. In addition, the sema domain of Sema5B can be cleaved of the whole protein and exerts its function in regulation of synapse morphology. Sema5B belongs to the class 5 semaphorin family of proteins, which are transmembrane glycoproteins characterized by unique thrombospondin specific repeats in the extracellular region of the protein. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules involved in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАMвА0А0АаАВйcd11265, Sema_5C, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 5C (sema5C). In Drosophila, Sema5C was identified as an early development gene, which is expressed in stage 2 embryos with a striped pattern emerging at later stages. Sema5c may play a role in odor-guided behavior and in tumorigenesis. Sema5C belongs to class 5 semaphorin family of proteins, which are transmembrane glycoproteins characterized by unique thrombospondin specific repeats in the extracellular region of the protein. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules involved in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАNвА0А0АаАВ cd11266, Sema_6A, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorins 6A (Sema6A). In the cerebellum, Sema6A-plexin A2 signaling modulates granule cell migration by controlling centrosome positioning. Besides plexin A2, plexin A4 is also found to be a receptor of Sema6A. Interactions between plexin A2, plexin A4, and Sema6A control lamina-restricted projection of hippocampal mossy fibers. It is required for the clustering of boundary cap cells at the PNS/CNS interface and thus, prevents motoneurons from streaming out of the ventral spinal cord. At the dorsal root entry site, it organizes the segregation of dorsal roots. Sema6A may also be involved in axonal pathfinding processes in the periinfarct and homotopic contralateral cortex. Sema6A is a member of the class 6 semaphorin family of proteins, which are membrane associated semaphorins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules involved in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАOвА0А0АаАВ▄cd11267, Sema_6B, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 6B (Sema6B). Sema6B functions as repellents for axon growth; this repulsive activity is mediated by its receptor Plexin A4. Sema6B is expressed in CA3, and repels mossy fibers in a Plexin A4 dependent manner. In human, it was shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor (RXR) regulate human semaphorin 6B (Sema6B) gene expression. Sema6B is a member of the class 6 semaphorin family of proteins, which are membrane associated semaphorins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАPвА0А0АаАВcd11268, Sema_6C, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 6C (Sema6C, also called semaphorin Y). Sema6C is highly expressed in adult brain and skeletal muscle and it shows growth cone collapsing activity. It may play a role in the maintenance and remodelling of neuronal connections. In adult skeletal muscle, this role includes prevention of motor neuron sprouting and uncontrolled motor neuron growth. The expression of Sema6C in adult skeletal muscle is down-regulated following denervation. Sema6C is a member of the class 6 semaphorin family of proteins, which are membrane associated semaphorins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules involved in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАQвА0А0АаАВcd11269, Sema_6D, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of semaphorin 6D (Sema6D). Sema6D is expressed predominantly in the nervous system during embryogenesis and it uses Plexin-A1 as a receptor. It displays repellent activity for dorsal root ganglion axons. Sema6D also acts as a regulator of late phase primary immune responses. In addition, Sema6D is overexpressed in gastric carcinoma, indicating that it may have an important role in the occurrence and development of the cancer. Sema6D is a member of the class 6 semaphorin family of proteins, which are membrane associated semaphorins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules involved in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАRвА0А0АаАВwcd11270, Sema_6E, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, semaphorin 6E (sema6E). Sema6E is expressed predominantly in the nervous system during embryogenesis. It binds Plexin A1 and might utilize it as a receptor to repel axons of specific types during development. Sema6E acts as a repellent to dorsal root ganglion axons as well as sympathetic axons. Sema6E is a member of the class 6 semaphorin family of proteins, which are membrane associated semaphorins. Semaphorins are regulatory molecules in the development of the nervous system and in axonal guidance. They also play important roles in other biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune regulation, respiration systems and cancer. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a receptor-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАSвА0А0АаАВВcd11271, Sema_plexin_A1, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of Plexin A1. Plexin A1 is found in both the nervous and immune systems. Its external Sema domain is also shared by semaphorin proteins. In the nervous system, Plexin A1 mediates Sema3A axon guidance function by interacting with the Sema3A coreceptor neuropilin, resulting in actin depolarization and cell repulsion. In the immune system, Plexin A1 mediates Sema6D signaling by binding to the Sema6D-Trem2-DAP12 complex on immune cells and osteoclasts to promote Rac activation and DAP12 phosphorylation. In gene profiling experiments, Plexin A1 was identified as a CIITA (class II transactivator) regulated gene in primary dendritic cells (DCs). The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a ligand-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАTвА0А0АаАВкcd11272, Sema_plexin_A2, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of Plexin A2. Plexin A2 serves as a receptor for class 6 semaphorins. Interactions between Plexin A2, A4 and semaphorins 6A and 6B control the lamina-restricted projection of hippocampal mossy fibers. Sema6B also repels the growth of mossy fibers in a Plexin A4 dependent manner. Plexin A2 does not suppress Sema6B function. In addition, studies have shown that Plexin A2 may be related to anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a ligand-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАUвА0А0АаАВcd11273, Sema_plexin_A3, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of Plexin A3. Plexin-A3 forms a receptor complex with neuropilin-2 and transduces signals for class 3 semaphorins in the nervous system. Both plexins A3 and A4 are essential for normal sympathetic neuron development. They function cooperatively to regulate the migration of sympathetic neurons, and differentially to guide sympathetic axons. Both plexins A3 and A4 are not required for guiding neural crest precursors prior to reaching the sympathetic anlagen. Plexin A3 is a major driving force for intraspinal motor growth cone guidance. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a ligand-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАVвА0А0АаАВ/cd11274, Sema_plexin_A4, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of Plexin A4. Plexin A4 forms a receptor complex with neuropilins (NRPs) and transduces signals for class 3 semaphorins in the nervous system. It regulates facial nerve development by functioning as a receptor for Sema3A/NRP1. Both plexins A3 and A4 are essential for normal sympathetic development. They function both cooperatively, to regulate the migration of sympathetic neurons, and differentially, to guide sympathetic axons. Plexin A4 is also expressed in lymphoid tissues and functions in the immune system. It negatively regulates T lymphocyte responses. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a ligand-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАWвА0А0АаАВ8cd11275, Sema_plexin_B1, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of Plexin B1. Plexin B1 serves as the Semaphorin 4D receptor and functions as a regulator of developing neurons and a tumor suppressor protein for melanoma. The Sema4D-plexin B signaling complex regulates dendritic and axonal complexity. The activation of Plexin B1 by Sema4D produces an acute collapse of axonal growth cones in hippocampal and retinal neurons over the early stages of neurite outgrowth and promotes branching and complexity. As a tumor suppressor, plexin B1 abrogates activation of the oncogenic receptor, c-Met, by its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), in melanoma. Furthermore, plexin B1 suppresses integrin-dependent migration and activation of pp125FAK and inhibits Rho activity. Plexin B1 is highly expressed in endothelial cells and its activation by Sema4D elicits a potent proangiogenic response. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a ligand-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАXвА0А0АаАВ`cd11276, Sema_plexin_B2, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of Plexin B2. Plexin B2 serves as the receptor of Sema4C and Sema4G. By signaling the effect of Sema4C and Sema4G, the plexin B2 receptor plays important roles in neural tube closure and cerebellar granule cell development. Mice lacking Plexin B2 demonstrated defects in closure of the neural tube and disorganization of the embryonic brain. In developing kidney, Sema4C-Plexin B2 signaling modulates ureteric branching. Plexin B2 is expressed both in the pretubular aggregates and the ureteric epithelium in the developing kidney. Deletion of Plexin B2 results in renal hypoplasia and occasional double ureters. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a ligand-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАYвА0А0АаАВcd11277, Sema_plexin_B3, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of Plexin B3. Plexin B3 is the receptor of semaphorin 5A. It is a highly potent stimulator of neurite outgrowth of primary murine cerebellar neurons. Plexin B3 has been linked to verbal performance and white matter volume in human brain. Furthermore, Sema5A and plexin B3 have been implicated in the progression of various types of cancer. They play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. The stimulation of plexin B3 by Sema5A binding in human glioma cells results in the inhibition of cell migration and invasion. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as a ligand-recognition and -binding module.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАZвА0А0АаАВиcd11278, Sema_MET, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of MET (also called hepatocyte growth factor receptor, HGFR). MET is encoded by the c-met protooncogene. MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). HGF/SF and MET are essential for the development of several tissues and organs, including the placenta, liver, and several groups of skeletal muscles. It also plays a major role in the abnormal migration of cancer cells as a result of overexpression or MET mutations. MET is composed of an alpha-beta heterodimer. The extracellular alpha chain is disulfide linked to the beta chain, which contains an extracellular ligand-binding region with a Sema domain, a PSI domain and four IPT repeats, a transmembrane segment, and an intracellular catalytic tyrosine kinase domain. The cytoplasmic C-terminal region acts as a docking site for multiple protein substrates, including Grb2, Gab1, STAT3, Shc, SHIP-1 and Src. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. The Sema domain of Met is necessary for receptor dimerization and activation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА[вА0А0АаАВ■cd11279, Sema_RON, The Sema domain, a protein interacting module, of RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. RON receptor tyrosine kinase is a Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) receptor. Upon binding of MSP, RON is activated via autophosphorylation within its kinase catalytic domain, resulting in a wide range of effects, including proliferation, tubular morphogenesis, angiogenesis, cellular motility and invasiveness. By interacting with downstream signaling molecules, it regulates macrophage migration, phagocytosis, and nitric oxide production. RON has been implicated in cancers of the breast, colon, pancreas and ovaries because both splice variants and receptor overexpression have been identified in these tumors. The Sema domain is located at the N-terminus and contains four disulfide bonds formed by eight conserved cysteine residues. It serves as ligand recognition and binding model. RON is composed of an alpha-beta heterodimer. The extracellular alpha chain is disulfide linked to the beta chain, which contains an extracellular ligand-binding region with a Sema domain, a PSI domain and four IPT repeats, a transmembrane segment, and an intracellular catalytic tyrosine kinase domain. The Sema domain of RON may be necessary for receptor dimerization and activation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА\вА0А0АаАВncd11280, gelsolin_like, Tandemly repeated domains found in gelsolin, severin, villin, and related proteins. Gelsolin repeats occur in gelsolin, severin, villin, advillin, villidin, supervillin, flightless, quail, fragmin, and other proteins, usually in several copies. They co-occur with villin headpiece domains, leucine-rich repeats, and several other domains. These gelsolin-related actin binding proteins (GRABPs) play regulatory roles in the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments; they are involved in F-actin capping, uncapping, severing, or the nucleation of actin filaments. Severing of actin filaments is Ca2+ dependent. Villins are also linked to generating bundles of F-actin with uniform filament polarity, which is most likely mediated by their extra villin headpiece domain. Many family members have also adopted functions in the nucleus, including the regulation of transcription. Supervillin, gelsolin, and flightless I are involved in intracellular signaling via nuclear hormone receptors. The gelsolin-like domain is distantly related to the actin depolymerizing domains found in cofilin and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЇвА0А0АаАВLcd11281, ADF_drebrin_like, ADF homology domain of drebrin and actin-binding protein 1 (abp1). Actin depolymerization factor/cofilin-like domains (ADF domains) are present in a family of essential eukaryotic actin regulatory proteins. Many of these proteins enhance the turnover rate of actin and interact with actin monomers as well as actin filaments. Abp1 and drebrin (developmentally regulated brain protein) are multidomain proteins with an N-terminal ADF homology domain and one or more C-terminal SH3 domains. They have been shown to interact with polymeric F-actin, but not with monomeric G-actin, and do not appear to promote the disassembly of actin filaments. Drebrin rather stabilizes actin filaments by inducing changes in the helical twist and may promote or interfere with the interactions of other proteins with actin filaments.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАївА0А0АаАВЮcd11282, ADF_coactosin_like, Coactosin-like members of the ADF homology domain family. Actin depolymerization factor/cofilin-like domains (ADF domains) are present in a family of essential eukaryotic actin regulatory proteins. Many of these proteins enhance the turnover rate of actin and interact with actin monomers as well as actin filaments. The function of coactosins is not well understood. They appear to interfere with the capping of actin filaments in Dictyostelium, and may not be able to bind monomeric globular actin. A role for coactosins as chaperones stabilizing 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) has been suggested; 5LO plays a crucial role in leukotriene synthesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎвА0А0АаАВТcd11283, ADF_GMF-beta_like, ADF-homology domain of glia maturation factor beta and related proteins. Actin depolymerization factor/cofilin-like domains (ADF domains) are present in a family of essential eukaryotic actin regulatory proteins. Most of these proteins enhance the turnover rate of actin and interact with actin monomers as well as actin filaments. The glia maturation factor (GMF), however, does not bind actin but interacts with the Arp2/3 complex (which contains actin-related proteins, amongst others) and suppresses Arp2/3 activity, inducing the dissociation of branched daughter filaments from their mother filaments. This family includes both mammalian GMF isoforms, GMF-beta and GMF-gamma. GMF-beta regulates cellular growth, fission, differentiation and apoptosis. GMF-gamma is important in myeloid cell development and is an important regulator for cell migration and polarity in neutrophils.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўвА0А0АаАВЙcd11284, ADF_Twf-C_like, C-terminal ADF domain of twinfilin and related proteins. Actin depolymerization factor/cofilin-like domains (ADF domains) are present in a family of essential eukaryotic actin regulatory proteins. Twinfilin contains two ADF domains, and inhibits the assembly of actin filaments by strongly interacting with monomeric ADP-actin (ADP-G-actin) in a 1:1 stochiometry (with it's C-terminal ADF domain, Twf-C) and inhibiting the actin monomer's nucleotide exchange. Mammalian twinfilin may also cap the barbed ends of F-actin filaments and prevent further assembly (or disassembly), in a process which requires both ADF domains. The N-terminal ADF domain (Twf-N) binds G-actin with a lower affinity than Twf-C; Twf-C can also bind F-actin. During capping, Twf-N may interact with the terminal actin subunit, and Twf-C may bind between two adjacent subunits at the side of the filament.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВЙcd11285, ADF_Twf-N_like, N-terminal ADF domain of twinfilin and related proteins. Actin depolymerization factor/cofilin-like domains (ADF domains) are present in a family of essential eukaryotic actin regulatory proteins. Twinfilin contains two ADF domains, and inhibits the assembly of actin filaments by strongly interacting with monomeric ADP-actin (ADP-G-actin) in a 1:1 stochiometry (with it's C-terminal ADF domain, Twf-C) and inhibiting the actin monomer's nucleotide exchange. Mammalian twinfilin may also cap the barbed ends of F-actin filaments and prevent further assembly (or disassembly), in a process which requires both ADF domains. The N-terminal ADF domain (Twf-N) binds G-actin with a lower affinity than Twf-C; Twf-C can also bind F-actin. During capping, Twf-N may interact with the terminal actin subunit, and Twf-C may bind between two adjacent subunits at the side of the filament.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА∙вА0А0АаАВJcd11286, ADF_cofilin_like, Cofilin, Destrin, and related actin depolymerizing factors. Actin depolymerization factor/cofilin-like domains (ADF domains) are present in a family of essential eukaryotic actin regulatory proteins. These proteins enhance the turnover rate of actin, and interact with actin monomers (G-actin) as well as actin filaments (F-actin), typically with a preference for ADP-G-actin subunits. The basic function of cofilin is to promote disassembly of aged actin filaments. Vertebrates have three isoforms of cofilin: cofilin-1 (Cfl1, non-muscle cofilin), cofilin-2 (muscle cofilin), and ADF (destrin). When bound to actin monomers, cofilins inhibit their spontaneous exchange of nucleotides. The cooperative binding to (aged) ADP-F-actin induces a local change in the actin filament structure and further promotes aging.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА·вА0А0АаАВIcd11287, Sec23_C, C-terminal Actin depolymerization factor-homology domain of Sec23. The C-terminal domain of the Sec23 subunit of the coat protein complex II (COPII) is distantly related to gelsolin-like repeats and the actin depolymerizing domains found in cofilin and similar proteins. Sec23 forms a tight complex with Sec24. The cytoplasmic Sec23/24 complex is recruited together with Sar1-GTP and Sec13/31 to induce coat polymerization and membrane deformation in the forming of COPII-coated endoplasmic reticulum vesicles. The function of the Sec23 C-terminal domain is unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА√вА0А0АаАВycd11288, gelsolin_S5_like, Gelsolin sub-domain 5-like domain found in gelsolin, severin, villin, and related proteins. Gelsolin repeats occur in gelsolin, severin, villin, advillin, villidin, supervillin, flightless, quail, fragmin, and other proteins, usually in several copies. They co-occur with villin headpiece domains, leucine-rich repeats, and several other domains. These gelsolin-related actin binding proteins (GRABPs) play regulatory roles in the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments; they are involved in F-actin capping, uncapping, severing, or the nucleation of actin filaments. Severing of actin filaments is Ca2+ dependent. Villins are also linked to generating bundles of F-actin with uniform filament polarity, which is most likely mediated by their extra villin headpiece domain. Many family members have also adopted functions in the nucleus, including the regulation of transcription. Supervillin, gelsolin, and flightless I are involved in intracellular signaling via nuclear hormone receptors. The gelsolin-like domain is distantly related to the actin depolymerizing domains found in cofilin and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА№вА0А0АаАВycd11289, gelsolin_S2_like, Gelsolin sub-domain 2-like domain found in gelsolin, severin, villin, and related proteins. Gelsolin repeats occur in gelsolin, severin, villin, advillin, villidin, supervillin, flightless, quail, fragmin, and other proteins, usually in several copies. They co-occur with villin headpiece domains, leucine-rich repeats, and several other domains. These gelsolin-related actin binding proteins (GRABPs) play regulatory roles in the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments; they are involved in F-actin capping, uncapping, severing, or the nucleation of actin filaments. Severing of actin filaments is Ca2+ dependent. Villins are also linked to generating bundles of F-actin with uniform filament polarity, which is most likely mediated by their extra villin headpiece domain. Many family members have also adopted functions in the nucleus, including the regulation of transcription. Supervillin, gelsolin, and flightless I are involved in intracellular signaling via nuclear hormone receptors. The gelsolin-like domain is distantly related to the actin depolymerizing domains found in cofilin and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА¤вА0А0АаАВycd11290, gelsolin_S1_like, Gelsolin sub-domain 1-like domain found in gelsolin, severin, villin, and related proteins. Gelsolin repeats occur in gelsolin, severin, villin, advillin, villidin, supervillin, flightless, quail, fragmin, and other proteins, usually in several copies. They co-occur with villin headpiece domains, leucine-rich repeats, and several other domains. These gelsolin-related actin binding proteins (GRABPs) play regulatory roles in the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments; they are involved in F-actin capping, uncapping, severing, or the nucleation of actin filaments. Severing of actin filaments is Ca2+ dependent. Villins are also linked to generating bundles of F-actin with uniform filament polarity, which is most likely mediated by their extra villin headpiece domain. Many family members have also adopted functions in the nucleus, including the regulation of transcription. Supervillin, gelsolin, and flightless I are involved in intracellular signaling via nuclear hormone receptors. The gelsolin_like domain is distantly related to the actin depolymerizing domains found in cofilin and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА■вА0А0АаАВycd11291, gelsolin_S6_like, Gelsolin sub-domain 6-like domain found in gelsolin, severin, villin, and related proteins. Gelsolin repeats occur in gelsolin, severin, villin, advillin, villidin, supervillin, flightless, quail, fragmin, and other proteins, usually in several copies. They co-occur with villin headpiece domains, leucine-rich repeats, and several other domains. These gelsolin-related actin binding proteins (GRABPs) play regulatory roles in the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments; they are involved in F-actin capping, uncapping, severing, or the nucleation of actin filaments. Severing of actin filaments is Ca2+ dependent. Villins are also linked to generating bundles of F-actin with uniform filament polarity, which is most likely mediated by their extra villin headpiece domain. Many family members have also adopted functions in the nucleus, including the regulation of transcription. Supervillin, gelsolin, and flightless I are involved in intracellular signaling via nuclear hormone receptors. The gelsolin-like domain is distantly related to the actin depolymerizing domains found in cofilin and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВycd11292, gelsolin_S3_like, Gelsolin sub-domain 3-like domain found in gelsolin, severin, villin, and related proteins. Gelsolin repeats occur in gelsolin, severin, villin, advillin, villidin, supervillin, flightless, quail, fragmin, and other proteins, usually in several copies. They co-occur with villin headpiece domains, leucine-rich repeats, and several other domains. These gelsolin-related actin binding proteins (GRABPs) play regulatory roles in the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments; they are involved in F-actin capping, uncapping, severing, or the nucleation of actin filaments. Severing of actin filaments is Ca2+ dependent. Villins are also linked to generating bundles of F-actin with uniform filament polarity, which is most likely mediated by their extra villin headpiece domain. Many family members have also adopted functions in the nucleus, including the regulation of transcription. Supervillin, gelsolin, and flightless I are involved in intracellular signaling via nuclear hormone receptors. The gelsolin-like domain is distantly related to the actin depolymerizing domains found in cofilin and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВycd11293, gelsolin_S4_like, Gelsolin sub-domain 4-like domain found in gelsolin, severin, villin, and related proteins. Gelsolin repeats occur in gelsolin, severin, villin, advillin, villidin, supervillin, flightless, quail, fragmin, and other proteins, usually in several copies. They co-occur with villin headpiece domains, leucine-rich repeats, and several other domains. These gelsolin-related actin binding proteins (GRABPs) play regulatory roles in the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments; they are involved in F-actin capping, uncapping, severing, or the nucleation of actin filaments. Severing of actin filaments is Ca2+ dependent. Villins are also linked to generating bundles of F-actin with uniform filament polarity, which is most likely mediated by their extra villin headpiece domain. Many family members have also adopted functions in the nucleus, including the regulation of transcription. Supervillin, gelsolin, and flightless I are involved in intracellular signaling via nuclear hormone receptors. The gelsolin-like domain is distantly related to the actin depolymerizing domains found in cofilin and similar proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ└cd11294, E_set_Esterase_like_N, N-terminal Early set domain associated with the catalytic domain of putative esterases. E or "early" set domains are associated with the catalytic domain of esterase at the N-terminal end. Esterases catalyze the hydrolysis of organic esters to release an alcohol or thiol and acid. The term esterase can be applied to enzymes that hydrolyze carboxylate, phosphate and sulphate esters, but is more often restricted to the first class of substrate. The N-terminal domain of esterase may be related to the immunoglobulin and/or fibronectin type III superfamilies. These domains are associated with different types of catalytic domains at either the N-terminal or C-terminal end and may be involved in homodimeric/tetrameric/dodecameric interactions. Members of this family include members of the alpha amylase family, sialidase, galactose oxidase, cellulase, cellulose, hyaluronate lyase, chitobiase, and chitinase, among others.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╓вА0А0АаАВcd11295, Mago_nashi, Mago nashi proteins, integral members of the exon junction complex. Members of this family, which was originally identified in Drosophila and called mago nashi, are integral members of the exon junction complex (EJC). The EJC is a multiprotein complex that is deposited on spliced mRNAs after intron removal at a conserved position upstream of the exon-exon junction, and transported to the cytoplasm where it has been shown to influence translation, surveillance, and localization of the spliced mRNA. It consists of four core proteins (eIF4AIII, Barentsz [Btz], Mago, and Y14), mRNA, and ATP and is supposed to be a binding platform for more peripherally and transiently associated factors along mRNA travel. Mago and Y14 form a stable heterodimer that stabilizes the complex by inhibiting eIF4AIII's ATPase activity. In humans, but not Drosophila, EJC is involved in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) via binding to Upf3b, a central NMD effector. EJC is stripped off the mRNA during the first round of translation and then the complex components are transported back into the nucleus and recycled. The Mago-Y14 heterodimer has been shown to interact with the cytoplasmic protein PYM, an EJC disassembly factor, and specifically binds to the karyopherin nuclear receptor importin 13.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАэвА0А0АаАВ├cd11296, O-FucT_like, GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase and related proteins. O-fucosyltransferase-like proteins are GDP-fucose dependent enzymes with similarities to the family 1 glycosyltransferases (GT1). They are soluble ER proteins that may be proteolytically cleaved from a membrane-associated preprotein, and are involved in the O-fucosylation of protein substrates, the core fucosylation of growth factor receptors, and other processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9╖вА0А0АаАВ╫cd11297, LabA_like_N_1, Uncharacterized subfamily of N-terminal LabA-like domains. This N-terminal domain is found in a well conserved group of mainly bacterial proteins with no defined function, which contain a C-terminal LabA_like_C domain. LabA from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, (which does not contain this C-terminal domain), has been shown to play a role in cyanobacterial circadian timing. The LabA-like C-terminal domains characteristic of this subfamily may be related to the LOTUS domain family (which also co-occurs with LabA-like N-terminal domains). The function of the N-terminal domain is unknown. LabA_like domains exhibit some similarity to the NYN domain, a distant relative of the PIN-domain nucleases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┌вА0А0АаАВКcd11298, O-FucT-2, GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 2. O-FucT-2 adds O-fucose to thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs), and appears conserved in bilateria. The O-fucosylation of TSRs appears to play a role in regulating secretion of metalloproteases of the ADAMTS superfamily. O-fucosyltransferase-like proteins are GDP-fucose dependent enzymes with similarities to the family 1 glycosyltransferases (GT1). They are soluble ER proteins that may be proteolytically cleaved from a membrane-associated preprotein, and are involved in the O-fucosylation of protein substrates, the core fucosylation of growth factor receptors, and other processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9╕вА0А0АаАВscd11299, O-FucT_plant, GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase, plant specific subfamily. Some members of this plant-specific family of O-fucosyltransferases have been annotated as auxin-independent growth promotors. The function of the protein seems unclear. O-fucosyltransferase-like proteins are GDP-fucose dependent enzymes with similarities to the family 1 glycosyltransferases (GT1). They are soluble ER proteins that may be proteolytically cleaved from a membrane-associated preprotein, and are involved in the O-fucosylation of protein substrates, the core fucosylation of growth factor receptors, and other processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9╣вА0А0АаАВ┼cd11300, Fut8_like, Alpha 1-6-fucosyltransferase. Alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) transfers a fucose moiety from GDP-fucose to the reducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine of the core structure of Asn-linked oligosaccharides, in a process termed core fucosylation. Core fucosylation is essential for the function of growth factor receptors. O-fucosyltransferase-like proteins are GDP-fucose dependent enzymes with similarities to the family 1 glycosyltransferases (GT1). They are soluble ER proteins that may be proteolytically cleaved from a membrane-associated preprotein, and are involved in the O-fucosylation of protein substrates, the core fucosylation of growth factor receptors, and other processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9║вА0А0АаАВTcd11301, Fut1_Fut2_like, Alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase. Alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferases (Fut1, Fut2) catalyze the transfer of alpha-L-fucose to the terminal beta-D-galactose residue of glycoconjugates via an alpha-1,2-linkage, generating carbohydrate structures that exhibit H-antigenicity for blood-group carbohydrates. These structures also act as ligands for morphogenesis, the adhesion of microbes, and metastasizing cancer cells. Fut1 is responsible for producing the H antigen on red blood cells. Fut2 is expressed in epithelia of secretory tissues, and individuals termed "secretors" have at least one functional copy of the gene; they secrete H antigen which is further processed into A and/or B antigens depending on the ABO genotype. O-fucosyltransferase-like proteins are GDP-fucose dependent enzymes with similarities to the family 1 glycosyltransferases (GT1). They are soluble ER proteins that may be proteolytically cleaved from a membrane-associated preprotein, and are involved in the O-fucosylation of protein substrates, the core fucosylation of growth factor receptors, and other processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9╗вА0А0АаАВ╤cd11302, O-FucT-1, GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1. The protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (Ofut1 or O-FucT-1) adds O-fucose to EGF (epidermal growth factor-like) repeats. The O-fucsosylation of the Notch receptor signaling protein is dependent on this enzyme, which requires GDP-fucose as a substrate. O-fucose residues added to the target of O-FucT-1 may be further elongated by other glycosyltransferases. On top of O-fucosylation, O-FucT-1 may have other functions such as the regulation of the Notch receptor exit from the ER. Six highly conserved cysteines are present in O-FucT-1, which is a soluble ER protein, as well as a DXD-like motif (ERD), conserved in mammals, Drosophila, and C. elegans. Both features are characteristic of several glycosyltransferase families. The membrane-bound pre-protein is released by proteolysis and, as for most glycosyltransferases, is strongly activated by manganese. O-FucT-1 is similar to family 1 glycosyltransferases (GT1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9╝вА0А0АаАВцcd11303, Dystroglycan_repeat, Cadherin-like repeat domain of alpha dystroglycan. Dystroglycan is a glycoprotein widely distributed in skeletal muscle and other tissues; the pre-protein is cleaved into two subunits (alpha and beta) that form a complex which links the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. Cadherin-like dystroglycan repeats are present in the extracellular alpha-dystroglycan subunit, which binds to the alpha-2-laminin G-domain in the basement membrane as part of the dystrophin-dystroglycan-complex (DGC). DGC has been shown to interact with other etxtracellular matrix components as well, such as perlecan and m-agrin, suggesting that the complex may play various different roles depending on the extracellular ligand.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА',вА0А0АаАВДcd11304, Cadherin_repeat, Cadherin tandem repeat domain. Cadherins are glycoproteins involved in Ca2+-mediated cell-cell adhesion. The cadherin repeat domains occur as tandem repeats in the extracellular regions, which are thought to mediate cell-cell contact when bound to calcium. They play numerous roles in cell fate, signalling, proliferation, differentiation, and migration; members include E-, N-, P-, T-, VE-, CNR-, proto-, and FAT-family cadherin, desmocollin, and desmoglein, a large variety of domain architectures with varying repeat copy numbers. Cadherin-repeat containing proteins exist as monomers, homodimers, or heterodimers.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'-вА0А0АаАВ╓cd11305, alpha_DG_C, C-terminal domain of alpha dystroglycan. Dystroglycan is a glycoprotein widely distributed in skeletal muscle and other tissues; the pre-protein is cleaved into two subunits (alpha and beta) that form a complex which links the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. This C-terminal domain of the alpha-subunit appears to contact neighboring cadherin-like repeats of alpha dystroglycan, and may also be involved in interactions with other components of the dystrophin-dystroglycan-complex (DGC). DGC has been shown to interact with extracellular matrix components such as laminin, perlecan and m-agrin, suggesting that the complex may play various different roles depending on the extracellular ligand.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'нвА0А0АаАВЫcd11306, M35_peptidyl-Lys, Peptidase M35 domain of peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidases. This family M35 Zn2+-metallopeptidase extracellular domain is mostly found in proteins characterized as peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidases (MEP; peptidyllysine metalloproteinase; EC 3.4.24.20), including some well-characterized domains in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. Achromogenes (AsaP1) and Grifola frondosa (GfMEP). These proteins specifically cleave peptidyl-lysine bonds (-X-Lys- where X may even be Pro) in proteins and peptides. AsaP1 peptidase has been shown to be important in the virulence of A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, having a major role in the fish innate immune response. Members of this family contain a unique zinc-binding motif (the aspzincin motif), defined by the HExxH + D motif where an aspartic acid is the third zinc ligand and is found in a GTXDXXYG or similar motif C-terminal to the His zinc ligands.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАывА0А0АаАВ?cd11307, M35_Asp_f2_like, Peptidase M35 domain of Asp f2, a major allergen from Aspergillus fumigatus, and related proteins; non catalytic. In this domain subgroup the unique zinc-binding motif (the aspzincin motif, characteristic of the M35 deuterolysin family, and defined as the "HEXXH + D" motif: two His ligands and Asp as third ligand), is poorly conserved and may not bind Zinc. Members of this subgroup also lack a key conserved Tyr residue which acts as a proton donor during metallopeptidase catalysis. These include Asp f2, a major allergen from Aspergillus fumigatus, which reacts with serum from patients with ABPA (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis), and pH-regulated antigen 1 (PRA1) from Candida albicans, which has a role in fungal morphogenesis and perhaps in the host-parasite interaction during candidal infection. No protease activity has been detected for Asp f2 to date. This subgroup also includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae Zps1p. The expression of the Zsp1 gene is increased in response to zinc deficiency; it is a target of the Zap1p transcription factor.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАьвА0А0АаАВKcd11308, Peptidase_M14NE-CP-C_like, Peptidase associated domain: C-terminal domain of M14 N/E carboxypeptidase; putative folding, regulation, or interaction domain. This domain is found C-terminal to the M14 carboxypeptidase (CP) N/E subfamily containing zinc-binding enzymes that hydrolyze single C-terminal amino acids from polypeptide chains, and have a recognition site for the free C-terminal carboxyl group, which is a key determinant of specificity. The N/E subfamily includes enzymatically active members (carboxypeptidase N, E, M, D, and Z), as well as non-active members (carboxypeptidase-like protein 1, -2, aortic CP-like protein, and adipocyte enhancer binding protein-1) which lack the critical active site and substrate-binding residues considered necessary for activity. The active N/E enzymes fulfill a variety of cellular functions, including prohormone processing, regulation of peptide hormone activity, alteration of protein-protein or protein-cell interactions and transcriptional regulation. For M14 CPs, it has been suggested that this domain may assist in folding of the CP domain, regulate enzyme activity, or be involved in interactions with other proteins or with membranes; for carboxypeptidase M, it may interact with the bradykinin 1 receptor at the cell surface. This domain may also be found in other peptidase families.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЬвА0А0АаАВДcd11309, 14-3-3_fungi, Fungal 14-3-3 protein domain. This family containing fungal 14-3-3 domains includes the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BMH1 and BMH2) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (rad24 and rad25) isoforms. They possess distinctively variant C-terminal segments that differentiate them from the mammalian isoforms; the C-terminus is longer and BMH1/2 isoforms contain polyglutamine (polyQ) sequences of unknown function. The C-terminal segments of yeast 14-3-3 isoforms may thus behave in a different manner compared to the higher eukaryote isoforms. Yeast 14-3-3 proteins bind to numerous proteins involved in a variety of yeast cellular processes making them excellent model organisms for elucidating the function of the 14-3-3 protein family. BMH1 and BMH2 are positive regulators of rapamycin-sensitive signaling via TOR kinases while they play an inhibitory role in Rtg3p-dependent transcription involved in retrograde signaling. 14-3-3 domains are an essential part of 14-3-3 proteins, a ubiquitous class of regulatory, phosphoserine/threonine-binding proteins found in all eukaryotic cells, including yeast, protozoa and mammalian cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'лвА0А0АаАВїcd11310, 14-3-3_1, 14-3-3 protein domain. This 14-3-3 domain family includes proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans, the silkworm (Bombyx mori) as well as barley (Hordeum vulgare). In C. elegans, 14-3-3 proteins are SIR-2.1 binding partners which induce transcriptional activation of DAF-16 during stress and are required for the life-span extension conferred by extra copies of sir-2.1. In B. mori, the 14-3-3 proteins are expressed widely in larval and adult tissues, including the brain, fat body, Malpighian tube, silk gland, midgut, testis, ovary, antenna, and pheromone gland, and interact with the N-terminal fragment of Hsp60, suggesting that 14-3-3 (a molecular adaptor) and Hsp60 (a molecular chaperone) work together to achieve a wide range of cellular functions in B. mori. In barley aleurone cells, 14-3-3 proteins and members of the ABF transcription factor family have a regulatory function in the gibberellic acid (GA) pathway since the balance of GA and abscisic acid (ABA) is a determining factor during transition of embryogenesis and seed germination. 14-3-3 is an essential part of 14-3-3 proteins, a ubiquitous class of regulatory, phosphoserine/threonine-binding proteins found in all eukaryotic cells, including yeast, protozoa and mammalian cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'мвА0А0АаАВЕcd11313, AmyAc_arch_bac_AmyA, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in archaeal and bacterial Alpha-amylases (also called 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase). AmyA (EC 3.2.1.1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages of glycogen, starch, related polysaccharides, and some oligosaccharides. This group includes firmicutes, bacteroidetes, and proteobacteria. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВЪcd11314, AmyAc_arch_bac_plant_AmyA, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in archaeal, bacterial, and plant Alpha-amylases (also called 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase). AmyA (EC 3.2.1.1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages of glycogen, starch, related polysaccharides, and some oligosaccharides. This group includes AmyA from bacteria, archaea, water fleas, and plants. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВДcd11315, AmyAc_bac1_AmyA, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in bacterial Alpha-amylases (also called 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase). AmyA (EC 3.2.1.1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages of glycogen, starch, related polysaccharides, and some oligosaccharides. This group includes Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВqcd11316, AmyAc_bac2_AmyA, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in bacterial Alpha-amylases (also called 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase). AmyA (EC 3.2.1.1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages of glycogen, starch, related polysaccharides, and some oligosaccharides. This group includes Chloroflexi, Dictyoglomi, and Fusobacteria. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВжcd11317, AmyAc_bac_euk_AmyA, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in bacterial and eukaryotic Alpha amylases (also called 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase). AmyA (EC 3.2.1.1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages of glycogen, starch, related polysaccharides, and some oligosaccharides. This group includes AmyA proteins from bacteria, fungi, mammals, insects, mollusks, and nematodes. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВscd11318, AmyAc_bac_fung_AmyA, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in bacterial and fungal Alpha amylases (also called 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase). AmyA (EC 3.2.1.1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages of glycogen, starch, related polysaccharides, and some oligosaccharides. This group includes bacterial and fungal proteins. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВЧcd11319, AmyAc_euk_AmyA, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in eukaryotic Alpha-amylases (also called 1,4-alpha-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase). AmyA (EC 3.2.1.1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages of glycogen, starch, related polysaccharides, and some oligosaccharides. This group includes eukaryotic alpha-amylases including proteins from fungi, sponges, and protozoans. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВ Ucd11320, AmyAc_AmyMalt_CGTase_like, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in maltogenic amylases, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, and related proteins. Enzymes such as amylases, cyclomaltodextrinase (CDase), and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) degrade starch to smaller oligosaccharides by hydrolyzing the alpha-D-(1,4) linkages between glucose residues. In the case of CGTases, an additional cyclization reaction is catalyzed yielding mixtures of cyclic oligosaccharides which are referred to as alpha-, beta-, or gamma-cyclodextrins (CDs), consisting of six, seven, or eight glucose residues, respectively. CGTases are characterized depending on the major product of the cyclization reaction. Besides having similar catalytic site residues, amylases and CGTases contain carbohydrate binding domains that are distant from the active site and are implicated in attaching the enzyme to raw starch granules and in guiding the amylose chain into the active site. The maltogenic alpha-amylase from Bacillus is a five-domain structure, unlike most alpha-amylases, but similar to that of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. In addition to the A, B, and C domains, they have a domain D and a starch-binding domain E. Maltogenic amylase is an endo-acting amylase that has activity on cyclodextrins, terminally modified linear maltodextrins, and amylose. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ2cd11321, AmyAc_bac_euk_BE, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in bacterial and eukaryotic branching enzymes. Branching enzymes (BEs) catalyze the formation of alpha-1,6 branch points in either glycogen or starch by cleavage of the alpha-1,4 glucosidic linkage yielding a non-reducing end oligosaccharide chain, and subsequent attachment to the alpha-1,6 position. By increasing the number of non-reducing ends, glycogen is more reactive to synthesis and digestion as well as being more soluble. This group includes bacterial and eukaryotic proteins. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВHcd11322, AmyAc_Glg_BE, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in the Glycogen branching enzyme (also called 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme). The glycogen branching enzyme catalyzes the third step of glycogen biosynthesis by the cleavage of an alpha-(1,4)-glucosidic linkage and the formation a new alpha-(1,6)-branch by subsequent transfer of cleaved oligosaccharide. They are part of a group called branching enzymes which catalyze the formation of alpha-1,6 branch points in either glycogen or starch. This group includes proteins from bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВ═cd11323, AmyAc_AGS, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in Alpha 1,3-glucan synthase (also called uridine diphosphoglucose-1,3-alpha-glucan glucosyltransferase and 1,3-alpha-D-glucan synthase). Alpha 1,3-glucan synthase (AGS, EC 2.4.1.183) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible chemical reaction of UDP-glucose and [alpha-D-glucosyl-(1-3)]n to form UDP and [alpha-D-glucosyl-(1-3)]n+1. AGS is a component of fungal cell walls. The cell wall of filamentous fungi is composed of 10-15% chitin and 10-35% alpha-1,3-glucan. AGS is triggered in fungi as a response to cell wall stress and elongates the glucan chains in cell wall synthesis. This group includes proteins from Ascomycetes and Basidomycetes. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВБcd11324, AmyAc_Amylosucrase, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in Amylosucrase. Amylosucrase is a glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of a D-glucopyranosyl moiety from sucrose onto an acceptor molecule. When the acceptor is another saccharide, only alpha-1,4 linkages are produced. Unlike most amylopolysaccharide synthases, it does not require any alpha-D-glucosyl nucleoside diphosphate substrate. In the presence of glycogen it catalyzes the transfer of a D-glucose moiety onto a glycogen branch, but in its absence, it hydrolyzes sucrose and synthesizes polymers, smaller maltosaccharides, and sucrose isoforms. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ cd11325, AmyAc_GTHase, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in Glycosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (also called Maltooligosyl trehalose Trehalohydrolase). Glycosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (GTHase) was discovered as part of a coupled system for the production of trehalose from soluble starch. In the first half of the reaction, glycosyltrehalose synthase (GTSase), an intramolecular glycosyl transferase, converts the glycosidic bond between the last two glucose residues of amylose from an alpha-1,4 bond to an alpha-1,1 bond, making a non-reducing glycosyl trehaloside. In the second half of the reaction, GTHase cleaves the alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond adjacent to the trehalose moiety to release trehalose and malto-oligosaccharide. Like isoamylase and other glycosidases that recognize branched oligosaccharides, GTHase contains an N-terminal extension and does not have the conserved calcium ion present in other alpha amylase family enzymes. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase. Glycosyltrehalose Trehalohydrolase Maltooligosyltrehalose Trehalohydrolase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ 6cd11326, AmyAc_Glg_debranch, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in glycogen debranching enzymes. Debranching enzymes facilitate the breakdown of glycogen through glucosyltransferase and glucosidase activity. These activities are performed by a single enzyme in mammals, yeast, and some bacteria, but by two distinct enzymes in Escherichia coli and other bacteria. Debranching enzymes perform two activities: 4-alpha-D-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25) and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33). 4-alpha-D-glucanotransferase catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-glucoside linkages at points of branching in chains of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues. Amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-glucoside linkages at points of branching in chains of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues. In Escherichia coli, GlgX is the debranching enzyme and malQ is the 4-alpha-glucanotransferase. TreX, an archaeal glycogen-debranching enzyme has dual activities like mammals and yeast, but is structurally similar to GlgX. TreX exists in two oligomeric states, a dimer and tetramer. Isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68) is one of the starch-debranching enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages specific in alpha-glucans such as amylopectin or glycogen and their beta-limit dextrins. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ┤cd11327, AmyAc_Glg_debranch_2, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in glycogen debranching enzymes. Debranching enzymes facilitate the breakdown of glycogen through glucosyltransferase and glucosidase activity. These activities are performed by a single enzyme in mammals, yeast, and some bacteria, but by two distinct enzymes in Escherichia coli and other bacteria. Debranching enzymes perform two activities, 4-alpha-D-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25) and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33). 4-alpha-D-glucanotransferase catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-glucoside linkages at points of branching in chains of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues. Amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-glucoside linkages at points of branching in chains of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues. The catalytic triad (DED), which is highly conserved in other debranching enzymes, is not present in this group. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ*cd11328, AmyAc_maltase, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in maltase (also known as alpha glucosidase) and related proteins. Maltase (EC 3.2.1.20) hydrolyzes the terminal, non-reducing (1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues in maltose, releasing alpha-D-glucose. In most cases, maltase is equivalent to alpha-glucosidase, but the term "maltase" emphasizes the disaccharide nature of the substrate from which glucose is cleaved, and the term "alpha-glucosidase" emphasizes the bond, whether the substrate is a disaccharide or polysaccharide. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВZcd11329, AmyAc_maltase-like, Alpha amylase catalytic domain family found in maltase. Maltase (EC 3.2.1.20) hydrolyzes the terminal, non-reducing (1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues in maltose, releasing alpha-D-glucose. The catalytic triad (DED) which is highly conserved in the other maltase group is not present in this subfamily. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ╖cd11330, AmyAc_OligoGlu, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in oligo-1,6-glucosidase (also called isomaltase; sucrase-isomaltase; alpha-limit dextrinase) and related proteins. Oligo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.10) hydrolyzes the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkage of isomalto-oligosaccharides, pannose, and dextran. Unlike alpha-1,4-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20), it fails to hydrolyze the alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds of maltosaccharides. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ╝cd11331, AmyAc_OligoGlu_like, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in oligo-1,6-glucosidase (also called isomaltase; sucrase-isomaltase; alpha-limit dextrinase) and related proteins. Oligo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.10) hydrolyzes the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkage of isomalto-oligosaccharides, pannose, and dextran. Unlike alpha-1,4-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20), it fails to hydrolyze the alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds of maltosaccharides. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВacd11332, AmyAc_OligoGlu_TS, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in oligo-1,6-glucosidase (also called isomaltase; sucrase-isomaltase; alpha-limit dextrinase), trehalose synthase (also called maltose alpha-D-glucosyltransferase), and related proteins. Oligo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.10) hydrolyzes the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkage of isomaltooligosaccharides, pannose, and dextran. Unlike alpha-1,4-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20), it fails to hydrolyze the alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds of maltosaccharides. Trehalose synthase (EC 5.4.99.16) catalyzes the isomerization of maltose to produce trehalulose. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ °cd11333, AmyAc_SI_OligoGlu_DGase, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in Sucrose isomerases, oligo-1,6-glucosidase (also called isomaltase; sucrase-isomaltase; alpha-limit dextrinase), dextran glucosidase (also called glucan 1,6-alpha-glucosidase), and related proteins. The sucrose isomerases (SIs) Isomaltulose synthase (EC 5.4.99.11) and Trehalose synthase (EC 5.4.99.16) catalyze the isomerization of sucrose and maltose to produce isomaltulose and trehalulose, respectively. Oligo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.10) hydrolyzes the alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkage of isomaltooligosaccharides, pannose, and dextran. Unlike alpha-1,4-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20), it fails to hydrolyze the alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds of maltosaccharides. Dextran glucosidase (DGase, EC 3.2.1.70) hydrolyzes alpha-1,6-glucosidic linkages at the non-reducing end of panose, isomaltooligosaccharides and dextran to produce alpha-glucose.The common reaction chemistry of the alpha-amylase family enzymes is based on a two-step acid catalytic mechanism that requires two critical carboxylates: one acting as a general acid/base (Glu) and the other as a nucleophile (Asp). Both hydrolysis and transglycosylation proceed via the nucleophilic substitution reaction between the anomeric carbon, C1 and a nucleophile. Both enzymes contain the three catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) common to the alpha-amylase family as well as two histidine residues which are predicted to be critical to binding the glucose residue adjacent to the scissile bond in the substrates. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВGcd11334, AmyAc_TreS, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in Trehalose synthetase. Trehalose synthetase (TreS) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of trehalose and maltose. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction in both directions, but the preferred substrate is maltose. Glucose is formed as a by-product of this reaction. It is believed that the catalytic mechanism may involve the cutting of the incoming disaccharide and transfer of a glucose to an enzyme-bound glucose. This enzyme also catalyzes production of a glucosamine disaccharide from maltose and glucosamine. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ ]cd11335, AmyAc_MTase_N, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in maltosyltransferase. Maltosyltransferase (MTase), a maltodextrin glycosyltransferase, acts on starch and maltooligosaccharides. It catalyzes the transfer of maltosyl units from alpha-1,4-linked glucans or maltooligosaccharides to other alpha-1,4-linked glucans, maltooligosaccharides or glucose. MTase is a homodimer. The catalytic core domain has the (beta/alpha) 8 barrel fold with the active-site cleft formed at the C-terminal end of the barrel. Substrate binding experiments have led to the location of two distinct maltose-binding sites: one lies in the active-site cleft and the other is located in a pocket adjacent to the active-site cleft. It is a member of the alpha-amylase family, but unlike typical alpha-amylases, MTase does not require calcium for activity and lacks two histidine residues which are predicted to be critical for binding the glucose residue adjacent to the scissile bond in the substrates. The common reaction chemistry of the alpha-amylase family of enzymes is based on a two-step acid catalytic mechanism that requires two critical carboxylates: one acting as a general acid/base (Glu) and the other as a nucleophile (Asp). Both hydrolysis and transglycosylation proceed via the nucleophilic substitution reaction between the anomeric carbon, C1 and a nucleophile. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВScd11336, AmyAc_MTSase, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in maltooligosyl trehalose synthase (MTSase). Maltooligosyl trehalose synthase (MTSase) domain. MTSase and maltooligosyl trehalose trehalohydrolase (MTHase) work together to produce trehalose. MTSase is responsible for converting the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage to an alpha,alpha-1,1-glucosidic linkage at the reducing end of the maltooligosaccharide through an intramolecular transglucosylation reaction, while MTHase hydrolyzes the penultimate alpha-1,4 linkage of the reducing end, resulting in the release of trehalose. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ_cd11337, AmyAc_CMD_like, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in cyclomaltodextrinases and related proteins. Cyclomaltodextrinase (CDase; EC3.2.1.54), neopullulanase (NPase; EC 3.2.1.135), and maltogenic amylase (MA; EC 3.2.1.133) catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages on a number of substrates including cyclomaltodextrins (CDs), pullulan, and starch. These enzymes hydrolyze CDs and starch to maltose and pullulan to panose by cleavage of alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds whereas alpha-amylases essentially lack activity on CDs and pullulan. They also catalyze transglycosylation of oligosaccharides to the C3-, C4- or C6-hydroxyl groups of various acceptor sugar molecules. Since these proteins are nearly indistinguishable from each other, they are referred to as cyclomaltodextrinases (CMDs). This group of CMDs is mainly bacterial. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ2cd11338, AmyAc_CMD, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in cyclomaltodextrinases and related proteins. Cyclomaltodextrinase (CDase; EC3.2.1.54), neopullulanase (NPase; EC 3.2.1.135), and maltogenic amylase (MA; EC 3.2.1.133) catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages on a number of substrates including cyclomaltodextrins (CDs), pullulan, and starch. These enzymes hydrolyze CDs and starch to maltose and pullulan to panose by cleavage of alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds whereas alpha-amylases essentially lack activity on CDs and pullulan. They also catalyze transglycosylation of oligosaccharides to the C3-, C4- or C6-hydroxyl groups of various acceptor sugar molecules. Since these proteins are nearly indistinguishable from each other, they are referred to as cyclomaltodextrinases (CMDs). The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВhcd11339, AmyAc_bac_CMD_like_2, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in bacterial cyclomaltodextrinases and related proteins. Cyclomaltodextrinase (CDase; EC3.2.1.54), neopullulanase (NPase; EC 3.2.1.135), and maltogenic amylase (MA; EC 3.2.1.133) catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages on a number of substrates including cyclomaltodextrins (CDs), pullulan, and starch. These enzymes hydrolyze CDs and starch to maltose and pullulan to panose by cleavage of alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds whereas alpha-amylases essentially lack activity on CDs and pullulan. They also catalyze transglycosylation of oligosaccharides to the C3-, C4- or C6-hydroxyl groups of various acceptor sugar molecules. Since these proteins are nearly indistinguishable from each other, they are referred to as cyclomaltodextrinases (CMDs). This group of CMDs is bacterial. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВhcd11340, AmyAc_bac_CMD_like_3, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in bacterial cyclomaltodextrinases and related proteins. Cyclomaltodextrinase (CDase; EC3.2.1.54), neopullulanase (NPase; EC 3.2.1.135), and maltogenic amylase (MA; EC 3.2.1.133) catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages on a number of substrates including cyclomaltodextrins (CDs), pullulan, and starch. These enzymes hydrolyze CDs and starch to maltose and pullulan to panose by cleavage of alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds whereas alpha-amylases essentially lack activity on CDs and pullulan. They also catalyze transglycosylation of oligosaccharides to the C3-, C4- or C6-hydroxyl groups of various acceptor sugar molecules. Since these proteins are nearly indistinguishable from each other, they are referred to as cyclomaltodextrinases (CMDs). This group of CMDs is bacterial. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВ@cd11341, AmyAc_Pullulanase_LD-like, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in Pullulanase (also called dextrinase; alpha-dextrin endo-1,6-alpha glucosidase), limit dextrinase, and related proteins. Pullulanase is an enzyme with action similar to that of isoamylase; it cleaves 1,6-alpha-glucosidic linkages in pullulan, amylopectin, and glycogen, and in alpha-and beta-amylase limit-dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen. Pullulanases are very similar to limit dextrinases, although they differ in their action on glycogen and the rate of hydrolysis of limit dextrins. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВ┌cd11343, AmyAc_Sucrose_phosphorylase-like, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in sucrose phosphorylase (also called sucrose glucosyltransferase, disaccharide glucosyltransferase, and sucrose-phosphate alpha-D glucosyltransferase). Sucrose phosphorylase is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorolysis of sucrose to yield glucose-1-phosphate and fructose. These enzymes do not have the conserved calcium ion present in other alpha amylase family enzymes. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА!вА0А0АаАВ Hcd11344, AmyAc_GlgE_like, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in GlgE-like proteins. GlgE is a (1,4)-a-D-glucan:phosphate a-D-maltosyltransferase, involved in a-glucan biosynthesis in bacteria. It is also an anti-tuberculosis drug target. GlgE isoform I from Streptomyces coelicolor has the same catalytic and very similar kinetic properties to GlgE from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. GlgE from Streptomyces coelicolor forms a homodimer with each subunit comprising five domains (A, B, C, N, and S) and 2 inserts. Domain A is a catalytic alpha-amylase-type domain that along with domain N, which has a beta-sandwich fold and forms the core of the dimer interface, binds cyclodextrins. Domain A, B, and the 2 inserts define a well conserved donor pocket that binds maltose. Cyclodextrins competitively inhibit the binding of maltooligosaccharides to the S. coelicolor enzyme, indicating that the hydrophobic patch overlaps with the acceptor binding site. This is not the case in M. tuberculosis GlgE because cyclodextrins do not inhibit this enzyme, despite acceptor length specificity being conserved. Domain C is hypothesized to help stabilize domain A and could be involved in substrate binding. Domain S is a helix bundle that is inserted within the N domain and it plays a role in the dimer interface and interacts directly with domain B. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВ╖cd11345, AmyAc_SLC3A2, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in solute carrier family 3 member 2 proteins. 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain (hc) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A2 gene. 4F2hc is a multifunctional type II membrane glycoprotein involved in amino acid transport and cell fusion, adhesion, and transformation. It is related to bacterial alpha-glycosidases, but lacks alpha-glycosidase activity. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#вА0А0АаАВ│cd11346, AmyAc_plant_IsoA, Alpha amylase catalytic domain family found in plant isoamylases. Two types of debranching enzymes exist in plants: isoamylase-type (EC 3.2.1.68) and a pullulanase-type (EC 3.2.1.41, also known as limit-dextrinase). These efficiently hydrolyze alpha-(1,6)-linkages in amylopectin and pullulan. This group does not contain the conserved catalytic triad present in other alpha-amylase-like proteins. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВgcd11347, AmyAc_1, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in an uncharacterized protein family. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА%вА0А0АаАВЦcd11348, AmyAc_2, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in an uncharacterized protein family. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The catalytic triad (DED) is not present here. The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА&вА0А0АаАВgcd11349, AmyAc_3, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in an uncharacterized protein family. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'вА0А0АаАВ^cd11350, AmyAc_4, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in an uncharacterized protein family. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА(вА0А0АаАВgcd11352, AmyAc_5, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in an uncharacterized protein family. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА)вА0А0АаАВАcd11353, AmyAc_euk_bac_CMD_like, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in eukaryotic and bacterial cyclomaltodextrinases and related proteins. Cyclomaltodextrinase (CDase; EC3.2.1.54), neopullulanase (NPase; EC 3.2.1.135), and maltogenic amylase (MA; EC 3.2.1.133) catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages on a number of substrates including cyclomaltodextrins (CDs), pullulan, and starch. These enzymes hydrolyze CDs and starch to maltose and pullulan to panose by cleavage of alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds whereas alpha-amylases essentially lack activity on CDs and pullulan. They also catalyze transglycosylation of oligosaccharides to the C3-, C4- or C6-hydroxyl groups of various acceptor sugar molecules. Since these proteins are nearly indistinguishable from each other, they are referred to as cyclomaltodextrinases (CMDs). This group of CMDs is mainly bacterial. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА*вА0А0АаАВfcd11354, AmyAc_bac_CMD_like, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in bacterial cyclomaltodextrinases and related proteins. Cyclomaltodextrinase (CDase; EC3.2.1.54), neopullulanase (NPase; EC 3.2.1.135), and maltogenic amylase (MA; EC 3.2.1.133) catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,4) glycosidic linkages on a number of substrates including cyclomaltodextrins (CDs), pullulan, and starch. These enzymes hydrolyze CDs and starch to maltose and pullulan to panose by cleavage of alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds whereas alpha-amylases essentially lack activity on CDs and pullulan. They also catalyze transglycosylation of oligosaccharides to the C3-, C4- or C6-hydroxyl groups of various acceptor sugar molecules. Since these proteins are nearly indistinguishable from each other, they are referred to as cyclomaltodextrinases (CMDs). This group of CMDs is bacterial. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА+вА0А0АаАВ╒cd11355, AmyAc_Sucrose_phosphorylase, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in sucrose phosphorylase (also called sucrose glucosyltransferase, disaccharide glucosyltransferase, and sucrose-phosphate alpha-D glucosyltransferase). Sucrose phosphorylase is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorolysis of sucrose to yield glucose-1-phosphate and fructose. These enzymes do not have the conserved calcium ion present in other alpha amylase family enzymes. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА,вА0А0АаАВщcd11356, AmyAc_Sucrose_phosphorylase-like_1, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in sucrose phosphorylase-like proteins (also called sucrose glucosyltransferase, disaccharide glucosyltransferase, and sucrose-phosphate alpha-D glucosyltransferase). Sucrose phosphorylase is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorolysis of sucrose to yield glucose-1-phosphate and fructose. These enzymes do not have the conserved calcium ion present in other alpha amylase family enzymes. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА-вА0А0АаАВ▀cd11358, RNase_PH, RNase PH-like 3'-5' exoribonucleases. RNase PH-like 3'-5' exoribonucleases are enzymes that catalyze the 3' to 5' processing and decay of RNA substrates. Evolutionarily related members can be fond in prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes. Bacterial ribonuclease PH contains a single copy of this domain, and removes nucleotide residues following the -CCA terminus of tRNA. Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (PNPase) contains two tandem copies of the domain and is involved in mRNA degradation in a 3'-5' direction. Archaeal exosomes contain two individually encoded RNase PH-like 3'-5' exoribonucleases and are required for 3' processing of the 5.8S rRNA. The eukaryotic exosome core is composed of six individually encoded RNase PH-like subunits, but it is not a phosphorolytic enzyme per se; it directly associates with Rrp44 and Rrp6, which are hydrolytic exoribonucleases related to bacterial RNase II/R and RNase D. All members of the RNase PH-like family form ring structures by oligomerization of six domains or subunits, except for a total of 3 subunits with tandem repeats in the case of PNPase, with a central channel through which the RNA substrate must pass to gain access to the phosphorolytic active sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'овА0А0АаАВ╕cd11359, AmyAc_SLC3A1, Alpha amylase catalytic domain found in Solute Carrier family 3 member 1 proteins. SLC3A1, also called Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT or NBAT, plays a role in amino acid and cystine absorption. Mutations in the gene encoding SLC3A1 causes cystinuria, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the failure of proximal tubules to reabsorb filtered cystine and dibasic amino acids. The Alpha-amylase family comprises the largest family of glycoside hydrolases (GH), with the majority of enzymes acting on starch, glycogen, and related oligo- and polysaccharides. These proteins catalyze the transformation of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic linkages with retention of the anomeric center. The protein is described as having 3 domains: A, B, C. A is a (beta/alpha) 8-barrel; B is a loop between the beta 3 strand and alpha 3 helix of A; C is the C-terminal extension characterized by a Greek key. The majority of the enzymes have an active site cleft found between domains A and B where a triad of catalytic residues (Asp, Glu and Asp) performs catalysis. Other members of this family have lost the catalytic activity as in the case of the human 4F2hc, or only have 2 residues that serve as the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, such as Thermus A4 beta-galactosidase with 2 Glu residues (GH42) and human alpha-galactosidase with 2 Asp residues (GH31). The family members are quite extensive and include: alpha amylase, maltosyltransferase, cyclodextrin glycotransferase, maltogenic amylase, neopullulanase, isoamylase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan maltotetrahydrolase, 4-alpha-glucotransferase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase, amylosucrase, sucrose phosphorylase, and amylomaltase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА.вА0А0АаАВucd11362, RNase_PH_bact, Ribonuclease PH. Ribonuclease PH (RNase PH)-like 3'-5' exoribonucleases are enzymes that catalyze the 3' to 5' processing and decay of RNA substrates. Structurally all members of this family form hexameric rings (trimers of dimers). Bacterial RNase PH forms a homohexameric ring, and removes nucleotide residues following the -CCA terminus of tRNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'пвА0А0АаАВvcd11363, RNase_PH_PNPase_1, Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase, repeat 1. Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (PNPase) is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally, all members of this family form hexameric rings. In the case of PNPase the complex is a trimer, since each monomer contains two tandem copies of the domain. PNPase is involved in mRNA degradation in a 3'-5' direction and in quality control of ribosomal RNA precursors. It is part of the RNA degradosome complex and binds to the scaffolding domain of the endoribonuclease RNase E.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'░вА0А0АаАВнcd11364, RNase_PH_PNPase_2, Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase, repeat 2. Polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase (PNPase) is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally, all members of this family form hexameric rings. In the case of PNPase the complex is a trimer, since each monomer contains two tandem copies of the domain. PNPase is involved in mRNA degradation in a 3'-5' direction and in quality control of ribosomal RNA precursors, with the second repeat containing the active site. PNPase is part of the RNA degradosome complex and binds to the scaffolding domain of the endoribonuclease RNase E.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'▒вА0А0АаАВНcd11365, RNase_PH_archRRP42, RRP42 subunit of archaeal exosome. The RRP42 subunit of the archaeal exosome is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally all members of this family form hexameric rings (trimers of dimers). In archaea, the ring is formed by three Rrp41:Rrp42 dimers. The central chamber within the ring contains three phosphorolytic active sites located in an Rrp41 pocket at the interface between Rrp42 and Rrp41. The ring is capped by three copies of Rrp4 and/or Csl4 which contain putative RNA interaction domains. The archaeal exosome degrades single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) in the 3'-5' direction, but also can catalyze the reverse reaction of adding nucleoside diphosphates to the 3'-end of RNA which has been shown to lead to the formation of poly-A-rich tails on RNA. It is required for 3' processing of the 5.8S rRNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'▓вА0А0АаАВZcd11366, RNase_PH_archRRP41, RRP41 subunit of archaeal exosome. The RRP41 subunit of the archaeal exosome is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally all members of this family form hexameric rings (trimers of dimers). In archaea, the ring is formed by three Rrp41:Rrp42 dimers. The central chamber within the ring contains three phosphorolytic active sites located in an Rrp41 pocket at the interface between Rrp42 and Rrp41. The ring is capped by three copies of Rrp4 and/or Csl4 which contain putative RNA interaction domains. The archaeal exosome degrades single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) in the 3'-5' direction, but also can catalyze the reverse reaction of adding nucleoside diphosphates to the 3'-end of RNA which has been shown to lead to the formation of poly-A-rich tails on RNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'│вА0А0АаАВ╠cd11367, RNase_PH_RRP42, RRP42 subunit of eukaryotic exosome. The RRP42 subunit of eukaryotic exosome is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally all members of this family form hexameric rings (trimers of Rrp41-Rrp45, Rrp46-Rrp43, and Mtr3-Rrp42 dimers). The eukaryotic exosome core is composed of six individually encoded RNase PH-like subunits and three additional proteins (Rrp4, Csl4 and Rrp40) that form a stable cap and contain RNA-binding domains. The RNase PH-like subunits are no longer phosphorolytic enzymes, the exosome directly associates with Rrp44 and Rrp6, hydrolytic exoribonucleases related to bacterial RNase II/R and RNase D. The exosome plays an important role in RNA turnover. It plays a crucial role in the maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, quality control of mRNA, and the degradation of RNA processing by-products and non-coding transcripts.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'┤вА0А0АаАВ╠cd11368, RNase_PH_RRP45, RRP45 subunit of eukaryotic exosome. The RRP45 subunit of eukaryotic exosome is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally all members of this family form hexameric rings (trimers of Rrp41-Rrp45, Rrp46-Rrp43, and Mtr3-Rrp42 dimers). The eukaryotic exosome core is composed of six individually encoded RNase PH-like subunits and three additional proteins (Rrp4, Csl4 and Rrp40) that form a stable cap and contain RNA-binding domains. The RNase PH-like subunits are no longer phosphorolytic enzymes, the exosome directly associates with Rrp44 and Rrp6, hydrolytic exoribonucleases related to bacterial RNase II/R and RNase D. The exosome plays an important role in RNA turnover. It plays a crucial role in the maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, quality control of mRNA, and the degradation of RNA processing by-products and non-coding transcripts.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'╡вА0А0АаАВ╠cd11369, RNase_PH_RRP43, RRP43 subunit of eukaryotic exosome. The RRP43 subunit of eukaryotic exosome is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally all members of this family form hexameric rings (trimers of Rrp41-Rrp45, Rrp46-Rrp43, and Mtr3-Rrp42 dimers). The eukaryotic exosome core is composed of six individually encoded RNase PH-like subunits and three additional proteins (Rrp4, Csl4 and Rrp40) that form a stable cap and contain RNA-binding domains. The RNase PH-like subunits are no longer phosphorolytic enzymes, the exosome directly associates with Rrp44 and Rrp6, hydrolytic exoribonucleases related to bacterial RNase II/R and RNase D. The exosome plays an important role in RNA turnover. It plays a crucial role in the maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, quality control of mRNA, and the degradation of RNA processing by-products and non-coding transcripts.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'╢вА0А0АаАВ╠cd11370, RNase_PH_RRP41, RRP41 subunit of eukaryotic exosome. The RRP41 subunit of eukaryotic exosome is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally all members of this family form hexameric rings (trimers of Rrp41-Rrp45, Rrp46-Rrp43, and Mtr3-Rrp42 dimers). The eukaryotic exosome core is composed of six individually encoded RNase PH-like subunits and three additional proteins (Rrp4, Csl4 and Rrp40) that form a stable cap and contain RNA-binding domains. The RNase PH-like subunits are no longer phosphorolytic enzymes, the exosome directly associates with Rrp44 and Rrp6, hydrolytic exoribonucleases related to bacterial RNase II/R and RNase D. The exosome plays an important role in RNA turnover. It plays a crucial role in the maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, quality control of mRNA, and the degradation of RNA processing by-products and non-coding transcripts.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'╖вА0А0АаАВ╔cd11371, RNase_PH_MTR3, MTR3 subunit of eukaryotic exosome. The MTR3 subunit of eukaryotic exosome is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally all members of this family form hexameric rings (trimers of Rrp41-Rrp45, Rrp46-Rrp43, and Mtr3-Rrp42 dimers). The eukaryotic exosome core is composed of six individually encoded RNase PH-like subunits and three additional proteins (Rrp4, Csl4 and Rrp40) that form a stable cap and contain RNA-binding domains. The RNase PH-like subunits are no longer phosphorolytic enzymes, the exosome directly associates with Rrp44 and Rrp6, hydrolytic exoribonucleases related to bacterial RNase II/R and RNase D. The exosome plays an important role in RNA turnover. It plays a crucial role in the maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, quality control of mRNA, and the degradation of RNA processing by-products and non-coding transcripts.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'╕вА0А0АаАВ╠cd11372, RNase_PH_RRP46, RRP46 subunit of eukaryotic exosome. The RRP46 subunit of eukaryotic exosome is a member of the RNase_PH family, named after the bacterial Ribonuclease PH, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease. Structurally all members of this family form hexameric rings (trimers of Rrp41-Rrp45, Rrp46-Rrp43, and Mtr3-Rrp42 dimers). The eukaryotic exosome core is composed of six individually encoded RNase PH-like subunits and three additional proteins (Rrp4, Csl4 and Rrp40) that form a stable cap and contain RNA-binding domains. The RNase PH-like subunits are no longer phosphorolytic enzymes, the exosome directly associates with Rrp44 and Rrp6, hydrolytic exoribonucleases related to bacterial RNase II/R and RNase D. The exosome plays an important role in RNA turnover. It plays a crucial role in the maturation of stable RNA species such as rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA, quality control of mRNA, and the degradation of RNA processing by-products and non-coding transcripts.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'╣вА0А0АаАВ╚cd11374, CE4_u10, Putative catalytic domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins from the carbohydrate esterase 4 superfamily. The family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized bacterial proteins with high sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the six-stranded barrel rhizobial NodB-like proteins, which remove N-linked or O-linked acetyl groups of cell wall polysaccharides and belong to the larger carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЫвА0А0АаАВяcd11375, Peptidase_M54, Peptidase family M54, also called archaemetzincins or archaelysins. Peptidase M54 (archaemetzincin or archaelysin) is a zinc-dependent aminopeptidase that contains the consensus zinc-binding sequence HEXXHXXGXXH/D and a conserved Met residue at the active site, and is thus classified as a metzincin. Archaemetzincins, first identified in archaea, are also found in bacteria and eukaryotes, including two human members, archaemetzincin-1 and -2 (AMZ1 and AMZ2). AMZ1 is mainly found in the liver and heart while AMZ2 is primarily expressed in testis and heart; both have been reported to degrade synthetic substrates and peptides. The Peptidase M54 family contains an extended metzincin concensus sequence of HEXXHXXGX3CX4CXMX17CXXC such that a second zinc ion is bound to four cysteines, thus resembling a zinc finger. Phylogenetic analysis of this family reveals a complex evolutionary process involving a series of lateral gene transfer, gene loss and genetic duplication events.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@%вА0А0АаАВcd11376, Imelysin-like, imelysin also called Peptidase M75. This family includes insulin-cleaving membrane protease (imelysin, ICMP), imelysin-like protein (IPPA from Psychrobacter arcticus), iron-regulated protein A (IrpA) and iron-transporter EfeO-like alginate-binding protein (Algp7). Imelysin is a membrane protein with the active site outside the cell envelope. It is also called the peptidase M75 since the HxxE sequence motif characteristic of the M14 peptidase is completely conserved. However, the overall structure and the GxHxxE motif region differ from the known HxxE metallopeptidases, suggesting that imelysin-like proteins may not be peptidases. Imelysin's cleavage of the oxidized insulin B chain shows a preference for aromatic hydrophobic amino acids at P1'. Imelysin was first identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and has also been shown to cleave fibrinogen. The tertiary structure shows a fold consisting of two domains, each consisting of a bundle of four helices that are similar to each other, implying an ancient gene duplication and fusion event. In addition to an imelysin-like domain, Algp7 typically contains an N-terminal cupredoxin (CUP) domain and has a deep cleft between the 4-helix bundles sufficiently large to accommodate macromolecules such as alginate polysaccharide.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#"вА0А0АаАВ8cd11377, Pro-peptidase_S53, Activation domain of S53 peptidases. Members of this family are found in various subtilase propeptides, such as pro-kumamolysin and tripeptidyl peptidase I, and adopt a ferredoxin-like fold, with an alpha+beta sandwich. Cleavage of the domain results in activation of the peptidase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'║вА0А0АаАВйcd11378, DUF296, Domain of unknown function found in archaea, bacteria, and plants. This domain is found in proteins that contain AT-hook motifs, which suggests a role in DNA-binding for the proteins as a whole. Three conserved histidine residues appear to form a zinc-binding site, and the domain has been observed to form homotrimers. It co-occurs with a thioredoxin-like domain in uncharacterized cyanobacterial proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9╛вА0А0АаАБ║cd11379, DUF4425, Uncharacterized protein conserved in Bacteroidetes. This family appears to form homodimers, the 3D structure has been determined by both NMR and X-ray crystallography.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9┐вА0А0АаАБяcd11380, Ribosomal_S8e_like, Eukaryotic/archaeal ribosomal protein S8e and similar proteins. This family contains the eukaryotic/archaeal ribosomal protein S8, a component of the small ribosomal subunits, as well as the NSA2 gene product.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9└вА0А0АаАВ1cd11381, NSA2, pre-ribosomal protein NSA2 (Nop seven-associated 2). NSA2 appears to be a protein required for the maturation of 27S pre-rRNA in yeast; it has been characterized in mammalian cells as a nucleolar protein that might play a role in the regulation of the cell cycle and in cell proliferation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9┴вА0А0АаАВcd11382, Ribosomal_S8e, Eukaryotic/archaeal ribosomal protein S8e (RPS8). The eukaryotic/archaeal ribosomal protein S8 is a component of the small (40S in eukaryotes, 30S in archaea) ribosomal subunits and interacts tightly with 18S rRNA (16S rRNA in archaea, presumably).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9┬вА0А0АаАВ╝cd11383, YfjP, YfjP GTPase. The Era (E. coli Ras-like protein)-like YfjP subfamily includes several uncharacterized bacterial GTPases that are similar to Era. They generally show sequence conservation in the region between the Walker A and B motifs (G1 and G3 box motifs), to the exclusion of other GTPases. Era is characterized by a distinct derivative of the KH domain (the pseudo-KH domain) which is located C-terminal to the GTPase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'ЧвА0А0АаАВ─cd11384, RagA_like, Rag GTPase, subfamily of Ras-related GTPases, includes Ras-related GTP-binding proteins A and B. RagA and RagB are closely related Rag GTPases (ras-related GTP-binding protein A and B) that constitute a unique subgroup of the Ras superfamily, and are functional homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gtr1. These domains function by forming heterodimers with RagC or RagD, and similarly, Gtr1 dimerizes with Gtr2, through the carboxy-terminal segments. They play an essential role in regulating amino acid-induced target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) kinase signaling, exocytic cargo sorting at endosomes, and epigenetic control of gene expression. In response to amino acids, the Rag GTPases guide the TORC1 complex to activate the platform containing Rheb proto-oncogene by driving the relocalization of mTORC1 from discrete locations in the cytoplasm to a late endosomal and/or lysosomal compartment that is Rheb-enriched and contains Rab-7.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'ШвА0А0АаАВгcd11385, RagC_like, Rag GTPase, subfamily of Ras-related GTPases, includes Ras-related GTP-binding proteins C and D. RagC and RagD are closely related Rag GTPases (ras-related GTP-binding protein C and D) that constitute a unique subgroup of the Ras superfamily, and are functional homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gtr2. These domains form heterodimers with RagA or RagB, and similarly, Gtr2 dimerizes with Gtr1 in order to function. They play an essential role in regulating amino acid-induced target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) kinase signaling, exocytic cargo sorting at endosomes, and epigenetic control of gene expression. In response to amino acids, the Rag GTPases guide the TORC1 complex to activate the platform containing Rheb proto-oncogene by driving the relocalization of mTORC1 from discrete locations in the cytoplasm to a late endosomal and/or lysosomal compartment that is Rheb-enriched and contains Rab-7.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'ЩвА0А0АаАВеcd11386, MCP_signal, Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP), signaling domain. Methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs or chemotaxis receptors) are an integral part of the transmembrane protein complex that controls bacterial chemotaxis, together with the histidine kinase CheA, the receptor-coupling protein CheW, receptor-modification enzymes, and localized phosphatases. MCPs contain a four helix trans membrane region, an N-terminal periplasmic ligand binding domain, and a C-terminal HAMP domain followed by a cytoplasmic signaling domain. This C-terminal signaling domain dimerizes into a four-helix bundle and interacts with CheA through the adaptor protein CheW.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА'╗вА0А0АаАВgcd11473, W2, C-terminal domain of eIF4-gamma/eIF5/eIF2b-epsilon. This domain is found at the C-terminus of several translation initiation factors, including the epsilon chain of eIF2b, where it has been found to catalyze the conversion of eIF2.GDP to its active eIF2.GTP form. The structure of the domain resembles that of a set of concatenated HEAT repeats.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9├вА0А0АаАВ?cd11474, SLC5sbd_CHT, Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent choline cotransporter CHT and related proteins; solute-binding domain. Na+/choline co-transport by CHT is Cl- dependent. Human CHT (also called CHT1) is encoded by the SLC5A7 gene, and is expressed in the central nervous system. hCHT1-mediated choline uptake may be the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis, and essential for cholinergic transmission. Changes in this choline uptake in cortical neurons may contribute to Alzheimer's dementia. This subfamily belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5) transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВ╪cd11475, SLC5sbd_PutP, Na(+)/proline cotransporter PutP and related proteins; solute binding domain. Escherichia coli PutP catalyzes the Na+-coupled uptake of proline with a stoichiometry of 1:1. The putP gene is part of the put operon; this operon in addition encodes a proline dehydrogenase, allowing the use of proline as a source of nitrogen and/or carbon. This subfamily also includes the Bacillus subtilis Na+/proline cotransporter (OpuE) which has an osmoprotective instead of catabolic role. Expression of the opuE gene is under osmotic control and different sigma factors contribute to its regulation; it is also a putative CcpA-activated gene. This subfamily belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5) transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$ вА0А0АаАВcd11476, SLC5sbd_DUR3, Na(+)/urea-polyamine cotransporter DUR3, and related proteins; solute-binding domain. Dur3 is the yeast plasma membrane urea transporter. Saccharomyces cerevisiae DUR3 also transports polyamine. The polyamine uptake of S. cerevisiae DUR3 is activated upon its phosphorylation by polyamine transport protein kinase 2 (PTK2). S. cerevisiae DUR3 also appears to play a role in regulating the cellular boron concentration. This subfamily belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5) transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$ вА0А0АаАВПcd11477, SLC5sbd_u1, Uncharacterized bacterial solute carrier 5 subfamily; putative solute-binding domain. SLC5 (also called the sodium/glucose cotransporter family or solute sodium symporter family) is a family of proteins that co-transports Na+ with sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions or vitamins. Prokaryotic members of this family include Vibrio parahaemolyticus glucose/galactose (vSGLT), and Escherichia coli proline (PutP) and pantothenate (PutF) cotransporters. One member of the SLC5 family, human SGLT3, has been characterized as a glucose sensor and not a transporter. This subfamily belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5) transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВПcd11478, SLC5sbd_u2, Uncharacterized bacterial solute carrier 5 subfamily; putative solute-binding domain. SLC5 (also called the sodium/glucose cotransporter family or solute sodium symporter family) is a family of proteins that co-transports Na+ with sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions or vitamins. Prokaryotic members of this family include Vibrio parahaemolyticus glucose/galactose (vSGLT), and Escherichia coli proline (PutP) and pantothenate (PutF) cotransporters. One member of the SLC5 family, human SGLT3, has been characterized as a glucose sensor and not a transporter. This subfamily belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5) transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВПcd11479, SLC5sbd_u3, Uncharacterized bacterial solute carrier 5 subfamily; putative solute-binding domain. SLC5 (also called the sodium/glucose cotransporter family or solute sodium symporter family) is a family of proteins that co-transports Na+ with sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions or vitamins. Prokaryotic members of this family include Vibrio parahaemolyticus glucose/galactose (vSGLT), and Escherichia coli proline (PutP) and pantothenate (PutF) cotransporters. One member of the SLC5 family, human SGLT3, has been characterized as a glucose sensor and not a transporter. This subfamily belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5) transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$ вА0А0АаАВПcd11480, SLC5sbd_u4, Uncharacterized bacterial solute carrier 5 subfamily; putative solute-binding domain. SLC5 (also called the sodium/glucose cotransporter family or solute sodium symporter family) is a family of proteins that co-transports Na+ with sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions or vitamins. Prokaryotic members of this family include Vibrio parahaemolyticus glucose/galactose (vSGLT), and Escherichia coli proline (PutP) and pantothenate (PutF) cotransporters. One member of the SLC5 family, human SGLT3, has been characterized as a glucose sensor and not a transporter. This subfamily belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5) transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВxcd11482, SLC-NCS1sbd_NRT1-like, nucleobase-cation-symport-1 (NCS1) transporter NRT1-like; solute-binding domain. This fungal NCS1 subfamily includes various Saccharomyces cerevisiae transporters: nicotinamide riboside transporter 1 (Nrt1p, also called Thi71p), Dal4p (allantoin permease), Fui1p (uridine permease), Fur4p (uracil permease), and Thi7p (thiamine transporter). NCS1s are essential components of salvage pathways for nucleobases and related metabolites. NCS1s belong to a superfamily which also contains the solute carrier 5 family sodium/glucose transporters, and solute carrier 6 family neurotransmitter transporters.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВrcd11483, SLC-NCS1sbd_Mhp1-like, nucleobase-cation-symport-1 (NCS1) transporter Mhp1-like; solute-binding domain. This NCS1 subfamily includes Microbacterium liquefaciens Mhp1, and various uncharacterized NCS1s. Mhp1 mediates the uptake of indolyl methyl- and benzyl-hydantoins as part of a metabolic salvage pathway for their conversion to amino acids. Mhp1 has 12 transmembrane (TM) helices (an inverted topology repeat: TMs1-5 and TMs6-10, and TMs11-12; TMs numbered to conform to the Solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family Aquifex aeolicus LeuT). NCS1s are essential components of salvage pathways for nucleobases and related metabolites; their other known substrates include allantoin, uracil, thiamine, and nicotinamide riboside. NCS1s belong to a superfamily which also contains the solute carrier 5 family sodium/glucose transporters (SLC5s), and SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВХcd11484, SLC-NCS1sbd_CobB-like, nucleobase-cation-symport-1 (NCS1) transporter CobB-like; solute-binding domain. This NCS1 subfamily includes Escherichia coli CodB (cytosine permease), and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transporters: Fcy21p (Purine-cytosine permease), and vitamin B6 transporter Tpn1. NCS1s are essential components of salvage pathways for nucleobases and related metabolites; their known substrates include allantoin, uracil, thiamine, and nicotinamide riboside. NCS1s belong to a superfamily which also contains the solute carrier 5 family sodium/glucose transporters (SLC5s), and solute carrier 6 family neurotransmitter transporters (SLC6s).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВ]cd11485, SLC-NCS1sbd_YbbW-like, uncharacterized nucleobase-cation-symport-1 (NCS1) transporter subfamily, YbbW-like; solute-binding domain. NCS1s are essential components of salvage pathways for nucleobases and related metabolites; their known substrates include allantoin, uracil, thiamine, and nicotinamide riboside. This subfamily includes the putative allantoin transporter Escherichia coli YbbW (also known as GlxB2). NCS1s belong to a superfamily which also contains the solute carrier 5 family sodium/glucose transporters (SLC5s), and solute carrier 6 family neurotransmitter transporters (SLC6s).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВwcd11486, SLC5sbd_SGLT1, Na(+)/glucose cotransporter SGLT1;solute binding domain. Human SGLT1 (hSGLT1) is a high-affinity/low-capacity glucose transporter, which can also transport galactose. In the transport mechanism, two Na+ ions first bind to the extracellular side of the transporter and induce a conformational change in the glucose binding site. This results in an increased affinity for glucose. A second conformational change in the transporter follows, bringing the Na+ and glucose binding sites to the inner surface of the membrane. Glucose is then released, followed by the Na+ ions. In the process, hSGLT1 is also able to transport water and urea and may be a major pathway for transport of these across the intestinal brush-border membrane. hSGLT1 is encoded by the SLC5A1 gene and expressed mostly in the intestine, but also in the trachea, kidney, heart, brain, testis, and prostate. The WHO/UNICEF oral rehydration solution (ORS) for the treatment of secretory diarrhea contains salt and glucose. The glucose, along with sodium ions, is transported by hSGLT1 and water is either co-transported along with these or follows by osmosis. Mutations in SGLT1 are associated with intestinal glucose galactose malabsorption (GGM). Up-regulation of intestinal SGLT1 may protect against enteric infections. SGLT1 is expressed in colorectal, head and neck, and prostate tumors. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) functions in cell survival by stabilizing SGLT1, and thereby maintaining intracellular glucose levels. SGLT1 is predicted to have 14 membrane-spanning regions. This subgroup belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5)transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА$вА0А0АаАВЛcd11487, SLC5sbd_SGLT2, Na(+)/glucose cotransporter SGLT2 and related proteins; solute-binding domain. Human SGLT2 (hSGLT2) is a high-capacity, low-affinity glucose transporter, that plays an important role in renal glucose reabsorption. It is encoded by the SLC5A2 gene and expressed almost exclusively in renal proximal tubule cells. Mutations in hSGLT2 cause Familial Renal Glucosuria (FRG), a rare autosomal defect in glucose transport. hSGLT2 is a major drug target for regulating blood glucose levels in diabetes. hSGLT2 is predicted to have 14 membrane-spanning regions. This subgroup belongs to the solute carrier 5 (SLC5) transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCвА0А0АаАВ:cd11582, Axin_TNKS_binding, Tankyrase binding N-terminal segment of axin. This N-terminal region of axin mediates interactions with the ankyrin-repeat clusters 2 and 3 of tankyrase, which controls the turnover of axin via poly-ADP-ribosylation. Axin functions as a negative regulator of the WNT signaling pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9рвА0А0АаАВкcd11583, Orc6_mid, Middle domain of the origin recognition complex subunit 6. Orc6 is a subunit of the origin recognition complex in eukaryotes, and it may be involved in binding to DNA. This model describes the central or middle domain of Orc6, whose structure resembles that of TFIIB, a DNA-binding transcription factor. Orc6 appears to form distinct complexes with DNA, and a putative DNA-binding site has been identified.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9свА0А0АаАВbcd11585, SATB1_N, N-terminal domain of SATB1 and similar proteins. SATB1, the special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1, is involved in organizing chromosomal loci into distinct loops, creating a "loopscape" that has a direct bearing on gene expression. This N-terminal domain, which may be involved in various interactions with chromatin proteins, resembles a ubiquitin domain and has been shown to form tetramers, a function critical to SATB1-DNA interactions. The related Drosophila homeobox gene defective proventriculus (dve) plays a key role in the functional specification during endoderm development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9твА0А0АаАВБcd11586, VbhA_like, VbhA antitoxin and related proteins. VbhA is the antitoxin to VbhT. The VbhT toxin of the mammalian pathogen Bartonella schoenbuchensis is responsible for the disruptive adenylation of host proteins. VbhT also induces FIC-domain-mediated growth arrest in bacteria; it is inhibited by this antitoxin which binds to block the ATP binding site of the VbhT FIC domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<╗вА0А0АаАВcd11587, Arginase-like, Arginase types I and II and arginase-like family. This family includes arginase, also known as arginase-like amidino hydrolase family, and related proteins, found in bacteria, archaea and eykaryotes. Arginase is a binuclear Mn-dependent metalloenzyme and catalyzes hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea (Arg, EC 3.5.3.1), the reaction being the fifth and final step in the urea cycle, providing the path for the disposal of nitrogenous compounds. Arginase controls cellular levels of arginine and ornithine which are involved in protein biosynthesis, and in production of creatine, polyamines, proline and nitric acid. In vertebrates, at least two isozymes have been identified: type I cytoplasmic or hepatic liver-type arginase and type II mitochondrial or non-hepatic arginase. Point mutations in human arginase gene lead to hyperargininemia with consequent mental disorders, retarded development and early death. Arginase is a therapeutic target to treat asthma, erectile dysfunction, atherosclerosis and cancer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>8вА0А0АаАВcd11589, Agmatinase_like_1, Agmatinase and related proteins. This family includes known and predicted bacterial agmatinase (agmatine ureohydrolase; AUH; SpeB; EC=3.5.3.11), a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme, belonging to the ureohydrolase superfamily. It is a key enzyme in the synthesis of polyamine putrescine; it catalyzes hydrolysis of agmatine to yield urea and putrescine, the precursor for biosynthesis of higher polyamines, spermidine, and spermine. Agmatinase from Deinococcus radiodurans shows approximately 33% of sequence identity to human mitochondrial agmatinase. An analysis of the evolutionary relationship among ureohydrolase superfamily enzymes indicates the pathway involving arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase evolved earlier than the arginase pathway of polyamine.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>9вА0А0АаАВAcd11592, Agmatinase_PAH, Agmatinase-like family includes proclavaminic acid amidinohydrolase. This agmatinase subfamily contains bacterial and fungal/metazoan enzymes, including proclavaminic acid amidinohydrolase (PAH, EC 3.5.3.22) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa guanidinobutyrase (GbuA) and guanidinopropionase (GpuA). PAH hydrolyzes amidinoproclavaminate to yield proclavaminate and urea in clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Clavulanic acid is an effective inhibitor of beta-lactamases and is used in combination with amoxicillin to prevent the beta-lactam rings of the antibiotic from hydrolysis and, thus keeping the antibiotic biologically active. GbuA hydrolyzes 4-guanidinobutyrate (4-GB) into 4-aminobutyrate and urea while GpuA hydrolyzes 3-guanidinopropionate (3-GP) into beta-alanine and urea. Mutation studies show that significant variations in two active site loops in these two enzymes may be important for substrate specificity. This subfamily belongs to the ureohydrolase superfamily, which includes arginase, agmatinase, proclavaminate amidinohydrolase, and formiminoglutamase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>:вА0А0АаАВIcd11593, Agmatinase-like_2, Agmatinase and related proteins. This family includes known and predicted bacterial and archaeal agmatinase (agmatine ureohydrolase; AUH; SpeB; EC=3.5.3.11), a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that belongs to the ureohydrolase superfamily. It is a key enzyme in the synthesis of polyamine putrescine; it catalyzes hydrolysis of agmatine to yield urea and putrescine, the precursor for biosynthesis of higher polyamines, spermidine, and spermine. As compared to E. coli where two paths to putrescine exist, via decarboxylation of an amino acid, ornithine or arginine, a single path is found in Bacillus subtilis, where polyamine synthesis starts with agmatine; the speE and speB encode spermidine synthase and agmatinase, respectively. The level of agmatinase synthesis is very low, allowing strict control on the synthesis of putrescine and therefore, of all polyamines, consistent with polyamine levels in the cell. This subfamily belongs to the ureohydrolase superfamily, which includes arginase, agmatinase, proclavaminate amidinohydrolase, and formiminoglutamase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>;вА0А0АаАВлcd11598, HDAC_Hos2, Class I histone deacetylases including ScHos2 and SpPhd1. This subfamily includes Class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) Hos2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as a histone deacetylase Phd1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Hos2 binds to the coding regions of genes during gene activation, specifically it deacetylates the lysines in H3 and H4 histone tails. It is preferentially associated with genes of high activity genome-wide and is shown to be necessary for efficient transcription. Thus, Hos2 is directly required for gene activation in contrast to other class I histone deacetylases. Protein encoded by phd1 is inhibited by trichostatin A (TSA), a specific inhibitor of histone deacetylase, and is involved in the meiotic cell cycle in S. pombe. Class 1 HDACs are Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues in histone amino termini to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА><вА0А0АаАВуcd11599, HDAC_classII_2, Histone deacetylases and histone-like deacetylases, classII. This subfamily includes eukaryotic as well as bacterial Class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) and related proteins. Deacetylases of class II are Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues of histones (EC 3.5.1.98) and possibly other proteins to yield deacetylated histones/other proteins. In D. discoideum, where four homologs (HdaA, HdaB, HdaC, HdaD) have been identified, HDAC activity is important for regulating the timing of gene expression during development. Also, inhibition of HDAC activity by trichostatin A is shown to cause hyperacetylation of the histone and a delay in cell aggregation and differentiation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>=вА0А0АаАВcd11600, HDAC_Clr3, Class II Histone deacetylase Clr3 and similar proteins. Clr3 is a class II Histone deacetylase Zn-dependent enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of an N(6)-acetyl-lysine residue of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Clr3 is the homolog of the class-II HDAC HdaI in S. cerevisiae, and is essential for silencing in heterochromatin regions, such as centromeric regions, ribosomal DNA, the mating-type region and telomeric loci. Clr3 has also been implicated in the regulation of stress-related genes; the histone acetyltransferase, Gcn5, in S. cerevisiae, preferentially acetylates global histone H3K14 while Clr3 preferentially deacetylates H3K14ac, and therefore, interplay between Gcn5 and Clr3 is crucial for the regulation of many stress-response genes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>>вА0А0АаАВcd11602, Ndc10, Ndc10 component of the yeast centromere-binding factor 3. Ndc10 is a multidomain protein conserved in Saccharomycotina that interacts with kinetochore components. This model characterizes the majority of the protein; some family members may have an additional C-terminal domain that is homologous to transcriptional activators (GCR1_C). Ndc10 is part of the centromere-binding factor 3 (CBF3) complex in budding yeast. The CBF3 complex contains four essential proteins, Ndc10, Cep3, Ctf13, and Skp1. CBF3/Ndc10 is essential for the recruitment of the centromeric nucleosome and formation of the kinetochore. The Kinetochore is the large, multiprotein assembly that serves to connect condensed sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle. Ndc10 forms a dimer and it has non-sequence-specific DNA binding activity via the DNA backbone. Ndc10 also plays an important role in the coordination of cell division. It has been noted that the protein bears resemblance to the tyrosine recombinases (type IB topoisomerase/lambda-integrase).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9увА0А0АаАВкcd11603, ThermoDBP, Thermoproteales single-stranded DNA-binding (SSB) domain. ThermoDBP is a SSB protein of the Thermoproteales. SSB proteins are essential for the genome maintenance of all known cellular organisms. Many SSBs contain an OB fold domain, albeit with low sequence conservation and OB fold-containing SSB proteins have been detected in all three domains of life. However, one group of Crenarchaea, the Thermoproteales, lack SSB encoding genes. The Thermoproteales SSB protein, ThermoDBP, lacks the OB fold and binds specifically to ssDNA with low sequence specificity. Its three-dimensional structure resembles that of the Hut operon positive regulatory protein HutP.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9фвА0А0АаАВЪcd11604, RTT106_N, histone chaperone RTT106, regulator of Ty1 transposition protein 106; N-terminal homodimerization domain. This cd includes the N-terminal homodimerization domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rtt106, a histone chaperone. In addition to this domain, Rtt106 contains two C-terminal pleckstrin-homology (PH) domains. The acetylation of lysine 56 in histone H3 (H3K56ac) is implicated in regulating nucleosome disassembly during gene transcription, and nucleosome assembly during DNA replication and repair. Rtt106 has been shown to aid in the efficient deposition of newly synthesized H3K56ac onto replicating DNA. The interaction of Rtt106 with (H3-H4)2, most likely in the form of a (H3-H4)2 tetramer, is important for gene silencing and for the DNA damage response. Data supports a combinatorial interaction: this N-terminal domain homodimerizes and intercalates between the two H3-H4 components of the (H3-H4)2 tetramer, independent of acetylation, and the two double PH domains bind the K56-containing region of H3. Acetylation of K56 increases the affinity of the interaction. Rtt106 also interacts with both the SWI/SNF and RSC chromatin remodeling complexes and is involved in their cell-cycle dependent recruitment to histone gene pairs regulated by the HIR co-repressor complex (HTA1-HTB1, HHT1-HHF1, and HHT2-HHF2). Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rtt106 also plays a role in a role in regulating Ty1 transposition.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9хвА0А0АаАВEcd11606, COE_DBD, Colier/Olf/Early B-cell factor (EBF) DNA Binding Domain. COE_DBD is the amino-terminal DNA binding domain of the COE protein family. The COE transcription factor is a regulator of development in several organs and tissues that contain the DBD domain as well as IPT/TIG (immunoglobulin-like, Plexins, transcription factors/transcription factor immunoglobulin) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domains. COE has four members in mammals (COE1-4) with high sequence similarity at the amino-terminal region. COE_DBD requires a zinc ion to bind DNA and contains a zinc finger motif (H-X(3)-C-X(2)-C-X(5)-C) termed the zinc knuckle. COE is homo- or heterodimerized through the bHLH domain to bind DNA. COE1-4 each has a variant due to alternative splicing. However, this alternative splicing does not occur at the DBD domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<╝вА0А0АаАВСcd11607, DENR_C, C-terminal domain of DENR and related proteins. DENR (density regulated protein), together with MCT-1 (multiple copies T cell malignancies), has been shown to have similar function as eIF2D translation initiation factor (also known as ligatin), which is involved in the recruitment and delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the P-site of the eukaryotic ribosome in a GTP-independent manner.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9xвА0А0АаАВcd11608, eIF2D_C, C-terminal domain of eIF2D and related proteins. eIF2D translation initiation factor (also known as ligatin) is involved in the recruitment and delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the P-site of the eukaryotic ribosome in a GTP-independent manner.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9yвА0А0АаАВ0cd11609, MCT1_N, N-terminal domain of multiple copies T cell malignancies 1 and related proteins. This N-terminal domain of MCT-1 (multiple copies T cell malignancies 1), also known as MCTS-1 (malignant T cell-amplified sequence 1), co-occurs with a PUA domain. MCT-1, together with DENR (density regulated protein), has been shown to have similar function as eIF2D translation initiation factor (also known as ligatin), which is involved in the recruitment and delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the P-site of the eukaryotic ribosome in a GTP-independent manner.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9▐вА0А0АаАВAcd11610, eIF2D_N, N-terminal domain of eIF2D and related proteins. This N-terminal domain of eIF2D co-occurs with a PUA domain. eIF2D translation initiation factor (also known as ligatin) is involved in the recruitment and delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the P-site of the eukaryotic ribosome in a GTP-independent manner.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9▀вА0А0АаАВбcd11611, SAF, Domains similar to fish antifreeze type III protein. SAF domains are found in a wide variety of proteins with quite different functions. They are components of enzymes, such as D-altronate-dehydratases or sialic acid synthetases, of antifreeze proteins conserved in fish (where they bind to nascent ice crystals), and may act as periplasmic chaperones in bacterial flagella basal body P-ring formation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<╜вА0А0АаАВЇcd11613, SAF_AH_GD, Domains similar to fish antifreeze type III protein. Altronate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.7) converts D-altronate into 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate and is part of a bacterial pathway for the degradation of D-galacturonate. D-galactarate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.42) eliminates water from D-galactarate to yield 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate, initializing the degradation of D-galactarate. The function of the SAF domain in these enzymes is not clear. It may participate in dimerization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<╛вА0А0АаАВPcd11614, SAF_CpaB_FlgA_like, SAF domains of the flagella basal body P-ring formation protein FlgA and the flp pilus assembly CpaB. FlgA is a putative periplasmic chaperone that assists in the formation of the flagellar P ring; CpaB is a protein invoved in the assembly of the flp pili, which are bacterial virulence factors mediating non-specific adherence to surfaces; these proteins appear to contain a single SAF domain. This intermediate family also contains the SAF domains of sialic acid synthetases and type III antifreeze proteins, which also share the same extensive core structure.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<┐вА0А0АаАВhcd11615, SAF_NeuB_like, C-terminal SAF domain of sialic acid synthetase. Sialic acid synthetase (N-acetylneuraminate synthase or N-acetylneuraminate-9-phosphate synthase) catalyzes the condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate with N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc, in bacteria) or N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate (ManNAc-6P, in mammals), to yield N-acetylneuramic acid (NeuNAc) or N-acetylneuramic acid-9-phosphate (NeuNAc-9P), respectively. The N-terminal NeuB domain, a TIM-barrel-like structure, contains the catalytic site, the function of the SAF domain is not as clear. It may participate in domain-swapped dimerization and play a role in binding the substrate, in either domain-swapped dimers or by directly interacting with the N-terminal domain. Also included in the family are PEP-sugar pyruvyltransferases known as spore coat polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins (SpsE).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<└вА0А0АаАВcd11616, SAF_DH_OX_like, SAF domain of putative dehydrogenases or oxidoreductases. C-terminal SAF domain of an uncharacterized family of putative dehydrogenases or oxidoreductases, which are otherwise members of the NAD(P)-dependent Rossmann-fold superfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<┴вА0А0АаАБ╒cd11617, Antifreeze_III, Type III antifreeze protein, may be specific to the Zoarcoidei. Antifreeze protein III inhibits the growth of ice crystals and protects fish from cold damage in sub-freezing temperatures.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<┬вА0А0АаАВМcd11618, ChtBD1_1, Hevein or type 1 chitin binding domain; filamentous ascomycete subfamily. Hevein or type 1 chitin binding domain (ChtBD1), a lectin domain found in proteins from plants and fungi that bind N-acetylglucosamine, plant endochitinases, wound-induced proteins such as hevein, a major IgE-binding allergen in natural rubber latex, and the alpha subunit of Kluyveromyces lactis killer toxin. This domain is involved in the recognition and/or binding of chitin subunits; it typically occurs N-terminal to glycosyl hydrolase domains in chitinases, together with other carbohydrate-binding domains, or by itself in tandem-repeat arrangements.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9tвА0А0АаАВрcd11619, HR1_CIP4-like, Protein kinase C-related kinase homology region 1 (HR1) Rho-binding domain of Cdc42-Interacting Protein 4 and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of Cdc42-Interacting Protein 4 (CIP4), Formin Binding Protein 17 (FBP17), FormiN Binding Protein 1-Like (FNBP1L), and similar proteins. CIP4 and FNBP1L are Cdc42 effectors that bind Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and function in endocytosis. CIP4 and FBP17 bind to the Fas ligand and may be implicated in the inflammatory response. CIP4 may also play a role in phagocytosis. It functions downstream of Cdc42 in PDGF-dependent actin reorganization and cell migration, and also regulates the activity of PDGFRbeta. It uses Src as a substrate in regulating the invasiveness of breast tumor cells. CIP4 may also play a role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. Members of this subfamily typically contain an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs) domain, central HR1 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. HR1 domains are anti-parallel coiled-coil (ACC) domains that bind small GTPases from the Rho family; the HR1 domain of CIP4 binds Cdc42 and TC10. Translocation of CIP4 is facilitated by its binding to TC10 at the plasma membrane.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<)вА0А0АаАВ╫cd11620, HR1_PKC-like_2_fungi, Second Protein kinase C-related kinase homology region 1 (HR1) Rho-binding domain of fungal Protein Kinase C-like proteins. This subfamily is composed of fungal PKC-like proteins including Pkc1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pck1p and Pck2p from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The yeast PKC-like proteins play a critical role in regulating cell wall biosynthesis and maintaining cell wall integrity. They contain two HR1 domains, C2 and C1 domains, and a kinase domain. This model characterizes the second HR1 domain. HR1 domains are anti-parallel coiled-coil (ACC) domains that bind small GTPases from the Rho family. The HR1 domains of Pck1p and Pck2p interact with GTP-bound Rho1p and Rho2p.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<*вА0А0АаАВ╒cd11621, HR1_PKC-like_1_fungi, First Protein kinase C-related kinase homology region 1 (HR1) Rho-binding domain of fungal Protein Kinase C-like proteins. This subfamily is composed of fungal PKC-like proteins including Pkc1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pck1p and Pck2p from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The yeast PKC-like proteins play a critical role in regulating cell wall biosynthesis and maintaining cell wall integrity. They contain two HR1 domains, C2 and C1 domains, and a kinase domain. This model characterizes the first HR1 domain. HR1 domains are anti-parallel coiled-coil (ACC) domains that bind small GTPases from the Rho family. The HR1 domains of Pck1p and Pck2p interact with GTP-bound Rho1p and Rho2p.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<+вА0А0АаАВ╙cd11622, HR1_PKN_1, First Protein kinase C-related kinase homology region 1 (HR1) Rho-binding domain of Protein Kinase N. PKN, also called Protein-kinase C-related kinase (PRK), is a serine/threonine protein kinase that can be activated by the small GTPase Rho, and by fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acids. It is involved in many biological processes including cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, vesicle transport, glucose transport, regulation of meiotic maturation and embryonic cell cycles, signaling to the nucleus, and tumorigenesis. In some vertebrates, there are three PKN isoforms from different genes (designated PKN1, PKN2, and PKN3), which show different enzymatic properties, tissue distribution, and varied functions. PKN proteins contain three HR1 domains, a C2 domain, and a kinase domain. This model characterizes the first HR1 domain of PKN. HR1 domains are anti-parallel coiled-coil (ACC) domains that bind small GTPases from the Rho family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<,вА0А0АаАВ╒cd11623, HR1_PKN_2, Second Protein kinase C-related kinase homology region 1 (HR1) Rho-binding domain of Protein Kinase N. PKN, also called Protein-kinase C-related kinase (PRK), is a serine/threonine protein kinase that can be activated by the small GTPase Rho, and by fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acids. It is involved in many biological processes including cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, vesicle transport, glucose transport, regulation of meiotic maturation and embryonic cell cycles, signaling to the nucleus, and tumorigenesis. In some vertebrates, there are three PKN isoforms from different genes (designated PKN1, PKN2, and PKN3), which show different enzymatic properties, tissue distribution, and varied functions. PKN proteins contain three HR1 domains, a C2 domain, and a kinase domain. This model characterizes the second HR1 domain of PKN. HR1 domains are anti-parallel coiled-coil (ACC) domains that bind small GTPases from the Rho family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<-вА0А0АаАВёcd11624, HR1_Rhophilin, Protein kinase C-related kinase homology region 1 (HR1) Rho-binding domain of Rhophilin. Rhophilins are scaffolding proteins that function as effectors of the Rho family of small GTPases. Vertebrates harbor two proteins, Rhophilin-1 and Rhophilin-2, whose exact functions are yet to be determined. Rhophilin-1 has been implicated in sperm motility. Rhophilin-2 regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Rhophilins contain N-terminal HR1, central Bro1-like, and C-terminal PDZ domains; all are protein-interacting domains. HR1 domains are anti-parallel coiled-coil (ACC) domains that bind small GTPases from the Rho family; both Rhophilin-1 and Rhophilin-2 bind RhoA, and Rhophilin-2 has also been shown to bind RhoB.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<.вА0А0АаАВ╙cd11625, HR1_PKN_3, Third Protein kinase C-related kinase homology region 1 (HR1) Rho-binding domain of Protein Kinase N. PKN, also called Protein-kinase C-related kinase (PRK), is a serine/threonine protein kinase that can be activated by the small GTPase Rho, and by fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acids. It is involved in many biological processes including cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, vesicle transport, glucose transport, regulation of meiotic maturation and embryonic cell cycles, signaling to the nucleus, and tumorigenesis. In some vertebrates, there are three PKN isoforms from different genes (designated PKN1, PKN2, and PKN3), which show different enzymatic properties, tissue distribution, and varied functions. PKN proteins contain three HR1 domains, a C2 domain, and a kinase domain. This model characterizes the third HR1 domain of PKN. HR1 domains are anti-parallel coiled-coil (ACC) domains that bind small GTPases from the Rho family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАвА0А0АаАВБcd11642, SUMT, Uroporphyrin-III C-methyltransferase (S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase, SUMT). SUMT, an enzyme of the cobalamin and siroheme biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes the transformation of uroporphyrinogen III into precorrin-2. It transfers two methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the C-2 and C-7 atoms of uroporphyrinogen III to yield precorrin-2 via the intermediate formation of precorrin-1. SUMT is the first enzyme committed to the biosynthesis of siroheme or cobalamin (vitamin B12), and precorrin-2 is a common intermediate in the biosynthesis of corrinoids such as vitamin B12, siroheme and coenzyme F430. In some organisms, the SUMT domain is fused to the precorrin-2 oxidase/ferrochelatase domain to form siroheme synthase or to uroporphyrinogen-III synthase to form bifunctional uroporphyrinogen-III methylase/uroporphyrinogen-III synthase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВчcd11643, Precorrin-6A-synthase, Precorrin-6A synthase, the cobalamin biosynthesis enzyme CobF. Precorrin-6A synthase participates in the pathway toward the biosynthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12). There are two distinct cobalamin biosynthetic pathways in bacteria. The aerobic pathway requires oxygen, and cobalt is inserted late in the pathway; the anaerobic pathway does not require oxygen, and cobalt insertion is the first committed step towards cobalamin synthesis. This model represents CobF, the precorrin-6A synthase, an enzyme specific to the aerobic pathway. After precorrin-4 is methylated at C-11 by CobM to produce precorrin-5, CobF catalyzes the removal of the extruded acyl group in the subsequent step, and the addition of a methyl group at C-1. The product of this reaction is precorrin-6A, which gets reduced by an NADH-dependent reductase to yield precorrin-6B. This family includes enzymes in GC-rich Gram-positive bacteria, alpha proteobacteria and Pseudomonas-related species.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВюcd11644, Precorrin-6Y-methylase, Precorrin-6Y methyltransferase, the cobalamin biosynthesis enzyme CbiE. Precorrin-6Y methyltransferase participates in the pathway toward the biosynthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12). There are two distinct cobalamin biosynthetic pathways in bacteria. The aerobic pathway requires oxygen, and cobalt is inserted late in the pathway; the anaerobic pathway does not requires oxygen, and cobalt insertion is the first committed step towards cobalamin synthesis. This model represents the CbiE subunit of precorrin-6Y C5,15-methyltransferase from the anaerobic pathway, a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes two methylations (at C-5 and C-15) in precorrin-6Y, as well as the decarboxylation of the acetate side chain located in ring C, in order to generate precorrin-8X. In the anaerobic pathway, two enzymes are required to produce precorrin-8X: CbiE and CbiT, which can be fused as CbiET (sometimes called CobL). In the aerobic pathway, the bifunctional enzyme is called CobL.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВucd11645, Precorrin_2_C20_MT, Precorrin-2 C20-methyltransferase, also named CobI or CbiL. Precorrin-2 C20-methyltransferase participates in the pathway toward the biosynthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12). There are two distinct cobalamin biosynthetic pathways in bacteria. The aerobic pathway requires oxygen, and cobalt is inserted late in the pathway; the anaerobic pathway does not require oxygen, and cobalt insertion is the first committed step towards cobalamin synthesis. Precorrin-2 C20-methyltransferase catalyzes methylation at the C-20 position of a cyclic tetrapyrrole ring of precorrin-2 using S-adenosylmethionine as a methyl group source to produce precorrin-3A. In the anaerobic pathway, cobalt is inserted into precorrin-2 by CbiK to generate cobalt-precorrin-2, which is the substrate for CbiL, a C20 methyltransferase. In Clostridium difficile, CbiK and CbiL are fused into a bifunctional enzyme. In the aerobic pathway, the precorrin-2 C20-methyltransferase is named CobI. This family includes CbiL and CobI precorrin-2 C20-methyltransferases, both as stand-alone enzymes and when CbiL forms part of a bifunctional enzyme.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВюcd11646, Precorrin_3B_C17_MT, Precorrin-3B C(17)-methyltransferase (CobJ/CbiH). Precorrin-3B C(17)-methyltransferase participates in the pathway toward the biosynthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12). There are two distinct cobalamin biosynthetic pathways. The aerobic pathway requires oxygen, and cobalt is inserted late in the pathway; the anaerobic pathway does not require oxygen, and cobalt insertion is the first committed step towards cobalamin synthesis. This model includes CobJ of the aerobic pathway and CbiH of the anaerobic pathway, both as stand-alone enzymes and when CobJ forms part of a bifunctional enzyme. In the aerobic pathway, once CobG has generated precorrin-3b, CobJ catalyzes the methylation of precorrin-3b at C-17 to form precorrin-4 (the extruded methylated C-20 fragment is left attached as an acyl group at C-1). In the corresponding anaerobic pathway, CbiH carries out this ring contraction, using cobalt-precorrin-3b as a substrate to generate a tetramethylated delta-lactone.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВcd11647, Diphthine_synthase, Diphthine synthase, also known as DPH5. Diphthine synthase, also known as diphthamide biosynthesis S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase, participates in the posttranslational modification of a specific histidine residue in elongation factor 2 (EF-2) of eukaryotes and archaea to diphthamide. It catalyzes the trimethylation step in diphthamide biosynthesis. Diphthamide is the target of diphtheria toxin, which ADP-ribosylates diphthamide and inhibits protein synthesis, leading to host cell death.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВ╨cd11648, RsmI, Ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase I, also known as rRNA (cytidine-2'-O-)-methyltransferase RsmI. Proteins in this family catalyze the 2-O-methylation of the ribose of cytidine 1402 (C1402) in 16S rRNA using S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM or Ado-Met) as the methyl donor. RsmI proteins employ the 30S subunit (not the 16S rRNA) as a substrate, suggesting that the methylation reaction occurs at a late step during 30S assembly in the cell.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВ┘cd11649, RsmI_like, Uncharacterized subfamily of the tetrapyrrole methylase family similar to ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase I (RsmI). Tetrapyrrole methylase uses S-AdoMet (S-adenosyl-L-methionine or SAM) in the methylation of diverse substrates. This uncharacterized subfamily exhibits sequence similarity to the ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase I (RsmI), which catalyzes the 2-O-methylation of the ribose of cytidine 1402 (C1402) in 16S rRNA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВwcd11650, AT4G37440_like, Uncharacterized protein domain conserved in plants. This domain contains an extensive protein sequence fragment that appears conserved in a number of plant proteins, including the gene product of Arabidopsis thaliana locus AT4G37440, which has been identified in transcriptional profiling as expressed at different levels in white cabbage cultivars.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<─вА0А0АаАВтcd11651, YPK1_N_like, Fungal protein kinase domain similar to the N-terminus of YPK1. This fungal domain family includes the N-terminal region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae AGC kinases YPK1 and YPK2, which were found to be essential for the proliferation of yeast. YPK1 is required for cell growth and acts as a downstream kinase in the sphingolipid-mediated signaling pathway of yeast. It also plays a role in efficient endocytosis and in the maintenance of cell wall integrity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<┼вА0А0АаАВcd11652, SSH-N, N-terminal domain conserved in slingshot (SSH) phosphatases. This domain or region conserved in Bilateria is found N-terminal to the DEK_C-like and catalytic domains of slingshot phosphatases. Slingshot is a cofilin-specific phosphatase. Dephosphorylation reactivates cofilin, which in turn depolymerizes actin and is thus required for actin filament reorganization. Slingshot is a member of the dual-specificity protein phosphatase family. This N-terminal SSH region may be involved in P-cofilin binding (the model C-terminus plus the DEK_C-like domain, which are characterized as the "B" domain in some of the literature), and may be required for the F-actin mediated activation of slingshot (the N-terminal region of this model, sometimes referred to as the "A" domain).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<╞вА0А0АаАВСcd11653, rap1_RCT, C-terminal domain of RAP1 recruits proteins to telomeres. The RAP1 (repressor activator protein 1) C-terminal domain (RCT) mediates interactions with other proteins such as TRF2 (human), Rif1, Rif2, Sir3, Sir4 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and Taz1 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) at telomeres and other loci. RAP1, identified in budding yeast as repressor/activator protein 1, is a well-conserved telomere binding protein, also found in fission yeast and mammals. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, RAP1 directly binds DNA and is involved in transcriptional activation, gene silencing, as well as binding at numerous sites at each telemore, where it functions in telomere length regulation, telomeric position effect gene silencing and telomere end protection. Human RAP1 apparently does not bind telomeric DNA directly, but binds telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) via the RCT. RAP1 might act by suppressing nonhomologous end-joining. Yeast RAP1 has two myb-type DNA binding modules, and an RCT domain that recruits Sir proteins 3 and 4 (Sir3, Sir4) for gene silencing, and Rif1 and Rif2 for telomere length maintenance. Schizosaccharomyces pombe RAP1 (spRap1), like human RAP1, lacks direct DNA-binding activity and is localized to telomeres via Taz1, an ortholog of TRF1 and TRF2. The S. pompe RCT resembles the first 3-helix bundle of the yeast and human RCT forms, but is not included in this larger model.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<╟вА0А0АаАВ╥cd11654, TRF2_RBM, RAP1 binding motif of telomere repeat binding factor. TRF2 (Telomere repeat binding factor 2) functions as part of the 6-component shelterin complex. TRF2 binds DNA and recruits RAP1 (via binding to the RAP1 protein c-terminus (RCT)) and TIN2 in the protection of telomeres from DNA repair machinery. Metazoan shelterin consists of 3 DNA-binding proteins (TRF2, TRF1 and POT1) and 3 recruited proteins that bind to one or more of these DNA-binding proteins (RAP1, TIN2, TPP1). Human TRF1 and TRF2 bind double-stranded DNA. hTRF2 consists of a basic N-terminus, a TRF homology domain, the RAP1 binding motif (RBM) described by this model, the TIN2 binding motif (TBM), and a myb-like DNA binding domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>IвА0А0АаАВ√cd11655, rap1_myb-like, DNA-binding modules of yeast Rap1 and related proteins. Yeast Rap1 DNA-binding activity is mediated by a pair of DNA-binding modules comprised of 2 3-helix bundles with an N-terminal arm, closely matching the structure of homeodomain and myb-type proteins. Human Rap1 has a single myb-like module, and may not bind DNA directly. Rap1, identified in budding yeast as repressor-activator protein 1, is a conserved telomere binding protein, also identified in fission yeast and mammals. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rap1 directly binds DNA and is involved in transcriptional activation, gene silencing, as well as binding at numerous binding sites at each telomere, where it functions in telomere length regulation, telomeric position effect gene silencing and telomere end protection. Human Rap1 apparently does not bind telomeric DNA directly, but binds telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) via the Rap C-terminal domain (RCT). Rap1 may act by suppressing non-homologous end-joining. Yeast Rap1 has 2 myb-type DNA binding modules, a BRCT domain, and a RCT domain that recruits Sir3 and Sir4 proteins for gene silencing and Rif1 and Rif2 for telomere length maintenance. Human Rap1 has a similar domain architecture but has a single myb-like domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>JвА0А0АаАВcd11656, FBX4_GTPase_like, C-terminal GTPase-like domain of F-Box Only Protein 4. F-box proteins are involved in substrate recognition as part of SCF (Skp1-Cul1-Rbx1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complexes. Fbx4 (or Fbxo4) binds to the telomere repeat binding factor 1 (TRF1), whose activity at telomeres is regulated in part by selective ubiquitination and degradation. This ubiquitination of TRF1 is mediated by Fbx4, which binds to the TRFH domain of TRF1, via the C-terminal domain characterized by this model, a module resembling a small GTPase domain that lacks the GTP-binding site. When bound to telomeres, TIN2 acts to protect TRF1 from SCF-Fbx4 mediated ubiquitination. Tankyrase-mediated ADP-ribosylation releases TRF1 from telomeres, rendering them susceptible to ubiquitination and degradation, which in turn promotes telomere elongation. Fbx4 has also been reported to target cyclin D1 for degradation by the proteasome, a mechanism ensuring the fidelity of DNA replication. More recently, these findings have been disputed.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>KвА0А0АаАВоcd11657, TIN2_N, N-terminal domain of TRF-interacting nuclear factor 2; shelterin complex protein of telomeres. TIN2 is one of the six proteins of shelterin complex, which acts to protect telomeres from DNA damage repair machinery. TIN2 binds directly to TRF1 and TRF2 and stabilizes TRF2 complex-telomere binding by tethering it to the TRF1 complex. TIN2 binding to TRF2 is primarily via the TRF binding motif (TBM) region and the N-terminus, while the far C-terminal region has lower affinity. The TIN2 TBM, but not the N-terminal region, is involved in TIN2 binding to TRF1. Truncation of the TIN2 N-terminus in mouse results in telomere elongation, suggesting a negative regulatory function of this region. Three shelterin components (TRF1, TRF2, POT1) bind DNA and 3 components (TIN2, RAP1, TPP1) are recruited by these DNA binding factors. TRF1 activity at telomeres is regulated in part by selective ubiquitination and degradation. Ubiquitination of TRF1 is mediated by Fbx4, which binds TRF1 in the TRFH domain, via a small GTPase module. When bound to telomeres, TIN2 acts to protect TRF1 from SCF-Fbx4 mediated ubiquitination. F-box proteins act in substrate recognition as part of Skp1-Cul1-Rbx1-F- box (SCF) protein complexes. Tankyrase-mediated ADP-ribosylation releases TRF1 from telomeres, rendering them susceptible to ubiquitination and degradation, promoting telomere elongation. TIN2 also binds PIP1, which recruits POT1 to telomeres.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВvcd11658, SANT_DMAP1_like, SANT/myb-like domain of Human Dna Methyltransferase 1 Associated Protein 1-like. These proteins are members of the SANT/myb group. SANT is named after 'SWI3, ADA2, N-CoR and TFIIIB', several factors that share this domain. The SANT domain resembles the 3 alpha-helix bundle of the DNA-binding Myb domains and is found in a diverse set of proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>LвА0А0АаАВїcd11659, SANT_CDC5_II, SANT/myb-like DNA-binding domain of Cell Division Cycle 5-Like Protein repeat II. In humans, cell division cycle 5-like protein (CDC5) functions in pre-mRNA splicing in cell cycle control. The DNA-binding, myb-like domain of CDC5 is a member of the SANT/myb group. SANT is named after 'SWI3, ADA2, N-CoR and TFIIIB', several factors that share this domain. The SANT domain resembles the 3 alpha-helix bundle of DNA-binding Myb domains and is found in a diverse set of proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>MвА0А0АаАВKcd11660, SANT_TRF, Telomere repeat binding factor-like DNA-binding domains of the SANT/myb-like family. Human telomere repeat binding factors, TRF1 and TRF2, function as part of the 6 component shelterin complex. TRF2 binds DNA and recruits RAP1 (via binding to the RAP1 protein c-terminal (RCT)) and TIN2 in the protection of telomeres from DNA repair machinery. Metazoan shelterin consists of 3 DNA binding proteins (TRF2, TRF1, and POT1) and 3 recruited proteins that bind to one or more of these DNA-binding proteins (RAP1, TIN2, TPP1). Schizosaccharomyces pombe TAZ1 is an orthlog and binds RAP1. Human TRF1 and TRF2 bind double-stranded DNA. hTRF2 consists of a basic N-terminus, a TRF homology domain, the RAP1 binding motif (RBM), the TIN2 binding motif (TBM) and a myb-like DNA binding domain, SANT, named after 'SWI3, ADA2, N-CoR and TFIIIB', several factors that share this domain. Tandem copies of the domain bind telomeric DNA tandem repeats as part of the capping complex. The single myb-like domain of TRF-type proteins is similar to the tandem myb_like domains found in yeast RAP1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>NвА0А0АаАВбcd11661, SANT_MTA3_like, Myb-Like Dna-Binding Domain of MTA3 and related proteins. Members in this SANT/myb family include domains found in mouse metastasis-associated protein 3 (MTA3) proteins and arginine-glutamic dipeptide (RERE) repeats proteins. SANT (SWI3, ADA2, N-CoR and TFIIIB) DNA-binding domains are a diverse set of proteins that share a common 3 alpha-helix bundle. MTA3 has been shown to interact with nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) proteins CHD4 and HDAC1, and the core cohesin complex protein RAD21 in the ovary, and regulate G2/M progression in proliferating granulosa cells. RERE belongs to the atrophin family and has been identified as a nuclear receptor corepressor; altered expression levels of RERE are associated with cancer in humans while mutations of Rere in mice cause failure in closing the anterior neural tube and fusion of the telencephalic and optic vesicles during embryogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>OвА0А0АаАВcd11662, apollo_TRF2_binding, TRF2-binding region of apollo and similar proteins. Apollo protein, a DNA repair nuclease, is recruited to telomeres by TRF2 where it is associated with the principle components of the shelterin complex. Apollo is a member of the metallo-beta-lactamase family that is required for telomere integrity during S phase; its 5' exonuclease activity is regulated by binding to TRF2. Apollo and TRF2 also suppress damage to engineered interstitial telomere repeat tracts at the chromosome ends. TRF2, which binds preferentially to positively supercoiled DNA substrates, together with Apollo, negatively regulates the amount of DNA topoisomerases (TOP1, TOP2-alpha, and TOP2-beta) at telomeres since they also act in the same pathway of telomere protection. The shelterin complex protein identified in mammals is principally comprised of 6 factors that act to protect telomeres from DNA damage repair machinery. 3 components (TRF1, TRF2, POT1) bind DNA and 3 components are recruited by these factors (TIN2, RAP1, TPP1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>PвА0А0АаАВ╚cd11663, GH119_BcIgtZ-like, putative catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase family 119 (GH119). The prokaryotic subgroup is represented by IgtZ, an alpha-amylase from a Bacillus circulans strain. The GH119 family is related to GH57, a chiefly prokaryotic family with the majority of thermostable enzymes coming from extremophiles (many of these are archaeal hyperthermophiles), which exhibit the enzyme specificities of alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25), amylopullulanase (EC 3.2.1.1/41), and alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22). GH57s cleave alpha-glycosidic bonds by employing a retaining mechanism, which involves a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, allowing transglycosylation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<авА0А0АаАВ╥cd11664, LamB_YcsF_like_2, uncharacterized proteins similar to the Aspergillus nidulans lactam utilization protein LamB. This bacterial subfamily of the LamB/YbgL family, contains many well conserved uncharacterized proteins. Although their molecular function is unknown, those proteins show high sequence similarity to the Aspergillus nidulans lactam utilization protein LamB, which might be required for conversion of exogenous 2-pyrrolidinone to endogenous GABA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<бвА0А0АаАВ┤cd11665, LamB_like, Aspergillus nidulans lactam utilization protein LamB and similar proteins. This eukaryotic and bacterial subfamily of the LamB/YbgL family, includes Aspergillus nidulans protein LamB. The lamb gene locates at the lam locus of Aspergillus nidulans, consisting of two divergently transcribed genes, lamA and lamB, needed for the utilization of lactams such as 2-pyrrolidinone. Both genes are under the control of the positive regulatory gene amdR and are subject to carbon and nitrogen metabolite repression. Although the exact molecular function of lamb encoding protein LamB is unknown, it might be required for conversion of exogenous 2-pyrrolidinone to endogenous GABA.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<ввА0А0АаАВrcd11666, GH38N_Man2A1, N-terminal catalytic domain of Golgi alpha-mannosidase II and similar proteins; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). This subfamily is represented by Golgi alpha-mannosidase II (GMII, also known as mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3- 1,6-alpha mannosidase, EC 3.2.1.114, Man2A1), a monomeric, membrane-anchored class II alpha-mannosidase existing in the Golgi apparatus of eukaryotes. GMII plays a key role in the N-glycosylation pathway. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the terminal of both alpha-1,3-linked and alpha-1,6-linked mannoses from the high-mannose oligosaccharide GlcNAc(Man)5(GlcNAc)2 to yield GlcNAc(Man)3(GlcNAc)2(GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosmine), which is the committed step of complex N-glycan synthesis. GMII is activated by zinc or cobalt ions and is strongly inhibited by swainsonine. Inhibition of GMII provides a route to block cancer-induced changes in cell surface oligosaccharide structures. GMII has a pH optimum of 5.5-6.0, which is intermediate between those of acidic (lysosomal alpha-mannosidase) and neutral (ER/cytosolic alpha-mannosidase) enzymes. GMII is a retaining glycosyl hydrolase of family GH38 that employs a two-step mechanism involving the formation of a covalent glycosyl enzyme complex; two carboxylic acids positioned within the active site act in concert: one as a catalytic nucleophile and the other as a general acid/base catalyst.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<гвА0А0АаАВпcd11667, GH38N_Man2A2, N-terminal catalytic domain of Golgi alpha-mannosidase IIx, and similar proteins; glycoside hydrolase family 38 (GH38). This subfamily is represented by human alpha-mannosidase 2x (MX, also known as mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3- 1,6-alpha mannosidase, EC 3.2.1.114, Man2A2). MX is enzymatically and functionally very similar to GMII (found in another subfamily), and as an isoenzyme of GMII. It is thought to also function in the N-glycosylation pathway. MX specifically hydrolyzes the same oligosaccharide substrate as does MII. It specifically removes two mannosyl residues from GlcNAc(Man)5(GlcNAc)2 to yield GlcNAc(Man)3(GlcNAc)2(GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosmine).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<двА0А0АаАВcd11669, TTHB210-like, Hypothetical protein TTHB210, a sigma(E)-regulated gene product found in Thermus thermophilus, and similar proteins. TTHB210 is an uncharacterized protein found in Thermus thermophilus, and is controlled by the sigma(E) /anti-sigma(E) regulatory system. It is one of the five proteins of the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor sigma(E)-regulated gene products whose physiological function have not been determined. Its crystallographic structure reveals a novel homodecamer although it is a dimer in solution.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА<╚вА0А0АаАВ+cd11670, Sp_RAP1_RCT, C-terminal domain of S. pombe RAP1 protein. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe RAP1 (repressor activator protein 1) protein C-terminal (RCT) domain structurally resembles the first 3-helix bundle found in yeast and human RAP1 RCT. S. pombe RAP1 (spRap1), like human RAP1, lacks direct DNA-binding activity and is localized to telomeres via Taz1, an ortholog of TRF1 and TRF2. The RAP1 RCT domain interacts with RAP1 binding motif (RBM) of TAZ1. RAP1, identified in budding yeast as repressor/activator protein 1 is a well-conserved telomere binding protein, found in budding yeast, fission yeast and mammals. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, RAP1 directly binds DNA and is involved in transcriptional activation and mating type information gene silencing, as well as binding at numerous sites at each telomere, where it functions in telomere length regulation, telomeric position effect gene silencing and telomere end protection. Human RAP1 does not bind telomeric DNA directly, but binds telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) via the RAP C-terminal domain (RCT). Yeast RAP1 has 2 myb-type DNA binding modules, a BRCT domain, and a RCT domain that recruits Sir3 and Sir4 for gene silencing and Rif1 and Rif2 for telomere length maintenance. S. pombe RAP1 has a BRCT domain, 2 myb like domains, and the RCT.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>QвА0А0АаАВ7cd11671, TAZ1_RBM, RAP1 binding motif of Schizosaccharomyces pombe TAZ1. S. pombe TAZ1 recruits the spRAP1 protein to telomeres. The TAZ1 RAP1-binding motif (RBM) binds the RAP1 C-terminal domain (RCT), which structurally resembles the first 3-helix bundle found in yeast and human RAP1 RCT. TAZ1, an ortholog of TRF1 and TRF2, has a TRF homology (TRFH) domain, the RBM domain, a dimerization domain, and a myb-like C-terminus. RAP1, identified in budding yeast as repressor/activator protein 1, is a well-conserved telomere binding protein and is also found in fission yeast and mammals. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, RAP1 directly binds DNA and is involved in transcriptional activation and mating type information gene silencing, as well as in binding to numerous binding sites at each telomere, where it functions in telomere length regulation, telomeric position effect gene silencing, and telomere end protection. Like S. pombe RAP1, human RAP1 does not bind telomeric DNA directly, but binds telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) through the RAP C-terminal domain (RCT).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>RвА0А0АаАВcd11672, ADDz, ATRX, Dnmt3 and Dnmt3l PHD-like zinc finger domain (ADDz). The ADDz zinc finger domain is present in the chromatin-associated proteins cytosine-5-methyltransferase 3 (Dnmt3) and ATRX, a SNF2 type transcription factor protein. The Dnmt3 family includes two active DNA methyltransferases, Dnmt3a and -3b, and one regulatory factor Dnmt3l. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism involved in diverse biological processes such as embryonic development, gene expression, and genomic imprinting. The ADDz domain is a PHD-like zinc finger motif that contains two parts, a C2-C2 and a PHD-like zinc finger. PHD zinc finger domains have been identified in more than 40 proteins that are mainly involved in chromatin mediated transcriptional control; the classical PHD zinc finger has a C4-H-C3 motif that spans about 50-80 amino acids. In ADDz, the conserved histidine residue of the PHD finger is replaced by a cysteine, and an additional zinc finger C2-C2 like motif is located about twenty residues upstream of the C4-C-C3 motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;вА0А0АаАВ╕cd11673, hemoglobin_linker_C, Globular domain of extracellular hemoglobin linker. This family of hemoglobin linker chains is restricted to annelid worms, and participates in the formation of the large erythrocruorin respiratory complex. Via its N-terminal coiled-coil segment (not included in this model), the molecule forms trimers, which are part of a scaffold organizing the overall complex architecture; the latter encompasses 36 linkers and 144 hemoglobins in total. This C-terminal globular domain is involved in trimerization, and also interacts with globins and other C-terminal globular linker domains of neighboring trimers. The structure resembles that of nitrophorins and lipocalins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>SвА0А0АаАВTвА0А0АаАВcd11675, SCAB1_middle, middle domain of the stomatal closure-related actin binding protein1. SCAB1 is a dimeric actin crosslinker conserved in plants. The three-dimensional structure of this domain resembles that of fibronectin type III repeat units and immunoglobulins. It is situated between a coiled-coil dimerization domain and a C-terminal pleckstrin homology-like module. SCAB1 appears to be required for normal actin dynamics in guard cells stomatal movement. The function of the middle domain is not clear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>UвА0А0АаАВлcd11676, Gemin6, Gemin 6. Gemins 6, together with the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, other Gemins, and Unr-interacting protein (UNRIP) form the SMN complex, which plays an important role in the Sm core assembly reaction, by binding directly to the Sm proteins, as well as UsnRNAs. Gemin 6 forms a heterodimer with Gemin 7, which serve as a surrogate for the SmB-SmD3 dimer during the formation of the heptameric Sm ring.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВлcd11677, Gemin7, Gemin 7. Gemins 7, together with the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, other Gemins, and Unr-interacting protein (UNRIP) form the SMN complex, which plays an important role in the Sm core assembly reaction, by binding directly to the Sm proteins, as well as UsnRNAs. Gemin 7 forms a heterodimer with Gemin 6, which serve as a surrogate for the SmB-SmD3 dimer during the formation of the heptameric Sm ring.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВрcd11678, archaeal_LSm, archaeal Like-Sm protein. The archaeal Sm-like (LSm): The Sm proteins are conserved in all three domains of life and are always associated with U-rich RNA sequences. They function to mediate RNA-RNA interactions and RNA biogenesis. All Sm proteins contain a common sequence motif in two segments, Sm1 and Sm2, separated by a short variable linker. Eukaryotic Sm proteins form part of specific small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that are involved in the processing of pre-mRNAs to mature mRNAs, and are a major component of the eukaryotic spliceosome. Most snRNPs consist of seven Sm proteins (B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F and G) arranged in a ring on a uridine-rich sequence (Sm site), plus a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) (either U1, U2, U5 or U4/6). Since archaebacteria do not have any splicing apparatus, their Sm proteins may play a more general role. Archaeal LSm proteins are likely to represent the ancestral Sm domain. Members of this family share a highly conserved Sm fold containing an N-terminal helix followed by a strongly bent five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet. Sm-like proteins exist in archaea as well as prokaryotes that form heptameric and hexameric ring structures similar to those found in eukaryotes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА> вА0А0АаАВ╜cd11679, archaeal_Sm_like, archaeal Sm-related protein. Archaeal Sm-related proteins: The Sm proteins are conserved in all three domains of life and are always associated with U-rich RNA sequences. They function to mediate RNA-RNA interactions and RNA biogenesis. All Sm proteins contain a common sequence motif in two segments, Sm1 and Sm2, separated by a short variable linker. Eukaryotic Sm proteins form part of specific small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that are involved in the processing of pre-mRNAs to mature mRNAs, and are a major component of the eukaryotic spliceosome. Most snRNPs consist of seven Sm proteins (B/B', D1, D2, D3, E, F and G) arranged in a ring on a uridine-rich sequence (Sm site), plus a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) (either U1, U2, U5 or U4/6). Since archaebacteria do not have any splicing apparatus, their Sm proteins may play a more general role. Archaeal Lsm proteins are likely to represent the ancestral Sm domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА> вА0А0АаАВ+cd11680, HDAC_Hos1, Class I histone deacetylases Hos1 and related proteins. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hos1 is responsible for Smc3 deacetylation. Smc3 is an important player during the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. Hos1 belongs to the class I histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs are Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues in histone amino termini to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Enzymes belonging to this group participate in regulation of a number of processes through protein (mostly different histones) modification (deacetylation). Class I histone deacetylases in general act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Other class I HDACs are animal HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC8, fungal RPD3 and HOS2, plant HDA9, protist, archaeal and bacterial (AcuC) deacetylases. Members of this class are involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, embryonic development, cytokine signaling important for immune response and in posttranslational control of the acetyl coenzyme A synthetase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>?вА0А0АаАВуcd11681, HDAC_classIIa, Histone deacetylases, class IIa. Class IIa histone deacetylases are Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine residues of histones (EC 3.5.1.98) to yield deacetylated histones. This subclass includes animal HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7, and HDCA9. Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. Histone deacetylases usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. Class IIa histone deacetylases are signal-dependent co-repressors, they have N-terminal regulatory domain with two or three conserved serine residues, phosphorylation of these residues is important for ability to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm and act as transcriptional co-repressors. HDAC9 is involved in regulation of gene expression and dendritic growth in developing cortical neurons. It also plays a role in hematopoiesis. HDAC7 is involved in regulation of myocyte migration and differentiation. HDAC5 is involved in integration of chronic drug (cocaine) addiction and depression with changes in chromatin structure and gene expression. HDAC4 participates in regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy and skeletogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>@вА0А0АаАВгcd11682, HDAC6-dom1, Histone deacetylase 6, domain 1. Histone deacetylases 6 are class IIb Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. HDACs usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. HDAC6 is the only histone deacetylase with internal duplication of two catalytic domains which appear to function independently of each other, and also has a C-terminal ubiquitin-binding domain. It is located in the cytoplasm and associates with microtubule motor complex, functioning as the tubulin deacetylase and regulating microtubule-dependent cell motility. Known interaction partners of HDAC6 are alpha tubulin (substrate) and ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 (also known as Ubiquitin D or UBD).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>AвА0А0АаАВ~cd11683, HDAC10, Histone deacetylase 10. Histone deacetylases 10 are class IIb Zn-dependent enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of N(6)-acetyl-lysine of a histone to yield a deacetylated histone (EC 3.5.1.98). Histone acetylation/deacetylation process is important for mediation of transcriptional regulation of many genes. HDACs usually act via association with DNA binding proteins to target specific chromatin regions. HDAC10 has an N-terminal deacetylase domain and a C-terminal pseudo-repeat that shares significant similarity with its catalytic domain. It is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and is involved in regulation of melanogenesis. It transcriptionally down-regulates thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), leading to altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in human gastric cancer cells. Known interaction partners of HDAC10 are Pax3, KAP1, hsc70 and HDAC3 proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>BвА0А0АаАВ╒cd11684, DHR2_DOCK, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Dedicator of Cytokinesis proteins. DOCK proteins comprise a family of atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that lack the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As GEFs, they activate the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. They are also called the CZH (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology) family, after the first family members identified. Dock180 was first isolated as a binding partner for the adaptor protein Crk. The Caenorhabditis elegans protein, Ced-5, is essential for cell migration and phagocytosis, while the Drosophila ortholog, Myoblast city (MBC), is necessary for myoblast fusion and dorsal closure. DOCKs are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture: class A includes Dock1 (or Dock180), 2 and 5; class B includes Dock3 and 4; class C includes Dock6, 7, and 8; and class D includes Dock9, 10 and 11. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1, and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of DOCK proteins, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>VвА0А0АаАВ°cd11687, PpPFK_gamma, Pichia pastoris 6-phosphofructokinase, gamma subunit. Pichia pastoris 6-phosphofructokinase (PpPfk) is the most complex and probably largest (1 MDa) eukaryotic Pfk. It forms a dodecamer of four alpha-beta-gamma trimers. The gamma unit is unique, in contrast to other eukaryotic ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinases, and participates in oligomerization of the alpha and beta chains. It is not essential for enzymatic activity, but it modulates the allosteric behavior of the enzyme.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>fвА0А0АаАВ+cd11688, THUMP, THUMP domain, predicted to bind RNA. The THUMP domain is named after THioUridine synthases, RNA Methyltransferases and Pseudo-uridine synthases. It is predicted to be an RNA-binding domain and probably functions by delivering a variety of RNA modification enzymes to their targets.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>gвА0А0АаАВ╥cd11689, SidM_DrrA_GEF, guanine nucleotide-exchange factor domain of Legionella SidM/DrrA. Effector protein DrrA of Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular pathogen, is a potent guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) specific for the host Rab1 GTPase. It competes with endogenous exchange factors to recruit and activate Rab1 on plasma membrane-derived organelle, therefore effectively hijacking the host's vesicle trafficking to avoid phagosome-lysosome fusion.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>lвА0А0АаАВTcd11690, Tsi2_like, Tse2 immunity protein Tsi2 and similar proteins. Tsi2 is an essential protein in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing protection from the activity of Tse2, most likely by directly interacting with Tse2. Tse2 is a toxin transported via the type VI secretion system and is targeted towards other bacteria in the environment.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>mвА0А0АаАВЧcd11691, HRI1_like, Tandem repeat domain of HRI1 and related proteins. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hri1p (Hrr25-interacting protein 1, YLR301w) is a non-essential gene product named for its interaction with the yeast protein kinase Hrr25p. It has also been characterized as an interaction partner for Sec72p, but does not seem to be required for protein translocation into the ER. It may be a cytosolic protein. Hri1p contains a tandem repeat of a structural unit that forms a beta-barrel with structural similarity to nitrobindin. The two repeats are sequence dissimilar, and the second (c-terminal) repeat is missing several strands, forming an incomplete barrel.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>nвА0А0АаАВncd11692, HRI1_N_like, N-terminal domain of HRI1 and related proteins. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hri1p (Hrr25-interacting protein 1, YLR301w) is a non-essential gene product named for its interaction with the yeast protein kinase Hrr25p. It has also been characterized as an interaction partner for Sec72p, but does not seem to be required for protein translocation into the ER. It may be a cytosolic protein. Hri1p contains a tandem repeat of a structural unit that forms a beta-barrel with structural similarity to nitrobindin. This N-terminal repeat is involved in homodimerization and may contain a ligand binding site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>oвА0А0АаАВbcd11693, HRI1_C_like, C-terminal domain of HRI1 and related proteins. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hri1p (Hrr25-interacting protein 1, YLR301w) is a non-essential gene product named for its interaction with the yeast protein kinase Hrr25p. It has also been characterized as an interaction partner for Sec72p, but does not seem to be required for protein translocation into the ER. It may be a cytosolic protein. Hri1p contains a tandem repeat of a structural unit that forms a beta-barrel with structural similarity to nitrobindin. This C-terminal repeat is missing several strands and forms an incomplete barrel.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>pвА0А0АаАВ@cd11694, DHR2_DOCK_D, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class D Dedicator of Cytokinesis proteins. DOCK proteins are atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that lack the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As GEFs, they activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. They are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class D, also called the Zizimin subfamily, includes Dock9, 10 and 11. Class D Docks are specific GEFs for Cdc42. Dock9 plays important roles in spine formation and dendritic growth. Dock10 and Dock11 are preferentially expressed in lymphocytes. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of class D DOCKs, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Cdc42. Class D DOCKs also contain a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the N-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>WвА0А0АаАВ╨cd11695, DHR2_DOCK_C, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class C Dedicator of Cytokinesis proteins. DOCK proteins are atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that lack the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As GEFs, they activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. They are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class C, also called the Zizimin-related (Zir) subfamily, includes Dock6, 7 and 8. Class C DOCKs have been shown to have GEF activity for both Rac and Cdc42. Dock6 regulates neurite outgrowth. Dock7 plays a critical roles in the early stages of axon formation, neuronal polarity, and myelination. Dock8 regulates T and B cell numbers and functions, and plays essential roles in humoral immune responses and the proper formation of B cell immunological synapses. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Class C Docks, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and Cdc42.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>XвА0А0АаАВHcd11696, DHR2_DOCK_B, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class B Dedicator of Cytokinesis proteins. DOCK proteins are atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that lack the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As GEFs, they activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. They are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class B includes Dock3 and 4. Dock3 is a specific GEF for Rac and it regulates N-cadherin dependent cell-cell adhesion, cell polarity, and neuronal morphology. It promotes axonal growth by stimulating actin polymerization and microtubule assembly. Dock4 activates the Ras family GTPase Rap1, probably indirectly through interaction with Rap regulatory proteins. It plays a role in regulating dendritic growth and branching in hippocampal neurons, where it is highly expressed. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of class B DOCKs, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class B DOCKs also contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>YвА0А0АаАВRcd11697, DHR2_DOCK_A, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class A Dedicator of Cytokinesis proteins. DOCK proteins are atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that lack the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As GEFs, they activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. They are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class A includes Dock1, 2 and 5. Class A DOCKs are specific GEFs for Rac. Dock1 interacts with the scaffold protein Elmo and the resulting complex functions upstream of Rac in many biological events including phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, cell migration and invasion. Dock2 plays an important role in lymphocyte migration and activation, T-cell differentiation, neutrophil chemotaxis, and type I interferon induction. Dock5 functions upstream of Rac1 to regulate osteoclast function. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of class A DOCKs, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class A DOCKs also contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ZвА0А0АаАВ┴cd11698, DHR2_DOCK9, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class D Dedicator of Cytokinesis 9. Dock9, also called Zizimin1, is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates the small GTPase Cdc42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It plays important roles in spine formation and dendritic growth. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class D includes Dock9, 10 and 11. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock9, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Cdc42. Class D DOCKs also contain a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the N-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>[вА0А0АаАВ1cd11699, DHR2_DOCK10, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class D Dedicator of Cytokinesis 10. Dock10, also called Zizimin3, is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates the small GTPase Cdc42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Dock10 is preferentially expressed in lymphocytes and may play a role in interleukin-4 induced activation of B cells. It may also play a role in the invasion of tumor cells. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class D includes Dock9, 10 and 11. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock10, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Cdc42. Class D DOCKs also contain a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the N-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>\вА0А0АаАВFcd11700, DHR2_DOCK11, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class D Dedicator of Cytokinesis 11. Dock11, also called Zizimin2 or activated Cdc42-associated GEF (ACG), is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates the small GTPase Cdc42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Dock11 is predominantly expressed in lymphocytes and is found in high levels in germinal center B lymphocytes after T cell dependent antigen immunization. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class D includes Dock9, 10 and 11. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock11, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Cdc42. Class D DOCKs also contain a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the N-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>]вА0А0АаАВcd11701, DHR2_DOCK8, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class C Dedicator of Cytokinesis 8. Dock8, also called Zizimin-related 3 (Zir3), is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Dock8 is highly expressed in the immune system and it regulates T and B cell numbers and functions. It plays essential roles in humoral immune responses and the proper formation of B cell immunological synapses. Dock8 deficiency is a primary immune deficiency that results in extreme susceptibility to cutaneous viral infections, elevated IgE levels, and eosinophilia. It was originally described as an autosomal recessive form of hyper IgE syndrome (AR-HIES). DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class C includes Dock6, 7 and 8. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock8, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>^вА0А0АаАВ╨cd11702, DHR2_DOCK6, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class C Dedicator of Cytokinesis 6. Dock6, also called Zizimin-related 1 (Zir1), is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It is widely expressed and shows highest expression in the dorsal root ganglion and the brain. It regulates neurite outgrowth. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class C includes Dock6, 7 and 8. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock6, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>_вА0А0АаАВаcd11703, DHR2_DOCK7, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class C Dedicator of Cytokinesis 7. Dock7, also called Zizimin-related 2 (Zir2), is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It plays a critical role in the initial specification of axon formation in hippocampal neurons. It affects neuronal polarity by regulating microtubule dynamics. Dock7 also plays a role in controlling myelination by Schwann cells. It may also play important roles in the function and distribution of dermal and follicular melanocytes. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class C includes Dock6, 7 and 8. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock7, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>`вА0А0АаАВБcd11704, DHR2_DOCK3, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class B Dedicator of Cytokinesis 3. Dock3, also called modifier of cell adhesion (MOCA), is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Dock3 is a specific GEF for Rac. It regulates N-cadherin dependent cell-cell adhesion, cell polarity, and neuronal morphology. It promotes axonal growth by stimulating actin polymerization and microtubule assembly. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class B includes Dock3 and 4. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock3, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class B DOCKs also contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>aвА0А0АаАВЭcd11705, DHR2_DOCK4, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class B Dedicator of Cytokinesis 4. Dock4 is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It plays a role in regulating dendritic growth and branching in hippocampal neurons, where it is highly expressed. It may also regulate spine morphology and synapse formation. Dock4 activates the Ras family GTPase Rap1, probably indirectly through interaction with Rap regulatory proteins. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class B includes Dock3 and 4. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock4, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class B DOCKs also contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>bвА0А0АаАВocd11706, DHR2_DOCK2, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class A Dedicator of Cytokinesis 2. Dock2 is a hematopoietic cell-specific, class A DOCK and is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It plays an important role in lymphocyte migration and activation, T-cell differentiation, neutrophil chemotaxis, and type I interferon induction. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class A includes Dock1, 2 and 5. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock2, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class A DOCKs, like Dock2, are specific GEFs for Rac and they contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>cвА0А0АаАВcd11707, DHR2_DOCK1, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class A Dedicator of Cytokinesis 1. Dock1, also called Dock180, is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Dock1 interacts with the scaffold protein Elmo and the resulting complex functions upstream of Rac in many biological events including phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, cell migration and invasion. In the nervous system, it mediates attractive responses to netrin-1 and thus, plays a role in axon outgrowth and pathfinding. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class A includes Dock1, 2 and 5. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock1, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class A DOCKs, like Dock1, are specific GEFs for Rac and they contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>dвА0А0АаАВшcd11708, DHR2_DOCK5, Dock Homology Region 2, a GEF domain, of Class A Dedicator of Cytokinesis 5. Dock5 is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. As a GEF, it activates small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It functions upstream of Rac1 to regulate osteoclast function. DOCK proteins are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture; class A includes Dock1, 2 and 5. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate. This alignment model represents the DHR-2 domain of Dock5, which contains the catalytic GEF activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class A DOCKs, like Dock5, are specific GEFs for Rac and they contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>eвА0А0АаАВUcd11709, SPRY, SPRY domain. SPRY domains, first identified in the SP1A kinase of Dictyostelium and rabbit Ryanodine receptor (hence the name), are homologous to B30.2. SPRY domains have been identified in at least 11 protein families, covering a wide range of functions, including regulation of cytokine signaling (SOCS), RNA metabolism (DDX1 and hnRNP), immunity to retroviruses (TRIM5alpha), intracellular calcium release (ryanodine receptors or RyR) and regulatory and developmental processes (HERC1 and Ash2L). B30.2 also contains residues in the N-terminus that form a distinct PRY domain structure; i.e. B30.2 domain consists of PRY and SPRY subdomains. B30.2 domains comprise the C-terminus of three protein families: BTNs (receptor glycoproteins of immunoglobulin superfamily); several TRIM proteins (composed of RING/B-box/coiled-coil or RBCC core); Stonutoxin (secreted poisonous protein of the stonefish Synanceia horrida). TRIM/RBCC proteins are involved in a variety of processes, including apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cell growth, senescence, viral response, meiosis, cell differentiation, and vesicular transport. Genes belonging to this family are implicated in several human diseases that vary from cancer to rare genetic syndromes. The PRY-SPRY domain in these TRIM families is suggested to serve as the target binding site. While SPRY domains are evolutionarily ancient, B30.2 domains are a more recent adaptation where the SPRY/PRY combination is a possible component of immune defense. Mutations found in the SPRY-containing proteins have shown to cause Mediterranean fever and Opitz syndrome.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|+вА0А0АаАВ█cd11710, GINS_A_psf1, Alpha-helical domain of GINS complex protein Psf1. Psf1 is a component of the GINS tetrameric protein complex. Psf1 is mainly expressed in highly proliferative tissues, such as blastocysts, adult bone marrow, and testis, in which the stem cell system is active. Loss of Psf1 causes embryonic lethality. GINS is a complex of four subunits (Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3) that is involved in both initiation and elongation stages of eukaryotic chromosome replication. Besides being essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity, GINS plays a central role in coordinating DNA replication with cell cycle checkpoints and is involved in cell growth. The eukaryotic GINS subunits are homologous and homologs are also found in the archaea; the complex is not found in bacteria. The four subunits of the complex consist of two domains each, termed the alpha-helical (A) and beta-strand (B) domains. The A and B domains of Sld5/Psf1 are permuted with respect to Psf1/Psf3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>DвА0А0АаАВcd11711, GINS_A_Sld5, Alpha-helical domain of GINS complex protein Sld5. Sld5 is a component of GINS tetrameric protein complex, and within the complex Sld5 interacts with Psf1 via its N-terminal A-domain, and with Psf2 through a combination of the A and B domains. Sld5 in Drosophila is required for normal cell cycle progression and the maintenance of genomic integrity. GINS is a complex of four subunits (Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3) that is involved in both initiation and elongation stages of eukaryotic chromosome replication. Besides being essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity, GINS plays a central role in coordinating DNA replication with cell cycle checkpoints and is involved in cell growth. The eukaryotic GINS subunits are homologous and homologs are also found in the archaea; the complex is not found in bacteria. The four subunits of the complex consist of two domains each, termed the alpha-helical (A) and beta-strand (B) domains. The A and B domains of Sld5/Psf1 are permuted with respect to Psf1/Psf3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>EвА0А0АаАВВcd11712, GINS_A_psf2, Alpha-helical domain of GINS complex protein Psf2 (partner of Sld5 2). Psf2 is a component of GINS tetrameric protein complex and has been found to play important roles in normal eye development in Xenopus laevis. GINS is a complex of four subunits (Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3) that is involved in both initiation and elongation stages of eukaryotic chromosome replication. Besides being essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity, GINS plays a central role in coordinating DNA replication with cell cycle checkpoints and is involved in cell growth. The eukaryotic GINS subunits are homologous and homologs are also found in the archaea; the complex is not found in bacteria. The four subunits of the complex consist of two domains each, termed the alpha-helical (A) and beta-strand (B) domains. The A and B domains of Sld5/Psf1 are permuted with respect to Psf1/Psf3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>FвА0А0АаАВЯcd11713, GINS_A_psf3, Alpha-helical domain of GINS complex protein Psf3 (partner of Sld5 3). Psf3 is a component of GINS, a tetrameric protein complex. Psf3 expression is up regulated in malignant colon cancer and it might be involved in cancer cell proliferation. GINS is a complex of four subunits (Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3) that is involved in both initiation and elongation stages of eukaryotic chromosome replication. Besides being essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity, GINS plays a central role in coordinating DNA replication with cell cycle checkpoints and is involved in cell growth. The eukaryotic GINS subunits are homologous and homologs are also found in the archaea; the complex is not found in bacteria. The four subunits of the complex consist of two domains each, termed the alpha-helical (A) and beta-strand (B) domains. The A and B domains of Sld5/Psf1 are permuted with respect to Psf1/Psf3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>GвА0А0АаАВ■cd11714, GINS_A_archaea, Alpha-helical domain of archaeal GINS complex proteins. The GINS complex is involved in replication of archaeal and eukayotic genomes. The archaeal DNA replication system is a simplified version of that of the eukaryotes. Like its eukaryotic counterpart, the archaeal GINS complex is tetrameric, but instead of four different subunits (Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3) it consists of two different proteins named Gins51 and Gins23. All GINS subunits are homologs and they can be classified into two groups. One group (the eukayotic Sld5 and Psf1, as well as the archaeal Gins51) has the alpha-helical (A) domain at the N-terminus and the beta-strand domain (B) at the C-terminus (this arrangement is called ABtype). The arrangement of the A and B domains is reversed in the second group (eukaryotic Psf2 and Psf3 and archaeal Gins23, also referred to as BAtype). The overall fold of each archaeal subunit and the overall tetrameric assembly of GINS are similar, but the relative locations of the C-terminal small domains are different with respect to the alpha helical domain characterized by this model, resulting in different subunit contacts in the archaeal GINS complex.Some archaea may have a homotetrameric GINS complex (4 copies of an AB-type module).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>HвА0А0АаАВТcd11715, THUMP_AdoMetMT, THUMP domain associated with S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. Proteins of this family contain an N-terminal THUMP domain and a C-terminal S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase domain. Members have been implicated in the modification of 23S RNA m2G2445, a highly conserved modification in bacteria and in the m2G6 modification of tRNA. The THUMP domain is named after thiouridine synthases, methylases and PSUSs. The domain consists of about 110 amino acid residues. It is predicted to be an RNA-binding domain and probably functions by delivering a variety of RNA modification enzymes to their targets.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>hвА0А0АаАВ:cd11716, THUMP_ThiI, THUMP domain of thiamine biosynthesis protein ThiI. ThiI is an enzyme responsible for the formation of the modified base S(4)U (4-thiouridine) found at position 8 in some prokaryotic tRNAs. This modification acts as a signal for UV exposure, triggering a response that provides protection against its damaging effects. ThiI consists of an N-terminal THUMP domain, followed by an NFLD domain, and a C-terminal PP-loop pyrophosphatase domain. The N-terminal THUMP domain has been implicated in the recognition of the acceptor-stem region. The THUMP domain is named after thiouridine synthases, methylases and PSUSs. The domain consists of about 110 amino acid residues. It is predicted to be an RNA-binding domain and probably functions by delivering a variety of RNA modification enzymes to their targets.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>iвА0А0АаАВаcd11717, THUMP_THUMPD1_like, THUMP domain-containing protein 1-like. This family contains THUMP domain-only proteins including THUMP domain-containing protein 1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tan1. Tan1 is non essential and has been shown to be required for the formation of the modified nucleoside N(4)-acetylcytidine (ac(4)C) in tRNA. To date, there is no functional information available about THUMPD1. The THUMP domain is named after thiouridine synthases, methylases and PSUSs. The domain consists of about 110 amino acid residues. It is predicted to be an RNA-binding domain and probably functions by delivering a variety of RNA modification enzymes to their targets.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>jвА0А0АаАВcd11718, THUMP_SPOUT, THUMP domain associated with SPOUT RNA Methylases. Members of this archaeal protein family are characterized by containing an N-terminal THUMP domain and a C-terminal SPOUT RNA methyltransferase domain. No functional information is available The THUMP domain is named after thiouridine synthases, methylases and PSUSs. The domain consists of about 110 amino acid residues. It is predicted to be an RNA-binding domain and probably functions by delivering a variety of RNA modification enzymes to their targets.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>kвА0А0АаАВIcd11719, FANC, Fanconi anemia ID complex proteins FANCI and FANCD2. The Fanconi anemia ID complex consists of two subunits, Fanconi anemia I and Fanconi anemia D2 (FANCI-FANCD2) and plays a central role in the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The complex is activated via DNA damage-induced phosphorylation by ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) and monoubiquitination by the FA core complex ubiquitin ligase, and it binds to DNA at the ICL site, recognizing branched DNA structures. Defects in the complex cause Fanconi anemia, a cancer predisposition syndrome.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>qвА0А0АаАВКcd11720, FANCI, Fanconi anemia I protein. The Fanconi anemia ID complex consists of two subunits, Fanconi anemia I and Fanconi anemia D2 (FANCI-FANCD2) and plays a central role in the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The complex is activated via DNA damage-induced phosphorylation by ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) and monoubiquitination by the FA core complex ubiquitin ligase, and it binds to DNA at the ICL site, recognizing branched DNA structures. Defects in the complex cause Fanconi anemia, a cancer predisposition syndrome. The phosphorylation of FANCI may function as a molecular switch to turn on the FA pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>rвА0А0АаАВ├cd11721, FANCD2, Fanconi anemia D2 protein. The Fanconi anemia ID complex consists of two subunits, Fanconi anemia I and Fanconi anemia D2 (FANCI-FANCD2) and plays a central role in the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The complex is activated via DNA damage-induced phosphorylation by ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) and monoubiquitination by the FA core complex ubiquitin ligase, and it binds to DNA at the ICL site, recognizing branched DNA structures. Defects in the complex cause Fanconi anemia, a cancer predisposition syndrome. The phosphorylation of FANCD2 is required for DNA damage-induced intra-S phase checkpoint and for cellular resistance to DNA crosslinking agents.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>sвА0А0АаАВcd11722, SOAR, STIM1 Orai1-activating region. STIM1 (stromal interaction module 1) is a metazoan transmembrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, which functions as a sensor for ER calcium ion levels and activates store-operated Ca2+ influx channels (SOCs), such as the Orai1 Ca2+ channel located in the plasma membrane. STIM1 has an N-terminal Ca-binding EF-hand domain, which is located in the ER lumen. Responding to the release of Ca2+ from the ER, STIM1 was found to aggregate near the plasma membrane and contact Orai1. This model describes a region near the C-terminus of STIM1, which has been shown to mediate the interaction with Orai1 and has been labeled SOAR (STIM1 Orai1-activating region). STIM1 has also been linked to sensing oxidative and temperature-variation stress and may play a rather general role in mediating calcium signaling in response to stress. Dimerization of STIM1 via the SOAR domain appears required for the activation of the Orai1 calcium channel. A model for STIM1 activation has been proposed, in which an inhibitory helix N-terminal to the SOAR domain prevents STIM1 clustering or aggregation, and in which conformational changes triggered by depletion of the calcium stores allow the clustering and activation of Orai1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>tвА0А0АаАВ cd11723, YabN_N, N-terminal S-AdoMet dependent methylase domain of Bacillus subtilis YabN and related proteins. This family contains proteins similar to Bacillus subtilis YabN, which is a fusion of an N-terminal TP-methylase and a C-terminal MazG-type nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolase domain. MazG-like NTP-PPases have been implicated in house-cleaning functions such as degrading abnormal (d)NTPs. TP-methylases use S-AdoMet (S-adenosyl-L-methionine or SAM) in the methylation of diverse substrates. Most members catalyze various methylation steps in cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthesis, other members like Diphthine synthase and Ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase I (RsmI) act on other substrates. The specific function of YabN's TP-methylase domain is not known.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВ╦cd11724, TP_methylase_like, Uncharacterized subfamily of S-AdoMet dependent tetrapyrrole methylases. TP-methylases use S-AdoMet (S-adenosyl-L-methionine or SAM) in the methylation of diverse substrates. Most members catalyze various methylation steps in cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthesis, other members like Diphthine synthase and Ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase I (RsmI) act on other substrates. The function of this subfamily is not known.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВ`cd11725, ADDz_Dnmt3, ADDz domain found in DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases (C5-MTases) 3 (Dnmt3). Dnmt3 is a de novo DNA methyltransferase family that includes two active enzymes Dnmt3a and -3b and one regulatory factor Dnmt3l. The ADDz domain of Dnmt3 is located in the C-terminal region of Dnmt3, which is an active catalytic domain in Dnmt3a and -b, but lacks some residues for enzymatic activity in Dnmt3l. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism involved in diverse biological processes such as embryonic development, gene expression, and genomic imprinting. The ADDz_Dnmt3 domain is a PHD-like zinc finger motif that contains two parts, a C2-C2 and a PHD-like zinc finger. PHD zinc finger domains have been identified in more than 40 proteins that are mainly involved in chromatin mediated transcriptional control; the classical PHD zinc finger has a C4-H-C3 motif that spans about 50-80 amino acids. In ADDz, the conserved histidine residue of the PHD finger is replaced by a cysteine, and an additional zinc finger C2-C2 like motif is located about twenty residues upstream of the C4-C-C3 motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;вА0А0АаАВбcd11726, ADDz_ATRX, ADDz domain found in ATRX (alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation, X-linked). ADDz_ATRX is a PHD-like zinc finger domain of ATRX, which belongs to the SNF2 family of chromatin remodeling proteins. ATRX is a large chromatin-associated nuclear protein with two domains, ADDz_ATRX at the N-terminus, followed by a C-terminal ATPase/helicase domain. The ADDz_ATRX domain recognizes a specific methylated histone, and this interaction is required for heterochromatin localization of the ATRX protein. Missense mutations in either of the two ATRX domains lead to the X-linked alpha-thalassemia and mental retardation syndrome; however the mutations in the ADDz_ATRX domain produce a more severe disease phenotype that may also relate to disturbing unknown functions or interaction sites of this domain. The ADDz domain is also present in chromatin-associated proteins cytosine-5-methyltransferase 3 (Dnmt3); it is a PHD-like zinc finger motif that contains two parts, a C2-C2 and a PHD-like zinc finger. PHD zinc finger domains have been identified in more than 40 proteins that are mainly involved in chromatin mediated transcriptional control; the classical PHD zinc finger has a C4-H-C3 motif that spans about 50-80 amino acids. In ADDz, the conserved histidine residue of the PHD finger is replaced by a cysteine, and an additional zinc finger C2-C2 like motif is located about twenty residues upstream of the C4-C-C3 motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;вА0А0АаАВ─cd11727, ADDz_Dnmt3l, ADDz domain found in DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases (C5-MTases) 3 like (Dnmt3l). Dnmt3l is a regulator of DNA methylation, which acts by recognizing unmethylated histone H3 tails and interacting with Dnmt3a to stimulate its de novo DNA methylation activity. The ADDz_Dnmt3l domain is located in the C-terminal region of Dnmt3l that otherwise lacks some residues required for DNA methyltransferase activity. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism involved in diverse biological processes such as embryonic development, gene expression, and genomic imprinting. Dnmt3l is also associating with HDAC1 and acts as a transcriptional repressor. The ADDz_Dnmt3l domain is a PHD-like zinc finger motif that contains two parts, a C2-C2 and a PHD-like zinc finger. PHD zinc finger domains have been identified in more than 40 proteins that are mainly involved in chromatin mediated transcriptional control; the classical PHD zinc finger has a C4-H-C3 motif that spans about 50-80 amino acids. In ADDz, the conserved histidine residue of the PHD finger is replaced by a cysteine, and an additional zinc finger C2-C2 like motif is located about twenty residues upstream of the C4-C-C3 motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;вА0А0АаАВXcd11728, ADDz_Dnmt3b, ADDz domain found in DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases (C5-MTases) 3b (Dnmt3b). ADDz_Dnmt3b is an active catalytic domain of Dnmt3b. Dnmt3b is a member of the Dnmt3 family and is a de novo DNA methyltransferases that has an N-terminal variable region followed by a conserved PWWP region and the cysteine-rich ADDz domain. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism involved in diverse biological processes such as embryonic development, gene expression, and genomic imprinting. The methyltransferase activity of Dnmt3a is not only responsible for the establishment of DNA methylation pattern, but is also essential for the inheritance of these patterns during mitosis. Dnmt3b is ubiquitously expressed in most adult tissues. The ADDz_Dnmt3 domain is a PHD-like zinc finger motif that contains two parts, a C2-C2 and a PHD-like zinc finger. PHD zinc finger domains have been identified in more than 40 proteins that are mainly involved in chromatin mediated transcriptional control; the classical PHD zinc finger has a C4-H-C3 motif that spans about 50-80 amino acids. In ADDz, the conserved histidine residue of the PHD finger is replaced by a cysteine, and an additional zinc finger C2-C2 like motif is located about twenty residues upstream of the C4-C-C3 motif. A knockout of Dnmt3b has been shown to be lethal in the mouse model.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;вА0А0АаАВьcd11729, ADDz_Dnmt3a, ADDz domain found in DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases (C5-MTases) 3a (Dnmt3a). Dnmt3a is a member of the Dnmt3 family and is a protein with de novo DNA methyltransferase activity. Dnmt3 family members are Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, and Dnmt3l the non-enzymatic regulatory factor. Dnmt3a is recruited by Dnmt3l to unmethylated histone H3 and methylates the target. Dnmt3a has a variable region at the N-terminus, followed by a conserved PWWP region and the cysteine-rich ADDz domain. ADDz_Dnmt3a is an active catalytic domain of Dnmt3a. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism involved in diverse biological processes such as embryonic development, gene expression, and genomic imprinting. The methyltransferase activity of Dnmt3a is not only responsible for the establishment of DNA methylation pattern, but is also essential for the inheritance of these patterns during mitosis. The ADDz_Dnmt3 domain is a PHD-like zinc finger motif that contains two parts, a C2-C2 and a PHD-like zinc finger. PHD zinc finger domains have been identified in more than 40 proteins that are mainly involved in chromatin mediated transcriptional control; the classical PHD zinc finger has a C4-H-C3 motif that spans about 50-80 amino acids. In ADDz, the conserved histidine residue of the PHD finger is replaced by a cysteine, and an additional zinc finger C2-C2 like motif is located about twenty residues upstream of the C4-C-C3 motif. A knockout of Dnmt3a has been shown to be lethal in the mouse model.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА;вА0А0АаАВ ▒cd11730, Tthb094_like_SDR_c, Tthb094 and related proteins, classical (c) SDRs. Tthb094 from Thermus Thermophilus is a classical SDR which binds NADP. Members of this subgroup contain the YXXXK active site characteristic of SDRs. Also, an upstream Asn residue of the canonical catalytic tetrad is partially conserved in this subgroup of proteins of undetermined function. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВ Чcd11731, Lin1944_like_SDR_c, Lin1944 and related proteins, classical (c) SDRs. Lin1944 protein from Listeria Innocua is a classical SDR, it contains a glycine-rich motif similar to the canonical motif of the SDR NAD(P)-binding site. However, the typical SDR active site residues are absent in this subgroup of proteins of undetermined function. SDRs are a functionally diverse family of oxidoreductases that have a single domain with a structurally conserved Rossmann fold (alpha/beta folding pattern with a central beta-sheet), an NAD(P)(H)-binding region, and a structurally diverse C-terminal region. Classical SDRs are typically about 250 residues long, while extended SDRs are approximately 350 residues. Sequence identity between different SDR enzymes are typically in the 15-30% range, but the enzymes share the Rossmann fold NAD-binding motif and characteristic NAD-binding and catalytic sequence patterns. These enzymes catalyze a wide range of activities including the metabolism of steroids, cofactors, carbohydrates, lipids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids, and act in redox sensing. Classical SDRs have an TGXXX[AG]XG cofactor binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, with the Tyr residue of the active site motif serving as a critical catalytic residue (Tyr-151, human prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) numbering). In addition to the Tyr and Lys, there is often an upstream Ser (Ser-138, PGDH numbering) and/or an Asn (Asn-107, PGDH numbering) contributing to the active site; while substrate binding is in the C-terminal region, which determines specificity. The standard reaction mechanism is a 4-pro-S hydride transfer and proton relay involving the conserved Tyr and Lys, a water molecule stabilized by Asn, and nicotinamide. Extended SDRs have additional elements in the C-terminal region, and typically have a TGXXGXXG cofactor binding motif. Complex (multidomain) SDRs such as ketoreductase domains of fatty acid synthase have a GGXGXXG NAD(P)-binding motif and an altered active site motif (YXXXN). Fungal type ketoacyl reductases have a TGXXXGX(1-2)G NAD(P)-binding motif. Some atypical SDRs have lost catalytic activity and/or have an unusual NAD(P)-binding motif and missing or unusual active site residues. Reactions catalyzed within the SDR family include isomerization, decarboxylation, epimerization, C=N bond reduction, dehydratase activity, dehalogenation, Enoyl-CoA reduction, and carbonyl-alcohol oxidoreduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>вА0А0АаАВ╟cd11732, HSP105-110_like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of 105/110 kDa heat shock proteins including HSPA4, HYOU1, and similar proteins. This subfamily include the human proteins, HSPA4 (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 4, APG-2, HS24/P52, hsp70 RY, and HSPH2; the human HSPA4 gene maps to 5q31.1), HSPA4L (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 4-like, APG-1, HSPH3, and OSP94; the human HSPA4L gene maps to 4q28), and HSPH1 (also known as heat shock 105kDa/110kDa protein 1, HSP105; HSP105A; HSP105B; NY-CO-25; the human HSPH1 gene maps to 13q12.3), HYOU1 (also known as human hypoxia up-regulated 1, GRP170; HSP12A; ORP150; GRP-170; ORP-150; the human HYOU1 gene maps to11q23.1-q23.3), Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sse1p, Sse2p, and Lhs1p, and a sea urchin sperm receptor. It belongs to the 105/110 kDa heat shock protein (HSP105/110) subfamily of the HSP70-like family, and includes proteins believed to function generally as co-chaperones of HSP70 chaperones, acting as nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs), to remove ADP from their HSP70 chaperone partners during the ATP hydrolysis cycle. HSP70 chaperones assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Like HSP70 chaperones, HSP105/110s have an N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain (SBD). For HSP70 chaperones, the nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is also regulated by J-domain proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╩вА0А0АаАВ_cd11733, HSPA9-like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of human HSPA9, Escherichia coli DnaK, and similar proteins. This subgroup includes human mitochondrial HSPA9 (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 9, CSA; MOT; MOT2; GRP75; PBP74; GRP-75; HSPA9B; MTHSP75; the gene encoding HSPA9 maps to 5q31.1), Escherichia coli DnaK, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Stress-Seventy subfamily C/Ssc1p (also called mtHSP70, Endonuclease SceI 75 kDa subunit). It belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Hsp70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs); for Escherichia coli DnaK, these are the DnaJ and GrpE, respectively. HSPA9 is involved in multiple processses including mitochondrial import, antigen processing, control of cellular proliferation and differentiation, and regulation of glucose responses. During glucose deprivation-induced cellular stress, HSPA9 plays an important role in the suppression of apoptosis by inhibiting a conformational change in Bax that allow the release of cytochrome c. DnaK modulates the heat shock response in Escherichia coli. It protects E. coli from protein carbonylation, an irreversible oxidative modification that increases during organism aging and bacterial growth arrest. Under severe thermal stress, it functions as part of a bi-chaperone system: the DnaK system and the ring-forming AAA+ chaperone ClpB (Hsp104) system, to promote cell survival. DnaK has also been shown to cooperate with GroEL and the ribosome-associated Escherichia coli Trigger Factor in the proper folding of cytosolic proteins. S. cerevisiae Ssc1p is the major HSP70 chaperone of the mitochondrial matrix, promoting translocation of proteins from the cytosol, across the inner membrane, to the matrix, and their subsequent folding. Ssc1p interacts with Tim44, a peripheral inner membrane protein associated with the TIM23 protein translocase. It is also a subunit of the endoSceI site-specific endoDNase and is required for full endoSceI activity. Ssc1p plays roles in the import of Yfh1p, a nucleus-encoded mitochondrial protein involved in iron homeostasis (and a homolog of human frataxin, implicated in the neurodegenerative disease, Friedreich's ataxia). Ssc1 also participates in translational regulation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) biogenesis by interacting with Mss51 and Mss51-containing complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╦вА0А0АаАВ│cd11734, Ssq1_like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ssq1 and similar proteins. Ssq1p (also called Stress-seventy subfamily Q protein 1, Ssc2p, Ssh1p, mtHSP70 homolog) belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Hsp70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). S. cerevisiae Ssq1p is a mitochondrial chaperone that is involved in iron-sulfur (Fe/S) center biogenesis. Ssq1p plays a role in the maturation of Yfh1p, a nucleus-encoded mitochondrial protein involved in iron homeostasis (and a homolog of human frataxin, implicated in the neurodegenerative disease, Friedreich's ataxia).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╠вА0А0АаАВlcd11735, HSPA12A_like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of HSPA12A and similar proteins. HSPA12A (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein-12A) belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). No co-chaperones have yet been identified for HSPA12A. The gene encoding HSPA12A maps to 10q26.12, a cytogenetic region that might represent a common susceptibility locus for both schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder; reduced expression of HSPA12A has been shown in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. HSPA12A is also a candidate gene for forelimb-girdle muscular anomaly, an autosomal recessive disorder of Japanese black cattle. HSPA12A is predominantly expressed in neuronal cells. It may play a role in the atherosclerotic process.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>═вА0А0АаАВUcd11736, HSPA12B_like_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of HSPA12B and similar proteins. Human HSPA12B (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein-12B, chromosome 20 open reading frame 60/C20orf60, dJ1009E24.2; the gene encoding HSPA12B maps to 20p13) belongs to the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family of chaperones that assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Typically, HSP70s have a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. HSP70 chaperone activity is regulated by various co-chaperones: J-domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs). No co-chaperones have yet been identified for HSPA12B. HSPA12B is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells, is required for angiogenesis, and may interact with known angiogenesis mediators. HSPA12B may be important for host defense in microglia-mediated immune response. HSPA12B expression is up-regulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in the spinal cord, and mostly located in active microglia; this induced expression may be regulated by activation of MAPK-p38, ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK signaling pathways. Overexpression of HSPA12B also protects against LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction and involves the preserved activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╬вА0А0АаАВЗcd11737, HSPA4_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of HSPA4. Human HSPA4 (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 4, APG-2, HS24/P52, hsp70 RY, and HSPH2; the human HSPA4 gene maps to 5q31.1) responds to acidic pH stress, is involved in the radioadaptive response, is required for normal spermatogenesis and is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. It participates in a pathway along with NBS1 (Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1, also known as p85 or nibrin), heat shock transcription factor 4b (HDF4b), and HSPA14 (belonging to a different HSP70 subfamily) that induces tumor migration, invasion, and transformation. HSPA4 expression in sperm was increased in men with oligozoospermia, especially in those with varicocele. HSPA4 belongs to the 105/110 kDa heat shock protein (HSP105/110) subfamily of the HSP70-like family. HSP105/110s are believed to function generally as co-chaperones of HSP70 chaperones, acting as nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs), to remove ADP from their HSP70 chaperone partners during the ATP hydrolysis cycle. HSP70 chaperones assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Like HSP70 chaperones, HSP105/110s have an N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain (SBD). For HSP70 chaperones, the nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Hsp70 chaperone activity is also regulated by J-domain proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╧вА0А0АаАВЎcd11738, HSPA4L_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of HSPA4L. Human HSPA4L (also known as 70-kDa heat shock protein 4-like, APG-1, HSPH3, and OSP94; the human HSPA4L gene maps to 4q28) is expressed ubiquitously and predominantly in the testis. It is required for normal spermatogenesis and plays a role in osmotolerance. HSPA4L belongs to the 105/110 kDa heat shock protein (HSP105/110) subfamily of the HSP70-like family. HSP105/110s are believed to function generally as co-chaperones of HSP70 chaperones, acting as nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs), to remove ADP from their HSP70 chaperone partners during the ATP hydrolysis cycle. HSP70 chaperones assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Like HSP70 chaperones, HSP105/110s have an N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain (SBD). For HSP70 chaperones, the nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Hsp70 chaperone activity is also regulated by J-domain proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╨вА0А0АаАВAcd11739, HSPH1_NBD, Nucleotide-binding domain of HSPH1. Human HSPH1 (also known as heat shock 105kDa/110kDa protein 1, HSP105; HSP105A; HSP105B; NY-CO-25; the human HSPH1 gene maps to 13q12.3) suppresses the aggregation of denatured proteins caused by heat shock in vitro, and may substitute for HSP70 family proteins to suppress the aggregation of denatured proteins in cells under severe stress. It reduces the protein aggregation and cytotoxicity associated with Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases, including Huntington's disease, which are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders sharing the characteristic feature of having insoluble protein aggregates in neurons. The expression of HSPH1 is elevated in various malignant tumors, including malignant melanoma, and there is a direct correlation between HSPH1 expression and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs) aggressiveness and proliferation. HSPH1 belongs to the 105/110 kDa heat shock protein (HSP105/110) subfamily of the HSP70-like family. HSP105/110s are believed to function generally as co-chaperones of HSP70 chaperones, acting as nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs), to remove ADP from their HSP70 chaperone partners during the ATP hydrolysis cycle. HSP70 chaperones assist in protein folding and assembly, and can direct incompetent "client" proteins towards degradation. Like HSP70 chaperones, HSP105/110s have an N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain (SBD). For HSP70 chaperones, the nucleotide sits in a deep cleft formed between the two lobes of the NBD. The two subdomains of each lobe change conformation between ATP-bound, ADP-bound, and nucleotide-free states. ATP binding opens up the substrate-binding site; substrate-binding increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis. Hsp70 chaperone activity is also regulated by J-domain proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╤вА0А0АаАВpcd11740, YajQ_like, Proteins similar to Escherichia coli YajQ. In Pseudomonas syringae, YajQ functions as a host protein involved in the temporal control of bacteriophage Phi6 gene transcription. It has been shown to bind to the phage's major structural core protein P1, most likely activating transcription by acting indirectly on the RNA polymerase. YajQ may remain bound to the phage particles throughout the infection period. Earlier, YajQ was characterized as a putative nucleic acid-binding protein based on the similarity of its (ferredoxin-like) three-dimensional topology with that of RNP-like RNA-binding domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@.вА0А0АаАВ^cd11741, TIN2_TBM, TRF-binding motif region of TRF-Interacting Nuclear factor 2. The C-terminal region of TIN2 contains the TRF-binding motif (TBM), while the TIN2 N-terminal region acts in the modulation of TRF1 activity via the inhibition of tankyrase 1. TIN2 binding to TRF2 is primarily via the TRF binding motif (TBM) and the N-terminus, while the far C-terminal region interacts with lower affinity. The TIN2 TBM, but not the N-terminal region, is involved in TIN2 binding to TRF1. Truncation of the TIN2 N-terminus in mouse results in telomere elongation, suggesting a a negative regulatory function of this region. TIN2 is a shelterin complex protein identified in mammals, one of 6 factors that act to protect telomeres from DNA damage repair machinery. Three shelterin components (TRF1, TRF2, POT1) bind DNA and 3 components (TIN2, RAP1, TPP1) are recruited by these DNA binding factors. TIN2 binds directly to TRF1 and TRF2 and stabilizes TRF2 complex-telomere binding by tethering it to the TRF1 complex. TRF1 activity at telomeres is regulated in part by selective ubiquitination and degradation. Ubiquitination of TRF1 is mediated by Fbx4, which binds TRF1 in the TRFH domain, via a small GTPase module. When bound to telomeres, TIN2 acts to protect TRF1 from SCF-Fbx4 mediated ubiquitination. F-box proteins act in substrate recognition as part of SCF complexes (SCF: Skp1-Cul1-Rbx1-F- box protein). Tankyrase-mediated ADP-ribosylation releases TRF1 from telomeres, rendering them susceptible to ubiquitination and degradation, promoting telomere elongation. TIN2 also binds TPP1, which recruits POT1 to telomeres.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ+cd11743, Cthe_2751_like, Uncharacterized protein domain similar to Clostridium thermocellum 2751. Cthe_2751 has been found to form homodimers. Based on structural similarity to other families, a role in processing nucleic acids was suggested, though interactions with DNA could not be demonstrated.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@/вА0А0АаАВucd11744, MIT_CorA-like, metal ion transporter CorA-like divalent cation transporter superfamily. This superfamily of essential membrane proteins is involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. They are found in most bacteria and archaea, and in some eukaryotes. It is a functionally diverse group which includes the Mg2+ transporters of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium CorAs (which can also transport Co2+, and Ni2+ ), the CorA Co2+ transporter from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima, and the Zn2+ transporter Salmonella typhimurium ZntB, which mediates the efflux of Zn2+ (and Cd2+). It includes five Saccharomyces cerevisiae members: i) two plasma membrane proteins, the Mg2+ transporter Alr1p/Swc3p and the putative Mg2+ transporter, Alr2p, ii) two mitochondrial inner membrane Mg2+ transporters: Mfm1p/Lpe10p, and Mrs2p, and iii) and the vacuole membrane protein Mnr2p, a putative Mg2+ transporter. It also includes a family of Arabidopsis thaliana members (AtMGTs), some of which are localized to distinct tissues, and not all of which can transport Mg2+. Thermotoga maritima CorA and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA, Mrs2p, and Alr1p. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, as in some ZntB family proteins, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAjвА0А0АаАВ╠cd11745, Yos9_DD, C-terminal dimerization domain (DD) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yos9 and related proteins. Yos9 participates in the ER-associated protein degradation pathway that targets misfolded proteins for proteolysis. Yos9 is a component of the reductase degradation (HRD) ubiquitin-ligase complex, specifically part of the luminal submodule of the ligase. Yos9 scans proteins for specific oligosaccharide modifications, which are critical determinants of degradation signal. It has been shown to be involved in the degradation of glycosylated proteins and various nonglycosylated proteins. Yos9 functions as a homodimer where this domain is responsible for the self-association; it has an alphabeta-roll domain architecture, and is found at the C-terminus of the protein. The N-terminal portion of Yos9 which includes an MRH domain is required for binding to Hrd3p, another component of the HRD complex. The DD domain does not appear to be directly binding Hrd3p.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАA|вА0А0АаАВ═cd11746, GH94N_like, N-terminal domain of glycoside hydrolase family 94 and related domains. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes cellobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.20), cellodextrin phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.49), chitobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.-), amongst other members. Their N-terminal domain is involved in oligomerization and may play a role in catalysis, but it is separate from the catalytic domain [an (alpha/alpha)(6) barrel]. This GH64N domain also occurs in tandem repeat arrangements (not at the N-terminus) in cyclic beta 1-2 glucan synthetase and related proteins, and as a standalone domain in distantly related proteins of unknown function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@FвА0А0АаАВЙcd11747, GH94N_like_1, Glycoside hydrolase family 94 N-terminal-like domain of uncharacterized function. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes cellobiose phosphorylase and many other members. Their N-terminal domain is involved in oligomerization and may play a role in catalysis, but it is separate from the catalytic domain. This GH64N domain also occurs as a standalone domain in distantly related proteins of unknown function, as represented by this model, which also includes N-terminal GH94N-like domains of bacterial rhamnosidases and as found at the C-terminus of polygalacturonases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@GвА0А0АаАВrcd11748, GH94N_NdvB_like, Glycoside hydrolase family 94 N-terminal-like domain of NdvB-like proteins. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes cellobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.20), cellodextrin phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.49), chitobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.-), amongst other members. Their N-terminal domain is involved in oligomerization and may play a role in catalysis, but it is separate from the catalytic domain [an (alpha/alpha)(6) barrel)]. The GH64N domain, as represented by this model, is found at the N-terminus of largely uncharacterized proteins, some members from Xanthomonas campestris and related organisms are annotated as NdvB (nodule development B) gene products, glycosyltransferases required for the synthesis of cyclic beta-(1,2)-glucans, which play a role in interactions between bacteria and plants.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@HвА0А0АаАВcd11749, GH94N_LBP_like, N-terminal-like domain of Paenibacillus sp. YM-1 Laminaribiose Phosphorylase and similar proteins. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes bacterial laminaribiose phosphorylase. This N-terminal domain is involved in oligomerization and may play a role in catalysis, but it is separate from the catalytic domain [an (alpha/alpha)(6) barrel]. Bacterial laminaribiose phosphorylase phosphorolyzes laminaribiose into alpha-glucose 1-phosphate and glucose, but does not phosphorolyze other glucobioses; it slightly phosphorolyzed laminaritriose and higher laminarioligosaccharides. The GH64N domain, as represented by this model, is also found at the N-terminus of GH94 members with uncharacterized specificities.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@IвА0А0АаАВ{cd11750, GH94N_like_3, Glycoside hydrolase family 94 N-terminal-like domain of uncharacterized function. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes cellobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.20), cellodextrin phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.49), chitobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.-), amongst other members. Their N-terminal domain is involved in oligomerization and may play a role in catalysis, but it is separate from the catalytic domain [an (alpha/alpha)(6) barrel]. The GH64N domain, as represented by this model, is found at the N-terminus of GH94 members with uncharacterized specificities.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@JвА0А0АаАВТcd11751, GH94N_like_4, Glycoside hydrolase family 94 N-terminal-like domain of uncharacterized function. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes cellobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.20), cellodextrin phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.49), chitobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.-), amongst other members. Their N-terminal domain is involved in oligomerization and may play a role in catalysis, but it is separate from the catalytic domain [an (alpha/alpha)(6) barrel]. The GH64N domain, as represented by this model, is found near the N-terminus of GH94 members and related proteins with uncharacterized specificities.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@KвА0А0АаАВРcd11752, GH94N_CDP_like, N-terminal domain of cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP) and similar proteins. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes cellodextrin phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.49), also known as 1,4-beta-D-oligo-D-glucan:phosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase or CepB. This N-terminal domain is involved in oligomerization and may play a role in catalysis, but it is separate from the catalytic domain [an (alpha/alpha)(6) barrel]. Cellodextrin phosphorylase catalyzes the reversible and phosphate dependent removal of a single alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate unit from a (1,4-beta-D-glucosyl) oligomer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@LвА0А0АаАВНcd11753, GH94N_ChvB_NdvB_2_like, Second GH94N domain of cyclic beta 1-2 glucan synthetase and similar domains. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes cyclic beta 1-2 glucan synthetase (EC:2.4.1.20) or ChvB (encoded by the chromosomal chvB virulence gene). This second of two tandemly repeated GH94-N-terminal-like domains has not been characterized functionally. Some beta 1-2 glucan synthetases are annotated as NdvB (nodule development B) gene products, glycosyltransferases required for the synthesis of cyclic beta-(1,2)-glucans, which play a role in interactions between bacteria and plants.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@MвА0А0АаАВЦcd11754, GH94N_CBP_like, N-terminal domain of cellobiose phosphorylase (CBP) and similar proteins. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes cellobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.20) or cellobiose:phosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, or CepA. This N-terminal domain is involved in oligomerization and may play a role in catalysis, but it is separate from the catalytic domain [an (alpha/alpha)(6) barrel]. Cellobiose phosphorylase participates in the degradation of cellulose, it catalyzes the phosphate dependent hydrolysis of cellobiose into alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and D-glucose, a reversible reaction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@NвА0А0АаАВОcd11755, GH94N_ChBP_like, N-terminal domain of chitobiose phosphorylase (ChBP) and similar proteins. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes chitobiose phosphorylase (EC:2.4.1.-). This N-terminal domain is involved in oligomerization and may play a role in catalysis, but it is separate from the catalytic domain [an (alpha/alpha)(6) barrel]. Chitobiose phosphorylase catalyzes the reversible phosphate dependent hydrolysis of chitobiose [(GlcNAc)2] into alpha-GlcNAc-1-phosphate and GlcNAc. In some organisms, ChBP may be involved in the production of GlcNac-6-phosphate in intracellular pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@OвА0А0АаАВЛcd11756, GH94N_ChvB_NdvB_1_like, First GH94N domain of cyclic beta 1-2 glucan synthetase and similar domains. The glycoside hydrolase family 94 (previously known as glycosyltransferase family 36) includes cyclic beta 1-2 glucan synthetase (EC:2.4.1.20) or ChvB (encoded by the chromosomal chvB virulence gene). This first of two tandemly repeated GH94-N-terminal-like domains has not been characterized functionally. Some beta 1-2 glucan synthetases are annotated as NdvB (nodule development B) gene products, glycosyltransferases required for the synthesis of cyclic beta-(1,2)-glucans, which play a role in interactions between bacteria and plants.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@PвА0А0АаАВ┘cd11757, SH3_SH3BP4, Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain-binding protein 4. SH3 domain-binding protein 4 (SH3BP4) is also called transferrin receptor trafficking protein (TTP). SH3BP4 is an endocytic accessory protein that interacts with endocytic proteins including clathrin and dynamin, and regulates the internalization of the transferrin receptor (TfR). SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╙вА0А0АаАВUcd11758, SH3_CRK_N, N-terminal Src Homology 3 domain of Ct10 Regulator of Kinase adaptor proteins. CRK adaptor proteins consists of SH2 and SH3 domains, which bind tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides and proline-rich motifs, respectively. They function downstream of protein tyrosine kinases in many signaling pathways started by various extracellular signals, including growth and differentiation factors. Cellular CRK (c-CRK) contains a single SH2 domain, followed by N-terminal and C-terminal SH3 domains. It is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes including cell growth, motility, adhesion, and apoptosis. CRK has been implicated in the malignancy of various human cancers. The N-terminal SH3 domain of CRK binds a number of target proteins including DOCK180, C3G, SOS, and cABL. The CRK family includes two alternatively spliced protein forms, CRKI and CRKII, that are expressed by the CRK gene, and the CRK-like (CRKL) protein, which is expressed by a distinct gene (CRKL). SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╘вА0А0АаАВ(cd11759, SH3_CRK_C, C-terminal Src Homology 3 domain of Ct10 Regulator of Kinase adaptor proteins. CRK adaptor proteins consists of SH2 and SH3 domains, which bind tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides and proline-rich motifs, respectively. They function downstream of protein tyrosine kinases in many signaling pathways started by various extracellular signals, including growth and differentiation factors. Cellular CRK (c-CRK) contains a single SH2 domain, followed by N-terminal and C-terminal SH3 domains. It is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes including cell growth, motility, adhesion, and apoptosis. CRK has been implicated in the malignancy of various human cancers. The C-terminal SH3 domain of CRK has not been shown to bind any target protein; it acts as a negative regulator of CRK function by stabilizing a structure that inhibits the access by target proteins to the N-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╒вА0А0АаАВ¤cd11760, SH3_MIA_like, Src Homology 3 domain of Melanoma Inhibitory Activity protein and similar proteins. MIA is a single domain protein that adopts a SH3 domain-like fold; it contains an additional antiparallel beta sheet and two disulfide bonds compared to classical SH3 domains. MIA is secreted from malignant melanoma cells and it plays an important role in melanoma development and invasion. MIA is expressed by chondrocytes in normal tissues and may be important in the cartilage cell phenotype. Unlike classical SH3 domains, MIA does not bind proline-rich ligands. MIA is a member of the recently identified family that also includes MIA-like (MIAL), MIA2, and MIA3 (also called TANGO); the biological functions of this family are not yet fully understood.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╓вА0А0АаАВРcd11761, SH3_FCHSD_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of FCH and double SH3 domains proteins. This group is composed of FCH and double SH3 domains protein 1 (FCHSD1) and FCHSD2. These proteins have a common domain structure consisting of an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs), two SH3, and C-terminal proline-rich domains. They have only been characterized in silico and their functions remain unknown. This group also includes the insect protein, nervous wreck, which acts as a regulator of synaptic growth signaling. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╫вА0А0АаАВСcd11762, SH3_FCHSD_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of FCH and double SH3 domains proteins. This group is composed of FCH and double SH3 domains protein 1 (FCHSD1) and FCHSD2. These proteins have a common domain structure consisting of an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs), two SH3, and C-terminal proline-rich domains. They have only been characterized in silico and their functions remain unknown. This group also includes the insect protein, nervous wreck, which acts as a regulator of synaptic growth signaling. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>╪вА0А0АаАВgcd11763, SH3_SNX9_like, Src Homology 3 domain of Sorting Nexin 9 and similar proteins. Sorting nexins (SNXs) are Phox homology (PX) domain containing proteins that are involved in regulating membrane traffic and protein sorting in the endosomal system. SNXs differ from each other in their lipid-binding specificity, subcellular localization and specific function in the endocytic pathway. This subfamily consists of SH3 domain containing SNXs including SNX9, SNX18, SNX33, and similar proteins. SNX9 is localized to plasma membrane endocytic sites and acts primarily in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, while SNX18 is localized to peripheral endosomal structures, and acts in a trafficking pathway that is clathrin-independent but relies on AP-1 and PACS1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>┘вА0А0АаАВ#cd11764, SH3_Eps8, Src Homology 3 domain of Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8 and similar proteins. This group is composed of Eps8 and Eps8-like proteins including Eps8-like 1-3, among others. These proteins contain N-terminal Phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB), central SH3, and C-terminal effector domains. Eps8 binds either Abi1 (also called E3b1) or Rab5 GTPase activating protein RN-tre through its SH3 domain. With Abi1 and Sos1, it becomes part of a trimeric complex that is required to activate Rac. Together with RN-tre, it inhibits the internalization of EGFR. The SH3 domains of Eps8 and similar proteins recognize peptides containing a PxxDY motif, instead of the classical PxxP motif. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>┌вА0А0АаАВ▀cd11765, SH3_Nck_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of Nck adaptor proteins. Nck adaptor proteins regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to protein tyrosine kinases and phosphorylated signaling intermediates. They contain three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. They function downstream of the PDGFbeta receptor and are involved in Rho GTPase signaling and actin dynamics. Vertebrates contain two Nck adaptor proteins: Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) and Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4, Grb4), which show partly overlapping functions but also bind distinct targets. Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting downstream effector molecules, such as the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex, which when activated induces actin polymerization that results in the production of pedestals, or protrusions of the plasma membrane. The first SH3 domain of Nck proteins preferentially binds the PxxDY sequence, which is present in the CD3e cytoplasmic tail. This binding inhibits phosphorylation by Src kinases, resulting in the downregulation of TCR surface expression. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially a PxxP motif. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>█вА0А0АаАВGcd11766, SH3_Nck_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of Nck adaptor proteins. Nck adaptor proteins regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to protein tyrosine kinases and phosphorylated signaling intermediates. They contain three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. They function downstream of the PDGFbeta receptor and are involved in Rho GTPase signaling and actin dynamics. Vertebrates contain two Nck adaptor proteins: Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) and Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4, Grb4), which show partly overlapping functions but also bind distinct targets. Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting downstream effector molecules, such as the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex, which when activated induces actin polymerization that results in the production of pedestals, or protrusions of the plasma membrane. The second SH3 domain of Nck appears to prefer ligands containing the APxxPxR motif. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially a PxxP motif. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>▄вА0А0АаАВЛcd11767, SH3_Nck_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain of Nck adaptor proteins. This group contains the third SH3 domain of Nck, the first SH3 domain of Caenorhabditis elegans Ced-2 (Cell death abnormality protein 2), and similar domains. Nck adaptor proteins regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to protein tyrosine kinases and phosphorylated signaling intermediates. They contain three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. They function downstream of the PDGFbeta receptor and are involved in Rho GTPase signaling and actin dynamics. Vertebrates contain two Nck adaptor proteins: Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) and Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4, Grb4), which show partly overlapping functions but also bind distinct targets. Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting downstream effector molecules, such as the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex, which when activated induces actin polymerization that results in the production of pedestals, or protrusions of the plasma membrane. The third SH3 domain of Nck appears to prefer ligands with a PxAPxR motif. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially a PxxP motif. Ced-2 is a cell corpse engulfment protein that interacts with Ced-5 in a pathway that regulates the activation of Ced-10, a Rac small GTPase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>▌вА0А0АаАВЖcd11768, SH3_Tec_like, Src Homology 3 domain of Tec-like Protein Tyrosine Kinases. The Tec (Tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma) subfamily is composed of Tec, Btk, Bmx (Etk), Itk (Tsk, Emt), Rlk (Txk), and similar proteins. They are cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinases containing Src homology protein interaction domains (SH3, SH2) N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. Most Tec subfamily members (except Rlk) also contain an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, which binds the products of PI3K and allows membrane recruitment and activation. In addition, some members contain the Tec homology (TH) domain, which contains proline-rich and zinc-binding regions. Tec kinases are expressed mainly by haematopoietic cells, although Tec and Bmx are also found in endothelial cells. B-cells express Btk and Tec, while T-cells express Itk, Txk, and Tec. Collectively, Tec kinases are expressed in a variety of myeloid cells such as mast cells, platelets, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Each Tec kinase shows a distinct cell-type pattern of expression. The function of Tec kinases in lymphoid cells have been studied extensively. They play important roles in the development, differentiation, maturation, regulation, survival, and function of B-cells and T-cells. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>▐вА0А0АаАВ1cd11769, SH3_CSK, Src Homology 3 domain of C-terminal Src kinase. CSK is a cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinase containing the Src homology domains, SH3 and SH2, N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. They negatively regulate the activity of Src kinases that are anchored to the plasma membrane. To inhibit Src kinases, CSK is translocated to the membrane via binding to specific transmembrane proteins, G-proteins, or adaptor proteins near the membrane. CSK catalyzes the tyr phosphorylation of the regulatory C-terminal tail of Src kinases, resulting in their inactivation. It is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and plays a role, as a regulator of Src, in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and consequently, in cancer development and progression. In addition, CSK also shows Src-independent functions. It is a critical component in G-protein signaling, and plays a role in cytoskeletal reorganization and cell migration. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>▀вА0А0АаАВЖcd11770, SH3_Nephrocystin, Src Homology 3 domain of Nephrocystin (or Nephrocystin-1). Nephrocystin contains an SH3 domain involved in signaling pathways that regulate cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. It is a protein that in humans is associated with juvenile nephronophthisis, an inherited kidney disease characterized by renal fibrosis that lead to chronic renal failure in children. It is localized in cell-cell junctions in renal duct cells, and is known to interact with Ack1, an activated Cdc42-associated kinase. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>рвА0А0АаАВ∙cd11771, SH3_Pex13p_fungal, Src Homology 3 domain of fungal peroxisomal membrane protein Pex13p. Pex13p, located in the peroxisomal membrane, contains two transmembrane regions and a C-terminal SH3 domain. It binds to the peroxisomal targeting type I (PTS1) receptor Pex5p and the docking factor Pex14p through its SH3 domain. It is essential for both PTS1 and PTS2 protein import pathways into the peroxisomal matrix. Pex13p binds Pex14p, which contains a PxxP motif, in a classical fashion to the proline-rich ligand binding site of its SH3 domain. It binds the WxxxF/Y motif of Pex5p in a novel site that does not compete with Pex14p binding. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>свА0А0АаАВ╞cd11772, SH3_OSTF1, Src Homology 3 domain of metazoan osteoclast stimulating factor 1. OSTF1, also named OSF or SH3P2, is a signaling protein containing SH3 and ankyrin-repeat domains. It acts through a Src-related pathway to enhance the formation of osteoclasts and bone resorption. It also acts as a negative regulator of cell motility. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>твА0А0АаАВcd11773, SH3_Sla1p_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of the fungal endocytic adaptor protein Sla1p. Sla1p facilitates endocytosis by playing a role as an adaptor protein in coupling components of the actin cytoskeleton to the endocytic machinery. It interacts with Abp1p, Las17p and Pan1p, which are activator proteins of actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3). Sla1p contains multiple domains including three SH3 domains, a SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain, and a Sla1 homology domain 1 (SHD1), which binds to the NPFXD motif that is found in many integral membrane proteins such as the Golgi-localized Arf-binding protein Lsb5p and the P4-ATPases, Drs2p and Dnf1p. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>увА0А0АаАВcd11774, SH3_Sla1p_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of the fungal endocytic adaptor protein Sla1p. Sla1p facilitates endocytosis by playing a role as an adaptor protein in coupling components of the actin cytoskeleton to the endocytic machinery. It interacts with Abp1p, Las17p and Pan1p, which are activator proteins of actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3). Sla1p contains multiple domains including three SH3 domains, a SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain, and a Sla1 homology domain 1 (SHD1), which binds to the NPFXD motif that is found in many integral membrane proteins such as the Golgi-localized Arf-binding protein Lsb5p and the P4-ATPases, Drs2p and Dnf1p. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>фвА0А0АаАВ█cd11775, SH3_Sla1p_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain of the fungal endocytic adaptor protein Sla1p. Sla1p facilitates endocytosis by playing a role as an adaptor protein in coupling components of the actin cytoskeleton to the endocytic machinery. It interacts with Abp1p, Las17p and Pan1p, which are activator proteins of actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3). Sla1p contains multiple domains including three SH3 domains, a SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain, and a Sla1 homology domain 1 (SHD1), which binds to the NPFXD motif that is found in many integral membrane proteins such as the Golgi-localized Arf-binding protein Lsb5p and the P4-ATPases, Drs2p and Dnf1p. The third SH3 domain of Sla1p can bind ubiquitin while retaining the ability to bind proline-rich ligands; monoubiquitination of target proteins signals internalization and sorting through the endocytic pathway. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>хвА0А0АаАВўcd11776, SH3_PI3K_p85, Src Homology 3 domain of the p85 regulatory subunit of Class IA Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Class I PI3Ks convert PtdIns(4,5)P2 to the critical second messenger PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. They are heterodimers and exist in multiple isoforms consisting of one catalytic subunit (out of four isoforms) and one of several regulatory subunits. Class IA PI3Ks associate with the p85 regulatory subunit family, which contains SH3, RhoGAP, and SH2 domains. The p85 subunits recruit the PI3K p110 catalytic subunit to the membrane, where p110 phosphorylates inositol lipids. Vertebrates harbor two p85 isoforms, called alpha and beta. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>цвА0А0АаАВ6cd11777, SH3_CIP4_Bzz1_like, Src Homology 3 domain of Cdc42-Interacting Protein 4, Bzz1 and similar domains. This subfamily is composed of Cdc42-Interacting Protein 4 (CIP4) and similar proteins such as Formin Binding Protein 17 (FBP17) and FormiN Binding Protein 1-Like (FNBP1L), as well as yeast Bzz1 (or Bzz1p). CIP4 and FNBP1L are Cdc42 effectors that bind Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and function in endocytosis. CIP4 and FBP17 bind to the Fas ligand and may be implicated in the inflammatory response. CIP4 may also play a role in phagocytosis. Bzz1 is also a WASP/Las17-interacting protein involved in endocytosis and trafficking to the vacuole. It physically interacts with type I myosins and functions in the early steps of endocytosis. Members of this subfamily contain an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs) domain as well as at least one C-terminal SH3 domain. Bzz1 contains a second SH3 domain at the C-terminus. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>чвА0А0АаАВОcd11778, SH3_Bzz1_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of Bzz1 and similar domains. Bzz1 (or Bzz1p) is a WASP/Las17-interacting protein involved in endocytosis and trafficking to the vacuole. It physically interacts with type I myosins and functions in the early steps of endocytosis. Together with other proteins, it induces membrane scission in yeast. Bzz1 contains an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs), a central coiled-coil, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. This model represents the second C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>швА0А0АаАВ|cd11779, SH3_Irsp53_BAIAP2L, Src Homology 3 domain of Insulin Receptor tyrosine kinase Substrate p53, Brain-specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 1-Associated Protein 2 (BAIAP2)-Like proteins, and similar proteins. Proteins in this family include IRSp53, BAIAP2L1, BAIAP2L2, and similar proteins. They all contain an Inverse-Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (I-BAR) or IMD domain in addition to the SH3 domain. IRSp53, also known as BAIAP2, is a scaffolding protein that takes part in many signaling pathways including Cdc42-induced filopodia formation, Rac-mediated lamellipodia extension, and spine morphogenesis. IRSp53 exists as multiple splicing variants that differ mainly at the C-termini. BAIAP2L1, also called IRTKS (Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Substrate), serves as a substrate for the insulin receptor and binds the small GTPase Rac. It plays a role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and colocalizes with F-actin, cortactin, VASP, and vinculin. IRSp53 and IRTKS also mediate the recruitment of effector proteins Tir and EspFu, which regulate host cell actin reorganization, to bacterial attachment sites. BAIAP2L2 co-localizes with clathrin plaques but its function has not been determined. The SH3 domains of IRSp53 and IRTKS have been shown to bind the proline-rich C-terminus of EspFu. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>щвА0А0АаАВScd11780, SH3_Sorbs_3, Third (or C-terminal) Src Homology 3 domain of Sorbin and SH3 domain containing (Sorbs) proteins and similar domains. This family, also called the vinexin family, is composed predominantly of adaptor proteins containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. Members include the third SH3 domains of Sorbs1 (or ponsin), Sorbs2 (or ArgBP2), Vinexin (or Sorbs3), and similar domains. They are involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and growth factor signaling. Members of this family bind multiple partners including signaling molecules like c-Abl, c-Arg, Sos, and c-Cbl, as well as cytoskeletal molecules such as vinculin and afadin. They may have overlapping functions. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ъвА0А0АаАВCcd11781, SH3_Sorbs_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of Sorbin and SH3 domain containing (Sorbs) proteins and similar domains. This family, also called the vinexin family, is composed predominantly of adaptor proteins containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. Members include the first SH3 domains of Sorbs1 (or ponsin), Sorbs2 (or ArgBP2), Vinexin (or Sorbs3), and similar domains. They are involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and growth factor signaling. Members of this family bind multiple partners including signaling molecules like c-Abl, c-Arg, Sos, and c-Cbl, as well as cytoskeletal molecules such as vinculin and afadin. They may have overlapping functions. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ывА0А0АаАВEcd11782, SH3_Sorbs_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of Sorbin and SH3 domain containing (Sorbs) proteins and similar domains. This family, also called the vinexin family, is composed predominantly of adaptor proteins containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. Members include the second SH3 domains of Sorbs1 (or ponsin), Sorbs2 (or ArgBP2), Vinexin (or Sorbs3), and similar domains. They are involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and growth factor signaling. Members of this family bind multiple partners including signaling molecules like c-Abl, c-Arg, Sos, and c-Cbl, as well as cytoskeletal molecules such as vinculin and afadin. They may have overlapping functions. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ьвА0А0АаАВgcd11783, SH3_SH3RF_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger 1 (SH3RF1), SH3RF3, and similar domains. SH3RF1 (or POSH) and SH3RF3 (or POSH2) are scaffold proteins that function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. They contain an N-terminal RING finger domain and four SH3 domains. This model represents the third SH3 domain, located in the middle of SH3RF1 and SH3RF3, and similar domains. SH3RF1 plays a role in calcium homeostasis through the control of the ubiquitin domain protein Herp. It may also have a role in regulating death receptor mediated and JNK mediated apoptosis. SH3RF3 interacts with p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) and GTP-loaded Rac1. It may play a role in regulating JNK mediated apoptosis in certain conditions. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>эвА0А0АаАВьcd11784, SH3_SH3RF2_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger 2. SH3RF2 is also called POSHER (POSH-eliminating RING protein) or HEPP1 (heart protein phosphatase 1-binding protein). It acts as an anti-apoptotic regulator of the JNK pathway by binding to and promoting the degradation of SH3RF1 (or POSH), a scaffold protein that is required for pro-apoptotic JNK activation. It may also play a role in cardiac functions together with protein phosphatase 1. SH3RF2 contains an N-terminal RING finger domain and three SH3 domains. This model represents the third SH3 domain, located in the middle, of SH3RF2. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ювА0А0АаАВzcd11785, SH3_SH3RF_C, C-terminal (Fourth) Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger 1 (SH3RF1), SH3RF3, and similar domains. SH3RF1 (or POSH) and SH3RF3 (or POSH2) are scaffold proteins that function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. They contain an N-terminal RING finger domain and four SH3 domains. This model represents the fourth SH3 domain, located at the C-terminus of SH3RF1 and SH3RF3, and similar domains. SH3RF1 plays a role in calcium homeostasis through the control of the ubiquitin domain protein Herp. It may also have a role in regulating death receptor mediated and JNK mediated apoptosis. SH3RF3 interacts with p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) and GTP-loaded Rac1. It may play a role in regulating JNK mediated apoptosis in certain conditions. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>явА0А0АаАВcd11786, SH3_SH3RF_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger proteins. This model represents the first SH3 domain of SH3RF1 (or POSH), SH3RF2 (or POSHER), SH3RF3 (POSH2), and similar domains. Members of this family are scaffold proteins that function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. They all contain an N-terminal RING finger domain and multiple SH3 domains; SH3RF1 and SH3RF3 have four SH3 domains while SH3RF2 has three. SH3RF1 plays a role in calcium homeostasis through the control of the ubiquitin domain protein Herp. It may also have a role in regulating death receptor mediated and JNK mediated apoptosis. SH3RF3 interacts with p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) and GTP-loaded Rac1. It may play a role in regulating JNK mediated apoptosis in certain conditions. SH3RF2 acts as an anti-apoptotic regulator of the JNK pathway by binding to and promoting the degradation of SH3RF1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ЁвА0А0АаАВcd11787, SH3_SH3RF_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger proteins. This model represents the second SH3 domain of SH3RF1 (or POSH), SH3RF2 (or POSHER), SH3RF3 (POSH2), and similar domains. Members of this family are scaffold proteins that function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. They all contain an N-terminal RING finger domain and multiple SH3 domains; SH3RF1 and SH3RF3 have four SH3 domains while SH3RF2 has three. SH3RF1 plays a role in calcium homeostasis through the control of the ubiquitin domain protein Herp. It may also have a role in regulating death receptor mediated and JNK mediated apoptosis. SH3RF3 interacts with p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) and GTP-loaded Rac1. It may play a role in regulating JNK mediated apoptosis in certain conditions. SH3RF2 acts as an anti-apoptotic regulator of the JNK pathway by binding to and promoting the degradation of SH3RF1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ёвА0А0АаАВrcd11788, SH3_RasGAP, Src Homology 3 domain of Ras GTPase-Activating Protein 1. RasGAP, also called Ras p21 protein activator, RASA1, or p120RasGAP, is part of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins. It is a 120kD cytosolic protein containing an SH3 domain flanked by two SH2 domains at the N-terminal end, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a calcium dependent phospholipid binding domain (CaLB/C2), and a C-terminal catalytic GAP domain. It stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21. It acts as a positive effector of Ras in tumor cells. It also functions as a regulator downstream of tyrosine receptors such as those of PDGF, EGF, ephrin, and insulin, among others. The SH3 domain of RasGAP is unable to bind proline-rich sequences but have been shown to interact with protein partners such as the G3BP protein, Aurora kinases, and the Calpain small subunit 1. The RasGAP SH3 domain is necessary for the downstream signaling of Ras and it also influences Rho-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that typically bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ЄвА0А0АаАВЗcd11789, SH3_Nebulin_family_C, C-terminal Src Homology 3 domain of the Nebulin family of proteins. Nebulin family proteins contain multiple nebulin repeats, and may contain an N-terminal LIM domain and/or a C-terminal SH3 domain. They have molecular weights ranging from 34 to 900 kD, depending on the number of nebulin repeats, and they all bind actin. They are involved in the regulation of actin filament architecture and function as stabilizers and scaffolds for cytoskeletal structures with which they associate, such as long actin filaments or focal adhesions. Nebulin family proteins that contain a C-terminal SH3 domain include the giant filamentous protein nebulin, nebulette, Lasp1, and Lasp2. Lasp2, also called LIM-nebulette, is an alternatively spliced variant of nebulette. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>євА0А0АаАВ╠cd11790, SH3_Amphiphysin, Src Homology 3 domain of Amphiphysin and related domains. Amphiphysins function primarily in endocytosis and other membrane remodeling events. They exist in several isoforms and mammals possess two amphiphysin proteins from distinct genes. Amphiphysin I proteins, enriched in the brain and nervous system, contain domains that bind clathrin, Adaptor Protein complex 2 (AP2), dynamin, and synaptojanin. They function in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Human autoantibodies to amphiphysin I hinder GABAergic signaling and contribute to the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome. Some amphiphysin II isoforms, also called Bridging integrator 1 (Bin1), are localized in many different tissues and may function in intracellular vesicle trafficking. In skeletal muscle, Bin1 plays a role in the organization and maintenance of the T-tubule network. Mutations in Bin1 are associated with autosomal recessive centronuclear myopathy. Amphiphysins contain an N-terminal BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix (an N-BAR), a variable central domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of amphiphysins bind proline-rich motifs present in binding partners such as dynamin, synaptojanin, and nsP3. It also belongs to a subset of SH3 domains that bind ubiquitin in a site that overlaps with the peptide binding site. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ЇвА0А0АаАВэcd11791, SH3_UBASH3, Src homology 3 domain of Ubiquitin-associated and SH3 domain-containing proteins, also called TULA (T cell Ubiquitin LigAnd) family of proteins. UBASH3 or TULA proteins are also referred to as Suppressor of T cell receptor Signaling (STS) proteins. They contain an N-terminal UBA domain, a central SH3 domain, and a C-terminal histidine phosphatase domain. They bind c-Cbl through the SH3 domain and to ubiquitin via UBA. In some vertebrates, there are two TULA family proteins, called UBASH3A (also called TULA or STS-2) and UBASH3B (also called TULA-2 or STS-1), which show partly overlapping as well as distinct functions. UBASH3B is widely expressed while UBASH3A is only found in lymphoid cells. UBASH3A facilitates apoptosis induced in T cells through its interaction with the apoptosis-inducing factor AIF. UBASH3B is an active phosphatase while UBASH3A is not. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ївА0А0АаАВcd11792, SH3_Fut8, Src homology 3 domain of Alpha1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8). Fut8 catalyzes the alpha1,6-linkage of a fucose residue from a donor substrate to N-linked oligosaccharides on glycoproteins in a process called core fucosylation, which is crucial for growth factor receptor-mediated biological functions. Fut8-deficient mice show severe growth retardation, early death, and a pulmonary emphysema-like phenotype. Fut8 is also implicated to play roles in aging and cancer metastasis. It contains an N-terminal coiled-coil domain, a catalytic domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of Fut8 is located in the lumen and its role in glycosyl transfer is unclear. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ЎвА0А0АаАВ╡cd11793, SH3_ephexin1_like, Src homology 3 domain of ephexin-1-like SH3 domain containing Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Members of this family contain RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), and C-terminal SH3 domains. They include the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors ARHGEF5, ARHGEF16, ARHGEF19, ARHGEF26, ARHGEF27 (also called ephexin-1), and similar proteins, and are also called ephexins because they interact directly with ephrin A receptors. GEFs interact with Rho GTPases via their DH domains to catalyze nucleotide exchange by stabilizing the nucleotide-free GTPase intermediate. They play important roles in neuronal development. The SH3 domains of ARHGEFs play an autoinhibitory role through intramolecular interactions with a proline-rich region N-terminal to the DH domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>ўвА0А0АаАВcd11794, SH3_DNMBP_N1, First N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Dynamin Binding Protein, also called Tuba. DNMBP or Tuba is a cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that contains four N-terminal SH3 domains, a central RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain followed by a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. It provides a functional link between dynamin and key regulatory proteins of the actin cytoskeleton. It plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. The four N-terminal SH3 domains of DNMBP binds the GTPase dynamin, which plays an important role in the fission of endocytic vesicles. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>°вА0А0АаАВcd11795, SH3_DNMBP_N2, Second N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Dynamin Binding Protein, also called Tuba. DNMBP or Tuba is a cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that contains four N-terminal SH3 domains, a central RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain followed by a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. It provides a functional link between dynamin and key regulatory proteins of the actin cytoskeleton. It plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. The four N-terminal SH3 domains of DNMBP binds the GTPase dynamin, which plays an important role in the fission of endocytic vesicles. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>∙вА0А0АаАВcd11796, SH3_DNMBP_N3, Third N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Dynamin Binding Protein, also called Tuba. DNMBP or Tuba is a cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that contains four N-terminal SH3 domains, a central RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain followed by a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. It provides a functional link between dynamin and key regulatory proteins of the actin cytoskeleton. It plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. The four N-terminal SH3 domains of DNMBP binds the GTPase dynamin, which plays an important role in the fission of endocytic vesicles. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>·вА0А0АаАВcd11797, SH3_DNMBP_N4, Fourth N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Dynamin Binding Protein, also called Tuba. DNMBP or Tuba is a cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that contains four N-terminal SH3 domains, a central RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain followed by a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. It provides a functional link between dynamin and key regulatory proteins of the actin cytoskeleton. It plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. The four N-terminal SH3 domains of DNMBP bind the GTPase dynamin, which plays an important role in the fission of endocytic vesicles. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>√вА0А0АаАВ·cd11798, SH3_DNMBP_C1, First C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Dynamin Binding Protein, also called Tuba. DNMBP or Tuba is a cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that contains four N-terminal SH3 domains, a central RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain followed by a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. It provides a functional link between dynamin, Rho GTPase signaling, and actin dynamics. It plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. The C-terminal SH3 domains of DNMBP bind to N-WASP and Ena/VASP proteins, which are key regulatory proteins of the actin cytoskeleton. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>№вА0А0АаАВ╥cd11799, SH3_ARHGEF37_C1, First C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 37. ARHGEF37 contains a RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain followed by a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. Its specific function is unknown. Its domain architecture is similar to the C-terminal half of DNMBP or Tuba, a cdc42-specific GEF that provides a functional link between dynamin, Rho GTPase signaling, and actin dynamics, and plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. GEFs activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>¤вА0А0АаАВ│cd11800, SH3_DNMBP_C2_like, Second C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Dynamin Binding Protein, also called Tuba, and similar domains. DNMBP or Tuba is a cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that contains four N-terminal SH3 domains, a central RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain followed by a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. It provides a functional link between dynamin, Rho GTPase signaling, and actin dynamics. It plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. The C-terminal SH3 domains of DNMBP bind to N-WASP and Ena/VASP proteins, which are key regulatory proteins of the actin cytoskeleton. Also included in this subfamily is the second C-terminal SH3 domain of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 37 (ARHGEF37), whose function is still unknown. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА>■вА0А0АаАВFcd11801, SH3_JIP1_like, Src homology 3 domain of JNK-interacting proteins 1 and 2, and similar domains. JNK-interacting proteins (JIPs) function as scaffolding proteins for c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. They bind to components of Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways such as JNK, MKK, and several MAP3Ks such as MLK and DLK. There are four JIPs (JIP1-4); all contain a JNK binding domain. JIP1 and JIP2 also contain SH3 and Phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains. Both are highly expressed in the brain and pancreatic beta-cells. JIP1 functions as an adaptor linking motor to cargo during axonal transport and also is involved in regulating insulin secretion. JIP2 form complexes with fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs), which facilitates activation of the p38delta MAPK. The SH3 domain of JIP1 homodimerizes at the interface usually involved in proline-rich ligand recognition, despite the lack of this motif in the domain itself. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА> вА0А0АаАВяcd11802, SH3_Endophilin_B, Src homology 3 domain of Endophilin-B. Endophilins play roles in synaptic vesicle formation, virus budding, mitochondrial morphology maintenance, receptor-mediated endocytosis inhibition, and endosomal sorting. They are classified into two types, A and B. Vertebrates contain two endophilin-B isoforms. Endophilin-B proteins are cytoplasmic proteins expressed mainly in the heart, placenta, and skeletal muscle. Endophilins contain an N-terminal N-BAR domain (BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix), followed by a variable region containing proline clusters, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВcd11803, SH3_Endophilin_A, Src homology 3 domain of Endophilin-A. Endophilins play roles in synaptic vesicle formation, virus budding, mitochondrial morphology maintenance, receptor-mediated endocytosis inhibition, and endosomal sorting. They are classified into two types, A and B. Vertebrates contain three endophilin-A isoforms (A1, A2, and A3). Endophilin-A proteins are enriched in the brain and play multiple roles in receptor-mediated endocytosis. They tubulate membranes and regulate calcium influx into neurons to trigger the activation of the endocytic machinery. They are also involved in the sorting of plasma membrane proteins, actin filament assembly, and the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles for fusion with endosomes. Endophilins contain an N-terminal N-BAR domain (BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix), followed by a variable region containing proline clusters, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВ╙cd11804, SH3_GRB2_like_N, N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) and related proteins. This family includes the adaptor protein GRB2 and related proteins including Drosophila melanogaster Downstream of receptor kinase (DRK), Caenorhabditis elegans Sex muscle abnormal protein 5 (Sem-5), GRB2-related adaptor protein (GRAP), GRAP2, and similar proteins. Family members contain an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. GRB2/Sem-5/DRK is a critical signaling molecule that regulates the Ras pathway by linking tyrosine kinases to the Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein Sos (son of sevenless), which converts Ras to the active GTP-bound state. GRAP2 plays an important role in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling by promoting the formation of the SLP-76:LAT complex, which couples the TCR to the Ras pathway. GRAP acts as a negative regulator of T cell receptor (TCR)-induced lymphocyte proliferation by downregulating the signaling to the Ras/ERK pathway. The N-terminal SH3 domain of GRB2 binds to Sos and Sos-derived proline-rich peptides. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВ╩cd11805, SH3_GRB2_like_C, C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) and related proteins. This family includes the adaptor protein GRB2 and related proteins including Drosophila melanogaster Downstream of receptor kinase (DRK), Caenorhabditis elegans Sex muscle abnormal protein 5 (Sem-5), GRB2-related adaptor protein (GRAP), GRAP2, and similar proteins. Family members contain an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. GRB2/Sem-5/DRK is a critical signaling molecule that regulates the Ras pathway by linking tyrosine kinases to the Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein Sos (son of sevenless), which converts Ras to the active GTP-bound state. GRAP2 plays an important role in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling by promoting the formation of the SLP-76:LAT complex, which couples the TCR to the Ras pathway. GRAP acts as a negative regulator of T cell receptor (TCR)-induced lymphocyte proliferation by downregulating the signaling to the Ras/ERK pathway. The C-terminal SH3 domains (SH3c) of GRB2 and GRAP2 have been shown to bind to classical PxxP motif ligands, as well as to non-classical motifs. GRB2 SH3c binds Gab2 (Grb2-associated binder 2) through epitopes containing RxxK motifs, while the SH3c of GRAP2 binds to the phosphatase-like protein HD-PTP via a RxxxxK motif. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that typically bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВcd11806, SH3_PRMT2, Src homology 3 domain of Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 2. PRMT2, also called HRMT1L1, belongs to the arginine methyltransferase protein family. It functions as a coactivator to both estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) and androgen receptor (AR), presumably through arginine methylation. The ER-alpha transcription factor is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and apoptosis, and is also implicated in the development and progression of breast cancer. PRMT2 and its variants are upregulated in breast cancer cells and may be involved in modulating the ER-alpha signaling pathway during formation of breast cancer. PRMT2 also plays a role in regulating the function of E2F transcription factors, which are critical cell cycle regulators, by binding to the retinoblastoma gene product (RB). It contains an N-terminal SH3 domain and an AdoMet binding domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВIcd11807, SH3_ASPP, Src homology 3 domain of Apoptosis Stimulating of p53 proteins (ASPP). The ASPP family of proteins bind to important regulators of apoptosis (p53, Bcl-2, and RelA) and cell growth (APCL, PP1). They share similarity at their C-termini, where they harbor a proline-rich region, four ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and an SH3 domain. Vertebrates contain three members of the family: ASPP1, ASPP2, and iASPP. ASPP1 and ASPP2 activate the apoptotic function of the p53 family of tumor suppressors (p53, p63, and p73), while iASPP is an oncoprotein that specifically inhibits p53-induced apoptosis. The expression of ASPP proteins is altered in tumors; ASPP1 and ASPP2 are downregulated whereas iASPP is upregulated is some cancer types. ASPP proteins also bind and regulate protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and this binding is competitive with p53 binding. The SH3 domain and the ANK repeats of ASPP contribute to the p53 binding site; they bind to the DNA binding domain of p53. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВЦcd11808, SH3_Alpha_Spectrin, Src homology 3 domain of Alpha Spectrin. Spectrin is a major structural component of the red blood cell membrane skeleton and is important in erythropoiesis and membrane biogenesis. It is a flexible, rope-like molecule composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which consist of many spectrin-type repeats. Alpha and beta spectrin associate to form heterodimers and tetramers; spectrin tetramer formation is critical for red cell shape and deformability. Defects in alpha spectrin have been associated with inherited hemolytic anemias including hereditary spherocytosis (HSp), hereditary elliptocytosis (HE), and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP). Alpha spectrin contains a middle SH3 domain and a C-terminal EF-hand binding motif in addition to multiple spectrin repeats. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВcd11809, SH3_srGAP, Src homology 3 domain of Slit-Robo GTPase Activating Proteins. Slit-Robo GTPase Activating Proteins (srGAPs) are Rho GAPs that interact with Robo1, the transmembrane receptor of Slit proteins. Slit proteins are secreted proteins that control axon guidance and the migration of neurons and leukocytes. Vertebrates contain three isoforms of srGAPs (srGAP1-3), all of which are expressed during embryonic and early development in the nervous system but with different localization and timing. A fourth member has also been reported (srGAP4, also called ARHGAP4). srGAPs contain an N-terminal F-BAR domain, a Rho GAP domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВсcd11810, SH3_RUSC1_like, Src homology 3 domain of RUN and SH3 domain-containing proteins 1 and 2. RUSC1 and RUSC2, that were originally characterized in silico. They are adaptor proteins consisting of RUN, leucine zipper, and SH3 domains. RUSC1, also called NESCA (New molecule containing SH3 at the carboxy-terminus), is highly expressed in the brain and is translocated to the nuclear membrane from the cytoplasm upon stimulation with neurotrophin. It plays a role in facilitating neurotrophin-dependent neurite outgrowth. It also interacts with NEMO (or IKKgamma) and may function in NEMO-mediated activation of NF-kB. RUSC2, also called Iporin, is expressed ubiquitously with highest amounts in the brain and testis. It interacts with the small GTPase Rab1 and the Golgi matrix protein GM130, and may function in linking GTPases to certain intracellular signaling pathways. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВшcd11811, SH3_CHK, Src Homology 3 domain of CSK homologous kinase. CHK is also referred to as megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase (Matk). It inhibits Src kinases using a noncatalytic mechanism by simply binding to them. As a negative regulator of Src kinases, Chk may play important roles in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and consequently, in cancer development and progression. To inhibit Src kinases that are anchored to the plasma membrane, CHK is translocated to the membrane via binding to specific transmembrane proteins, G-proteins, or adaptor proteins near the membrane. CHK also plays a role in neural differentiation in a manner independent of Src by enhancing MAPK activation via Ras-mediated signaling. It is a cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinase containing the Src homology domains, SH3 and SH2, N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА? вА0А0АаАВcd11812, SH3_AHI-1, Src Homology 3 domain of Abelson helper integration site-1 (AHI-1). AHI-1, also called Jouberin, is expressed in high levels in the brain, gonad tissues, and skeletal muscle. It is an adaptor protein that interacts with the small GTPase Rab8a and regulates it distribution and function, affecting cilium formation and vesicle transport. Mutations in the AHI-1 gene can cause Joubert syndrome, a disorder characterized by brainstem malformations, cerebellar aplasia/hypoplasia, and retinal dystrophy. AHI-1 variation is also associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus progression. AHI-1 contains WD40 and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА? вА0А0АаАВcd11813, SH3_SGSM3, Src Homology 3 domain of Small G protein Signaling Modulator 3. SGSM3 is also called Merlin-associated protein (MAP), RUN and SH3 domain-containing protein (RUSC3), RUN and TBC1 domain-containing protein 3 (RUTBC3), Rab GTPase-activating protein 5 (RabGAP5), or Rab GAP-like protein (RabGAPLP). It is expressed ubiquitously and functions as a regulator of small G protein RAP- and RAB-mediated neuronal signaling. It is involved in modulating NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth and differentiation. It also interacts with the tumor suppressor merlin and may play a role in the merlin-associated suppression of cell growth. SGSM3 contains TBC, SH3, and RUN domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВcd11814, SH3_Eve1_1, First Src homology 3 domain of ADAM-binding protein Eve-1. Eve-1, also called SH3 domain-containing protein 19 (SH3D19) or EEN-binding protein (EBP), exists in multiple alternatively spliced isoforms. The longest isoform contains five SH3 domain in the C-terminal region and seven proline-rich motifs in the N-terminal region. It is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle and heart, and may be involved in regulating the activity of ADAMs (A disintegrin and metalloproteases). Eve-1 interacts with EEN, an endophilin involved in endocytosis and may be the target of the MLL-EEN fusion protein that is implicated in leukemogenesis. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВcd11815, SH3_Eve1_2, Second Src homology 3 domain of ADAM-binding protein Eve-1. Eve-1, also called SH3 domain-containing protein 19 (SH3D19) or EEN-binding protein (EBP), exists in multiple alternatively spliced isoforms. The longest isoform contains five SH3 domain in the C-terminal region and seven proline-rich motifs in the N-terminal region. It is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle and heart, and may be involved in regulating the activity of ADAMs (A disintegrin and metalloproteases). Eve-1 interacts with EEN, an endophilin involved in endocytosis and may be the target of the MLL-EEN fusion protein that is implicated in leukemogenesis. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА? вА0А0АаАВcd11816, SH3_Eve1_3, Third Src homology 3 domain of ADAM-binding protein Eve-1. Eve-1, also called SH3 domain-containing protein 19 (SH3D19) or EEN-binding protein (EBP), exists in multiple alternatively spliced isoforms. The longest isoform contains five SH3 domain in the C-terminal region and seven proline-rich motifs in the N-terminal region. It is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle and heart, and may be involved in regulating the activity of ADAMs (A disintegrin and metalloproteases). Eve-1 interacts with EEN, an endophilin involved in endocytosis and may be the target of the MLL-EEN fusion protein that is implicated in leukemogenesis. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВcd11817, SH3_Eve1_4, Fourth Src homology 3 domain of ADAM-binding protein Eve-1. Eve-1, also called SH3 domain-containing protein 19 (SH3D19) or EEN-binding protein (EBP), exists in multiple alternatively spliced isoforms. The longest isoform contains five SH3 domain in the C-terminal region and seven proline-rich motifs in the N-terminal region. It is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle and heart, and may be involved in regulating the activity of ADAMs (A disintegrin and metalloproteases). Eve-1 interacts with EEN, an endophilin involved in endocytosis and may be the target of the MLL-EEN fusion protein that is implicated in leukemogenesis. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВcd11818, SH3_Eve1_5, Fifth Src homology 3 domain of ADAM-binding protein Eve-1. Eve-1, also called SH3 domain-containing protein 19 (SH3D19) or EEN-binding protein (EBP), exists in multiple alternatively spliced isoforms. The longest isoform contains five SH3 domain in the C-terminal region and seven proline-rich motifs in the N-terminal region. It is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle and heart, and may be involved in regulating the activity of ADAMs (A disintegrin and metalloproteases). Eve-1 interacts with EEN, an endophilin involved in endocytosis and may be the target of the MLL-EEN fusion protein that is implicated in leukemogenesis. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВ╞cd11819, SH3_Cortactin_like, Src homology 3 domain of Cortactin and related proteins. This subfamily includes cortactin, Abp1 (actin-binding protein 1), hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1 (HS1), and similar proteins. These proteins are involved in regulating actin dynamics through direct or indirect interaction with the Arp2/3 complex, which is required to initiate actin polymerization. They all contain at least one C-terminal SH3 domain. Cortactin and HS1 bind Arp2/3 and actin through an N-terminal region that contains an acidic domain and several copies of a repeat domain found in cortactin and HS1. Abp1 binds actin via an N-terminal actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) homology domain. Yeast Abp1 binds Arp2/3 directly through two acidic domains. Mammalian Abp1 does not directly interact with Arp2/3; instead, it regulates actin dynamics indirectly by interacting with dynamin and WASP family proteins. The C-terminal region of these proteins acts as an adaptor or scaffold that can connect membrane trafficking and signaling proteins that bind the SH3 domain within the actin network. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВ)cd11820, SH3_STAM, Src homology 3 domain of Signal Transducing Adaptor Molecules. STAMs were discovered as proteins that are highly phosphorylated following cytokine and growth factor stimulation. They function in cytokine signaling and surface receptor degradation, as well as regulate Golgi morphology. They associate with many proteins including Jak2 and Jak3 tyrosine kinases, Hrs, AMSH, and UBPY. STAM adaptor proteins contain VHS (Vps27, Hrs, STAM homology), ubiquitin interacting (UIM), and SH3 domains. There are two vertebrate STAMs, STAM1 and STAM2, which may be functionally redundant; vertebrate STAMs contain ITAM motifs. They are part of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT-0). STAM2 deficiency in mice did not cause any obvious abnormality, while STAM1 deficiency resulted in growth retardation. Loss of both STAM1 and STAM2 in mice proved lethal, indicating that STAMs are important for embryonic development. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВncd11821, SH3_ASAP, Src homology 3 domain of ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain containing proteins. ASAPs are Arf GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and they function in regulating cell growth, migration, and invasion. They contain an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, an Arf GAP domain, ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Vertebrates contain at least three members, ASAP1, ASAP2, and ASAP3, but some ASAP3 proteins do not seem to harbor a C-terminal SH3 domain. ASAP1 and ASAP2 show GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity towards Arf1 and Arf5. They do not show GAP activity towards Arf6, but are able to mediate Arf6 signaling by binding stably to GTP-Arf6. ASAP3 is an Arf6-specific GAP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВcd11822, SH3_SASH_like, Src homology 3 domain of SAM And SH3 Domain Containing Proteins. This subfamily, also called the SLY family, is composed of SAM And SH3 Domain Containing Protein 1 (SASH1), SASH2, SASH3, and similar proteins. These are adaptor proteins containing a central conserved region with a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) as wells as SAM (sterile alpha motif) and SH3 domains. SASH1 is a potential tumor suppressor in breast and colon cancer. It is widely expressed in normal tissues (except lymphocytes and dendritic cells) and is localized in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. SASH1 interacts with the oncoprotein cortactin and is important in cell migration and adhesion. SASH2 (also called SAMSN-1, SLY2, HACS1 or NASH1) and SASH3 (also called SLY/SLY1) are expressed mainly in hematopoietic cells, although SASH2 is also found in endothelial cells as well as myeloid leukemias and myeloma. SASH2 was found to be differentially expressed in malignant haematopoietic cells and in colorectal tumors, and is a potential tumor suppressor in lung cancer. SASH3 is essential in the full activation of adaptive immunity and is involved in the signaling of T cell receptors. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВgcd11823, SH3_Nostrin, Src homology 3 domain of Nitric Oxide Synthase TRaffic INducer. Nostrin is expressed in endothelial and epithelial cells and is involved in the regulation, trafficking and targeting of endothelial NOS (eNOS). It facilitates the endocytosis of eNOS by coordinating the functions of dynamin and the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP). Increased expression of Nostrin may be correlated to preeclampsia. Nostrin contains an N-terminal F-BAR domain and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВZcd11824, SH3_PSTPIP1, Src homology 3 domain of Proline-Serine-Threonine Phosphatase-Interacting Protein 1. PSTPIP1, also called CD2 Binding Protein 1 (CD2BP1), is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells. It is a binding partner of the cell surface receptor CD2 and PTP-PEST, a tyrosine phosphatase which functions in cell motility and Rac1 regulation. It also plays a role in the activation of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), which couples actin rearrangement and T cell activation. Mutations in the gene encoding PSTPIP1 cause the autoinflammatory disorder known as PAPA (pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne) syndrome. PSTPIP1 contains an N-terminal F-BAR domain, PEST motifs, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВЖcd11825, SH3_PLCgamma, Src homology 3 domain of Phospholipase C (PLC) gamma. PLC catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] to produce Ins(1,4,5)P3 and diacylglycerol (DAG) in response to various receptors. Ins(1,4,5)P3 initiates the calcium signaling cascade while DAG functions as an activator of PKC. PLCgamma catalyzes this reaction in tyrosine kinase-dependent signaling pathways. It is activated and recruited to its substrate at the membrane. Vertebrates contain two forms of PLCgamma, PLCgamma1, which is widely expressed, and PLCgamma2, which is primarily found in haematopoietic cells. PLCgamma contains a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain followed by an elongation factor (EF) domain, two catalytic regions of PLC domains that flank two tandem SH2 domains, followed by a SH3 domain and C2 domain. The SH3 domain of PLCgamma1 directly interacts with dynamin-1 and can serve as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). It also interacts with Cbl, inhibiting its phosphorylation and activity. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВГcd11826, SH3_Abi, Src homology 3 domain of Abl Interactor proteins. Abl interactor (Abi) proteins are adaptor proteins serving as binding partners and substrates of Abl tyrosine kinases. They are involved in regulating actin cytoskeletal reorganization and play important roles in membrane-ruffling, endocytosis, cell motility, and cell migration. They localize to sites of actin polymerization in epithelial adherens junction and immune synapses, as well as to the leading edge of lamellipodia. Vertebrates contain two Abi proteins, Abi1 and Abi2. Abi1 displays a wide expression pattern while Abi2 is highly expressed in the eye and brain. Abi proteins contain a homeobox homology domain, a proline-rich region, and a SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of Abi binds to a PxxP motif in Abl. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВNcd11827, SH3_MyoIe_If_like, Src homology 3 domain of Myosins Ie, If, and similar proteins. Myosins Ie (MyoIe) and If (MyoIf) are nonmuscle, unconventional, long tailed, class I myosins containing an N-terminal motor domain and a myosin tail with TH1, TH2, and SH3 domains. MyoIe interacts with the endocytic proteins, dynamin and synaptojanin-1, through its SH3 domain; it may play a role in clathrin-dependent endocytosis. In the kidney, MyoIe is critical for podocyte function and normal glomerular filtration. Mutations in MyoIe is associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, a disease characterized by massive proteinuria and progression to end-stage kidney disease. MyoIf is predominantly expressed in the immune system; it plays a role in immune cell motility and innate immunity. Mutations in MyoIf may be associated with the loss of hearing. The MyoIf gene has also been found to be fused to the MLL (Mixed lineage leukemia) gene in infant acute myeloid leukemias (AML). SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВ░cd11828, SH3_ARHGEF9_like, Src homology 3 domain of ARHGEF9-like Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Members of this family contain a SH3 domain followed by RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH) and Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains. They include the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors ARHGEF9, ASEF (also called ARHGEF4), ASEF2, and similar proteins. GEFs activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. ARHGEF9 specifically activates Cdc42, while both ASEF and ASEF2 can activate Rac1 and Cdc42. ARHGEF9 is highly expressed in the brain and it interacts with gephyrin, a postsynaptic protein associated with GABA and glycine receptors. ASEF plays a role in angiogenesis and cell migration. ASEF2 is important in cell migration and adhesion dynamics. ASEF exists in an autoinhibited form and is activated upon binding of the tumor suppressor APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), leading to the activation of Rac1 or Cdc42. In its autoinhibited form, the SH3 domain of ASEF forms an extensive interface with the DH and PH domains, blocking the Rac binding site. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВlcd11829, SH3_GAS7, Src homology 3 domain of Growth Arrest Specific protein 7. GAS7 is mainly expressed in the brain and is required for neurite outgrowth. It may also play a role in the protection and migration of embryonic stem cells. Treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been reported resulting from mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-GAS7 translocations as a complication of primary cancer treatment. GAS7 contains an N-terminal SH3 domain, followed by a WW domain, and a central F-BAR domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВ'cd11830, SH3_VAV_2, C-terminal (or second) Src homology 3 domain of VAV proteins. VAV proteins function both as cytoplasmic guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho GTPases and scaffold proteins and they play important roles in cell signaling by coupling cell surface receptors to various effector functions. They play key roles in processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization including immune synapse formation, phagocytosis, cell spreading, and platelet aggregation, among others. Vertebrates have three VAV proteins (VAV1, VAV2, and VAV3). VAV proteins contain several domains that enable their function: N-terminal calponin homology (CH), acidic, RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), C1 (zinc finger), SH2, and two SH3 domains. The SH3 domain of VAV is involved in the localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell, by interacting with proline-rich sequences within target proteins. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВcd11831, SH3_VAV_1, First Src homology 3 domain of VAV proteins. VAV proteins function both as cytoplasmic guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho GTPases and scaffold proteins and they play important roles in cell signaling by coupling cell surface receptors to various effector functions. They play key roles in processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization including immune synapse formation, phagocytosis, cell spreading, and platelet aggregation, among others. Vertebrates have three VAV proteins (VAV1, VAV2, and VAV3). VAV proteins contain several domains that enable their function: N-terminal calponin homology (CH), acidic, RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), C1 (zinc finger), SH2, and two SH3 domains. The SH3 domain of VAV is involved in the localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell, by interacting with proline-rich sequences within target proteins. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВкcd11832, SH3_Shank, Src homology 3 domain of SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains (Shank) proteins. Shank proteins carry scaffolding functions through multiple sites of protein-protein interaction in its domain architecture, including ankyrin (ANK) repeats, a long proline rich region, as well as SH3, PDZ, and SAM domains. They bind a variety of membrane and cytosolic proteins, and exist in alternatively spliced isoforms. They are highly enriched in postsynaptic density (PSD) where they interact with the cytoskeleton and with postsynaptic membrane receptors including NMDA and glutamate receptors. They are crucial in the construction and organization of the PSD and dendritic spines of excitatory synapses. There are three members of this family (Shank1, Shank2, Shank3) which show distinct and cell-type specific patterns of expression. Shank1 is brain-specific; Shank2 is found in neurons, glia, endocrine cells, liver, and kidney; Shank3 is widely expressed. The SH3 domain of Shank binds GRIP, a scaffold protein that binds AMPA receptors and Eph receptors/ligands. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВycd11833, SH3_Stac_1, First C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of SH3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing (Stac) proteins. Stac proteins are putative adaptor proteins that contain a cysteine-rich C1 domain and one or two SH3 domains at the C-terminus. There are three mammalian members (Stac1, Stac2, and Stac3) of this family. Stac1 and Stac3 contain two SH3 domains while Stac2 contains a single SH3 domain at the C-terminus. This model represents the first C-terminal SH3 domain of Stac1 and Stac3, and the single C-terminal SH3 domain of Stac2. Stac1 and Stac2 have been found to be expressed differently in mature dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Stac1 is mainly expressed in peptidergic neurons while Stac2 is found in a subset of nonpeptidergic and all trkB+ neurons. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВMcd11834, SH3_Stac_2, Second C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of SH3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing proteins 1 and 3. This model represents the second C-terminal SH3 domain of Stac1 and Stac3. Stac proteins are putative adaptor proteins that contain a cysteine-rich C1 domain and one or two SH3 domains at the C-terminus. There are three mammalian members (Stac1, Stac2, and Stac3) of this family. Stac1 and Stac3 contain two SH3 domains while Stac2 contains a single SH3 domain at the C-terminus. Stac1 and Stac2 have been found to be expressed differently in mature dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Stac1 is mainly expressed in peptidergic neurons while Stac2 is found in a subset of nonpeptidergic and all trkB+ neurons. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА? вА0А0АаАВ=cd11835, SH3_ARHGAP32_33, Src homology 3 domain of Rho GTPase-activating proteins 32 and 33, and similar proteins. Members of this family contain N-terminal PX and Src Homology 3 (SH3) domains, a central Rho GAP domain, and C-terminal extensions. RhoGAPs (or ARHGAPs) bind to Rho proteins and enhance the hydrolysis rates of bound GTP. ARHGAP32 is also called RICS, PX-RICS, p250GAP, or p200RhoGAP. It is a Rho GTPase-activating protein for Cdc42 and Rac1, and is implicated in the regulation of postsynaptic signaling and neurite outgrowth. PX-RICS, a variant of RICS that contain PX and SH3 domains, is the main isoform expressed during neural development. It is involved in neural functions including axon and dendrite extension, postnatal remodeling, and fine-tuning of neural circuits during early brain development. ARHGAP33, also called sorting nexin 26 or TCGAP (Tc10/CDC42 GTPase-activating protein), is widely expressed in the brain where it is involved in regulating the outgrowth of axons and dendrites and is regulated by the protein tyrosine kinase Fyn. It is translocated to the plasma membrane in adipocytes in response to insulin and may be involved in the regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose transport. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?!вА0А0АаАВОcd11836, SH3_Intersectin_1, First Src homology 3 domain (or SH3A) of Intersectin. Intersectins (ITSNs) are adaptor proteins that function in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. They are essential for initiating clathrin-coated pit formation. They bind to many proteins through their multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. Vertebrates contain two ITSN proteins, ITSN1 and ITSN2, which exist in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoforms contain two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoforms, in addition, contain RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. ITSN1 and ITSN2 are both widely expressed, with variations depending on tissue type and stage of development. The first SH3 domain (or SH3A) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind many proteins including Sos1, dynamin1/2, CIN85, c-Cbl, PI3K-C2, SHIP2, N-WASP, and CdGAP, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?"вА0А0АаАВ6cd11837, SH3_Intersectin_2, Second Src homology 3 domain (or SH3B) of Intersectin. Intersectins (ITSNs) are adaptor proteins that function in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. They are essential for initiating clathrin-coated pit formation. They bind to many proteins through their multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. Vertebrates contain two ITSN proteins, ITSN1 and ITSN2, which exist in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoforms contain two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoforms, in addition, contain RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. ITSN1 and ITSN2 are both widely expressed, with variations depending on tissue type and stage of development. The second SH3 domain (or SH3B) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind WNK and CdGAP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?#вА0А0АаАВёcd11838, SH3_Intersectin_3, Third Src homology 3 domain (or SH3C) of Intersectin. Intersectins (ITSNs) are adaptor proteins that function in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. They are essential for initiating clathrin-coated pit formation. They bind to many proteins through their multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. Vertebrates contain two ITSN proteins, ITSN1 and ITSN2, which exist in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoforms contain two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoforms, in addition, contain RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. ITSN1 and ITSN2 are both widely expressed, with variations depending on tissue type and stage of development. The third SH3 domain (or SH3C) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind many proteins including dynamin1/2, CIN85, c-Cbl, SHIP2, Reps1, synaptojanin-1, and WNK, among others. The SH3C of ITSN2 has been shown to bind the K15 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?$вА0А0АаАВGcd11839, SH3_Intersectin_4, Fourth Src homology 3 domain (or SH3D) of Intersectin. Intersectins (ITSNs) are adaptor proteins that function in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. They are essential for initiating clathrin-coated pit formation. They bind to many proteins through their multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. Vertebrates contain two ITSN proteins, ITSN1 and ITSN2, which exist in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoforms contain two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoforms, in addition, contain RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. ITSN1 and ITSN2 are both widely expressed, with variations depending on tissue type and stage of development. The fourth SH3 domain (or SH3D) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind SHIP2, Numb, CdGAP, and N-WASP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?%вА0А0АаАВЭcd11840, SH3_Intersectin_5, Fifth Src homology 3 domain (or SH3E) of Intersectin. Intersectins (ITSNs) are adaptor proteins that function in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. They are essential for initiating clathrin-coated pit formation. They bind to many proteins through their multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. Vertebrates contain two ITSN proteins, ITSN1 and ITSN2, which exist in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoforms contain two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoforms, in addition, contain RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. ITSN1 and ITSN2 are both widely expressed, with variations depending on tissue type and stage of development. The fifth SH3 domain (or SH3E) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind many protein partners including SGIP1, Sos1, dynamin1/2, CIN85, c-Cbl, SHIP2, N-WASP, and synaptojanin-1, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?&вА0А0АаАВ(cd11841, SH3_SH3YL1_like, Src homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing Ysc84-like 1 (SH3YL1) protein. SH3YL1 localizes to the plasma membrane and is required for dorsal ruffle formation. It binds phosphoinositides (PIs) with high affinity through its N-terminal SYLF domain (also called DUF500). In addition, SH3YL1 contains a C-terminal SH3 domain which has been reported to bind to N-WASP, dynamin 2, and SHIP2 (a PI 5-phosphatase). SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?'вА0А0АаАВcd11842, SH3_Ysc84p_like, Src homology 3 domain of Ysc84p and similar fungal proteins. This family is composed of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins, Ysc84p (also called LAS17-binding protein 4, Lsb4p) and Lsb3p, and similar fungal proteins. They contain an N-terminal SYLF domain (also called DUF500) and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Ysc84p localizes to actin patches and plays an important in actin polymerization during endocytosis. The N-terminal domain of both Ysc84p and Lsb3p can bind and bundle actin filaments. A study of the yeast SH3 domain interactome predicts that the SH3 domains of Lsb3p and Lsb4p may function as molecular hubs for the assembly of endocytic complexes. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?(вА0А0АаАВ╔cd11843, SH3_PACSIN, Src homology 3 domain of Protein kinase C and Casein kinase Substrate in Neurons (PACSIN) proteins. PACSINs, also called Synaptic dynamin-associated proteins (Syndapins), act as regulators of cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics. They bind both dynamin and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), and may provide direct links between the actin cytoskeletal machinery through WASP and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Vetebrates harbor three isoforms with distinct expression patterns and specific functions. PACSINs contain an N-terminal F-BAR domain and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?)вА0А0АаАВ cd11844, SH3_CAS, Src homology 3 domain of CAS (Crk-Associated Substrate) scaffolding proteins. CAS proteins function as molecular scaffolds to regulate protein complexes that are involved in many cellular processes including migration, chemotaxis, apoptosis, differentiation, and progenitor cell function. They mediate the signaling of integrins at focal adhesions where they localize, and thus, regulate cell invasion and survival. Over-expression of these proteins is implicated in poor prognosis, increased metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapeutics in many cancers such as breast, lung, melanoma, and glioblastoma. CAS proteins have also been linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and developmental defects. They share a common domain structure that includes an N-terminal SH3 domain, an unstructured substrate domain that contains many YxxP motifs, a serine-rich four-helix bundle, and a FAT-like C-terminal domain. Vertebrates contain four CAS proteins: BCAR1 (or p130Cas), NEDD9 (or HEF1), EFS (or SIN), and CASS4 (or HEPL). The SH3 domain of CAS proteins binds to diverse partners including FAK, FRNK, Pyk2, PTP-PEST, DOCK180, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?*вА0А0АаАВ &cd11845, SH3_Src_like, Src homology 3 domain of Src kinase-like Protein Tyrosine Kinases. Src subfamily members include Src, Lck, Hck, Blk, Lyn, Fgr, Fyn, Yrk, Yes, and Brk. Src (or c-Src) proteins are cytoplasmic (or non-receptor) PTKs which are anchored to the plasma membrane. They contain an N-terminal SH4 domain with a myristoylation site, followed by SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyr kinase domain, and a regulatory C-terminal region containing a conserved tyr. They are activated by autophosphorylation at the tyr kinase domain, but are negatively regulated by phosphorylation at the C-terminal tyr by Csk (C-terminal Src Kinase). However, Brk lacks the N-terminal myristoylation sites. Src proteins are involved in signaling pathways that regulate cytokine and growth factor responses, cytoskeleton dynamics, cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. They were identified as the first proto-oncogene products, and they regulate cell adhesion, invasion, and motility in cancer cells, and tumor vasculature, contributing to cancer progression and metastasis. Src kinases are overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, making them attractive targets for therapy. They are also implicated in acute inflammatory responses and osteoclast function. Src, Fyn, Yes, and Yrk are widely expressed, while Blk, Lck, Hck, Fgr, Lyn, and Brk show a limited expression pattern. This subfamily also includes Drosophila Src42A, Src oncogene at 42A (also known as Dsrc41) which accumulates at sites of cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion, and participates in Drosphila development and wound healing. It has been shown to promote tube elongation in the tracheal system, is essential for proper cell-cell matching during dorsal closure, and regulates cell-cell contacts in developing Drosophila eyes. The SH3 domain of Src kinases contributes to substrate recruitment by binding adaptor proteins/substrates, and regulation of kinase activity through an intramolecular interaction. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?+вА0А0АаАВ}cd11846, SH3_Srms, Src homology 3 domain of Srms Protein Tyrosine Kinase. Src-related kinase lacking C-terminal regulatory tyrosine and N-terminal myristoylation sites (Srms) is a cytoplasmic (or non-receptor) PTK with limited homology to Src kinases. Src kinases in general contain an N-terminal SH4 domain with a myristoylation site, followed by SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyr kinase domain, and a regulatory C-terminal region containing a conserved tyr; they are activated by autophosphorylation at the tyr kinase domain, but are negatively regulated by phosphorylation at the C-terminal tyr by Csk (C-terminal Src Kinase). However, Srms lacks the N-terminal myristoylation sites. Src proteins are involved in signaling pathways that regulate cytokine and growth factor responses, cytoskeleton dynamics, cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The SH3 domain of Src kinases contributes to substrate recruitment by binding adaptor proteins/substrates, and regulation of kinase activity through an intramolecular interaction. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?,вА0А0АаАВ▄cd11847, SH3_Brk, Src homology 3 domain of Brk (Breast tumor kinase) Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PTK), also called PTK6. Brk is a cytoplasmic (or non-receptor) PTK with limited homology to Src kinases. It has been found to be overexpressed in a majority of breast tumors. It plays roles in normal cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, migration, and cell cycle progression. Brk substrates include RNA-binding proteins (SLM-1/2, Sam68), transcription factors (STAT3/5), and signaling molecules (Akt, paxillin, IRS-4). Src kinases in general contain an N-terminal SH4 domain with a myristoylation site, followed by SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyr kinase domain, and a regulatory C-terminal region containing a conserved tyr; they are activated by autophosphorylation at the tyr kinase domain, but are negatively regulated by phosphorylation at the C-terminal tyr by Csk (C-terminal Src Kinase). However, Brk lacks the N-terminal myristoylation site. The SH3 domain of Src kinases contributes to substrate recruitment by binding adaptor proteins/substrates, and regulation of kinase activity through an intramolecular interaction. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?-вА0А0АаАВЮcd11848, SH3_SLAP-like, Src homology 3 domain of Src-Like Adaptor Proteins. SLAPs are adaptor proteins with limited similarity to Src family tyrosine kinases. They contain an N-terminal SH3 domain followed by an SH2 domain, and a unique C-terminal sequence. They function in regulating the signaling, ubiquitination, and trafficking of T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) components. Vertebrates contain two SLAPs, named SLAP (or SLA1) and SLAP2 (or SLA2). SLAP has been shown to interact with the EphA receptor, EpoR, Lck, PDGFR, Syk, CD79a, among others, while SLAP2 interacts with CSF1R. Both SLAPs interact with c-Cbl, LAT, CD247, and Zap70. SLAP modulates TCR surface expression levels as well as surface and total BCR levels. As an adaptor to c-Cbl, SLAP increases the ubiquitination, intracellular retention, and targeted degradation of the BCR complex components. SLAP2 plays a role in c-Cbl-dependent regulation of CSF1R, a tyrosine kinase important for myeloid cell growth and differentiation. The SH3 domain of SLAP forms a complex with v-Abl. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?.вА0А0АаАВcd11849, SH3_SPIN90, Src homology 3 domain of SH3 protein interacting with Nck, 90 kDa (SPIN90). SPIN90 is also called NCK interacting protein with SH3 domain (NCKIPSD), Dia-interacting protein (DIP), 54 kDa vimentin-interacting protein (VIP54), or WASP-interacting SH3-domain protein (WISH). It is an F-actin binding protein that regulates actin polymerization and endocytosis. It associates with the Arp2/3 complex near actin filaments and determines filament localization at the leading edge of lamellipodia. SPIN90 is expressed in the early stages of neuronal differentiation and plays a role in regulating growth cone dynamics and neurite outgrowth. It also interacts with IRSp53 and regulates cell motility by playing a role in the formation of membrane protrusions. SPIN90 contains an N-terminal SH3 domain, a proline-rich domain, and a C-terminal VCA (verprolin-homology and cofilin-like acidic) domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?/вА0А0АаАВJcd11850, SH3_Abl, Src homology 3 domain of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Abelson kinase. Abl (or c-Abl) is a ubiquitously-expressed cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) PTK that contains SH3, SH2, and tyr kinase domains in its N-terminal region, as well as nuclear localization motifs, a putative DNA-binding domain, and F- and G-actin binding domains in its C-terminal tail. It also contains a short autoinhibitory cap region in its N-terminus. Abl function depends on its subcellular localization. In the cytoplasm, Abl plays a role in cell proliferation and survival. In response to DNA damage or oxidative stress, Abl is transported to the nucleus where it induces apoptosis. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients, an aberrant translocation results in the replacement of the first exon of Abl with the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene. The resulting BCR-Abl fusion protein is constitutively active and associates into tetramers, resulting in a hyperactive kinase sending a continuous signal. This leads to uncontrolled proliferation, morphological transformation and anti-apoptotic effects. BCR-Abl is the target of selective inhibitors, such as imatinib (Gleevec), used in the treatment of CML. Abl2, also known as ARG (Abelson-related gene), is thought to play a cooperative role with Abl in the proper development of the nervous system. The Tel-ARG fusion protein, resulting from reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 12, is associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?0вА0А0АаАВkcd11851, SH3_RIM-BP, Src homology 3 domains of Rab3-interacting molecules (RIMs) binding proteins. RIMs binding proteins (RBPs, RIM-BPs) associate with calcium channels present in photoreceptors, neurons, and hair cells; they interact simultaneously with specific calcium channel subunits, and active zone proteins, RIM1 and RIM2. RIMs are part of the matrix at the presynaptic active zone and are associated with synaptic vesicles through their interaction with the small GTPase Rab3. RIM-BPs play a role in regulating synaptic transmission by serving as adaptors and linking calcium channels with the synaptic vesicle release machinery. RIM-BPs contain three SH3 domains and two to three fibronectin III repeats. Invertebrates contain one, while vertebrates contain at least two RIM-BPs, RIM-BP1 and RIM-BP2. RIM-BP1 is also called peripheral-type benzodiazapine receptor associated protein 1 (PRAX-1). Mammals contain a third protein, RIM-BP3. RIM-BP1 and RIM-BP2 are predominantly expressed in the brain where they display overlapping but distinct expression patterns, while RIM-BP3 is almost exclusively expressed in the testis and is essential in spermiogenesis. The SH3 domains of RIM-BPs bind to the PxxP motifs of RIM1, RIM2, and L-type (alpha1D) and N-type (alpha1B) calcium channel subunits. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?1вА0А0АаАВ\cd11852, SH3_Kalirin_1, First Src homology 3 domain of the RhoGEF kinase, Kalirin. Kalirin, also called Duo, Duet, or TRAD, is a large neuronal dual Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) that activates Rac1, RhoA, and RhoG using two RhoGEF domains. Kalirin exists in many isoforms generated by alternative splicing and the use of multiple promoters; the major isoforms are kalirin-7, -9, and -12, which differ at their C-terminal ends. Kalirin-12, the longest isoform, contains an N-terminal Sec14p domain, spectrin-like repeats, two RhoGEF domains, two SH3 domains, as well as Ig, FNIII, and kinase domains at the C-terminal end. Kalirin-7 contains only a single RhoGEF domain and does not contain an SH3 domain. Kalirin, through its many isoforms, interacts with many different proteins and is able to localize to different locations within the cell. It influences neurite initiation, axon growth, dendritic morphogenesis, vesicle trafficking, neuronal maintenance, and neurodegeneration. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?2вА0А0АаАВ]cd11853, SH3_Kalirin_2, Second Src homology 3 domain of the RhoGEF kinase, Kalirin. Kalirin, also called Duo, Duet, or TRAD, is a large neuronal dual Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) that activates Rac1, RhoA, and RhoG using two RhoGEF domains. Kalirin exists in many isoforms generated by alternative splicing and the use of multiple promoters; the major isoforms are kalirin-7, -9, and -12, which differ at their C-terminal ends. Kalirin-12, the longest isoform, contains an N-terminal Sec14p domain, spectrin-like repeats, two RhoGEF domains, two SH3 domains, as well as Ig, FNIII, and kinase domains at the C-terminal end. Kalirin-7 contains only a single RhoGEF domain and does not contain an SH3 domain. Kalirin, through its many isoforms, interacts with many different proteins and is able to localize to different locations within the cell. It influences neurite initiation, axon growth, dendritic morphogenesis, vesicle trafficking, neuronal maintenance, and neurodegeneration. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?3вА0А0АаАВ▄cd11854, SH3_Fus1p, Src homology 3 domain of yeast cell fusion protein Fus1p. Fus1p is required at the cell surface for cell fusion during the mating response in yeast. It requires Bch1p and Bud7p, which are Chs5p-Arf1p binding proteins, for localization to the plasma membrane. It acts as a scaffold protein to assemble a cell surface complex which is involved in septum degradation and inhibition of the NOG pathway to promote cell fusion. The SH3 domain of Fus1p interacts with Bin1p, a formin that controls the assembly of actin cables in response to Cdc42 signaling. It has been shown to bind the motif, R(S/T)(S/T)SL, instead of PxxP motifs. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?4вА0А0АаАВЕcd11855, SH3_Sho1p, Src homology 3 domain of High osmolarity signaling protein Sho1p. Sho1p (or Sho1), also called SSU81 (Suppressor of SUA8-1 mutation), is a yeast membrane protein that regulates adaptation to high salt conditions by activating the HOG (high-osmolarity glycerol) pathway. High salt concentrations lead to the localization to the membrane of the MAPKK Pbs2, which is then activated by the MAPKK Ste11 and in turn, activates the MAPK Hog1. Pbs2 is localized to the membrane though the interaction of its PxxP motif with the SH3 domain of Sho1p. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?5вА0А0АаАВJcd11856, SH3_p47phox_like, Src homology 3 domains of the p47phox subunit of NADPH oxidase and similar domains. This family is composed of the tandem SH3 domains of p47phox subunit of NADPH oxidase and Nox Organizing protein 1 (NoxO1), the four SH3 domains of Tks4 (Tyr kinase substrate with four SH3 domains), the five SH3 domains of Tks5, the SH3 domain of obscurin, Myosin-I, and similar domains. Most members of this group also contain Phox homology (PX) domains, except for obscurin and Myosin-I. p47phox and NoxO1 are regulators of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex (also called Nox2 or gp91phox) and nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase Nox1, respectively. They play roles in the activation of their respective NADPH oxidase, which catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen to form superoxide. Tks proteins are Src substrates and scaffolding proteins that play important roles in the formation of podosomes and invadopodia, the dynamic actin-rich structures that are related to cell migration and cancer cell invasion. Obscurin is a giant muscle protein that plays important roles in the organization and assembly of the myofibril and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Type I myosins (Myosin-I) are actin-dependent motors in endocytic actin structures and actin patches. They play roles in membrane traffic in endocytic and secretory pathways, cell motility, and mechanosensing. Myosin-I contains an N-terminal actin-activated ATPase, a phospholipid-binding TH1 (tail homology 1) domain, and a C-terminal extension which includes an F-actin-binding TH2 domain, an SH3 domain, and an acidic peptide that participates in activating the Arp2/3complex. The SH3 domain of myosin-I is required for myosin-I-induced actin polymerization. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?6вА0А0АаАВ1cd11857, SH3_DBS, Src homology 3 domain of DBL's Big Sister (DBS), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. DBS, also called MCF2L (MCF2-transforming sequence-like protein) or OST, is a Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF), facilitating the exchange of GDP and GTP. It was originally isolated from a cDNA screen for sequences that cause malignant growth. It plays roles in regulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis and cell migration through its activation of Rac1 and Cdc42. Depending on cell type, DBS can also activate RhoA and RhoG. DBS contains a Sec14-like domain, spectrin-like repeats, a RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain, a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and an SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?7вА0А0АаАВcd11858, SH3_Myosin-I_fungi, Src homology 3 domain of Type I fungal Myosins. Type I myosins (myosin-I) are actin-dependent motors in endocytic actin structures and actin patches. They play roles in membrane traffic in endocytic and secretory pathways, cell motility, and mechanosensing. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two myosins-I, Myo3 and Myo5, which are involved in endocytosis and the polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. Myosin-I contains an N-terminal actin-activated ATPase, a phospholipid-binding TH1 (tail homology 1) domain, and a C-terminal extension which includes an F-actin-binding TH2 domain, an SH3 domain, and an acidic peptide that participates in activating the Arp2/3complex. The SH3 domain of myosin-I is required for myosin-I-induced actin polymerization. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?8вА0А0АаАВcd11859, SH3_ZO, Src homology 3 domain of the Tight junction proteins, Zonula occludens (ZO) proteins. ZO proteins are scaffolding proteins that associate with each other and with other proteins of the tight junction, zonula adherens, and gap junctions. They play roles in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics at these cell junctions. They are considered members of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. Vertebrates contain three ZO proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3) with redundant and non-redundant roles. They contain three PDZ domains, followed by SH3 and GuK domains; in addition, ZO-1 and ZO-2 contains a proline-rich (PR) actin binding domain at the C-terminus while ZO-3 contains this PR domain between the second and third PDZ domains. The C-terminal regions of the three ZO proteins are unique. The SH3 domain of ZO-1 has been shown to bind ZONAB, ZAK, afadin, and Galpha12. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?9вА0А0АаАВrcd11860, SH3_DLG5, Src homology 3 domain of Disks Large homolog 5. DLG5 is a multifunctional scaffold protein that is located at sites of cell-cell contact and is involved in the maintenance of cell shape and polarity. Mutations in the DLG5 gene are associated with Crohn's disease (CD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). DLG5 is a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. DLG5 contains 4 PDZ domains as well as an N-terminal domain of unknown function. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?:вА0А0АаАВўcd11861, SH3_DLG-like, Src Homology 3 domain of Disks large homolog proteins. The DLG-like proteins are scaffolding proteins that cluster at synapses and are also called PSD (postsynaptic density)-95 proteins or SAPs (synapse-associated proteins). They play important roles in synaptic development and plasticity, cell polarity, migration and proliferation. They are members of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. DLG-like proteins contain three PDZ domains and varying N-terminal regions. All DLG proteins exist as alternatively-spliced isoforms. Vertebrates contain four DLG proteins from different genes, called DLG1-4. DLG4 and DLG2 are found predominantly at postsynaptic sites and they mediate surface ion channel and receptor clustering. DLG3 is found axons and some presynaptic terminals. DLG1 interacts with AMPA-type glutamate receptors and is critical in their maturation and delivery to synapses. The SH3 domain of DLG4 binds and clusters the kainate subgroup of glutamate receptors via two proline-rich sequences in their C-terminal tail. It also binds AKAP79/150 (A-kinase anchoring protein). SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?;вА0А0АаАВ║cd11862, SH3_MPP, Src Homology 3 domain of Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated (or MAGUK p55 subfamily member) proteins. The MPP/p55 subfamily of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins includes at least eight vertebrate members (MPP1-7 and CASK), four Drosophila proteins (Stardust, Varicose, CASK and Skiff), and other similar proteins; they all contain one each of the core of three domains characteristic of MAGUK proteins: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). In addition, most members except for MPP1 contain N-terminal L27 domains and some also contain a Hook (Protein 4.1 Binding) motif in between the SH3 and GuK domains. CASK has an additional calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK)-like domain at the N-terminus. Members of this subfamily are scaffolding proteins that play important roles in regulating and establishing cell polarity, cell adhesion, and synaptic targeting and transmission, among others. The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?<вА0А0АаАВ┤cd11863, SH3_CACNB, Src Homology 3 domain of Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta. Voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca(V)s) are multi-protein complexes that regulate the entry of calcium into cells. They impact muscle contraction, neuronal migration, hormone and neurotransmitter release, and the activation of calcium-dependent signaling pathways. They are composed of four subunits: alpha1, alpha2delta, beta, and gamma. The beta subunit is a soluble and intracellular protein that interacts with the transmembrane alpha1 subunit. It facilitates the trafficking and proper localization of the alpha1 subunit to the cellular plasma membrane. Vertebrates contain four different beta subunits from distinct genes (beta1-4); each exists as multiple splice variants. All are expressed in the brain while other tissues show more specific expression patterns. The beta subunits show similarity to MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins in that they contain SH3 and inactive guanylate kinase (GuK) domains; however, they do not appear to contain a PDZ domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?=вА0А0АаАВAcd11864, SH3_PEX13_eumet, Src Homology 3 domain of eumetazoan Peroxisomal biogenesis factor 13. PEX13 is a peroxin and is required for protein import into the peroxisomal matrix and membrane. It is an integral membrane protein that is essential for the localization of PEX14 and the import of proteins containing the peroxisome matrix targeting signals, PTS1 and PTS2. Mutations of the PEX13 gene in humans lead to a wide range of peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs), the most severe of which is known as Zellweger syndrome (ZS), a severe multisystem disorder characterized by hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and neuronal migration defects. PEX13 contains two transmembrane regions and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?>вА0А0АаАВtcd11865, SH3_Nbp2-like, Src Homology 3 domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nap1-binding protein 2 and similar fungal proteins. This subfamily includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nbp2 (Nucleosome assembly protein 1 (Nap1)-binding protein 2), Schizosaccharomyces pombe Skb5, and similar proteins. Nbp2 interacts with Nap1, which is essential for maintaining proper nucleosome structures in transcription and replication. It is also the binding partner of the yeast type II protein phosphatase Ptc1p and serves as a scaffolding protein that brings seven kinases in close contact to Ptc1p. Nbp2 plays a role many cell processes including organelle inheritance, mating hormone response, cell wall stress, mitotic cell growth at elevated temperatures, and high osmolarity. Skb5 interacts with the p21-activated kinase (PAK) homolog Shk1, which is critical for fission yeast cell viability. Skb5 activates Shk1 and plays a role in regulating cell morphology and growth under hypertonic conditions. Nbp2 and Skb5 contain an SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА??вА0А0АаАВКcd11866, SH3_SKAP1-like, Src Homology 3 domain of Src Kinase-Associated Phosphoprotein 1 and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of SKAP1, SKAP2, and similar proteins. SKAP1 and SKAP2 are immune cell-specific adaptor proteins that play roles in T- and B-cell adhesion, respectively, and are thus important in the migration of T- and B-cells to sites of inflammation and for movement during T-cell conjugation with antigen-presenting cells. Both SKAP1 and SKAP2 bind to ADAP (adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein), among many other binding partners. They contain a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a C-terminal SH3 domain, and several tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The SH3 domain of SKAP1 is necessary for its ability to regulate T-cell conjugation with antigen-presenting cells and the formation of LFA-1 clusters. SKAP1 binds primarily to a proline-rich region of ADAP through its SH3 domain; its degradation is regulated by ADAP. A secondary interaction occurs via the ADAP SH3 domain and the RKxxYxxY motif in SKAP1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?@вА0А0АаАВ2cd11867, hSH3_ADAP, Helically extended Src Homology 3 domain of Adhesion and Degranulation-promoting Adaptor Protein. ADAP, also called Fyn T-binding protein (FYB) or SLP-76-associated protein (SLAP), is expressed mainly in hematopoietic cells but not in B cells. It is required for the proliferation of mature T-cells and plays an important role in T-cell activation, TCR-induced integrin clustering, and T-cell adhesion. ADAP has been shown to bind many partners including SLP-76, Fyn, Src, SKAP1, SKAP2, dynein, Ena/VASP, Carma1, among others. It is connected to cytoskeleton via its binding to Ena and VASP, which impacts actin cytoskeletal remodeling upon TCR ligation. The SH3 domain of ADAP adopts an altered fold referred to as a helically extended SH3 (hSH3) domain characterized by clusters of positive charges. The hSH3 domain can no longer bind conventional proline-rich peptides, instead, it functions as a novel lipid interaction domain and can bind acidic lipids such as phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, and polyphosphoinositides.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?AвА0А0АаАВЬcd11869, SH3_p40phox, Src Homology 3 domain of the p40phox subunit of NADPH oxidase. p40phox, also called Neutrophil cytosol factor 4 (NCF-4), is a cytosolic subunit of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex (also called Nox2 or gp91phox) which plays a crucial role in the cellular response to bacterial infection. NADPH oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to oxygen during phagocytosis forming superoxide and reactive oxygen species. p40phox positively regulates NADPH oxidase in both phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P)-dependent and PI3P-independent manner. It contains an N-terminal PX domain, a central SH3 domain, and a C-terminal PB1 domain that interacts with p67phox. The SH3 domain of p40phox binds to canonical polyproline and noncanonical motifs at the C-terminus of p47phox. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?BвА0А0АаАВScd11870, SH3_p67phox-like_C, C-terminal Src Homology 3 domain of the p67phox subunit of NADPH oxidase and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of p67phox, NADPH oxidase activator 1 (Noxa1), and similar proteins. p67phox, also called Neutrophil cytosol factor 2 (NCF-2), and Noxa1 are homologs and are the cytosolic subunits of the phagocytic (Nox2) and nonphagocytic (Nox1) NADPH oxidase complexes, respectively. NADPH oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to oxygen during phagocytosis forming superoxide and reactive oxygen species. p67phox and Noxa1 play regulatory roles. p67phox contains N-terminal TPR, first SH3 (or N-terminal or central SH3), PB1, and C-terminal SH3 domains. Noxa1 has a similar domain architecture except it is lacking the N-terminal SH3 domain. The TPR domain of both binds activated GTP-bound Rac, while the C-terminal SH3 domain of p67phox and Noxa1 binds the polyproline motif found at the C-terminus of p47phox and Noxo1, respectively. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?CвА0А0АаАВ·cd11871, SH3_p67phox_N, N-terminal (or first) Src Homology 3 domain of the p67phox subunit of NADPH oxidase. p67phox, also called Neutrophil cytosol factor 2 (NCF-2), is a cytosolic subunit of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex (also called Nox2 or gp91phox) which plays a crucial role in the cellular response to bacterial infection. NADPH oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to oxygen during phagocytosis forming superoxide and reactive oxygen species. p67phox plays a regulatory role and contains N-terminal TPR, first SH3 (or N-terminal or central SH3), PB1, and C-terminal SH3 domains. It binds, via its C-terminal SH3 domain, to a proline-rich region of p47phox and upon activation, this complex assembles with flavocytochrome b558, the Nox2-p22phox heterodimer. Concurrently, RacGTP translocates to the membrane and interacts with the TPR domain of p67phox, which leads to the activation of NADPH oxidase. The PB1 domain of p67phox binds to its partner PB1 domain in p40phox, and this facilitates the assembly of p47phox-p67phox at the membrane. The N-terminal SH3 domain increases the affinity of p67phox for the oxidase complex. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?DвА0А0АаАВecd11872, SH3_DOCK_AB, Src Homology 3 domain of Class A and B Dedicator of Cytokinesis proteins. DOCK proteins are atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that lack the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. They are divided into four classes (A-D) based on sequence similarity and domain architecture: class A includes Dock1, 2 and 5; class B includes Dock3 and 4; class C includes Dock6, 7, and 8; and class D includes Dock9, 10 and 11. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate while DHR-2 contains the catalytic activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. This subfamily includes only Class A and B DOCKs, which also contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus. Class A/B DOCKs are mostly specific GEFs for Rac, except Dock4 which activates the Ras family GTPase Rap1, probably indirectly through interaction with Rap regulatory proteins. The SH3 domain of class A/B DOCKs have been shown to bind Elmo, a scaffold protein that promotes GEF activity of DOCKs by releasing DHR-2 autoinhibition by the intramolecular SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?EвА0А0АаАВ{cd11873, SH3_CD2AP-like_1, First Src Homology 3 domain (SH3A) of CD2-associated protein and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of the first SH3 domain (SH3A) of CD2AP, CIN85 (Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa), and similar domains. CD2AP and CIN85 are adaptor proteins that bind to protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in T cell activation, kidney function, and apoptosis of neuronal cells. They also associate with endocytic proteins, actin cytoskeleton components, and other adaptor proteins involved in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. CD2AP and the main isoform of CIN85 contain three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CD2AP and CIN85 to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. SH3A of both proteins bind to an atypical PXXXPR motif at the C-terminus of Cbl and the cytoplasmic domain of the cell adhesion protein CD2. CIN85 SH3A binds to internal proline-rich motifs within the proline-rich region; this intramolecular interaction serves as a regulatory mechanism to keep CIN85 in a closed conformation, preventing the recruitment of other proteins. CIN85 SH3A has also been shown to bind ubiquitin. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?FвА0А0АаАВТcd11874, SH3_CD2AP-like_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain (SH3B) of CD2-associated protein and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of the second SH3 domain (SH3B) of CD2AP, CIN85 (Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa), and similar domains. CD2AP and CIN85 are adaptor proteins that bind to protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in T cell activation, kidney function, and apoptosis of neuronal cells. They also associate with endocytic proteins, actin cytoskeleton components, and other adaptor proteins involved in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. CD2AP and the main isoform of CIN85 contain three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CD2AP and CIN85 to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. SH3B of both proteins have been shown to bind to Cbl. In the case of CD2AP, its SH3B binds to Cbl at a site distinct from the c-Cbl/SH3A binding site. The CIN85 SH3B also binds ubiquitin. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?GвА0А0АаАВcd11875, SH3_CD2AP-like_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain (SH3C) of CD2-associated protein and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of the third SH3 domain (SH3C) of CD2AP, CIN85 (Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa), and similar domains. CD2AP and CIN85 are adaptor proteins that bind to protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in T cell activation, kidney function, and apoptosis of neuronal cells. They also associate with endocytic proteins, actin cytoskeleton components, and other adaptor proteins involved in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. CD2AP and the main isoform of CIN85 contain three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CD2AP and CIN85 to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. SH3C of both proteins have been shown to bind to ubiquitin. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?HвА0А0АаАВ╘cd11876, SH3_MLK, Src Homology 3 domain of Mixed Lineage Kinases. MLKs are Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. MLKs act as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks, MKKKs, MAPKKKs), which phosphorylate and activate MAPK kinases (MAPKKs or MKKs or MAP2Ks), which in turn phosphorylate and activate MAPKs during signaling cascades that are important in mediating cellular responses to extracellular signals. MLKs play roles in immunity and inflammation, as well as in cell death, proliferation, and cell cycle regulation. Mammals have four MLKs (MLK1-4), mostly conserved in vertebrates, which contain an SH3 domain, a catalytic kinase domain, a leucine zipper, a proline-rich region, and a CRIB domain that mediates binding to GTP-bound Cdc42 and Rac. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?IвА0А0АаАВLcd11877, SH3_PIX, Src Homology 3 domain of Pak Interactive eXchange factors. PIX proteins are Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. They act as GEFs for both Cdc42 and Rac 1, and have been implicated in cell motility, adhesion, neurite outgrowth, and cell polarity. Vertebrates contain two proteins from the PIX subfamily, alpha-PIX and beta-PIX. Alpha-PIX, also called ARHGEF6, is localized in dendritic spines where it regulates spine morphogenesis. Mutations in the ARHGEF6 gene cause X-linked intellectual disability in humans. Beta-PIX play roles in regulating neuroendocrine exocytosis, focal adhesion maturation, cell migration, synaptic vesicle localization, and insulin secretion. PIX proteins contain an N-terminal SH3 domain followed by RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH) and Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains, and a C-terminal leucine-zipper domain for dimerization. The SH3 domain of PIX binds to an atypical PxxxPR motif in p21-activated kinases (PAKs) with high affinity. The binding of PAKs to PIX facilitate the localization of PAKs to focal complexes and also localizes PAKs to PIX targets Cdc43 and Rac, leading to the activation of PAKs. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?JвА0А0АаАВ└cd11878, SH3_Bem1p_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of Bud emergence protein 1 and similar domains. Members of this subfamily bear similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bem1p, containing two Src Homology 3 (SH3) domains at the N-terminus, a central PX domain, and a C-terminal PB1 domain. Bem1p is a scaffolding protein that is critical for proper Cdc42p activation during bud formation in yeast. During budding and mating, Bem1p migrates to the plasma membrane where it can serve as an adaptor for Cdc42p and some other proteins. Bem1p also functions as an effector of the G1 cyclin Cln3p and the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28p in promoting vacuolar fusion. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?KвА0А0АаАВ┴cd11879, SH3_Bem1p_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of Bud emergence protein 1 and similar domains. Members of this subfamily bear similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bem1p, containing two Src Homology 3 (SH3) domains at the N-terminus, a central PX domain, and a C-terminal PB1 domain. Bem1p is a scaffolding protein that is critical for proper Cdc42p activation during bud formation in yeast. During budding and mating, Bem1p migrates to the plasma membrane where it can serve as an adaptor for Cdc42p and some other proteins. Bem1p also functions as an effector of the G1 cyclin Cln3p and the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28p in promoting vacuolar fusion. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?LвА0А0АаАВ,cd11880, SH3_Caskin, Src Homology 3 domain of CASK interacting protein. Caskin proteins are multidomain adaptor proteins that contain six ankyrin repeats, a single SH3 domain, tandem sterile alpha motif (SAM) domains, and a long disordered proline-rich region. There are two Caskin proteins called Caskin1 and Caskin2. Caskin1 binds to the multidomain scaffolding protein CASK through the CaM domain in competition with Munc-interacting protein 1 (Mint1). CASK participates in one of two evolutionarily conserved tripartite complexes containing either Mint1 and Velis or Caskin1 and Velis. Caskin1 may play a role in infantile myoclonic epilepsy. There is not much known about Caskin2; despite sharing a domain architecture with Caskin1, Caskin2 does not bind CASK. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?MвА0А0АаАВhcd11881, SH3_MYO7A, Src Homology 3 domain of Myosin VIIa and similar proteins. Myo7A is an uncoventional myosin that is involved in organelle transport. It is required for sensory function in both Drosophila and mammals. Mutations in the Myo7A gene cause both syndromic deaf-blindness [Usher syndrome I (USH1)] and nonsyndromic (DFNB2 and DFNA11) deafness in humans. It contains an N-terminal motor domain, light chain-binding IQ motifs, a coiled-coil region for heavy chain dimerization, and a tail consisting of a pair of MyTH4-FERM tandems separated by a SH3 domain. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?NвА0А0АаАВиcd11882, SH3_GRAF-like, Src Homology 3 domain of GTPase Regulator Associated with Focal adhesion kinase and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of Rho GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) with similarity to GRAF. Members contain an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a Rho GAP domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Although vertebrates harbor four Rho GAPs in the GRAF subfamily including GRAF, GRAF2, GRAF3, and Oligophrenin-1 (OPHN1), only three are included in this model. OPHN1 contains the BAR, PH and GAP domains, but not the C-terminal SH3 domain. GRAF and GRAF2 show GAP activity towards RhoA and Cdc42. GRAF influences Rho-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements and binds focal adhesion kinase. GRAF2 regulates caspase-activated p21-activated protein kinase-2. The SH3 domain of GRAF and GRAF2 binds PKNbeta, a target of the small GTPase Rho. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?OвА0А0АаАВбcd11883, SH3_Sdc25, Src Homology 3 domain of Sdc25/Cdc25 guanine nucleotide exchange factors. This subfamily is composed of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Sdc25 and Cdc25, and similar proteins. These GEFs regulate Ras by stimulating the GDP/GTP exchange on Ras. Cdc25 is involved in the Ras/PKA pathway that plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism, stress responses, and proliferation, depending on available nutrients and conditions. Proteins in this subfamily contain an N-terminal SH3 domain as well as REM (Ras exchanger motif) and RasGEF domains at the C-terminus. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?PвА0А0АаАВQcd11884, SH3_MYO15, Src Homology 3 domain of Myosin XV. This subfamily is composed of proteins with similarity to Myosin XVa. Myosin XVa is an unconventional myosin that is critical for the normal growth of mechanosensory stereocilia of inner ear hair cells. Mutations in the myosin XVa gene are associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss. Myosin XVa contains a unique N-terminal extension followed by a motor domain, light chain-binding IQ motifs, and a tail consisting of a pair of MyTH4-FERM tandems separated by a SH3 domain, and a PDZ domain. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?QвА0А0АаАВ)cd11885, SH3_SH3TC, Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeat-containing (SH3TC) proteins and similar domains. This subfamily is composed of vertebrate SH3TC proteins and hypothetical fungal proteins containing BAR and SH3 domains. Mammals contain two SH3TC proteins, SH3TC1 and SH3TC2. The function of SH3TC1 is unknown. SH3TC2 is localized in Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, where it interacts with Rab11 and plays a role in peripheral nerve myelination. Mutations in SH3TC2 are associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4C, a severe hereditary peripheral neuropathy with symptoms that include progressive scoliosis, delayed age of walking, muscular atrophy, distal weakness, and reduced nerve conduction velocity. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?RвА0А0АаАВ2cd11886, SH3_BOI, Src Homology 3 domain of fungal BOI-like proteins. This subfamily includes the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins BOI1 and BOI2, and similar proteins. They contain an N-terminal SH3 domain, a Sterile alpha motif (SAM), and a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the C-terminus. BOI1 and BOI2 interact with the SH3 domain of Bem1p, a protein involved in bud formation. They promote polarized cell growth and participates in the NoCut signaling pathway, which is involved in the control of cytokinesis. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?SвА0А0АаАВ!cd11887, SH3_Bbc1, Src Homology 3 domain of Bbc1 and similar domains. This subfamily is composed of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bbc1p, also called Mti1p (Myosin tail region-interacting protein), and similar proteins. Bbc1p interacts with and regulates type I myosins in yeast, Myo3p and Myo5p, which are involved in actin cytoskeletal reorganization. It also binds and inhibits Las17, a WASp family protein that functions as an activator of the Arp2/3 complex. Bbc1p contains an N-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?TвА0А0АаАВcd11888, SH3_ARHGAP9_like, Src Homology 3 domain of Rho GTPase-activating protein 9 and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of Rho GTPase-activating proteins including mammalian ARHGAP9, and vertebrate ARHGAPs 12 and 27. RhoGAPs (or ARHGAPs) bind to Rho proteins and enhance the hydrolysis rates of bound GTP. ARHGAP9 functions as a GAP for Rac and Cdc42, but not for RhoA. It negatively regulates cell migration and adhesion. It also acts as a docking protein for the MAP kinases Erk2 and p38alpha, and may facilitate cross-talk between the Rho GTPase and MAPK pathways to control actin remodeling. ARHGAP27, also called CAMGAP1, shows GAP activity towards Rac1 and Cdc42. It binds the adaptor protein CIN85 and may play a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. ARHGAP12 has been shown to display GAP activity towards Rac1. It plays a role in regulating HFG-driven cell growth and invasiveness. ARHGAPs in this subfamily contain SH3, WW, Pleckstin homology (PH), and RhoGAP domains. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?UвА0А0АаАВ cd11889, SH3_Cyk3p-like, Src Homology 3 domain of Cytokinesis protein 3 and similar proteins. Cytokinesis protein 3 (Cyk3 or Cyk3p) is a component of the actomyosin ring independent cytokinesis pathway in yeast. It interacts with Inn1 and facilitates its recruitment to the bud neck, thereby promoting cytokinesis. Cyk3p contains an N-terminal SH3 domain and a C-terminal transglutaminase-like domain. The Cyk3p SH3 domain binds to the C-terminal proline-rich region of Inn1. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?VвА0А0АаАВpcd11890, MIA, Melanoma Inhibitory Activity protein. MIA is a single domain protein that adopts a Src Homology 3 (SH3) domain-like fold; it contains an additional antiparallel beta sheet and two disulfide bonds compared to classical SH3 domains. MIA is secreted from malignant melanoma cells and it plays an important role in melanoma development and invasion. MIA is expressed by chondrocytes in normal tissues and may be important in the cartilage cell phenotype. Unlike classical SH3 domains, MIA does not bind proline-rich ligands. It binds peptide ligands with sequence similarity to type III human fibronectin repeats.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?WвА