0А0АаАВBcd11891, MIAL, Melanoma Inhibitory Activity-Like protein. MIAL is specifically expressed in the cochlea and the vestibule of the inner ear and may contribute to inner ear dysfunction in humans. MIAL is a member of the recently identified family that also includes MIA, MIA2, and MIA3 (also called TANGO); MIA is the most studied member of the family. MIA is a single domain protein that adopts a Src Homology 3 (SH3) domain-like fold; it contains an additional antiparallel beta sheet and two disulfide bonds compared to classical SH3 domains. MIA is secreted from malignant melanoma cells and it plays an important role in melanoma development and invasion. MIA is expressed by chondrocytes in normal tissues and may be important in the cartilage cell phenotype. Unlike classical SH3 domains, MIA does not bind proline-rich ligands.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?XвА0А0АаАВ╝cd11892, SH3_MIA2, Src Homology 3 domain of Melanoma Inhibitory Activity 2 protein. MIA2 is expressed specifically in hepatocytes and its expression is controlled by hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 binding sites in the MIA2 promoter. It inhibits the growth and invasion of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and may act as a tumor suppressor. A mutation in MIA2 in mice resulted in reduced cholesterol and triglycerides. Since MIA2 localizes to ER exit sites, it may function as an ER-to-Golgi trafficking protein that regulates lipid metabolism. MIA2 contains an N-terminal SH3-like domain, similar to MIA. It is a member of the recently identified family that also includes MIA, MIAL, and MIA3 (also called TANGO). MIA is a single domain protein that adopts a SH3 domain-like fold; it contains an additional antiparallel beta sheet and two disulfide bonds compared to classical SH3 domains. Unlike classical SH3 domains, MIA does not bind proline-rich ligands.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?YвА0А0АаАВЯcd11893, SH3_MIA3, Src Homology 3 domain of Melanoma Inhibitory Activity 3 protein. MIA3, also called TANGO or TANGO1, acts as a tumor suppressor of malignant melanoma. It is downregulated or lost in melanoma cells lines. Unlike other MIA family members, MIA3 is widely expressed except in hematopoietic cells. MIA3 is an ER resident transmembrane protein that is required for the loading of collagen VII into transport vesicles. SNPs in the MIA3 gene have been associated with coronary arterial disease and myocardial infarction. MIA3 contains an N-terminal SH3-like domain, similar to MIA. It is a member of the recently identified family that also includes MIA, MIAL, and MIA2. MIA is a single domain protein that adopts a SH3 domain-like fold; it contains an additional antiparallel beta sheet and two disulfide bonds compared to classical SH3 domains. Unlike classical SH3 domains, MIA does not bind proline-rich ligands.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ZвА0А0АаАВ▒cd11894, SH3_FCHSD2_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of FCH and double SH3 domains protein 2. FCHSD2 has a domain structure consisting of an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs), two SH3, and C-terminal proline-rich domains. It has only been characterized in silico and its function is unknown. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?[вА0А0АаАВ▒cd11895, SH3_FCHSD1_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of FCH and double SH3 domains protein 1. FCHSD1 has a domain structure consisting of an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs), two SH3, and C-terminal proline-rich domains. It has only been characterized in silico and its function is unknown. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?\вА0А0АаАВmcd11896, SH3_SNX33, Src Homology 3 domain of Sorting Nexin 33. SNX33 interacts with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and plays a role in the maintenance of cell shape and cell cycle progression. It modulates the shedding and endocytosis of cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) and amyloid precursor protein (APP). SNXs are Phox homology (PX) domain containing proteins that are involved in regulating membrane traffic and protein sorting in the endosomal system. SNX33 also contains BAR and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?]вА0А0АаАВlcd11897, SH3_SNX18, Src Homology 3 domain of Sorting nexin 18. SNX18 is localized to peripheral endosomal structures, and acts in a trafficking pathway that is clathrin-independent but relies on AP-1 and PACS1. It binds FIP5 and is required for apical lumen formation. It may also play a role in axonal elongation. SNXs are Phox homology (PX) domain containing proteins that are involved in regulating membrane traffic and protein sorting in the endosomal system. SNX18 also contains BAR and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?^вА0А0АаАВ}cd11898, SH3_SNX9, Src Homology 3 domain of Sorting nexin 9. Sorting nexin 9 (SNX9), also known as SH3PX1, is a cytosolic protein that interacts with proteins associated with clathrin-coated pits such as Cdc-42-associated tyrosine kinase 2 (ACK2). It binds class I polyproline sequences found in dynamin 1/2 and the WASP/N-WASP actin regulators. SNX9 is localized to plasma membrane endocytic sites and acts primarily in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Its array of interacting partners suggests that SNX9 functions at the interface between endocytosis and actin cytoskeletal organization. SNXs are Phox homology (PX) domain containing proteins that are involved in regulating membrane traffic and protein sorting in the endosomal system. SNX9 also contains BAR and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?_вА0А0АаАВ║cd11899, SH3_Nck2_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of Nck2 adaptor protein. Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4, Grb4) plays a crucial role in connecting signaling pathways of tyrosine kinase receptors and important effectors in actin dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling. It binds neuronal signaling proteins such as ephrinB and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) exclusively. Nck adaptor proteins regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to protein tyrosine kinases and phosphorylated signaling intermediates. They contain three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. They function downstream of the PDGFbeta receptor and are involved in Rho GTPase signaling and actin dynamics. Vertebrates contain two Nck adaptor proteins: Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) and Nck2, which show partly overlapping functions but also bind distinct targets. The first SH3 domain of Nck2 binds the PxxDY sequence in the CD3e cytoplasmic tail; this binding inhibits phosphorylation by Src kinases, resulting in the downregulation of TCR surface expression. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially a PxxP motif. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?`вА0А0АаАВ╙cd11900, SH3_Nck1_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of Nck1 adaptor protein. Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) plays a crucial role in connecting signaling pathways of tyrosine kinase receptors and important effectors in actin dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling. It binds and activates RasGAP, resulting in the downregulation of Ras. It is also involved in the signaling of endothilin-mediated inhibition of cell migration. Nck adaptor proteins regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to protein tyrosine kinases and phosphorylated signaling intermediates. They contain three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. They function downstream of the PDGFbeta receptor and are involved in Rho GTPase signaling and actin dynamics. Vertebrates contain two Nck adaptor proteins: Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) and Nck2, which show partly overlapping functions but also bind distinct targets. The first SH3 domain of Nck1 binds the PxxDY sequence in the CD3e cytoplasmic tail; this binding inhibits phosphorylation by Src kinases, resulting in the downregulation of TCR surface expression. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially a PxxP motif. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?aвА0А0АаАВdcd11901, SH3_Nck1_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of Nck1 adaptor protein. Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) plays a crucial role in connecting signaling pathways of tyrosine kinase receptors and important effectors in actin dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling. It binds and activates RasGAP, resulting in the downregulation of Ras. It is also involved in the signaling of endothilin-mediated inhibition of cell migration. Nck adaptor proteins regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to protein tyrosine kinases and phosphorylated signaling intermediates. They contain three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. They function downstream of the PDGFbeta receptor and are involved in Rho GTPase signaling and actin dynamics. Vertebrates contain two Nck adaptor proteins: Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) and Nck2, which show partly overlapping functions but also bind distinct targets. The second SH3 domain of Nck appears to prefer ligands containing the APxxPxR motif. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially a PxxP motif. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?bвА0А0АаАВKcd11902, SH3_Nck2_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of Nck2 adaptor protein. Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4, Grb4) plays a crucial role in connecting signaling pathways of tyrosine kinase receptors and important effectors in actin dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling. It binds neuronal signaling proteins such as ephrinB and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) exclusively. Nck adaptor proteins regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to protein tyrosine kinases and phosphorylated signaling intermediates. They contain three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. They function downstream of the PDGFbeta receptor and are involved in Rho GTPase signaling and actin dynamics. Vertebrates contain two Nck adaptor proteins: Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) and Nck2, which show partly overlapping functions but also bind distinct targets. The second SH3 domain of Nck appears to prefer ligands containing the APxxPxR motif. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially a PxxP motif. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?cвА0А0АаАВ@cd11903, SH3_Nck2_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain of Nck2 adaptor protein. Nck2 (also called Nckbeta or Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4, Grb4) plays a crucial role in connecting signaling pathways of tyrosine kinase receptors and important effectors in actin dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling. It binds neuronal signaling proteins such as ephrinB and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) exclusively. Nck adaptor proteins regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to protein tyrosine kinases and phosphorylated signaling intermediates. They contain three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. They function downstream of the PDGFbeta receptor and are involved in Rho GTPase signaling and actin dynamics. Vertebrates contain two Nck adaptor proteins: Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) and Nck2, which show partly overlapping functions but also bind distinct targets. The third SH3 domain of Nck appears to prefer ligands with a PxAPxR motif. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially a PxxP motif. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?dвА0А0АаАВYcd11904, SH3_Nck1_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain of Nck1 adaptor protein. Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) plays a crucial role in connecting signaling pathways of tyrosine kinase receptors and important effectors in actin dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling. It binds and activates RasGAP, resulting in the downregulation of Ras. It is also involved in the signaling of endothilin-mediated inhibition of cell migration. Nck adaptor proteins regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to protein tyrosine kinases and phosphorylated signaling intermediates. They contain three SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. They function downstream of the PDGFbeta receptor and are involved in Rho GTPase signaling and actin dynamics. Vertebrates contain two Nck adaptor proteins: Nck1 (also called Nckalpha) and Nck2, which show partly overlapping functions but also bind distinct targets. The third SH3 domain of Nck appears to prefer ligands with a PxAPxR motif. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that usually bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially a PxxP motif. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?eвА0А0АаАВыcd11905, SH3_Tec, Src Homology 3 domain of Tec (Tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma). Tec is a cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinase containing Src homology protein interaction domains (SH3, SH2) N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. It also contains an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, which binds the products of PI3K and allows membrane recruitment and activation, and the Tec homology (TH) domain, which contains proline-rich and zinc-binding regions. It is more widely-expressed than other Tec subfamily kinases. Tec is found in endothelial cells, both B- and T-cells, and a variety of myeloid cells including mast cells, erythroid cells, platelets, macrophages and neutrophils. Tec is a key component of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling, and is important in TCR-stimulated proliferation, IL-2 production and phospholipase C-gamma1 activation. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?fвА0А0АаАВcd11906, SH3_BTK, Src Homology 3 domain of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. BTK is a cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinase containing Src homology protein interaction domains (SH3, SH2) N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. It also contains an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, which binds the products of PI3K and allows membrane recruitment and activation, and the Tec homology (TH) domain with proline-rich and zinc-binding regions. Btk is expressed in B-cells, and a variety of myeloid cells including mast cells, platelets, neutrophils, and dendrictic cells. It interacts with a variety of partners, from cytosolic proteins to nuclear transcription factors, suggesting a diversity of functions. Stimulation of a diverse array of cell surface receptors, including antigen engagement of the B-cell receptor (BCR), leads to PH-mediated membrane translocation of Btk and subsequent phosphorylation by Src kinase and activation. Btk plays an important role in the life cycle of B-cells including their development, differentiation, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Mutations in Btk cause the primary immunodeficiency disease, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) in humans. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?gвА0А0АаАВxcd11907, SH3_TXK, Src Homology 3 domain of TXK, also called Resting lymphocyte kinase (Rlk). TXK is a cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinase containing Src homology protein interaction domains (SH3, SH2) N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. It also contains an N-terminal cysteine-rich region. Rlk is expressed in T-cells and mast cell lines, and is a key component of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. It is important in TCR-stimulated proliferation, IL-2 production and phospholipase C-gamma1 activation. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?hвА0А0АаАВ╓cd11908, SH3_ITK, Src Homology 3 domain of Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell Kinase. ITK (also known as Tsk or Emt) is a cytoplasmic (or nonreceptor) tyr kinase containing Src homology protein interaction domains (SH3, SH2) N-terminal to the catalytic tyr kinase domain. It also contains an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, which binds the products of PI3K and allows membrane recruitment and activation, and the Tec homology (TH) domain, which contains proline-rich and zinc-binding regions. ITK is expressed in T-cells and mast cells, and is important in their development and differentiation. Of the three Tec kinases expressed in T-cells, ITK plays the predominant role in T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. It is activated by phosphorylation upon TCR crosslinking and is involved in the pathway resulting in phospholipase C-gamma1 activation and actin polymerization. It also plays a role in the downstream signaling of the T-cell costimulatory receptor CD28, the T-cell surface receptor CD2, and the chemokine receptor CXCR4. In addition, ITK is crucial for the development of T-helper(Th)2 effector responses. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?iвА0А0АаАВЧcd11909, SH3_PI3K_p85beta, Src Homology 3 domain of the p85beta regulatory subunit of Class IA Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Class I PI3Ks convert PtdIns(4,5)P2 to the critical second messenger PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. They are heterodimers and exist in multiple isoforms consisting of one catalytic subunit (out of four isoforms) and one of several regulatory subunits. Class IA PI3Ks associate with the p85 regulatory subunit family, which contains SH3, RhoGAP, and SH2 domains. The p85 subunits recruit the PI3K p110 catalytic subunit to the membrane, where p110 phosphorylates inositol lipids. Vertebrates harbor two p85 isoforms, called alpha and beta. In addition to regulating the p110 subunit, p85beta binds CD28 and may be involved in the activation and differentiation of antigen-stimulated T cells. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?jвА0А0АаАВVcd11910, SH3_PI3K_p85alpha, Src Homology 3 domain of the p85alpha regulatory subunit of Class IA Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Class I PI3Ks convert PtdIns(4,5)P2 to the critical second messenger PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. They are heterodimers and exist in multiple isoforms consisting of one catalytic subunit (out of four isoforms) and one of several regulatory subunits. Class IA PI3Ks associate with the p85 regulatory subunit family, which contains SH3, RhoGAP, and SH2 domains. The p85 subunits recruit the PI3K p110 catalytic subunit to the membrane, where p110 phosphorylates inositol lipids. Vertebrates harbor two p85 isoforms, called alpha and beta. In addition to regulating the p110 subunit, p85alpha interacts with activated FGFR3. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?kвА0А0АаАВpcd11911, SH3_CIP4-like, Src Homology 3 domain of Cdc42-Interacting Protein 4. This subfamily is composed of Cdc42-Interacting Protein 4 (CIP4), Formin Binding Protein 17 (FBP17), FormiN Binding Protein 1-Like (FNBP1L), and similar proteins. CIP4 and FNBP1L are Cdc42 effectors that bind Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and function in endocytosis. CIP4 and FBP17 bind to the Fas ligand and may be implicated in the inflammatory response. CIP4 may also play a role in phagocytosis. It functions downstream of Cdc42 in PDGF-dependent actin reorganization and cell migration, and also regulates the activity of PDGFRbeta. It uses Src as a substrate in regulating the invasiveness of breast tumor cells. CIP4 may also play a role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. Members of this subfamily typically contain an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs) domain, a central Cdc42-binding HR1 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of CIP4 associates with Gapex-5, a Rab31 GEF. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?lвА0А0АаАВМcd11912, SH3_Bzz1_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of Bzz1 and similar domains. Bzz1 (or Bzz1p) is a WASP/Las17-interacting protein involved in endocytosis and trafficking to the vacuole. It physically interacts with type I myosins and functions in the early steps of endocytosis. Together with other proteins, it induces membrane scission in yeast. Bzz1 contains an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs), a central coiled-coil, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. This model represents the first C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?mвА0А0АаАВ;cd11913, SH3_BAIAP2L1, Src Homology 3 domain of Brain-specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 1-Associated Protein 2-Like 1, also called Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Substrate (IRTKS). BAIAP2L1 or IRTKS is widely expressed, serves as a substrate for the insulin receptor, and binds the small GTPase Rac. It plays a role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and colocalizes with F-actin, cortactin, VASP, and vinculin. BAIAP2L1 expression leads to the formation of short actin bundles, distinct from filopodia-like protrusions induced by the expression of the related protein IRSp53. IRTKS mediates the recruitment of effector proteins Tir and EspFu, which regulate host cell actin reorganization, to bacterial attachment sites. It contains an N-terminal IMD or Inverse-Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (I-BAR) domain, an SH3 domain, and a WASP homology 2 (WH2) actin-binding motif at the C-terminus. The SH3 domain of IRTKS has been shown to bind the proline-rich C-terminus of EspFu. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?nвА0А0АаАВPcd11914, SH3_BAIAP2L2, Src Homology 3 domain of Brain-specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 1-Associated Protein 2-Like 2. BAIAP2L2 co-localizes with clathrin plaques but its function has not been determined. It contains an N-terminal IMD or Inverse-Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (I-BAR) domain, an SH3 domain, and a WASP homology 2 (WH2) actin-binding motif at the C-terminus. The related proteins, BAIAP2L1 and IRSp53, function as regulators of membrane dynamics and the actin cytoskeleton. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?oвА0А0АаАВqcd11915, SH3_Irsp53, Src Homology 3 domain of Insulin Receptor tyrosine kinase Substrate p53. IRSp53 is also known as BAIAP2 (Brain-specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 1-Associated Protein 2). It is a scaffolding protein that takes part in many signaling pathways including Cdc42-induced filopodia formation, Rac-mediated lamellipodia extension, and spine morphogenesis. IRSp53 exists as multiple splicing variants that differ mainly at the C-termini. One variant (T-form) is expressed exclusively in human breast cancer cells. The gene encoding IRSp53 is a putative susceptibility gene for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. IRSp53 can also mediate the recruitment of effector proteins Tir and EspFu, which regulate host cell actin reorganization, to bacterial attachment sites. It contains an N-terminal IMD, a CRIB (Cdc42 and Rac interactive binding motif), an SH3 domain, and a WASP homology 2 (WH2) actin-binding motif at the C-terminus. The SH3 domain of IRSp53 has been shown to bind the proline-rich C-terminus of EspFu. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?pвА0А0АаАВ4cd11916, SH3_Sorbs1_3, Third (or C-terminal) Src Homology 3 domain of Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 (Sorbs1), also called ponsin. Sorbs1 is also called ponsin, SH3P12, or CAP (c-Cbl associated protein). It is an adaptor protein containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. It binds Cbl and plays a major role in regulating the insulin signaling pathway by enhancing insulin-induced phosphorylation of Cbl. Sorbs1, like vinexin, localizes at cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites where it binds vinculin, paxillin, and afadin. It may function in the control of cell motility. Other interaction partners of Sorbs1 include c-Abl, Sos, flotillin, Grb4, ataxin-7, filamin C, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?qвА0А0АаАВОcd11917, SH3_Sorbs2_3, Third (or C-terminal) Src Homology 3 domain of Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 2 (Sorbs2), also called Arg-binding protein 2 (ArgBP2). Sorbs2 or ArgBP2 is an adaptor protein containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. It regulates actin-dependent processes including cell adhesion, morphology, and migration. It is expressed in many tissues and is abundant in the heart. Like vinexin, it is found in focal adhesion where it interacts with vinculin and afadin. It also localizes in epithelial cell stress fibers and in cardiac muscle cell Z-discs. Sorbs2 has been implicated to play roles in the signaling of c-Arg, Akt, and Pyk2. Other interaction partners of Sorbs2 include c-Abl, flotillin, spectrin, dynamin 1/2, synaptojanin, PTP-PEST, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?rвА0А0АаАВcd11918, SH3_Vinexin_3, Third (or C-terminal) Src Homology 3 domain of Vinexin, also called Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 3 (Sorbs3). Vinexin is also called Sorbs3, SH3P3, and SH3-containing adapter molecule 1 (SCAM-1). It is an adaptor protein containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. Vinexin was first identified as a vinculin binding protein; it is co-localized with vinculin at cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites. There are several splice variants of vinexin: alpha, which contains the SoHo and three SH3 domains and displays tissue-specific expression; and beta, which contains only the three SH3 domains and is widely expressed. Vinexin alpha stimulates the accumulation of F-actin at focal contact sites. Vinexin also promotes keratinocyte migration and wound healing. The SH3 domains of vinexin have been reported to bind a number of ligands including vinculin, WAVE2, DLG5, Abl, and Cbl. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?sвА0А0АаАВ$cd11919, SH3_Sorbs1_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 (Sorbs1), also called ponsin. Sorbs1 is also called ponsin, SH3P12, or CAP (c-Cbl associated protein). It is an adaptor protein containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. It binds Cbl and plays a major role in regulating the insulin signaling pathway by enhancing insulin-induced phosphorylation of Cbl. Sorbs1, like vinexin, localizes at cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites where it binds vinculin, paxillin, and afadin. It may function in the control of cell motility. Other interaction partners of Sorbs1 include c-Abl, Sos, flotillin, Grb4, ataxin-7, filamin C, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?tвА0А0АаАВ~cd11920, SH3_Sorbs2_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 2 (Sorbs2), also called Arg-binding protein 2 (ArgBP2). Sorbs2 or ArgBP2 is an adaptor protein containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. It regulates actin-dependent processes including cell adhesion, morphology, and migration. It is expressed in many tissues and is abundant in the heart. Like vinexin, it is found in focal adhesion where it interacts with vinculin and afadin. It also localizes in epithelial cell stress fibers and in cardiac muscle cell Z-discs. Sorbs2 has been implicated to play roles in the signaling of c-Arg, Akt, and Pyk2. Other interaction partners of Sorbs2 include c-Abl, flotillin, spectrin, dynamin 1/2, synaptojanin, PTP-PEST, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?uвА0А0АаАВ■cd11921, SH3_Vinexin_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of Vinexin, also called Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 3 (Sorbs3). Vinexin is also called Sorbs3, SH3P3, and SH3-containing adapter molecule 1 (SCAM-1). It is an adaptor protein containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. Vinexin was first identified as a vinculin binding protein; it is co-localized with vinculin at cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites. There are several splice variants of vinexin: alpha, which contains the SoHo and three SH3 domains and displays tissue-specific expression; and beta, which contains only the three SH3 domains and is widely expressed. Vinexin alpha stimulates the accumulation of F-actin at focal contact sites. Vinexin also promotes keratinocyte migration and wound healing. The SH3 domains of vinexin have been reported to bind a number of ligands including vinculin, WAVE2, DLG5, Abl, and Cbl. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?vвА0А0АаАВ%cd11922, SH3_Sorbs1_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 (Sorbs1), also called ponsin. Sorbs1 is also called ponsin, SH3P12, or CAP (c-Cbl associated protein). It is an adaptor protein containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. It binds Cbl and plays a major role in regulating the insulin signaling pathway by enhancing insulin-induced phosphorylation of Cbl. Sorbs1, like vinexin, localizes at cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites where it binds vinculin, paxillin, and afadin. It may function in the control of cell motility. Other interaction partners of Sorbs1 include c-Abl, Sos, flotillin, Grb4, ataxin-7, filamin C, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?wвА0А0АаАВcd11923, SH3_Sorbs2_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 2 (Sorbs2), also called Arg-binding protein 2 (ArgBP2). Sorbs2 or ArgBP2 is an adaptor protein containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. It regulates actin-dependent processes including cell adhesion, morphology, and migration. It is expressed in many tissues and is abundant in the heart. Like vinexin, it is found in focal adhesion where it interacts with vinculin and afadin. It also localizes in epithelial cell stress fibers and in cardiac muscle cell Z-discs. Sorbs2 has been implicated to play roles in the signaling of c-Arg, Akt, and Pyk2. Other interaction partners of Sorbs2 include c-Abl, flotillin, spectrin, dynamin 1/2, synaptojanin, PTP-PEST, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?xвА0А0АаАВ cd11924, SH3_Vinexin_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of Vinexin, also called Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 3 (Sorbs3). Vinexin is also called Sorbs3, SH3P3, and SH3-containing adapter molecule 1 (SCAM-1). It is an adaptor protein containing one sorbin homology (SoHo) and three SH3 domains. Vinexin was first identified as a vinculin binding protein; it is co-localized with vinculin at cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites. There are several splice variants of vinexin: alpha, which contains the SoHo and three SH3 domains and displays tissue-specific expression; and beta, which contains only the three SH3 domains and is widely expressed. Vinexin alpha stimulates the accumulation of F-actin at focal contact sites. Vinexin also promotes keratinocyte migration and wound healing. The SH3 domains of vinexin have been reported to bind a number of ligands including vinculin, WAVE2, DLG5, Abl, and Cbl. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?yвА0А0АаАВcd11925, SH3_SH3RF3_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger 3, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. SH3RF3 is also called POSH2 (Plenty of SH3s 2) or SH3MD4 (SH3 multiple domains protein 4). It is a scaffold protein with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. It was identified in the screen for interacting partners of p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2). It may play a role in regulating JNK mediated apoptosis in certain conditions. It also interacts with GTP-loaded Rac1. SH3RF3 is highly homologous to SH3RF1; it also contains an N-terminal RING finger domain and four SH3 domains. This model represents the third SH3 domain, located in the middle, of SH3RF3. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?zвА0А0АаАВCcd11926, SH3_SH3RF1_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger 1, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. SH3RF1 is also called POSH (Plenty of SH3s) or SH3MD2 (SH3 multiple domains protein 2). It is a scaffold protein that acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. It plays a role in calcium homeostasis through the control of the ubiquitin domain protein Herp. It may also have a role in regulating death receptor mediated and JNK mediated apoptosis. SH3RF1 also enhances the ubiquitination of ROMK1 potassium channel resulting in its increased endocytosis. It contains an N-terminal RING finger domain and four SH3 domains. This model represents the third SH3 domain, located in the middle, of SH3RF1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?{вА0А0АаАВTcd11927, SH3_SH3RF1_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger protein 1, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. SH3RF1 is also called POSH (Plenty of SH3s) or SH3MD2 (SH3 multiple domains protein 2). It is a scaffold protein that acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. It plays a role in calcium homeostasis through the control of the ubiquitin domain protein Herp. It may also have a role in regulating death receptor mediated and JNK mediated apoptosis. SH3RF1 also enhances the ubiquitination of ROMK1 potassium channel resulting in its increased endocytosis. It contains an N-terminal RING finger domain and four SH3 domains. This model represents the first SH3 domain, located at the N-terminal half, of SH3RF1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?|вА0А0АаАВ%cd11928, SH3_SH3RF3_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger 3, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. SH3RF3 is also called POSH2 (Plenty of SH3s 2) or SH3MD4 (SH3 multiple domains protein 4). It is a scaffold protein with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. It was identified in the screen for interacting partners of p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2). It may play a role in regulating JNK mediated apoptosis in certain conditions. It also interacts with GTP-loaded Rac1. SH3RF3 is highly homologous to SH3RF1; it also contains an N-terminal RING finger domain and four SH3 domains. This model represents the first SH3 domain, located at the N-terminal half, of SH3RF3. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?}вА0А0АаАВїcd11929, SH3_SH3RF2_1, First Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger 2. SH3RF2 is also called POSHER (POSH-eliminating RING protein) or HEPP1 (heart protein phosphatase 1-binding protein). It acts as an anti-apoptotic regulator of the JNK pathway by binding to and promoting the degradation of SH3RF1 (or POSH), a scaffold protein that is required for pro-apoptotic JNK activation. It may also play a role in cardiac functions together with protein phosphatase 1. SH3RF2 contains an N-terminal RING finger domain and three SH3 domains. This model represents the first SH3 domain, located at the N-terminal half, of SH3RF2. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?~вА0А0АаАВycd11930, SH3_SH3RF1_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger protein 1, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. SH3RF1 is also called POSH (Plenty of SH3s) or SH3MD2 (SH3 multiple domains protein 2). It is a scaffold protein that acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. It plays a role in calcium homeostasis through the control of the ubiquitin domain protein Herp. It may also have a role in regulating death receptor mediated and JNK mediated apoptosis. SH3RF1 also enhances the ubiquitination of ROMK1 potassium channel resulting in its increased endocytosis. It contains an N-terminal RING finger domain and four SH3 domains. This model represents the second SH3 domain, located C-terminal of the first SH3 domain at the N-terminal half, of SH3RF1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?вА0А0АаАВJcd11931, SH3_SH3RF3_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger 3, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. SH3RF3 is also called POSH2 (Plenty of SH3s 2) or SH3MD4 (SH3 multiple domains protein 4). It is a scaffold protein with E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. It was identified in the screen for interacting partners of p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2). It may play a role in regulating JNK mediated apoptosis in certain conditions. It also interacts with GTP-loaded Rac1. SH3RF3 is highly homologous to SH3RF1; it also contains an N-terminal RING finger domain and four SH3 domains. This model represents the second SH3 domain, located C-terminal of the first SH3 domain at the N-terminal half, of SH3RF3. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?АвА0А0АаАВcd11932, SH3_SH3RF2_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain containing ring finger 2. SH3RF2 is also called POSHER (POSH-eliminating RING protein) or HEPP1 (heart protein phosphatase 1-binding protein). It acts as an anti-apoptotic regulator of the JNK pathway by binding to and promoting the degradation of SH3RF1 (or POSH), a scaffold protein that is required for pro-apoptotic JNK activation. It may also play a role in cardiac functions together with protein phosphatase 1. SH3RF2 contains an N-terminal RING finger domain and three SH3 domains. This model represents the second SH3 domain, located C-terminal of the first SH3 domain at the N-terminal half, of SH3RF2. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?БвА0А0АаАВїcd11933, SH3_Nebulin_C, C-terminal Src Homology 3 domain of Nebulin. Nebulin is a giant filamentous protein (600-900 kD) that is expressed abundantly in skeletal muscle. It binds to actin thin filaments and regulates its assembly and function. Nebulin was thought to be part of a molecular ruler complex that is critical in determining the lengths of actin thin filaments in skeletal muscle since its length, which varies due to alternative splicing, correlates with the length of thin filaments in various muscle types. Recent studies indicate that nebulin regulates thin filament length by stabilizing the filaments and preventing depolymerization. Mutations in nebulin can cause nemaline myopathy, characterized by muscle weakness which can be severe and can lead to neonatal lethality. Nebulin contains an N-terminal LIM domain, many nebulin repeats/super repeats, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ВвА0А0АаАВЫcd11934, SH3_Lasp1_C, C-terminal Src Homology 3 domain of LIM and SH3 domain protein 1. Lasp1 is a cytoplasmic protein that binds focal adhesion proteins and is involved in cell signaling, migration, and proliferation. It is overexpressed in several cancer cells including breast, ovarian, bladder, and liver. In cancer cells, it can be found in the nucleus; its degree of nuclear localization correlates with tumor size and poor prognosis. Lasp1 is a 36kD protein containing an N-terminal LIM domain, two nebulin repeats, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ГвА0А0АаАВmcd11935, SH3_Nebulette_C, C-terminal Src Homology 3 domain of Nebulette and LIM-nebulette (or Lasp2). Nebulette is a cardiac-specific protein that localizes to the Z-disc. It interacts with tropomyosin and is important in stabilizing actin thin filaments in cardiac muscles. Polymorphisms in the nebulette gene are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, with some mutations resulting in severe heart failure. Nebulette is a 107kD protein that contains an N-terminal acidic region, multiple nebulin repeats, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. LIM-nebulette, also called Lasp2 (LIM and SH3 domain protein 2), is an alternatively spliced variant of nebulette. Although it shares a gene with nebulette, Lasp2 is not transcribed from a muscle-specific promoter, giving rise to its multiple tissue expression pattern with highest amounts in the brain. It can crosslink actin filaments and it affects cell spreading. Lasp2 is a 34kD protein containing an N-terminal LIM domain, three nebulin repeats, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ДвА0А0АаАВcd11936, SH3_UBASH3B, Src homology 3 domain of Ubiquitin-associated and SH3 domain-containing protein B. UBASH3B, also called Suppressor of T cell receptor Signaling (STS)-1 or T cell Ubiquitin LigAnd (TULA)-2 is an active phosphatase that is expressed ubiquitously. The phosphatase activity of UBASH3B is essential for its roles in the suppression of TCR signaling and the regulation of EGFR. It also interacts with Syk and functions as a negative regulator of platelet glycoprotein VI signaling. TULA proteins contain an N-terminal UBA domain, a central SH3 domain, and a C-terminal histidine phosphatase domain. They bind c-Cbl through the SH3 domain and to ubiquitin via UBA. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЕвА0А0АаАВ9cd11937, SH3_UBASH3A, Src homology 3 domain of Ubiquitin-associated and SH3 domain-containing protein A. UBASH3A is also called Cbl-Interacting Protein 4 (CLIP4), T cell Ubiquitin LigAnd (TULA), or T cell receptor Signaling (STS)-2. It is only found in lymphoid cells and exhibits weak phosphatase activity. UBASH3A facilitates T cell-induced apoptosis through interaction with the apoptosis-inducing factor AIF. It is involved in regulating the level of phosphorylation of the zeta-associated protein (ZAP)-70 tyrosine kinase. TULA proteins contain an N-terminal UBA domain, a central SH3 domain, and a C-terminal histidine phosphatase domain. They bind c-Cbl through the SH3 domain and to ubiquitin via UBA. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЖвА0А0АаАВЁcd11938, SH3_ARHGEF16_26, Src homology 3 domain of the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors ARHGEF16 and ARHGEF26. ARHGEF16, also called ephexin-4, acts as a GEF for RhoG, activating it by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. RhoG is a small GTPase that is a crucial regulator of Rac in migrating cells. ARHGEF16 interacts directly with the ephrin receptor EphA2 and mediates cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells by activating RhoG. ARHGEF26, also called SGEF (SH3 domain-containing guanine exchange factor), also activates RhoG. It is highly expressed in liver and may play a role in regulating membrane dynamics. ARHGEF16 and ARHGEF26 contain RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), and SH3 domains. The SH3 domains of ARHGEFs play an autoinhibitory role through intramolecular interactions with a proline-rich region N-terminal to the DH domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЗвА0А0АаАВOcd11939, SH3_ephexin1, Src homology 3 domain of the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, ephexin-1 (also called NGEF or ARHGEF27). Ephexin-1, also called NGEF (neuronal GEF) or ARHGEF27, activates RhoA, Tac1, and Cdc42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It is expressed mainly in the brain in a region associated with movement control. It regulates the stability of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters and thus, plays a critical role in the maturation and neurotransmission of neuromuscular junctions. Ephexin-1 directly interacts with the ephrin receptor EphA4 and their coexpression enhances the ability of ephexin-1 to activate RhoA. It is required for normal axon growth and EphA-induced growth cone collapse. Ephexin-1 contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), and SH3 domains. The SH3 domains of ARHGEFs play an autoinhibitory role through intramolecular interactions with a proline-rich region N-terminal to the DH domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ИвА0А0АаАВNcd11940, SH3_ARHGEF5_19, Src homology 3 domain of the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors ARHGEF5 and ARHGEF19. ARHGEF5, also called ephexin-3 or TIM (Transforming immortalized mammary oncogene), is a potent activator of RhoA and it plays roles in regulating cell shape, adhesion, and migration. It binds to the SH3 domain of Src and is involved in regulating Src-induced podosome formation. ARHGEF19, also called ephexin-2 or WGEF (weak-similarity GEF), is highly expressed in the intestine, liver, heart and kidney. It activates RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac 1, and has been shown to activate RhoA in the Wnt-PCP (planar cell polarity) pathway. It is involved in the regulation of cell polarity and cytoskeletal reorganization. ARHGEF5 and ARHGEF19 contain RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), and SH3 domains. The SH3 domains of ARHGEFs play an autoinhibitory role through intramolecular interactions with a proline-rich region N-terminal to the DH domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЙвА0А0АаАВ╙cd11941, SH3_ARHGEF37_C2, Second C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 37. ARHGEF37 contains a RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain followed by a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. Its specific function is unknown. Its domain architecture is similar to the C-terminal half of DNMBP or Tuba, a cdc42-specific GEF that provides a functional link between dynamin, Rho GTPase signaling, and actin dynamics, and plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. GEFs activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?КвА0А0АаАВkcd11942, SH3_JIP2, Src homology 3 domain of JNK-interacting protein 2. JNK-interacting protein 2 (JIP2) is also called Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8-interacting protein 2 (MAPK8IP2) or Islet-brain-2 (IB2). It is widely expressed in the brain, where it forms complexes with fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs), which facilitates activation of the p38delta MAPK. JIP2 is enriched in postsynaptic densities and may play a role in motor and cognitive function. In addition to a JNK binding domain, JIP2 also contains SH3 and Phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains. The SH3 domain of the related protein JIP1 homodimerizes at the interface usually involved in proline-rich ligand recognition, despite the lack of this motif in the domain itself. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЛвА0А0АаАВMcd11943, SH3_JIP1, Src homology 3 domain of JNK-interacting protein 1. JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP1) is also called Islet-brain 1 (IB1) or Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8-interacting protein 1 (MAPK8IP1). It is highly expressed in neurons, where it functions as an adaptor linking motor to cargo during axonal transport. It also affects microtubule dynamics in neurons. JIP1 is also found in pancreatic beta-cells, where it is involved in regulating insulin secretion. In addition to a JNK binding domain, JIP1 also contains SH3 and Phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains. Its SH3 domain homodimerizes at the interface usually involved in proline-rich ligand recognition, despite the lack of this motif in the domain itself. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?МвА0А0АаАВЎcd11944, SH3_Endophilin_B2, Src homology 3 domain of Endophilin-B2. Endophilin-B2, also called SH3GLB2 (SH3-domain GRB2-like endophilin B2), is a cytoplasmic protein that interacts with the apoptosis inducer Bax. It is overexpressed in prostate cancer metastasis and has been identified as a cancer antigen with potential utility in immunotherapy. Endophilins play roles in synaptic vesicle formation, virus budding, mitochondrial morphology maintenance, receptor-mediated endocytosis inhibition, and endosomal sorting. They contain an N-terminal N-BAR domain (BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix), followed by a variable region containing proline clusters, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Endophilin-B2 forms homo- and heterodimers (with endophilin-B1) through its BAR domain. The related protein endophilin-B1 interacts with amphiphysin 1 and dynamin 1 through its SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?НвА0А0АаАВ(cd11945, SH3_Endophilin_B1, Src homology 3 domain of Endophilin-B1. Endophilin-B1, also called Bax-interacting factor 1 (Bif-1) or SH3GLB1 (SH3-domain GRB2-like endophilin B1), is localized mainly to the Golgi apparatus. It is involved in the regulation of many biological events including autophagy, tumorigenesis, nerve growth factor (NGF) trafficking, neurite outgrowth, mitochondrial outer membrane dynamics, and cell death. Endophilins play roles in synaptic vesicle formation, virus budding, mitochondrial morphology maintenance, receptor-mediated endocytosis inhibition, and endosomal sorting. They contain an N-terminal N-BAR domain (BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix), followed by a variable region containing proline clusters, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Endophilin-B1 forms homo- and heterodimers (with endophilin-B2) through its BAR domain. It interacts with amphiphysin 1 and dynamin 1 through its SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ОвА0А0АаАВAcd11946, SH3_GRB2_N, N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2. GRB2 is a critical signaling molecule that regulates the Ras pathway by linking tyrosine kinases to the Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein Sos (son of sevenless), which converts Ras to the active GTP-bound state. It is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues throughout development and is important in cell cycle progression, motility, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. In lymphocytes, GRB2 is associated with antigen receptor signaling components. GRB2 contains an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Its N-terminal SH3 domain binds to Sos and Sos-derived proline-rich peptides. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ПвА0А0АаАВиcd11947, SH3_GRAP2_N, N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of GRB2-related adaptor protein 2. GRAP2 is also called GADS (GRB2-related adapter downstream of Shc), GrpL, GRB2L, Mona, or GRID (Grb2-related protein with insert domain). It is expressed specifically in the hematopoietic system. It plays an important role in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling by promoting the formation of the SLP-76:LAT complex, which couples the TCR to the Ras pathway. It also have roles in antigen-receptor and tyrosine kinase mediated signaling. GRAP2 is unique from other GRB2-like adaptor proteins in that it can be regulated by caspase cleavage. It contains an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The N-terminal SH3 domain of the related protein GRB2 binds to Sos and Sos-derived proline-rich peptides. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?РвА0А0АаАВcd11948, SH3_GRAP_N, N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of GRB2-related adaptor protein. GRAP is a GRB-2 like adaptor protein that is highly expressed in lymphoid tissues. It acts as a negative regulator of T cell receptor (TCR)-induced lymphocyte proliferation by downregulating the signaling to the Ras/ERK pathway. It has been identified as a regulator of TGFbeta signaling in diabetic kidney tubules and may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. GRAP contains an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The N-terminal SH3 domain of the related protein GRB2 binds to Sos and Sos-derived proline-rich peptides. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?СвА0А0АаАВеcd11949, SH3_GRB2_C, C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2. GRB2 is a critical signaling molecule that regulates the Ras pathway by linking tyrosine kinases to the Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein Sos (son of sevenless), which converts Ras to the active GTP-bound state. It is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues throughout development and is important in cell cycle progression, motility, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. In lymphocytes, GRB2 is associated with antigen receptor signaling components. GRB2 contains an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The C-terminal SH3 domain of GRB2 binds to Gab2 (Grb2-associated binder 2) through epitopes containing RxxK motifs, as well as to the proline-rich C-terminus of FGRF2. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that typically bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ТвА0А0АаАВJcd11950, SH3_GRAP2_C, C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of GRB2-related adaptor protein 2. GRAP2 is also called GADS (GRB2-related adapter downstream of Shc), GrpL, GRB2L, Mona, or GRID (Grb2-related protein with insert domain). It is expressed specifically in the hematopoietic system. It plays an important role in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling by promoting the formation of the SLP-76:LAT complex, which couples the TCR to the Ras pathway. It also has roles in antigen-receptor and tyrosine kinase mediated signaling. GRAP2 is unique from other GRB2-like adaptor proteins in that it can be regulated by caspase cleavage. It contains an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The C-terminal SH3 domain of GRAP2 binds to different motifs found in substrate peptides including the typical PxxP motif in hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), the RxxK motif in SLP-76 and HPK1, and the RxxxxK motif in phosphatase-like protein HD-PTP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that typically bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?УвА0А0АаАВ№cd11951, SH3_GRAP_C, C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of GRB2-related adaptor protein. GRAP is a GRB-2 like adaptor protein that is highly expressed in lymphoid tissues. It acts as a negative regulator of T cell receptor (TCR)-induced lymphocyte proliferation by downregulating the signaling to the Ras/ERK pathway. It has been identified as a regulator of TGFbeta signaling in diabetic kidney tubules and may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. GRAP contains an N-terminal SH3 domain, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The C-terminal SH3 domains (SH3c) of the related proteins, GRB2 and GRAP2, have been shown to bind to classical PxxP motif ligands, as well as to non-classical motifs. GRB2 SH3c binds Gab2 (Grb2-associated binder 2) through epitopes containing RxxK motifs, while the SH3c of GRAP2 binds to the phosphatase-like protein HD-PTP via a RxxxxK motif. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that typically bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ФвА0А0АаАВ█cd11952, SH3_iASPP, Src Homology 3 (SH3) domain of Inhibitor of ASPP protein (iASPP). iASPP, also called RelA-associated inhibitor (RAI), is an oncoprotein that inhibits the apoptotic transactivation potential of p53. It is upregulated in human breast cancers expressing wild-type p53, in acute leukemias regardless of the p53 mutation status, as well as in ovarian cancer where it is associated with poor patient outcome and chemoresistance. iASPP is also a binding partner and negative regulator of p65RelA, which promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis; p65RelA has the opposite effect on cell growth compared to the p53 family. It contains a proline-rich region, four ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and an SH3 domain at its C-terminal half. The SH3 domain and the ANK repeats of iASPP contribute to the p53 binding site; they bind to the DNA binding domain of p53. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ХвА0А0АаАВЭcd11953, SH3_ASPP2, Src Homology 3 (SH3) domain of Apoptosis Stimulating of p53 protein 2. ASPP2 is the full length form of the previously-identified tumor supressor, p53-binding protein 2 (p53BP2). ASPP2 activates the apoptotic function of the p53 family of tumor suppressors (p53, p63, and p73). It plays a central role in regulating apoptosis and cell growth; ASPP2-deficient mice show postnatal death. Downregulated expression of ASPP2 is frequently found in breast tumors, lung cancer, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma where it is correlated with a poor clinical outcome. ASPP2 contains a proline-rich region, four ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and an SH3 domain at its C-terminal half. The SH3 domain and the ANK repeats of ASPP2 contribute to the p53 binding site; they bind to the DNA binding domain of p53. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЦвА0А0АаАВdcd11954, SH3_ASPP1, Src Homology 3 domain of Apoptosis Stimulating of p53 protein 1. ASPP1, like ASPP2, activates the apoptotic function of the p53 family of tumor suppressors (p53, p63, and p73). In addition, it functions in the cytoplasm to regulate the nuclear localization of the transcriptional cofactors YAP and TAZ by inihibiting their phosphorylation; YAP and TAZ are important regulators of cell expansion, differentiation, migration, and invasion. ASPP1 is downregulated in breast tumors expressing wild-type p53. It contains a proline-rich region, four ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and an SH3 domain at its C-terminal half. The SH3 domain and the ANK repeats of ASPP1 contribute to the p53 binding site; they bind to the DNA binding domain of p53. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЧвА0А0АаАВNcd11955, SH3_srGAP1-3, Src homology 3 domain of Slit-Robo GTPase Activating Proteins 1, 2, and 3. srGAP1, also called Rho GTPase-Activating Protein 13 (ARHGAP13), is a Cdc42- and RhoA-specific GAP and is expressed later in the development of central nervous system tissues. srGAP2 is expressed in zones of neuronal differentiation. It plays a role in the regeneration of neurons and axons. srGAP3, also called MEGAP (MEntal disorder associated GTPase-Activating Protein), is a Rho GAP with activity towards Rac1 and Cdc42. It impacts cell migration by regulating actin and microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics. The association between srGAP3 haploinsufficiency and mental retardation is under debate. srGAPs are Rho GAPs that interact with Robo1, the transmembrane receptor of Slit proteins. Slit proteins are secreted proteins that control axon guidance and the migration of neurons and leukocytes. srGAPs contain an N-terminal F-BAR domain, a Rho GAP domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ШвА0А0АаАВ(cd11956, SH3_srGAP4, Src homology 3 domain of Slit-Robo GTPase Activating Protein 4. srGAP4, also called ARHGAP4, is highly expressed in hematopoietic cells and may play a role in lymphocyte differentiation. It is able to stimulate the GTPase activity of Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA. In the nervous system, srGAP4 has been detected in differentiating neurites and may be involved in axon and dendritic growth. srGAPs are Rho GAPs that interact with Robo1, the transmembrane receptor of Slit proteins. Slit proteins are secreted proteins that control axon guidance and the migration of neurons and leukocytes. srGAPs contain an N-terminal F-BAR domain, a Rho GAP domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЩвА0А0АаАВ?cd11957, SH3_RUSC2, Src homology 3 domain of RUN and SH3 domain-containing protein 2. RUSC2, also called Iporin or Interacting protein of Rab1, is expressed ubiquitously with highest amounts in the brain and testis. It interacts with the small GTPase Rab1 and the Golgi matrix protein GM130, and may function in linking GTPases to certain intracellular signaling pathways. RUSC proteins are adaptor proteins consisting of RUN, leucine zipper, and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЪвА0А0АаАВЯcd11958, SH3_RUSC1, Src homology 3 domain of RUN and SH3 domain-containing protein 1. RUSC1, also called NESCA (New molecule containing SH3 at the carboxy-terminus), is highly expressed in the brain and is translocated to the nuclear membrane from the cytoplasm upon stimulation with neurotrophin. It plays a role in facilitating neurotrophin-dependent neurite outgrowth. It also interacts with NEMO (or IKKgamma) and may function in NEMO-mediated activation of NF-kB. RUSC proteins are adaptor proteins consisting of RUN, leucine zipper, and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЫвА0А0АаАВcd11959, SH3_Cortactin, Src homology 3 domain of Cortactin. Cortactin was originally identified as a substrate of Src kinase. It is an actin regulatory protein that binds to the Arp2/3 complex and stabilizes branched actin filaments. It is involved in cellular processes that affect cell motility, adhesion, migration, endocytosis, and invasion. It is expressed ubiquitously except in hematopoietic cells, where the homolog hematopoietic lineage cell-specific 1 (HS1) is expressed instead. Cortactin contains an N-terminal acidic domain, several copies of a repeat domain found in cortactin and HS1, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The N-terminal region interacts with the Arp2/3 complex and F-actin, and is crucial in regulating branched actin assembly. Cortactin also serves as a scaffold and provides a bridge to the actin cytoskeleton for membrane trafficking and signaling proteins that bind to its SH3 domain. Binding partners for the SH3 domain of cortactin include dynamin2, N-WASp, MIM, FGD1, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЬвА0А0АаАВcd11960, SH3_Abp1_eu, Src homology 3 domain of eumetazoan Actin-binding protein 1. Abp1, also called drebrin-like protein, is an adaptor protein that functions in receptor-mediated endocytosis and vesicle trafficking. It contains an N-terminal actin-binding module, the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) homology domain, a helical domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. Mammalian Abp1, unlike yeast Abp1, does not contain an acidic domain that interacts with the Arp2/3 complex. It regulates actin dynamics indirectly by interacting with dynamin and WASP family proteins. Abp1 deficiency causes abnormal organ structure and function of the spleen, heart, and lung of mice. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЭвА0А0АаАВ╔cd11961, SH3_Abp1_fungi_C2, Second C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Fungal Actin-binding protein 1. Abp1 is an adaptor protein that functions in receptor-mediated endocytosis and vesicle trafficking. It contains an N-terminal actin-binding module, the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) homology domain, a central proline-rich region, and a C-terminal SH3 domain (many yeast Abp1 proteins contain two C-terminal SH3 domains). Yeast Abp1 also contains two acidic domains that bind directly to the Arp2/3 complex, which is required to initiate actin polymerization. The SH3 domain of yeast Abp1 binds and localizes the kinases, Ark1p and Prk1p, which facilitate actin patch disassembly following vesicle internalization. It also mediates the localization to the actin patch of the synaptojanin-like protein, Sjl2p, which plays a key role in endocytosis. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЮвА0А0АаАВ╚cd11962, SH3_Abp1_fungi_C1, First C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Fungal Actin-binding protein 1. Abp1 is an adaptor protein that functions in receptor-mediated endocytosis and vesicle trafficking. It contains an N-terminal actin-binding module, the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) homology domain, a central proline-rich region, and a C-terminal SH3 domain (many yeast Abp1 proteins contain two C-terminal SH3 domains). Yeast Abp1 also contains two acidic domains that bind directly to the Arp2/3 complex, which is required to initiate actin polymerization. The SH3 domain of yeast Abp1 binds and localizes the kinases, Ark1p and Prk1p, which facilitate actin patch disassembly following vesicle internalization. It also mediates the localization to the actin patch of the synaptojanin-like protein, Sjl2p, which plays a key role in endocytosis. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЯвА0А0АаАВхcd11963, SH3_STAM2, Src homology 3 domain of Signal Transducing Adaptor Molecule 2. STAM2, also called EAST (Epidermal growth factor receptor-associated protein with SH3 and TAM domain) or Hbp (Hrs binding protein), is part of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT-0). It plays a role in sorting mono-ubiquinated endosomal cargo for trafficking to the lysosome for degradation. It is also involved in the regulation of exocytosis. STAMs were discovered as proteins that are highly phosphorylated following cytokine and growth factor stimulation. They function in cytokine signaling and surface receptor degradation, as well as regulate Golgi morphology. They associate with many proteins including Jak2 and Jak3 tyrosine kinases, Hrs, AMSH, and UBPY. STAM adaptor proteins contain VHS (Vps27, Hrs, STAM homology), ubiquitin interacting (UIM), and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?авА0А0АаАВРcd11964, SH3_STAM1, Src homology 3 domain of Signal Transducing Adaptor Molecule 1. STAM1 is part of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT-0) and is involved in sorting ubiquitinated cargo proteins from the endosome. It may also be involved in the regulation of IL2 and GM-CSF mediated signaling, and has been implicated in neural cell survival. STAMs were discovered as proteins that are highly phosphorylated following cytokine and growth factor stimulation. They function in cytokine signaling and surface receptor degradation, as well as regulate Golgi morphology. They associate with many proteins including Jak2 and Jak3 tyrosine kinases, Hrs, AMSH, and UBPY. STAM adaptor proteins contain VHS (Vps27, Hrs, STAM homology), ubiquitin interacting (UIM), and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?бвА0А0АаАВ┐cd11965, SH3_ASAP1, Src homology 3 domain of ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain containing protein 1. ASAP1 is also called DDEF1 (Development and Differentiation Enhancing Factor 1), AMAP1, centaurin beta-4, or PAG2. an Arf GTPase activating protein (GAP) with activity towards Arf1 and Arf5 but not Arf6. However, it has been shown to bind GTP-Arf6 stably without GAP activity. It has been implicated in cell growth, migration, and survival, as well as in tumor invasion and malignancy. It binds paxillin and cortactin, two components of invadopodia which are essential for tumor invasiveness. It also binds focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the SH2/SH3 adaptor CrkL. ASAP1 contains an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, an Arf GAP domain, ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ввА0А0АаАВTcd11966, SH3_ASAP2, Src homology 3 domain of ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain containing protein 2. ASAP2 is also called DDEF2 (Development and Differentiation Enhancing Factor 2), AMAP2, centaurin beta-3, or PAG3. It mediates the functions of Arf GTPases vial dual mechanisms: it exhibits GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity towards class I (Arf1) and II (Arf5) Arfs; and it binds class III Arfs (GTP-Arf6) stably without GAP activity. It binds paxillin and is implicated in Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages and in cell migration. ASAP2 contains an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, an Arf GAP domain, ankyrin (ANK) repeats, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?гвА0А0АаАВ-cd11967, SH3_SASH1, Src homology 3 domain of SAM And SH3 Domain Containing Protein 1. SASH1 is a potential tumor suppressor in breast and colon cancer. Its decreased expression is associated with aggressive tumor growth, metastasis, and poor prognosis. It is widely expressed in normal tissues (except lymphocytes and dendritic cells) and is localized in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. SASH1 interacts with the oncoprotein cortactin and is important in cell migration and adhesion. It is a member of the SLY family of proteins, which are adaptor proteins containing a central conserved region with a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) as well as SAM (sterile alpha motif) and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?двА0А0АаАВдcd11968, SH3_SASH3, Src homology 3 domain of Sam And SH3 Domain Containing Protein 3. SASH3, also called SLY/SLY1 (SH3-domain containing protein expressed in lymphocytes), is expressed exclusively in lymhocytes and is essential in the full activation of adaptive immunity. It is involved in the signaling of T cell receptors. It was the first described member of the SLY family of proteins, which are adaptor proteins containing a central conserved region with a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) as well as SAM (sterile alpha motif) and SH3 domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?евА0А0АаАВоcd11969, SH3_PLCgamma2, Src homology 3 domain of Phospholipase C (PLC) gamma 2. PLCgamma2 is primarily expressed in haematopoietic cells, specifically in B cells. It is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation by B cell receptor (BCR) kinases and is recruited to the plasma membrane where its substrate is located. It is required in pre-BCR signaling and in the maturation of B cells. PLCs catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] to produce Ins(1,4,5)P3 and diacylglycerol (DAG). Ins(1,4,5)P3 initiates the calcium signaling cascade while DAG functions as an activator of PKC. PLCgamma contains a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain followed by an elongation factor (EF) domain, two catalytic regions of PLC domains that flank two tandem SH2 domains, followed by a SH3 domain and C2 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?жвА0А0АаАВ]cd11970, SH3_PLCgamma1, Src homology 3 domain of Phospholipase C (PLC) gamma 1. PLCgamma1 is widely expressed and is essential in growth and development. It is activated by the TrkA receptor tyrosine kinase and functions as a key regulator of cell differentiation. It is also the predominant PLCgamma in T cells and is required for T cell and NK cell function. PLCs catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] to produce Ins(1,4,5)P3 and diacylglycerol (DAG). Ins(1,4,5)P3 initiates the calcium signaling cascade while DAG functions as an activator of PKC. PLCgamma contains a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain followed by an elongation factor (EF) domain, two catalytic regions of PLC domains that flank two tandem SH2 domains, followed by a SH3 domain and C2 domain. The SH3 domain of PLCgamma1 directly interacts with dynamin-1 and can serve as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). It also interacts with Cbl, inhibiting its phosphorylation and activity. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?звА0А0АаАВ3cd11971, SH3_Abi1, Src homology 3 domain of Abl Interactor 1. Abi1, also called e3B1, is a central regulator of actin cytoskeletal reorganization through interactions with many protein complexes. It is part of WAVE, a nucleation-promoting factor complex, that links Rac 1 activation to actin polymerization causing lamellipodia protrusion at the plasma membrane. Abi1 interact with formins to promote protrusions at the leading edge of motile cells. It also is a target of alpha4 integrin, regulating membrane protrusions at sites of integrin engagement. Abi proteins are adaptor proteins serving as binding partners and substrates of Abl tyrosine kinases. They are involved in regulating actin cytoskeletal reorganization and play important roles in membrane-ruffling, endocytosis, cell motility, and cell migration. Abi proteins contain a homeobox homology domain, a proline-rich region, and a SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of Abi binds to a PxxP motif in Abl. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ивА0А0АаАВ╠cd11972, SH3_Abi2, Src homology 3 domain of Abl Interactor 2. Abi2 is highly expressed in the brain and eye. It regulates actin cytoskeletal reorganization at adherens junctions and dendritic spines, which is important in cell morphogenesis, migration, and cognitive function. Mice deficient with Abi2 show defects in orientation and migration of lens fibers, neuronal migration, dendritic spine morphology, as well as deficits in learning and memory. Abi proteins are adaptor proteins serving as binding partners and substrates of Abl tyrosine kinases. They are involved in regulating actin cytoskeletal reorganization and play important roles in membrane-ruffling, endocytosis, cell motility, and cell migration. Abi proteins contain a homeobox homology domain, a proline-rich region, and a SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of Abi binds to a PxxP motif in Abl. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?йвА0А0АаАВ^cd11973, SH3_ASEF, Src homology 3 domain of APC-Stimulated guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor. ASEF, also called ARHGEF4, exists in an autoinhibited form and is activated upon binding of the tumor suppressor APC (adenomatous polyposis coli). GEFs activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. ASEF can activate Rac1 or Cdc42. Truncated ASEF, which is found in colorectal cancers, is constitutively active and has been shown to promote angiogenesis and cancer cell migration. ASEF contains a SH3 domain followed by RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH) and Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains. In its autoinhibited form, the SH3 domain of ASEF forms an extensive interface with the DH and PH domains, blocking the Rac binding site. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?квА0А0АаАВncd11974, SH3_ASEF2, Src homology 3 domain of APC-Stimulated guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor 2. ASEF2, also called Spermatogenesis-associated protein 13 (SPATA13), is a GEF that localizes with actin at the leading edge of cells and is important in cell migration and adhesion dynamics. GEFs activate small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. ASEF2 can activate both Rac 1 and Cdc42, but only Rac1 activation is necessary for increased cell migration and adhesion turnover. Together with APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) and Neurabin2, a scaffold protein that binds F-actin, it is involved in regulating HGF-induced cell migration. ASEF2 contains a SH3 domain followed by RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH) and Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?лвА0А0АаАВщcd11975, SH3_ARHGEF9, Src homology 3 domain of the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor ARHGEF9. ARHGEF9, also called PEM2 or collybistin, selectively activates Cdc42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It is highly expressed in the brain and it interacts with gephyrin, a postsynaptic protein associated with GABA and glycine receptors. Mutations in the ARHGEF9 gene cause X-linked mental retardation with associated features like seizures, hyper-anxiety, aggressive behavior, and sensory hyperarousal. ARHGEF9 contains a SH3 domain followed by RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH) and Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?мвА0А0АаАВ╘cd11976, SH3_VAV1_2, C-terminal (or second) Src homology 3 domain of VAV1 protein. VAV1 is expressed predominantly in the hematopoietic system and it plays an important role in the development and activation of B and T cells. It is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases following cell surface receptor activation, triggering various effects such as cytoskeletal reorganization, transcription regulation, cell cycle progression, and calcium mobilization. It also serves as a scaffold protein and has been shown to interact with Ku70, Socs1, Janus kinase 2, SIAH2, S100B, Abl gene, ZAP-70, SLP76, and Syk, among others. VAV proteins contain several domains that enable their function: N-terminal calponin homology (CH), acidic, RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), C1 (zinc finger), SH2, and two SH3 domains. The C-terminal SH3 domain of Vav1 interacts with a wide variety of proteins including cytoskeletal regulators (zyxin), RNA-binding proteins (Sam68), transcriptional regulators, viral proteins, and dynamin 2. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?нвА0А0АаАВчcd11977, SH3_VAV2_2, C-terminal (or second) Src homology 3 domain of VAV2 protein. VAV2 is widely expressed and functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA, RhoB and RhoG and also activates Rac1 and Cdc42. It is implicated in many cellular and physiological functions including blood pressure control, eye development, neurite outgrowth and branching, EGFR endocytosis and degradation, and cell cluster morphology, among others. It has been reported to associate with Nek3. VAV proteins contain several domains that enable their function: N-terminal calponin homology (CH), acidic, RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), C1 (zinc finger), SH2, and two SH3 domains. The SH3 domain of VAV is involved in the localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell, by interacting with proline-rich sequences within target proteins. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?овА0А0АаАВcd11978, SH3_VAV3_2, C-terminal (or second) Src homology 3 domain of VAV3 protein. VAV3 is ubiquitously expressed and functions as a phosphorylation-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA, RhoG, and Rac1. It has been implicated to function in the hematopoietic, bone, cerebellar, and cardiovascular systems. VAV3 is essential in axon guidance in neurons that control blood pressure and respiration. It is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and it plays a role in regulating androgen receptor transcriptional activity. VAV proteins contain several domains that enable their function: N-terminal calponin homology (CH), acidic, RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), C1 (zinc finger), SH2, and two SH3 domains. The SH3 domain of VAV is involved in the localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell, by interacting with proline-rich sequences within target proteins. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?пвА0А0АаАВAcd11979, SH3_VAV1_1, First Src homology 3 domain of VAV1 protein. VAV1 is expressed predominantly in the hematopoietic system and it plays an important role in the development and activation of B and T cells. It is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases following cell surface receptor activation, triggering various effects such as cytoskeletal reorganization, transcription regulation, cell cycle progression, and calcium mobilization. It also serves as a scaffold protein and has been shown to interact with Ku70, Socs1, Janus kinase 2, SIAH2, S100B, Abl gene, ZAP-70, SLP76, and Syk, among others. VAV proteins contain several domains that enable their function: N-terminal calponin homology (CH), acidic, RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), C1 (zinc finger), SH2, and two SH3 domains. The first SH3 domain of Vav1 has been shown to bind the adaptor protein Grb2. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?░вА0А0АаАВ╓cd11980, SH3_VAV2_1, First Src homology 3 domain of VAV2 protein. VAV2 is widely expressed and functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA, RhoB and RhoG and also activates Rac1 and Cdc42. It is implicated in many cellular and physiological functions including blood pressure control, eye development, neurite outgrowth and branching, EGFR endocytosis and degradation, and cell cluster morphology, among others. It has been reported to associate with Nek3. VAV proteins contain several domains that enable their function: N-terminal calponin homology (CH), acidic, RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), C1 (zinc finger), SH2, and two SH3 domains. The SH3 domain of VAV is involved in the localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell, by interacting with proline-rich sequences within target proteins. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?▒вА0А0АаАВcd11981, SH3_VAV3_1, First Src homology 3 domain of VAV3 protein. VAV3 is ubiquitously expressed and functions as a phosphorylation-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RhoA, RhoG, and Rac1. It has been implicated to function in the hematopoietic, bone, cerebellar, and cardiovascular systems. VAV3 is essential in axon guidance in neurons that control blood pressure and respiration. It is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and it plays a role in regulating androgen receptor transcriptional activity. VAV proteins contain several domains that enable their function: N-terminal calponin homology (CH), acidic, RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), C1 (zinc finger), SH2, and two SH3 domains. The SH3 domain of VAV is involved in the localization of proteins to specific sites within the cell, by interacting with proline-rich sequences within target proteins. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?▓вА0А0АаАВ№cd11982, SH3_Shank1, Src homology 3 domain of SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1. Shank1, also called SSTRIP (Somatostatin receptor-interacting protein), is a brain-specific protein that plays a role in the construction of postsynaptic density (PSD) and the maturation of dendritic spines. Mice deficient in Shank1 show altered PSD composition, thinner PSDs, smaller dendritic spines, and weaker basal synaptic transmission, although synaptic plasticity is normal. They show increased anxiety and impaired fear memory, but also show better spatial learning. Shank proteins carry scaffolding functions through multiple sites of protein-protein interaction in its domain architecture, including ankyrin (ANK) repeats, a long proline rich region, as well as SH3, PDZ, and SAM domains. The SH3 domain of Shank binds GRIP, a scaffold protein that binds AMPA receptors and Eph receptors/ligands. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?│вА0А0АаАВУcd11983, SH3_Shank2, Src homology 3 domain of SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2. Shank2, also called ProSAP1 (Proline-rich synapse-associated protein 1) or CortBP1 (Cortactin-binding protein 1), is found in neurons, glia, endocrine cells, liver, and kidney. It plays a role in regulating dendritic spine volume and branching and postsynaptic clustering. Mutations in the Shank2 gene are associated with autism spectrum disorder and mental retardation. Shank proteins carry scaffolding functions through multiple sites of protein-protein interaction in its domain architecture, including ankyrin (ANK) repeats, a long proline rich region, as well as SH3, PDZ, and SAM domains. The SH3 domain of Shank binds GRIP, a scaffold protein that binds AMPA receptors and Eph receptors/ligands. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?┤вА0А0АаАВРcd11984, SH3_Shank3, Src homology 3 domain of SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3. Shank3, also called ProSAP2 (Proline-rich synapse-associated protein 2), is widely expressed. It plays a role in the formation of dendritic spines and synapses. Haploinsufficiency of the Shank3 gene causes the 22q13 deletion/Phelan-McDermid syndrome, and variants of Shank3 have been implicated in autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Shank proteins carry scaffolding functions through multiple sites of protein-protein interaction in its domain architecture, including ankyrin (ANK) repeats, a long proline rich region, as well as SH3, PDZ, and SAM domains. The SH3 domain of Shank binds GRIP, a scaffold protein that binds AMPA receptors and Eph receptors/ligands. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╡вА0А0АаАВcd11985, SH3_Stac2_C, C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of SH3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein 2 (Stac2). Stac proteins are putative adaptor proteins that contain a cysteine-rich C1 domain and one or two SH3 domains at the C-terminus. There are three mammalian members (Stac1, Stac2, and Stac3) of this family. Stac2 contains a single SH3 domain at the C-terminus unlike Stac1 and Stac3, which contain two C-terminal SH3 domains. Stac1 and Stac2 have been found to be expressed differently in mature dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Stac1 is mainly expressed in peptidergic neurons while Stac2 is found in a subset of nonpeptidergic and all trkB+ neurons. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╢вА0А0АаАВcd11986, SH3_Stac3_1, First C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of SH3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein 3 (Stac3). Stac proteins are putative adaptor proteins that contain a cysteine-rich C1 domain and one or two SH3 domains at the C-terminus. There are three mammalian members (Stac1, Stac2, and Stac3) of this family. Stac1 and Stac3 contain two SH3 domains while Stac2 contains a single SH3 domain at the C-terminus. Stac1 and Stac2 have been found to be expressed differently in mature dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Stac1 is mainly expressed in peptidergic neurons while Stac2 is found in a subset of nonpeptidergic and all trkB+ neurons. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╖вА0А0АаАВ`cd11987, SH3_Intersectin1_1, First Src homology 3 domain (or SH3A) of Intersectin-1. Intersectin-1 (ITSN1) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN1 localizes in membranous organelles, CCPs, the Golgi complex, and may be involved in the cell membrane trafficking system. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The first SH3 domain (or SH3A) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind many proteins including Sos1, dynamin1/2, CIN85, c-Cbl, PI3K-C2, SHIP2, N-WASP, and CdGAP, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╕вА0А0АаАВУcd11988, SH3_Intersectin2_1, First Src homology 3 domain (or SH3A) of Intersectin-2. Intersectin-2 (ITSN2) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN2 also functions as a specific GEF for Cdc42 activation in epithelial morphogenesis, and is required in mitotic spindle orientation. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The first SH3 domain (or SH3A) of ITSN2 is expected to bind many protein partners, similar to ITSN1 which has been shown to bind Sos1, dynamin1/2, CIN85, c-Cbl, PI3K-C2, SHIP2, N-WASP, and CdGAP, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╣вА0А0АаАВcd11989, SH3_Intersectin1_2, Second Src homology 3 domain (or SH3B) of Intersectin-1. Intersectin-1 (ITSN1) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN1 localizes in membranous organelles, CCPs, the Golgi complex, and may be involved in the cell membrane trafficking system. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The second SH3 domain (or SH3B) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind WNK and CdGAP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?║вА0А0АаАВNcd11990, SH3_Intersectin2_2, Second Src homology 3 domain (or SH3B) of Intersectin-2. Intersectin-2 (ITSN2) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN2 also functions as a specific GEF for Cdc42 activation in epithelial morphogenesis, and is required in mitotic spindle orientation. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The second SH3 domain (or SH3B) of ITSN2 is expected to bind protein partners, similar to ITSN1 which has been shown to bind WNK and CdGAP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╗вА0А0АаАВ^cd11991, SH3_Intersectin1_3, Third Src homology 3 domain (or SH3C) of Intersectin-1. Intersectin-1 (ITSN1) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN1 localizes in membranous organelles, CCPs, the Golgi complex, and may be involved in the cell membrane trafficking system. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The third SH3 domain (or SH3C) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind many proteins including dynamin1/2, CIN85, c-Cbl, SHIP2, Reps1, synaptojanin-1, and WNK, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╝вА0А0АаАВ9cd11992, SH3_Intersectin2_3, Third Src homology 3 domain (or SH3C) of Intersectin-2. Intersectin-2 (ITSN2) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN2 also functions as a specific GEF for Cdc42 activation in epithelial morphogenesis, and is required in mitotic spindle orientation. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The third SH3 domain (SH3C) of ITSN2 has been shown to bind the K15 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╜вА0А0АаАВcd11993, SH3_Intersectin1_4, Fourth Src homology 3 domain (or SH3D) of Intersectin-1. Intersectin-1 (ITSN1) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN1 localizes in membranous organelles, CCPs, the Golgi complex, and may be involved in the cell membrane trafficking system. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The fourth SH3 domain (or SH3D) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind SHIP2, Numb, CdGAP, and N-WASP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╛вА0А0АаАВ_cd11994, SH3_Intersectin2_4, Fourth Src homology 3 domain (or SH3D) of Intersectin-2. Intersectin-2 (ITSN2) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN2 also functions as a specific GEF for Cdc42 activation in epithelial morphogenesis, and is required in mitotic spindle orientation. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The fourth SH3 domain (or SH3D) of ITSN2 is expected to bind protein partners, similar to ITSN1 which has been shown to bind SHIP2, Numb, CdGAP, and N-WASP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?┐вА0А0АаАВocd11995, SH3_Intersectin1_5, Fifth Src homology 3 domain (or SH3E) of Intersectin-1. Intersectin-1 (ITSN1) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN1 localizes in membranous organelles, CCPs, the Golgi complex, and may be involved in the cell membrane trafficking system. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The fifth SH3 domain (or SH3E) of ITSN1 has been shown to bind many protein partners including SGIP1, Sos1, dynamin1/2, CIN85, c-Cbl, SHIP2, N-WASP, and synaptojanin-1, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?└вА0А0АаАВ╡cd11996, SH3_Intersectin2_5, Fifth Src homology 3 domain (or SH3E) of Intersectin-2. Intersectin-2 (ITSN2) is an adaptor protein that functions in exo- and endocytosis, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and signal transduction. It plays a role in clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation. It binds to many proteins through its multidomain structure and facilitate the assembly of multimeric complexes. ITSN2 also functions as a specific GEF for Cdc42 activation in epithelial morphogenesis, and is required in mitotic spindle orientation. It exists in alternatively spliced short and long isoforms. The short isoform contains two Eps15 homology domains (EH1 and EH2), a coiled-coil region and five SH3 domains (SH3A-E), while the long isoform, in addition, contains RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin homology (PH) and C2 domains. The fifth SH3 domain (or SH3E) of ITSN2 is expected to bind protein partners, similar to ITSN1 which has been shown to bind many protein partners including SGIP1, Sos1, dynamin1/2, CIN85, c-Cbl, SHIP2, N-WASP, and synaptojanin-1, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?┴вА0А0АаАВхcd11997, SH3_PACSIN3, Src homology 3 domain of Protein kinase C and Casein kinase Substrate in Neurons 3 (PACSIN3). PACSIN 3 or Syndapin III (Synaptic dynamin-associated protein III) is expressed ubiquitously and regulates glucose uptake in adipocytes through its role in GLUT1 trafficking. It also modulates the subcellular localization and stimulus-specific function of the cation channel TRPV4. PACSINs act as regulators of cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics. Vetebrates harbor three isoforms with distinct expression patterns and specific functions. PACSINs contain an N-terminal F-BAR domain and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?┬вА0А0АаАВ╗cd11998, SH3_PACSIN1-2, Src homology 3 domain of Protein kinase C and Casein kinase Substrate in Neurons 1 (PACSIN1) and PACSIN 2. PACSIN 1 or Syndapin I (Synaptic dynamin-associated protein I) is expressed specifically in the brain and is localized in neurites and synaptic boutons. It binds the brain-specific proteins dynamin I, synaptojanin, synapsin I, and neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (nWASP), and functions as a link between the cytoskeletal machinery and synaptic vesicle endocytosis. PACSIN 1 interacts with huntingtin and may be implicated in the neuropathology of Huntington's disease. PACSIN 2 or Syndapin II is expressed ubiquitously and is involved in the regulation of tubulin polymerization. It associates with Golgi membranes and forms a complex with dynamin II which is crucial in promoting vesicle formation from the trans-Golgi network. PACSINs act as regulators of cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics. Vetebrates harbor three isoforms with distinct expression patterns and specific functions. PACSINs contain an N-terminal F-BAR domain and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?├вА0А0АаАВcd11999, SH3_PACSIN_like, Src homology 3 domain of an unknown subfamily of proteins with similarity to Protein kinase C and Casein kinase Substrate in Neurons (PACSIN) proteins. PACSINs, also called Synaptic dynamin-associated proteins (Syndapins), act as regulators of cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics. They bind both dynamin and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), and may provide direct links between the actin cytoskeletal machinery through WASP and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Vetebrates harbor three isoforms with distinct expression patterns and specific functions. PACSINs contain an N-terminal F-BAR domain and a C-terminal SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?─вА0А0АаАВ┼cd12000, SH3_CASS4, Src homology 3 domain of CAS (Crk-Associated Substrate) scaffolding protein family member 4. CASS4, also called HEPL (HEF1-EFS-p130Cas-like), localizes to focal adhesions and plays a role in regulating FAK activity, focal adhesion integrity, and cell spreading. It is most abundant in blood cells and lung tissue, and is also found in high levels in leukemia and ovarian cell lines. CAS proteins function as molecular scaffolds to regulate protein complexes that are involved in many cellular processes. They share a common domain structure that includes an N-terminal SH3 domain, an unstructured substrate domain that contains many YxxP motifs, a serine-rich four-helix bundle, and a FAT-like C-terminal domain. The SH3 domain of CAS proteins binds to diverse partners including FAK, FRNK, Pyk2, PTP-PEST, DOCK180, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?┼вА0А0АаАВ┐cd12001, SH3_BCAR1, Src homology 3 domain of the CAS (Crk-Associated Substrate) scaffolding protein family member, Breast Cancer Anti-estrogen Resistance 1. BCAR1, also called p130cas or CASS1, is the founding member of the CAS family of scaffolding proteins and was originally identified through its ability to associate with Crk. The name BCAR1 was designated because the human gene was identified in a screen for genes that promote resistance to tamoxifen. It is widely expressed and its deletion is lethal in mice. It plays a role in regulating cell motility, survival, proliferation, transformation, cancer progression, and bacterial pathogenesis. CAS proteins function as molecular scaffolds to regulate protein complexes that are involved in many cellular processes. They share a common domain structure that includes an N-terminal SH3 domain, an unstructured substrate domain that contains many YxxP motifs, a serine-rich four-helix bundle, and a FAT-like C-terminal domain. The SH3 domain of CAS proteins binds to diverse partners including FAK, FRNK, Pyk2, PTP-PEST, DOCK180, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╞вА0А0АаАВUcd12002, SH3_NEDD9, Src homology 3 domain of CAS (Crk-Associated Substrate) scaffolding protein family member, Neural precursor cell Expressed, Developmentally Down-regulated 9. NEDD9 is also called human enhancer of filamentation 1 (HEF1) or CAS-L (Crk-associated substrate in lymphocyte). It was first described as a gene predominantly expressed in early embryonic brain, and was also isolated from a screen of human proteins that regulate filamentous budding in yeast, and as a tyrosine phosphorylated protein in lymphocytes. It promotes metastasis in different solid tumors. NEDD9 localizes in focal adhesions and associates with FAK and Abl kinase. It also interacts with SMAD3 and the proteasomal machinery which allows its rapid turnover; these interactions are not shared by other CAS proteins. CAS proteins function as molecular scaffolds to regulate protein complexes that are involved in many cellular processes. They share a common domain structure that includes an N-terminal SH3 domain, an unstructured substrate domain that contains many YxxP motifs, a serine-rich four-helix bundle, and a FAT-like C-terminal domain. The SH3 domain of CAS proteins binds to diverse partners including FAK, FRNK, Pyk2, PTP-PEST, DOCK180, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╟вА0А0АаАВ▄cd12003, SH3_EFS, Src homology 3 domain of CAS (Crk-Associated Substrate) scaffolding protein family member, Embryonal Fyn-associated Substrate. EFS is also called HEFS, CASS3 (Cas scaffolding protein family member 3) or SIN (Src-interacting protein). It was identified based on interactions with the Src kinases, Fyn and Yes. It plays a role in thymocyte development and acts as a negative regulator of T cell proliferation. CAS proteins function as molecular scaffolds to regulate protein complexes that are involved in many cellular processes. They share a common domain structure that includes an N-terminal SH3 domain, an unstructured substrate domain that contains many YxxP motifs, a serine-rich four-helix bundle, and a FAT-like C-terminal domain. The SH3 domain of CAS proteins binds to diverse partners including FAK, FRNK, Pyk2, PTP-PEST, DOCK180, among others. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╚вА0А0АаАВxcd12004, SH3_Lyn, Src homology 3 domain of Lyn Protein Tyrosine Kinase. Lyn is a member of the Src subfamily of proteins, which are cytoplasmic (or non-receptor) PTKs. Lyn is expressed in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells. It exhibits both positive and negative regulatory roles in B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Lyn, as well as Fyn and Blk, promotes B cell activation by phosphorylating ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyr activation motifs) in CD19 and in Ig components of BCR. It negatively regulates signaling by its unique ability to phosphorylate ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyr inhibition motifs) in cell surface receptors like CD22 and CD5. Lyn also plays an important role in G-CSF receptor signaling by phosphorylating a variety of adaptor molecules. Src kinases contain an N-terminal SH4 domain with a myristoylation site, followed by SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyr kinase domain, and a regulatory C-terminal region containing a conserved tyr. They are activated by autophosphorylation at the tyr kinase domain, but are negatively regulated by phosphorylation at the C-terminal tyr by Csk (C-terminal Src Kinase). The SH3 domain of Src kinases contributes to substrate recruitment by binding adaptor proteins/substrates, and regulation of kinase activity through an intramolecular interaction. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╔вА0А0АаАВ╤cd12005, SH3_Lck, Src homology 3 domain of Lck Protein Tyrosine Kinase. Lck is a member of the Src subfamily of proteins, which are cytoplasmic (or non-receptor) PTKs. Lck is expressed in T-cells and natural killer cells. It plays a critical role in T-cell maturation, activation, and T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Lck phosphorylates ITAM (immunoreceptor tyr activation motif) sequences on several subunits of TCRs, leading to the activation of different second messenger cascades. Phosphorylated ITAMs serve as binding sites for other signaling factor such as Syk and ZAP-70, leading to their activation and propagation of downstream events. In addition, Lck regulates drug-induced apoptosis by interfering with the mitochondrial death pathway. The apototic role of Lck is independent of its primary function in T-cell signaling. Src kinases contain an N-terminal SH4 domain with a myristoylation site, followed by SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyr kinase domain, and a regulatory C-terminal region containing a conserved tyr. They are activated by autophosphorylation at the tyr kinase domain, but are negatively regulated by phosphorylation at the C-terminal tyr by Csk (C-terminal Src Kinase). The SH3 domain of Src kinases contributes to substrate recruitment by binding adaptor proteins/substrates, and regulation of kinase activity through an intramolecular interaction. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╩вА0А0АаАВzcd12006, SH3_Fyn_Yrk, Src homology 3 domain of Fyn and Yrk Protein Tyrosine Kinases. Fyn and Yrk (Yes-related kinase) are members of the Src subfamily of proteins, which are cytoplasmic (or non-receptor) PTKs. Fyn, together with Lck, plays a critical role in T-cell signal transduction by phosphorylating ITAM (immunoreceptor tyr activation motif) sequences on T-cell receptors, ultimately leading to the proliferation and differentiation of T-cells. In addition, Fyn is involved in the myelination of neurons, and is implicated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Yrk has been detected only in chickens. It is primarily found in neuronal and epithelial cells and in macrophages. It may play a role in inflammation and in response to injury. Src kinases contain an N-terminal SH4 domain with a myristoylation site, followed by SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyr kinase domain, and a regulatory C-terminal region containing a conserved tyr. They are activated by autophosphorylation at the tyr kinase domain, but are negatively regulated by phosphorylation at the C-terminal tyr by Csk (C-terminal Src Kinase). The SH3 domain of Src kinases contributes to substrate recruitment by binding adaptor proteins/substrates, and regulation of kinase activity through an intramolecular interaction. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╦вА0А0АаАВcd12007, SH3_Yes, Src homology 3 domain of Yes Protein Tyrosine Kinase. Yes (or c-Yes) is a member of the Src subfamily of proteins, which are cytoplasmic (or non-receptor) PTKs. c-Yes kinase is the cellular homolog of the oncogenic protein (v-Yes) encoded by the Yamaguchi 73 and Esh sarcoma viruses. It displays functional overlap with other Src subfamily members, particularly Src. It also shows some unique functions such as binding to occludins, transmembrane proteins that regulate extracellular interactions in tight junctions. Yes also associates with a number of proteins in different cell types that Src does not interact with, like JAK2 and gp130 in pre-adipocytes, and Pyk2 in treated pulmonary vein endothelial cells. Although the biological function of Yes remains unclear, it appears to have a role in regulating cell-cell interactions and vesicle trafficking in polarized cells. Src kinases contain an N-terminal SH4 domain with a myristoylation site, followed by SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyr kinase domain, and a regulatory C-terminal region containing a conserved tyr. They are activated by autophosphorylation at the tyr kinase domain, but are negatively regulated by phosphorylation at the C-terminal tyr by Csk (C-terminal Src Kinase). The SH3 domain of Src kinases contributes to substrate recruitment by binding adaptor proteins/substrates, and regulation of kinase activity through an intramolecular interaction. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╠вА0А0АаАВ┼cd12008, SH3_Src, Src homology 3 domain of Src Protein Tyrosine Kinase. Src (or c-Src) is a cytoplasmic (or non-receptor) PTK and is the vertebrate homolog of the oncogenic protein (v-Src) from Rous sarcoma virus. Together with other Src subfamily proteins, it is involved in signaling pathways that regulate cytokine and growth factor responses, cytoskeleton dynamics, cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Src also play a role in regulating cell adhesion, invasion, and motility in cancer cells, and tumor vasculature, contributing to cancer progression and metastasis. Elevated levels of Src kinase activity have been reported in a variety of human cancers. Several inhibitors of Src have been developed as anti-cancer drugs. Src is also implicated in acute inflammatory responses and osteoclast function. Src kinases contain an N-terminal SH4 domain with a myristoylation site, followed by SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyr kinase domain, and a regulatory C-terminal region containing a conserved tyr. They are activated by autophosphorylation at the tyr kinase domain, but are negatively regulated by phosphorylation at the C-terminal tyr by Csk (C-terminal Src Kinase). The SH3 domain of Src kinases contributes to substrate recruitment by binding adaptor proteins/substrates, and regulation of kinase activity through an intramolecular interaction. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?═вА0А0АаАВЧcd12009, SH3_Blk, Src homology 3 domain of Blk Protein Tyrosine Kinase. Blk is a member of the Src subfamily of proteins, which are cytoplasmic (or non-receptor) PTKs. It is expressed specifically in B-cells and is involved in pre-BCR (B-cell receptor) signaling. Src kinases contain an N-terminal SH4 domain with a myristoylation site, followed by SH3 and SH2 domains, a tyr kinase domain, and a regulatory C-terminal region containing a conserved tyr. They are activated by autophosphorylation at the tyr kinase domain, but are negatively regulated by phosphorylation at the C-terminal tyr by Csk (C-terminal Src Kinase). The SH3 domain of Src kinases contributes to substrate recruitment by binding adaptor proteins/substrates, and regulation of kinase activity through an intramolecular interaction. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╬вА0А0АаАВcd12010, SH3_SLAP, Src homology 3 domain of Src-Like Adaptor Protein. SLAP (or SLA1) modulates TCR surface expression levels as well as surface and total BCR levels. As an adaptor to c-Cbl, SLAP increases the ubiquitination, intracellular retention, and targeted degradation of the BCR complex components. SLAP has been shown to interact with the EphA receptor, EpoR, Lck, PDGFR, Syk, CD79a, c-Cbl, LAT, CD247, and Zap70, among others. SLAPs are adaptor proteins with limited similarity to Src family tyrosine kinases. They contain an N-terminal SH3 domain followed by an SH2 domain, and a unique C-terminal sequence. The SH3 domain of SLAP forms a complex with v-Abl. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╧вА0А0АаАВ√cd12011, SH3_SLAP2, Src homology 3 domain of Src-Like Adaptor Protein 2. SLAP2 plays a role in c-Cbl-dependent regulation of CSF1R, a tyrosine kinase important for myeloid cell growth and differentiation. It has been shown to interact with CSF1R, c-Cbl, LAT, CD247, and Zap70. SLAPs are adaptor proteins with limited similarity to Src family tyrosine kinases. They contain an N-terminal SH3 domain followed by an SH2 domain, and a unique C-terminal sequence. They function in regulating the signaling, ubiquitination, and trafficking of T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) components. The SH3 domain of SLAP forms a complex with v-Abl. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╨вА0А0АаАВscd12012, SH3_RIM-BP_2, Second Src homology 3 domain of Rab3-interacting molecules (RIMs) binding proteins. RIMs binding proteins (RBPs, RIM-BPs) associate with calcium channels present in photoreceptors, neurons, and hair cells; they interact simultaneously with specific calcium channel subunits, and active zone proteins, RIM1 and RIM2. RIMs are part of the matrix at the presynaptic active zone and are associated with synaptic vesicles through their interaction with the small GTPase Rab3. RIM-BPs play a role in regulating synaptic transmission by serving as adaptors and linking calcium channels with the synaptic vesicle release machinery. RIM-BPs contain three SH3 domains and two to three fibronectin III repeats. Invertebrates contain one, while vertebrates contain at least two RIM-BPs, RIM-BP1 and RIM-BP2. RIM-BP1 is also called peripheral-type benzodiazapine receptor associated protein 1 (PRAX-1). Mammals contain a third protein, RIM-BP3. RIM-BP1 and RIM-BP2 are predominantly expressed in the brain where they display overlapping but distinct expression patterns, while RIM-BP3 is almost exclusively expressed in the testis and is essential in spermiogenesis. The SH3 domains of RIM-BPs bind to the PxxP motifs of RIM1, RIM2, and L-type (alpha1D) and N-type (alpha1B) calcium channel subunits. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╤вА0А0АаАВrcd12013, SH3_RIM-BP_3, Third Src homology 3 domain of Rab3-interacting molecules (RIMs) binding proteins. RIMs binding proteins (RBPs, RIM-BPs) associate with calcium channels present in photoreceptors, neurons, and hair cells; they interact simultaneously with specific calcium channel subunits, and active zone proteins, RIM1 and RIM2. RIMs are part of the matrix at the presynaptic active zone and are associated with synaptic vesicles through their interaction with the small GTPase Rab3. RIM-BPs play a role in regulating synaptic transmission by serving as adaptors and linking calcium channels with the synaptic vesicle release machinery. RIM-BPs contain three SH3 domains and two to three fibronectin III repeats. Invertebrates contain one, while vertebrates contain at least two RIM-BPs, RIM-BP1 and RIM-BP2. RIM-BP1 is also called peripheral-type benzodiazapine receptor associated protein 1 (PRAX-1). Mammals contain a third protein, RIM-BP3. RIM-BP1 and RIM-BP2 are predominantly expressed in the brain where they display overlapping but distinct expression patterns, while RIM-BP3 is almost exclusively expressed in the testis and is essential in spermiogenesis. The SH3 domains of RIM-BPs bind to the PxxP motifs of RIM1, RIM2, and L-type (alpha1D) and N-type (alpha1B) calcium channel subunits. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╥вА0А0АаАВrcd12014, SH3_RIM-BP_1, First Src homology 3 domain of Rab3-interacting molecules (RIMs) binding proteins. RIMs binding proteins (RBPs, RIM-BPs) associate with calcium channels present in photoreceptors, neurons, and hair cells; they interact simultaneously with specific calcium channel subunits, and active zone proteins, RIM1 and RIM2. RIMs are part of the matrix at the presynaptic active zone and are associated with synaptic vesicles through their interaction with the small GTPase Rab3. RIM-BPs play a role in regulating synaptic transmission by serving as adaptors and linking calcium channels with the synaptic vesicle release machinery. RIM-BPs contain three SH3 domains and two to three fibronectin III repeats. Invertebrates contain one, while vertebrates contain at least two RIM-BPs, RIM-BP1 and RIM-BP2. RIM-BP1 is also called peripheral-type benzodiazapine receptor associated protein 1 (PRAX-1). Mammals contain a third protein, RIM-BP3. RIM-BP1 and RIM-BP2 are predominantly expressed in the brain where they display overlapping but distinct expression patterns, while RIM-BP3 is almost exclusively expressed in the testis and is essential in spermiogenesis. The SH3 domains of RIM-BPs bind to the PxxP motifs of RIM1, RIM2, and L-type (alpha1D) and N-type (alpha1B) calcium channel subunits. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╙вА0А0АаАВEcd12015, SH3_Tks_1, First Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate (Tks) proteins. Tks proteins are Src substrates and scaffolding proteins that play important roles in the formation of podosomes and invadopodia, the dynamic actin-rich structures that are related to cell migration and cancer cell invasion. Vertebrates contain two Tks proteins, Tks4 (Tyr kinase substrate with four SH3 domains) and Tks5 (Tyr kinase substrate with five SH3 domains), which display partially overlapping but non-redundant functions. Both associate with the ADAMs family of transmembrane metalloproteases, which function as sheddases and mediators of cell and matrix interactions. Tks5 interacts with N-WASP and Nck, while Tks4 is essential for the localization of MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase) to invadopodia. Tks proteins contain an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and four or five SH3 domains. This model characterizes the first SH3 domain of Tks proteins. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╘вА0А0АаАВGcd12016, SH3_Tks_2, Second Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate (Tks) proteins. Tks proteins are Src substrates and scaffolding proteins that play important roles in the formation of podosomes and invadopodia, the dynamic actin-rich structures that are related to cell migration and cancer cell invasion. Vertebrates contain two Tks proteins, Tks4 (Tyr kinase substrate with four SH3 domains) and Tks5 (Tyr kinase substrate with five SH3 domains), which display partially overlapping but non-redundant functions. Both associate with the ADAMs family of transmembrane metalloproteases, which function as sheddases and mediators of cell and matrix interactions. Tks5 interacts with N-WASP and Nck, while Tks4 is essential for the localization of MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase) to invadopodia. Tks proteins contain an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and four or five SH3 domains. This model characterizes the second SH3 domain of Tks proteins. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╒вА0А0АаАВEcd12017, SH3_Tks_3, Third Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate (Tks) proteins. Tks proteins are Src substrates and scaffolding proteins that play important roles in the formation of podosomes and invadopodia, the dynamic actin-rich structures that are related to cell migration and cancer cell invasion. Vertebrates contain two Tks proteins, Tks4 (Tyr kinase substrate with four SH3 domains) and Tks5 (Tyr kinase substrate with five SH3 domains), which display partially overlapping but non-redundant functions. Both associate with the ADAMs family of transmembrane metalloproteases, which function as sheddases and mediators of cell and matrix interactions. Tks5 interacts with N-WASP and Nck, while Tks4 is essential for the localization of MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase) to invadopodia. Tks proteins contain an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and four or five SH3 domains. This model characterizes the third SH3 domain of Tks proteins. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╓вА0А0АаАВ┴cd12018, SH3_Tks4_4, Fourth (C-terminal) Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate with four SH3 domains. Tks4, also called SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2B (SH3PXD2B) or HOFI, is a Src substrate and scaffolding protein that plays an important role in the formation of podosomes and invadopodia, the dynamic actin-rich structures that are related to cell migration and cancer cell invasion. It is required in the formation of functional podosomes, EGF-induced membrane ruffling, and lamellipodia generation. It plays an important role in cellular attachment and cell spreading. Tks4 is essential for the localization of MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase) to invadopodia. It contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and four SH3 domains. This model characterizes the fourth (C-terminal) SH3 domain of Tks4. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╫вА0А0АаАВФcd12019, SH3_Tks5_4, Fourth Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate with five SH3 domains. Tks5, also called SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2A (SH3PXD2A) or Five SH (FISH), is a scaffolding protein and Src substrate that is localized in podosomes, which are electron-dense structures found in Src-transformed fibroblasts, osteoclasts, macrophages, and some invasive cancer cells. It binds and regulates some members of the ADAMs family of transmembrane metalloproteases, which function as sheddases and mediators of cell and matrix interactions. It is required for podosome formation, degradation of the extracellular matrix, and cancer cell invasion. Tks5 contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and five SH3 domains. This model characterizes the fourth SH3 domain of Tks5. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?╪вА0А0АаАВмcd12020, SH3_Tks5_5, Fifth (C-terminal) Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate with five SH3 domains. Tks5, also called SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2A (SH3PXD2A) or Five SH (FISH), is a scaffolding protein and Src substrate that is localized in podosomes, which are electron-dense structures found in Src-transformed fibroblasts, osteoclasts, macrophages, and some invasive cancer cells. It binds and regulates some members of the ADAMs family of transmembrane metalloproteases, which function as sheddases and mediators of cell and matrix interactions. It is required for podosome formation, degradation of the extracellular matrix, and cancer cell invasion. Tks5 contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and five SH3 domains. This model characterizes the fifth (C-terminal) SH3 domain of Tks5. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?┘вА0А0АаАВ╣cd12021, SH3_p47phox_1, First or N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of the p47phox subunit of NADPH oxidase, also called Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor 1. p47phox, or NCF1, is a cytosolic subunit of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex (also called Nox2 or gp91phox), which plays a key role in the ability of phagocytes to defend against bacterial infections. NADPH oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to oxygen during phagocytosis forming superoxide and reactive oxygen species. p47phox is required for activation of NADH oxidase and plays a role in translocation. It contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain, tandem SH3 domains (N-SH3 and C-SH3), a polybasic/autoinhibitory region, and a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRR). This model characterizes the first SH3 domain (or N-SH3) of p47phox. In its inactive state, the tandem SH3 domains interact intramolecularly with the autoinhibitory region; upon activation, the tandem SH3 domains are exposed through a conformational change, resulting in their binding to the PRR of p22phox and the activation of NADPH oxidase. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?┌вА0А0АаАВ╗cd12022, SH3_p47phox_2, Second or C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of the p47phox subunit of NADPH oxidase, also called Neutrophil Cytosolic Factor 1. p47phox, or NCF1, is a cytosolic subunit of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex (also called Nox2 or gp91phox), which plays a key role in the ability of phagocytes to defend against bacterial infections. NADPH oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to oxygen during phagocytosis forming superoxide and reactive oxygen species. p47phox is required for activation of NADH oxidase and plays a role in translocation. It contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain, tandem SH3 domains (N-SH3 and C-SH3), a polybasic/autoinhibitory region, and a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRR). This model characterizes the second SH3 domain (or C-SH3) of p47phox. In its inactive state, the tandem SH3 domains interact intramolecularly with the autoinhibitory region; upon activation, the tandem SH3 domains are exposed through a conformational change, resulting in their binding to the PRR of p22phox and the activation of NADPH oxidase. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?█вА0А0АаАВцcd12023, SH3_NoxO1_1, First or N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Nox Organizing protein 1. Nox Organizing protein 1 (NoxO1) is a critical regulator of enzyme kinetics of the nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase Nox1, which catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen to form superoxide. Nox1 is expressed in colon, stomach, uterus, prostate, and vascular smooth muscle cells. NoxO1 is involved in targeting activator subunits (such as NoxA1) to Nox1. It is co-localized with Nox1 in the membranes of resting cells and directs the subcellular localization of Nox1. NoxO1 contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain, tandem SH3 domains (N-SH3 and C-SH3), and a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRR). This model characterizes the first SH3 domain (or N-SH3) of NoxO1. The tandem SH3 domains of NoxO1 interact with the PRR of p22phox, which also complexes with Nox1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?▄вА0А0АаАВ°cd12024, SH3_NoxO1_2, Second or C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of NADPH oxidase (Nox) Organizing protein 1. Nox Organizing protein 1 (NoxO1) is a critical regulator of enzyme kinetics of the nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase Nox1, which catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen to form superoxide. Nox1 is expressed in colon, stomach, uterus, prostate, and vascular smooth muscle cells. NoxO1 is involved in targeting activator subunits (such as NoxA1) to Nox1. It is co-localized with Nox1 in the membranes of resting cells and directs the subcellular localization of Nox1. NoxO1 contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain, tandem SH3 domains (N-SH3 and C-SH3), and a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRR). This model characterizes the second SH3 domain (or C-SH3) of NoxO1. The tandem SH3 domains of NoxO1 interact with the PRR of p22phox, which also complexes with Nox1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?▌вА0А0АаАВРcd12025, SH3_Obscurin_like, Src homology 3 domain of Obscurin and similar proteins. Obscurin is a giant muscle protein that is concentrated at the peripheries of Z-disks and M-lines. It binds small ankyrin I, a component of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane. It is associated with the contractile apparatus through binding with titin and sarcomeric myosin. It plays important roles in the organization and assembly of the myofibril and the SR. Obscurin has been observed as alternatively-spliced isoforms. The major isoform in sleletal muscle, approximately 800 kDa in size, is composed of many adhesion modules and signaling domains. It harbors 49 Ig and 2 FNIII repeats at the N-terminues, a complex middle region with additional Ig domains, an IQ motif, and a conserved SH3 domain near RhoGEF and PH domains, and a non-modular C-terminus with phosphorylation motifs. The obscurin gene also encodes two kinase domains, which are not part of the 800 kDa form of the protein, but is part of smaller spliced products that present in heart muscle. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?▐вА0А0АаАВ╕cd12026, SH3_ZO-1, Src homology 3 domain of the Tight junction protein, Zonula occludens protein 1. ZO-1 is a scaffolding protein that associates with other ZO proteins and other proteins of the tight junction, zonula adherens, and gap junctions. ZO proteins play roles in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics at these cell junctions. ZO-1 plays an essential role in embryonic development. It regulates the assembly and dynamics of the cortical cytoskeleton at cell-cell junctions. It is considered a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. The C-terminal region of ZO-1 is the largest of the three ZO proteins and contains an actin-binding region and domains of unknown function designated alpha and ZU5. The SH3 domain of ZO-1 has been shown to bind ZONAB, ZAK, afadin, and Galpha12. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?▀вА0А0АаАВ╠cd12027, SH3_ZO-2, Src homology 3 domain of the Tight junction protein, Zonula occludens protein 2. ZO-2 is a scaffolding protein that associates with other ZO proteins and other proteins of the tight junction, zonula adherens, and gap junctions. ZO proteins play roles in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics at these cell junctions. ZO-2 plays an essential role in embryonic development. It is critical for the blood-testis barrier integrity and male fertility. It also regulates the expression of cyclin D1 and cell proliferation. It is considered a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. The C-terminal region of ZO-2 contains an actin-binding region and a domain of unknown function designated beta. The SH3 domain of the related protein ZO-1 has been shown to bind ZONAB, ZAK, afadin, and Galpha12. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?рвА0А0АаАВBcd12028, SH3_ZO-3, Src homology 3 domain of the Tight junction protein, Zonula occludens protein 3. ZO-3 is a scaffolding protein that associates with other ZO proteins and other proteins of the tight junction, zonula adherens, and gap junctions. ZO proteins play roles in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics at these cell junctions. ZO-3 is critical for epidermal barrier function. It regulates cyclin D1-dependent cell proliferation. It is considered a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. The C-terminal region of ZO-3 is the smallest of the three ZO proteins. The SH3 domain of the related protein ZO-1 has been shown to bind ZONAB, ZAK, afadin, and Galpha12. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?свА0А0АаАВ,cd12029, SH3_DLG3, Src Homology 3 domain of Disks Large homolog 3. DLG3, also called synapse-associated protein 102 (SAP102), is a scaffolding protein that clusters at synapses and plays an important role in synaptic development and plasticity. Mutations in DLG3 cause midgestational embryonic lethality in mice and may be associated with nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation in humans. It interacts with the NEDD4 (neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4) family of ubiquitin ligases and promotes apical tight junction formation. DLG3 is a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. DLG3 contains three PDZ domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?твА0А0АаАВМcd12030, SH3_DLG4, Src Homology 3 domain of Disks Large homolog 4. DLG4, also called postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95) or synapse-associated protein 90 (SAP90), is a scaffolding protein that clusters at synapses and plays an important role in synaptic development and plasticity. It is responsible for the membrane clustering and retention of many transporters and receptors such as potassium channels and PMCA4b, a P-type ion transport ATPase, among others. DLG4 is a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. DLG4 contains three PDZ domains. The SH3 domain of DLG4 binds and clusters the kainate subgroup of glutamate receptors via two proline-rich sequences in their C-terminal tail. It also binds AKAP79/150 (A-kinase anchoring protein). SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?увА0А0АаАВ∙cd12031, SH3_DLG1, Src Homology 3 domain of Disks Large homolog 1. DLG1, also called synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), is a scaffolding protein that clusters at synapses and plays an important role in synaptic development and plasticity. DLG1 plays roles in regulating cell polarity, proliferation, migration, and cycle progression. It interacts with AMPA-type glutamate receptors and is critical in their maturation and delivery to synapses. It also interacts with PKCalpha and promotes wound healing. DLG1 is a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. DLG1 contains three PDZ domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?фвА0А0АаАВcd12032, SH3_DLG2, Src Homology 3 domain of Disks Large homolog 2. DLG2, also called postsynaptic density-93 (PSD93) or Channel-associated protein of synapse-110 (chapsyn 110), is a scaffolding protein that clusters at synapses and plays an important role in synaptic development and plasticity. The DLG2 delta isoform binds inwardly rectifying potassium Kir2 channels, which determine resting membrane potential in neurons. It regulates the spatial and temporal distribution of Kir2 channels within neuronal membranes. DLG2 is a member of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. DLG2 contains three PDZ domains. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?хвА0А0АаАВжcd12033, SH3_MPP7, Src Homology 3 domain of Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 7 (or MAGUK p55 subfamily member 7). MPP7 is a scaffolding protein that binds to DLG1 and promotes tight junction formation and epithelial cell polarity. Mutations in the MPP7 gene may be associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes and extreme bone mineral density. It is one of seven vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila Stardust protein, which is required in establishing cell polarity, and it contains two L27 domains followed by the core of three domains characteristic of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?цвА0А0АаАВdcd12034, SH3_MPP4, Src Homology 3 domain of Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 4 (or MAGUK p55 subfamily member 4). MPP4, also called Disks Large homolog 6 (DLG6) or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 chromosomal region candidate gene 5 protein (ALS2CR5), is a retina-specific scaffolding protein that plays a role in organizing presynaptic protein complexes in the photoreceptor synapse, where it localizes to the plasma membrane. It is required in the proper localization of calcium ATPases and for maintenance of calcium homeostasis. MPP4 is one of seven vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila Stardust protein, which is required in establishing cell polarity, and it contains two L27 domains followed by the core of three domains characteristic of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?чвА0А0АаАВcd12035, SH3_MPP1-like, Src Homology 3 domain of Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1 (or MAGUK p55 subfamily member 1)-like proteins. This subfamily includes MPP1, CASK (Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Serine protein Kinase), Caenorhabditis elegans lin-2, and similar proteins. MPP1 and CASK are scaffolding proteins from the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, which is characterized by the presence of a core of three domains: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). In addition, they also have the Hook (Protein 4.1 Binding) motif in between the SH3 and GuK domains. The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. CASK and lin-2 also contain an N-terminal calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK)-like domain and two L27 domains. MPP1 is ubiquitously-expressed and plays roles in regulating neutrophil polarity, cell shape, hair cell development, and neural development and patterning of the retina. CASK is highly expressed in the mammalian nervous system and plays roles in synaptic protein targeting, neural development, and gene expression regulation. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?швА0А0АаАВЗcd12036, SH3_MPP5, Src Homology 3 domain of Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 5 (or MAGUK p55 subfamily member 5). MPP5, also called PALS1 (Protein associated with Lin7) or Nagie oko protein in zebrafish or Stardust in Drosophila, is a scaffolding protein which associates with Crumbs homolog 1 (CRB1), CRB2, or CRB3 through its PDZ domain and with PALS1-associated tight junction protein (PATJ) or multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1) through its L27 domain. The resulting tri-protein complexes are core proteins of the Crumb complex, which localizes at tight junctions or subapical regions, and is involved in the maintenance of apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells and the morphogenesis and function of photoreceptor cells. MPP5 is critical for the proper stratification of the retina and is also expressed in T lymphocytes where it is important for TCR-mediated activation of NFkB. Drosophila Stardust exists in several isoforms, some of which show opposing functions in photoreceptor cells, which suggests that the relative ratio of different Crumbs complexes regulates photoreceptor homeostasis. MPP5 contains two L27 domains followed by the core of three domains characteristic of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). In addition, it also contains the Hook (Protein 4.1 Binding) motif in between the SH3 and GuK domains. The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?щвА0А0АаАВ╘cd12037, SH3_MPP2, Src Homology 3 domain of Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 2 (or MAGUK p55 subfamily member 2). MPP2 is a scaffolding protein that interacts with the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Src in epithelial cells to negatively regulate its activity and morphological function. It is one of seven vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila Stardust protein, which is required in establishing cell polarity, and it contains two L27 domains followed by the core of three domains characteristic of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). In addition, it also contains the Hook (Protein 4.1 Binding) motif in between the SH3 and GuK domains. The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ъвА0А0АаАВ╡cd12038, SH3_MPP6, Src Homology 3 domain of Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 6 (or MAGUK p55 subfamily member 6). MPP6, also called Veli-associated MAGUK 1 (VAM-1) or PALS2, is a scaffolding protein that binds to Veli-1, a homolog of Caenorhabditis Lin-7. It is one of seven vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila Stardust protein, which is required in establishing cell polarity, and it contains two L27 domains followed by the core of three domains characteristic of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). In addition, it also contains the Hook (Protein 4.1 Binding) motif in between the SH3 and GuK domains. The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ывА0А0АаАВ(cd12039, SH3_MPP3, Src Homology 3 domain of Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 3 (or MAGUK p55 subfamily member 3). MPP3 is a scaffolding protein that colocalizes with MPP5 and CRB1 at the subdpical region adjacent to adherens junctions and may function in photoreceptor polarity. It interacts with some nectins and regulates their trafficking and processing. Nectins are cell-cell adhesion proteins involved in the establishment apical-basal polarity at cell adhesion sites. It is one of seven vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila Stardust protein, which is required in establishing cell polarity, and it contains two L27 domains followed by the core of three domains characteristic of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ьвА0А0АаАВcd12040, SH3_CACNB2, Src Homology 3 domain of Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta2. The beta2 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca(V)s) is one of four beta subunits present in vertebrates. It is expressed in the heart and is present in specific neuronal cells including cerebellar Purkinje cells, hippocampal pyramidal neurons, and photoreceptors. Knockout of the beta2 gene in mice results in embryonic lethality, demonstrating its importance in development. Ca(V)s are multi-protein complexes that regulate the entry of calcium into cells. They impact muscle contraction, neuronal migration, hormone and neurotransmitter release, and the activation of calcium-dependent signaling pathways. They are composed of four subunits: alpha1, alpha2delta, beta, and gamma. The beta subunit is a soluble and intracellular protein that interacts with the transmembrane alpha1 subunit. It facilitates the trafficking and proper localization of the alpha1 subunit to the cellular plasma membrane. Vertebrates contain four different beta subunits from distinct genes (beta1-4); each exists as multiple splice variants. All are expressed in the brain while other tissues show more specific expression patterns. The beta subunits show similarity to MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins in that they contain SH3 and inactive guanylate kinase (GuK) domains; however, they do not appear to contain a PDZ domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?эвА0А0АаАВ&cd12041, SH3_CACNB1, Src Homology 3 domain of Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1. The beta1 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca(V)s) is one of four beta subunits present in vertebrates. It is the only beta subunit, as the beta1a variant, expressed in skeletal muscle; the beta1b variant is also widely expressed in other tissues including the heart and brain. Knockout of the beta1 gene in mice results in embryonic lethality, demonstrating its importance in development. Ca(V)s are multi-protein complexes that regulate the entry of calcium into cells. They impact muscle contraction, neuronal migration, hormone and neurotransmitter release, and the activation of calcium-dependent signaling pathways. They are composed of four subunits: alpha1, alpha2delta, beta, and gamma. The beta subunit is a soluble and intracellular protein that interacts with the transmembrane alpha1 subunit. It facilitates the trafficking and proper localization of the alpha1 subunit to the cellular plasma membrane. Vertebrates contain four different beta subunits from distinct genes (beta1-4); each exists as multiple splice variants. All are expressed in the brain while other tissues show more specific expression patterns. The beta subunits show similarity to MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins in that they contain SH3 and inactive guanylate kinase (GuK) domains; however, they do not appear to contain a PDZ domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ювА0А0АаАВXcd12042, SH3_CACNB3, Src Homology 3 domain of Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta3. The beta3 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca(V)s) is one of four beta subunits present in vertebrates. It is the main beta subunit present in smooth muscles and is strongly expressed in the brain; it is predominant in the olfactory bulb, cortex, and hippocampus. It may play a role in regulating the NMDAR (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor) activity in the hippocampus and thus, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and cognitive behaviors. Ca(V)s are multi-protein complexes that regulate the entry of calcium into cells. They impact muscle contraction, neuronal migration, hormone and neurotransmitter release, and the activation of calcium-dependent signaling pathways. They are composed of four subunits: alpha1, alpha2delta, beta, and gamma. The beta subunit is a soluble and intracellular protein that interacts with the transmembrane alpha1 subunit. It facilitates the trafficking and proper localization of the alpha1 subunit to the cellular plasma membrane. Vertebrates contain four different beta subunits from distinct genes (beta1-4); each exists as multiple splice variants. All are expressed in the brain while other tissues show more specific expression patterns. The beta subunits show similarity to MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins in that they contain SH3 and inactive guanylate kinase (GuK) domains; however, they do not appear to contain a PDZ domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?явА0А0АаАВГcd12043, SH3_CACNB4, Src Homology 3 domain of Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta4. The beta4 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels (Ca(V)s) is one of four beta subunits present in vertebrates. It is the only beta subunit expressed in the cochlea and is highly expressed in the brain, predominantly in the cerebellum. Ca(V)s are multi-protein complexes that regulate the entry of calcium into cells. They impact muscle contraction, neuronal migration, hormone and neurotransmitter release, and the activation of calcium-dependent signaling pathways. They are composed of four subunits: alpha1, alpha2delta, beta, and gamma. The beta subunit is a soluble and intracellular protein that interacts with the transmembrane alpha1 subunit. It facilitates the trafficking and proper localization of the alpha1 subunit to the cellular plasma membrane. Vertebrates contain four different beta subunits from distinct genes (beta1-4); each exists as multiple splice variants. All are expressed in the brain while other tissues show more specific expression patterns. The beta subunits show similarity to MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins in that they contain SH3 and inactive guanylate kinase (GuK) domains; however, they do not appear to contain a PDZ domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЁвА0А0АаАВ"cd12044, SH3_SKAP1, Src Homology 3 domain of Src Kinase-Associated Phosphoprotein 1. SKAP1, also called SKAP55 (Src kinase-associated protein of 55kDa), is an immune cell-specific adaptor protein that plays an important role in T-cell adhesion, migration, and integrin clustering. It is expressed exclusively in T-lymphocytes, mast cells, and macrophages. Binding partners include ADAP (adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein), Fyn, Riam, RapL, and RasGRP. It contains a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a C-terminal SH3 domain, and several tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The SH3 domain of SKAP1 is necessary for its ability to regulate T-cell conjugation with antigen-presenting cells and the formation of LFA-1 clusters. SKAP1 binds primarily to a proline-rich region of ADAP through its SH3 domain; its degradation is regulated by ADAP. A secondary interaction occurs via the ADAP SH3 domain and the RKxxYxxY motif in SKAP1. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ёвА0А0АаАВ╢cd12045, SH3_SKAP2, Src Homology 3 domain of Src Kinase-Associated Phosphoprotein 2. SKAP2, also called SKAP55-Related (SKAP55R) or SKAP55 homolog (SKAP-HOM or SKAP55-HOM), is an immune cell-specific adaptor protein that plays an important role in adhesion and migration of B-cells and macrophages. Binding partners include ADAP (adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein), YopH, SHPS1, and HPK1. SKAP2 has also been identified as a substrate for lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (Lyp), which has been implicated in a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. It contains a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a C-terminal SH3 domain, and several tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Like SKAP1, SKAP2 is expected to bind primarily to a proline-rich region of ADAP through its SH3 domain; its degradation may be regulated by ADAP. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЄвА0А0АаАВжcd12046, SH3_p67phox_C, C-terminal (or second) Src Homology 3 domain of the p67phox subunit of NADPH oxidase. p67phox, also called Neutrophil cytosol factor 2 (NCF-2), is a cytosolic subunit of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex (also called Nox2 or gp91phox) which plays a crucial role in the cellular response to bacterial infection. NADPH oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to oxygen during phagocytosis forming superoxide and reactive oxygen species. p67phox plays a regulatory role and contains N-terminal TPR, first SH3 (or N-terminal or central SH3), PB1, and C-terminal SH3 domains. It binds, via its C-terminal SH3 domain, to a proline-rich region of p47phox and upon activation, this complex assembles with flavocytochrome b558, the Nox2-p22phox heterodimer. Concurrently, RacGTP translocates to the membrane and interacts with the TPR domain of p67phox, which leads to the activation of NADPH oxidase. The PB1 domain of p67phox binds to its partner PB1 domain in p40phox, and this facilitates the assembly of p47phox-p67phox at the membrane. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?євА0А0АаАВЦcd12047, SH3_Noxa1_C, C-terminal Src Homology 3 domain of NADPH oxidase activator 1. Noxa1 is a homolog of p67phox and is a cytosolic subunit of the nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase complex Nox1, which catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen to form superoxide. Noxa1 is co-expressed with Nox1 in colon, stomach, uterus, prostate, and vascular smooth muscle cells, consistent with its regulatory role. It does not interact with p40phox, unlike p67phox, making Nox1 activity independent of p40phox, unlike Nox2. Noxa1 contains TPR, PB1, and C-terminal SH3 domains, but lacks the central SH3 domain that is present in p67phox. The TPR domain binds activated GTP-bound Rac. The C-terminal SH3 domain binds the polyproline motif found at the C-terminus of Noxo1, a homolog of p47phox. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЇвА0А0АаАВ╧cd12048, SH3_DOCK3_B, Src Homology 3 domain of Class B Dedicator of Cytokinesis 3. Dock3, also called modifier of cell adhesion (MOCA), and presenilin binding protein (PBP), is a class B DOCK and is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. It regulates N-cadherin dependent cell-cell adhesion, cell polarity, and neuronal morphology. It promotes axonal growth by stimulating actin polymerization and microtubule assembly. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate while DHR-2 contains the catalytic activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class B DOCKs also contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus; Dock3 is a specific GEFs for Rac. The SH3 domain of Dock3 binds to DHR-2 in an autoinhibitory manner; binding of the scaffold protein Elmo to the SH3 domain of Dock3 exposes the DHR-2 domain and promotes GEF activity. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ївА0А0АаАВ─cd12049, SH3_DOCK4_B, Src Homology 3 domain of Class B Dedicator of Cytokinesis 4. Dock4 is a class B DOCK and is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. It plays a role in regulating dendritic growth and branching in hippocampal neurons, where it is highly expressed. It may also regulate spine morphology and synapse formation. Dock4 activates the Ras family GTPase Rap1, probably indirectly through interaction with Rap regulatory proteins. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate while DHR-2 contains the catalytic activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class B DOCKs also contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus. The SH3 domain of Dock4 binds to DHR-2 in an autoinhibitory manner; binding of the scaffold protein Elmo to the SH3 domain of Dock4 exposes the DHR-2 domain and promotes GEF activity. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ЎвА0А0АаАВzcd12050, SH3_DOCK2_A, Src Homology 3 domain of Class A Dedicator of Cytokinesis protein 2. Dock2 is a hematopoietic cell-specific, class A DOCK and is an atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that lacks the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. It plays an important role in lymphocyte migration and activation, T-cell differentiation, neutrophil chemotaxis, and type I interferon induction. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate while DHR-2 contains the catalytic activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class A DOCKs also contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus; they are specific GEFs for Rac. The SH3 domain of Dock2 binds to DHR-2 in an autoinhibitory manner; binding of the scaffold protein Elmo to the SH3 domain of Dock2 exposes the DHR-2 domain and promotes GEF activity. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?ўвА0А0АаАВфcd12051, SH3_DOCK1_5_A, Src Homology 3 domain of Class A Dedicator of Cytokinesis proteins 1 and 5. Dock1, also called Dock180, and Dock5 are class A DOCKs and are atypical guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that lack the conventional Dbl homology (DH) domain. Dock1 interacts with the scaffold protein Elmo and the resulting complex functions upstream of Rac in many biological events including phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, cell migration and invasion. Dock5 functions upstream of Rac1 to regulate osteoclast function. All DOCKs contain two homology domains: the DHR-1 (Dock homology region-1), also called CZH1 (CED-5, Dock180, and MBC-zizimin homology 1), and DHR-2 (also called CZH2 or Docker). The DHR-1 domain binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate while DHR-2 contains the catalytic activity for Rac and/or Cdc42. Class A DOCKs also contain an SH3 domain at the N-terminal region and a PxxP motif at the C-terminus; they are specific GEFs for Rac. The SH3 domain of Dock1 binds to DHR-2 in an autoinhibitory manner; binding of Elmo to the SH3 domain of Dock1 exposes the DHR-2 domain and promotes GEF activity. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?°вА0А0АаАВ╩cd12052, SH3_CIN85_1, First Src Homology 3 domain (SH3A) of Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa. CIN85, also called SH3 domain-containing kinase-binding protein 1 (SH3KBP1) or CD2-binding protein 3 (CD2BP3) or Ruk, is an adaptor protein that is involved in the downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases by facilitating endocytosis through interaction with endophilin-associated ubiquitin ligase Cbl proteins. It is also important in many other cellular processes including vesicle-mediated transport, cytoskeletal remodelling, apoptosis, cell adhesion and migration, and viral infection, among others. CIN85 exists as multiple variants from alternative splicing; the main variant contains three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CIN85 to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. This alignment model represents the first SH3 domain (SH3A) of CIN85; SH3A binds to internal proline-rich motifs within the proline-rich region. This intramolecular interaction serves as a regulatory mechanism to keep CIN85 in a closed conformation, preventing the recruitment of other proteins. SH3A has also been shown to bind ubiquitin and to an atypical PXXXPR motif at the C-terminus of Cbl and the cytoplasmic end of the cell adhesion protein CD2. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?∙вА0А0АаАВ│cd12053, SH3_CD2AP_1, First Src Homology 3 domain (SH3A) of CD2-associated protein. CD2AP, also called CMS (Cas ligand with Multiple SH3 domains) or METS1 (Mesenchyme-to-Epithelium Transition protein with SH3 domains), is a cytosolic adaptor protein that plays a role in regulating the cytoskeleton. It is critical in cell-to-cell union necessary for kidney function. It also stabilizes the contact between a T cell and antigen-presenting cells. It is primarily expressed in podocytes at the cytoplasmic face of the slit diaphragm and serves as a linker anchoring podocin and nephrin to the actin cytoskeleton. CD2AP contains three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CD2AP to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. This alignment model represents the first SH3 domain (SH3A) of CD2AP. SH3A binds to the PXXXPR motif present in c-Cbl and the cytoplasmic domain of cell adhesion protein CD2. Its interaction with CD2 anchors CD2 at sites of cell contact. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?·вА0А0АаАВ{cd12054, SH3_CD2AP_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain (SH3B) of CD2-associated protein. CD2AP, also called CMS (Cas ligand with Multiple SH3 domains) or METS1 (Mesenchyme-to-Epithelium Transition protein with SH3 domains), is a cytosolic adaptor protein that plays a role in regulating the cytoskeleton. It is critical in cell-to-cell union necessary for kidney function. It also stabilizes the contact between a T cell and antigen-presenting cells. It is primarily expressed in podocytes at the cytoplasmic face of the slit diaphragm and serves as a linker anchoring podocin and nephrin to the actin cytoskeleton. CD2AP contains three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CD2AP to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. This alignment model represents the second SH3 domain (SH3B) of CD2AP. SH3B binds to c-Cbl in a site (TPSSRPLR is the core binding motif) distinct from the c-Cbl/SH3A binding site. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?√вА0А0АаАВСcd12055, SH3_CIN85_2, Second Src Homology 3 domain (SH3B) of Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa. CIN85, also called SH3 domain-containing kinase-binding protein 1 (SH3KBP1) or CD2-binding protein 3 (CD2BP3) or Ruk, is an adaptor protein that is involved in the downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases by facilitating endocytosis through interaction with endophilin-associated ubiquitin ligase Cbl proteins. It is also important in many other cellular processes including vesicle-mediated transport, cytoskeletal remodelling, apoptosis, cell adhesion and migration, and viral infection, among others. CIN85 exists as multiple variants from alternative splicing; the main variant contains three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CIN85 to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. This alignment model represents the second SH3 domain (SH3B) of CIN85. SH3B has been shown to bind Cbl proline-rich peptides and ubiquitin. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?№вА0А0АаАВ2cd12056, SH3_CD2AP_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain (SH3C) of CD2-associated protein. CD2AP, also called CMS (Cas ligand with Multiple SH3 domains) or METS1 (Mesenchyme-to-Epithelium Transition protein with SH3 domains), is a cytosolic adaptor protein that plays a role in regulating the cytoskeleton. It is critical in cell-to-cell union necessary for kidney function. It also stabilizes the contact between a T cell and antigen-presenting cells. It is primarily expressed in podocytes at the cytoplasmic face of the slit diaphragm and serves as a linker anchoring podocin and nephrin to the actin cytoskeleton. CD2AP contains three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CD2AP to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. This alignment model represents the third SH3 domain (SH3C) of CD2AP. SH3C has been shown to bind ubiquitin. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?¤вА0А0АаАВqcd12057, SH3_CIN85_3, Third Src Homology 3 domain (SH3C) of Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa. CIN85, also called SH3 domain-containing kinase-binding protein 1 (SH3KBP1) or CD2-binding protein 3 (CD2BP3) or Ruk, is an adaptor protein that is involved in the downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases by facilitating endocytosis through interaction with endophilin-associated ubiquitin ligase Cbl proteins. It is also important in many other cellular processes including vesicle-mediated transport, cytoskeletal remodelling, apoptosis, cell adhesion and migration, and viral infection, among others. CIN85 exists as multiple variants from alternative splicing; the main variant contains three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CIN85 to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. This alignment model represents the third SH3 domain (SH3C) of CIN85. SH3C has been shown to bind ubiquitin. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА?■вА0А0АаАВcd12058, SH3_MLK4, Src Homology 3 domain of Mixed Lineage Kinase 4. MLK4 is a Serine/Threonine Kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. MLKs act as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks, MKKKs, MAPKKKs), which phosphorylate and activate MAPK kinases (MAPKKs or MKKs or MAP2Ks), which in turn phosphorylate and activate MAPKs during signaling cascades that are important in mediating cellular responses to extracellular signals. MLKs play roles in immunity and inflammation, as well as in cell death, proliferation, and cell cycle regulation. The specific function of MLK4 is yet to be determined. Mutations in the kinase domain of MLK4 have been detected in colorectal cancers. MLK4 contains an SH3 domain, a catalytic kinase domain, a leucine zipper, a proline-rich region, and a CRIB domain that mediates binding to GTP-bound Cdc42 and Rac. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА? вА0А0АаАВ&cd12059, SH3_MLK1-3, Src Homology 3 domain of Mixed Lineage Kinases 1, 2, and 3. MLKs 1, 2, and 3 are Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. MLKs act as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks, MKKKs, MAPKKKs), which phosphorylate and activate MAPK kinases (MAPKKs or MKKs or MAP2Ks), which in turn phosphorylate and activate MAPKs during signaling cascades that are important in mediating cellular responses to extracellular signals. MLKs play roles in immunity and inflammation, as well as in cell death, proliferation, and cell cycle regulation. Little is known about the specific function of MLK1, also called MAP3K9. It is capable of activating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Mice lacking both MLK1 and MLK2 are viable, fertile, and have normal life spans. MLK2, also called MAP3K10, is abundant in brain, skeletal muscle, and testis. It functions upstream of the MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase. It binds hippocalcin, a calcium-sensor protein that protects neurons against calcium-induced cell death. Both MLK2 and hippocalcin may be associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. MLK3, also called MAP3K11, is highly expressed in breast cancer cells and its signaling through c-Jun N-terminal kinase has been implicated in the migration, invasion, and malignancy of cancer cells. It also functions as a negative regulator of Inhibitor of Nuclear Factor-KappaB Kinase (IKK) and thus, impacts inflammation and immunity. MLKs contain an SH3 domain, a catalytic kinase domain, a leucine zipper, a proline-rich region, and a CRIB domain that mediates binding to GTP-bound Cdc42 and Rac. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВZcd12060, SH3_alphaPIX, Src Homology 3 domain of alpha-Pak Interactive eXchange factor. Alpha-PIX, also called Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 6 (ARHGEF6) or Cool (Cloned out of Library)-2, activates small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It acts as a GEF for both Cdc42 and Rac 1, and is localized in dendritic spines where it regulates spine morphogenesis. It controls dendritic length and spine density in the hippocampus. Mutations in the ARHGEF6 gene cause X-linked intellectual disability in humans. PIX proteins contain an N-terminal SH3 domain followed by RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH) and Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains, and a C-terminal leucine-zipper domain for dimerization. The SH3 domain of PIX binds to an atypical PxxxPR motif in p21-activated kinases (PAKs) with high affinity. The binding of PAKs to PIX facilitate the localization of PAKs to focal complexes and also localizes PAKs to PIX targets Cdc43 and Rac, leading to the activation of PAKs. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВcd12061, SH3_betaPIX, Src Homology 3 domain of beta-Pak Interactive eXchange factor. Beta-PIX, also called Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 (ARHGEF7) or Cool (Cloned out of Library)-1, activates small GTPases by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. It acts as a GEF for both Cdc42 and Rac 1, and plays important roles in regulating neuroendocrine exocytosis, focal adhesion maturation, cell migration, synaptic vesicle localization, and insulin secretion. PIX proteins contain an N-terminal SH3 domain followed by RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH) and Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains, and a C-terminal leucine-zipper domain for dimerization. The SH3 domain of PIX binds to an atypical PxxxPR motif in p21-activated kinases (PAKs) with high affinity. The binding of PAKs to PIX facilitate the localization of PAKs to focal complexes and also localizes PAKs to PIX targets Cdc43 and Rac, leading to the activation of PAKs. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ╚cd12062, SH3_Caskin1, Src Homology 3 domain of CASK interacting protein 1. Caskin1 is a multidomain adaptor protein that contains six ankyrin repeats, a single SH3 domain, tandem sterile alpha motif (SAM) domains, and a long disordered proline-rich region. It is expressed at high levels in the brain and is localized in presynaptic regions. It binds to the multidomain scaffolding protein CASK through the CaMK domain in competition with Munc-interacting protein 1 (Mint1). CASK participates in one of two evolutionarily conserved tripartite complexes containing either Mint1 and Velis or Caskin1 and Velis. Caskin1 may play a role in infantile myoclonic epilepsy. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВЯcd12063, SH3_Caskin2, Src Homology 3 domain of CASK interacting protein 2. Caskin2 is a multidomain adaptor protein that contains six ankyrin repeats, a single SH3 domain, tandem sterile alpha motif (SAM) domains, and a long disordered proline-rich region. It shares a domain architecture with Caskin1, but does not bind CASK. The function of Caskin2 is still unknown. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВcd12064, SH3_GRAF, Src Homology 3 domain of GTPase Regulator Associated with Focal adhesion kinase. GRAF, also called Rho GTPase activating protein 26 (ARHGAP26), Oligophrenin-1-like (OPHN1L) or GRAF1, is a GAP with activity towards RhoA and Cdc42 and is only weakly active towards Rac1. It influences Rho-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements and binds focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which is a critical component of integrin signaling. It is essential for the major clathrin-independent endocytic pathway mediated by pleiomorphic membranes. GRAF contains an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a Rho GAP domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of GRAF binds PKNbeta, a target of the small GTPase Rho. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВяcd12065, SH3_GRAF2, Src Homology 3 domain of GTPase Regulator Associated with Focal adhesion kinase 2. GRAF2, also called Rho GTPase activating protein 10 (ARHGAP10) or PS-GAP, is a GAP with activity towards Cdc42 and RhoA. It regulates caspase-activated p21-activated protein kinase-2 (PAK-2p34). GRAF2 interacts with PAK-2p34, leading to its stabilization and decrease of cell death. It is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, and is involved in alpha-catenin recruitment at cell-cell junctions. GRAF2 contains an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a Rho GAP domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of GRAF binds PKNbeta, a target of the small GTPase Rho. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВOcd12066, SH3_GRAF3, Src Homology 3 domain of GTPase Regulator Associated with Focal adhesion kinase 3. GRAF3 is also called Rho GTPase activating protein 42 (ARHGAP42) or ARHGAP10-like. Though its function has not been characterized, it may be a GAP with activity towards RhoA and Cdc42, based on its similarity to GRAF and GRAF2. It contains an N-terminal BAR domain, followed by a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a Rho GAP domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of GRAF and GRAF2 binds PKNbeta, a target of the small GTPase Rho. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ cd12067, SH3_MYO15A, Src Homology 3 domain of Myosin XVa. Myosin XVa is an unconventional myosin that is critical for the normal growth of mechanosensory stereocilia of inner ear hair cells. Mutations in the myosin XVa gene are associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss. Myosin XVa contains a unique N-terminal extension followed by a motor domain, light chain-binding IQ motifs, and a tail consisting of a pair of MyTH4-FERM tandems separated by a SH3 domain, and a PDZ domain. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ╝cd12068, SH3_MYO15B, Src Homology 3 domain of Myosin XVb. Myosin XVb, also called KIAA1783, was named based on its similarity with myosin XVa. It is a transcribed and unprocessed pseudogene whose predicted amino acid sequence contains mutated or deleted amino acid residues that are normally conserved and important for myosin function. The related myosin XVa is important for normal growth of mechanosensory stereocilia of inner ear hair cells. Myosin XVa contains a unique N-terminal extension followed by a motor domain, light chain-binding IQ motifs, and a tail consisting of a pair of MyTH4-FERM tandems separated by a SH3 domain, and a PDZ domain. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@ вА0А0АаАВ▌cd12069, SH3_ARHGAP27, Src Homology 3 domain of Rho GTPase-activating protein 27. Rho GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs or ARHGAPs) bind to Rho proteins and enhance the hydrolysis rates of bound GTP. ARHGAP27, also called CAMGAP1, shows GAP activity towards Rac1 and Cdc42. It binds the adaptor protein CIN85 and may play a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. It contains SH3, WW, Pleckstin homology (PH), and RhoGAP domains. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@ вА0А0АаАВ┌cd12070, SH3_ARHGAP12, Src Homology 3 domain of Rho GTPase-activating protein 12. Rho GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs or ARHGAPs) bind to Rho proteins and enhance the hydrolysis rates of bound GTP. ARHGAP12 has been shown to display GAP activity towards Rac1. It plays a role in regulating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-driven cell growth and invasiveness. It contains SH3, WW, Pleckstin homology (PH), and RhoGAP domains. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ!cd12071, SH3_FBP17, Src Homology 3 domain of Formin Binding Protein 17. Formin Binding Protein 17 (FBP17), also called FormiN Binding Protein 1 (FNBP1), is involved in dynamin-mediated endocytosis. It is recruited to clathrin-coated pits late in the endocytosis process and may play a role in the invagination and scission steps. FBP17 binds in vivo to tankyrase, a protein involved in telomere maintenance and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. It contains an N-terminal F-BAR (FES-CIP4 Homology and Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs) domain, a Cdc42-binding HR1 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of the related protein, CIP4, associates with Gapex-5, a Rab31 GEF. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВЇcd12072, SH3_FNBP1L, Src Homology 3 domain of Formin Binding Protein 1-Like. FormiN Binding Protein 1-Like (FNBP1L), also known as Toca-1 (Transducer of Cdc42-dependent actin assembly), forms a complex with neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP). The FNBP1L/N-WASP complex induces the formation of filopodia and endocytic vesicles. FNBP1L is required for Cdc42-induced actin assembly and is essential for autophagy of intracellular pathogens. It contains an N-terminal F-BAR domain, a central Cdc42-binding HR1 domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of the related protein, CIP4, associates with Gapex-5, a Rab31 GEF. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@ вА0А0АаАВcd12073, SH3_HS1, Src homology 3 domain of Hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1. HS1, also called HCLS1 (hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1), is a cortactin homolog expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells. It is an actin regulatory protein that binds the Arp2/3 complex and stabilizes branched actin filaments. It is required for cell spreading and signaling in lymphocytes. It regulates cytoskeletal remodeling that controls lymphocyte trafficking, and it also affects tissue invasion and infiltration of leukemic B cells. Like cortactin, HS1 contains an N-terminal acidic domain, several copies of a repeat domain found in cortactin and HS1, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The N-terminal region binds the Arp2/3 complex and F-actin, while the C-terminal region acts as an adaptor or scaffold that can connect varied proteins that bind the SH3 domain within the actin network. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВТcd12074, SH3_Tks5_1, First Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate with five SH3 domains. Tks5, also called SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2A (SH3PXD2A) or Five SH (FISH), is a scaffolding protein and Src substrate that is localized in podosomes, which are electron-dense structures found in Src-transformed fibroblasts, osteoclasts, macrophages, and some invasive cancer cells. It binds and regulates some members of the ADAMs family of transmembrane metalloproteases, which function as sheddases and mediators of cell and matrix interactions. It is required for podosome formation, degradation of the extracellular matrix, and cancer cell invasion. Tks5 contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and five SH3 domains. This model characterizes the first SH3 domain of Tks5. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВеcd12075, SH3_Tks4_1, First Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate with four SH3 domains. Tks4, also called SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2B (SH3PXD2B) or HOFI, is a Src substrate and scaffolding protein that plays an important role in the formation of podosomes and invadopodia, the dynamic actin-rich structures that are related to cell migration and cancer cell invasion. It is required in the formation of functional podosomes, EGF-induced membrane ruffling, and lamellipodia generation. It plays an important role in cellular attachment and cell spreading. Tks4 is essential for the localization of MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase) to invadopodia. It contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and four SH3 domains. This model characterizes the first SH3 domain of Tks4. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВзcd12076, SH3_Tks4_2, Second Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate with four SH3 domains. Tks4, also called SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2B (SH3PXD2B) or HOFI, is a Src substrate and scaffolding protein that plays an important role in the formation of podosomes and invadopodia, the dynamic actin-rich structures that are related to cell migration and cancer cell invasion. It is required in the formation of functional podosomes, EGF-induced membrane ruffling, and lamellipodia generation. It plays an important role in cellular attachment and cell spreading. Tks4 is essential for the localization of MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase) to invadopodia. It contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and four SH3 domains. This model characterizes the second SH3 domain of Tks4. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВФcd12077, SH3_Tks5_2, Second Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate with five SH3 domains. Tks5, also called SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2A (SH3PXD2A) or Five SH (FISH), is a scaffolding protein and Src substrate that is localized in podosomes, which are electron-dense structures found in Src-transformed fibroblasts, osteoclasts, macrophages, and some invasive cancer cells. It binds and regulates some members of the ADAMs family of transmembrane metalloproteases, which function as sheddases and mediators of cell and matrix interactions. It is required for podosome formation, degradation of the extracellular matrix, and cancer cell invasion. Tks5 contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and five SH3 domains. This model characterizes the second SH3 domain of Tks5. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВеcd12078, SH3_Tks4_3, Third Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate with four SH3 domains. Tks4, also called SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2B (SH3PXD2B) or HOFI, is a Src substrate and scaffolding protein that plays an important role in the formation of podosomes and invadopodia, the dynamic actin-rich structures that are related to cell migration and cancer cell invasion. It is required in the formation of functional podosomes, EGF-induced membrane ruffling, and lamellipodia generation. It plays an important role in cellular attachment and cell spreading. Tks4 is essential for the localization of MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase) to invadopodia. It contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and four SH3 domains. This model characterizes the third SH3 domain of Tks4. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВТcd12079, SH3_Tks5_3, Third Src homology 3 domain of Tyrosine kinase substrate with five SH3 domains. Tks5, also called SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2A (SH3PXD2A) or Five SH (FISH), is a scaffolding protein and Src substrate that is localized in podosomes, which are electron-dense structures found in Src-transformed fibroblasts, osteoclasts, macrophages, and some invasive cancer cells. It binds and regulates some members of the ADAMs family of transmembrane metalloproteases, which function as sheddases and mediators of cell and matrix interactions. It is required for podosome formation, degradation of the extracellular matrix, and cancer cell invasion. Tks5 contains an N-terminal Phox homology (PX) domain and five SH3 domains. This model characterizes the third SH3 domain of Tks5. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВнcd12080, SH3_MPP1, Src Homology 3 domain of Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 1 (or MAGUK p55 subfamily member 1). MPP1, also called 55 kDa erythrocyte membrane protein (p55), is a ubiquitously-expressed scaffolding protein that plays roles in regulating neutrophil polarity, cell shape, hair cell development, and neural development and patterning of the retina. It was originally identified as an erythrocyte protein that stabilizes the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane by forming a complex with 4.1R protein and glycophorin C. MPP1 is one of seven vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila Stardust protein, which is required in establishing cell polarity, and it contains the three domains characteristic of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). In addition, it also contains the Hook (Protein 4.1 Binding) motif in between the SH3 and GuK domains. The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ~cd12081, SH3_CASK, Src Homology 3 domain of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Serine protein Kinase. CASK is a scaffolding protein that is highly expressed in the mammalian nervous system and plays roles in synaptic protein targeting, neural development, and gene expression regulation. CASK interacts with many different binding partners including parkin, neurexin, syndecans, calcium channel proteins, caskin, among others, to perform specific functions in different subcellular locations. Disruption of the CASK gene in mice results in neonatal lethality while mutations in the human gene have been associated with X-linked mental retardation. Drosophila CASK is associated with both pre- and postsynaptic membranes and is crucial in synaptic transmission and vesicle cycling. CASK contains an N-terminal calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK)-like domain, two L27 domains, followed by the core of three domains characteristic of MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) proteins: PDZ, SH3, and guanylate kinase (GuK). In addition, it also contains the Hook (Protein 4.1 Binding) motif in between the SH3 and GuK domains. The GuK domain in MAGUK proteins is enzymatically inactive; instead, the domain mediates protein-protein interactions and associates intramolecularly with the SH3 domain. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ°cd12082, MATE_like, Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion family and similar proteins. The integral membrane proteins from the MATE family are involved in exporting metabolites across the cell membrane and are responsible for multidrug resistance (MDR) in many bacteria and animals. MATE has also been identified as a large multigene family in plants, where the proteins are linked to disease resistance. A number of family members are involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan components in bacteria.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлПвА0А0АаАВ*cd12083, DD_cGKI, Dimerization/Docking domain of Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase I. Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase I (PKG1 or cGKI) is a Serine/Threonine Kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. cGKI exists as two splice variants, cGKI-alpha and cGKI-beta. They contain an N-terminal regulatory domain containing a dimerization/docking region and an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate region, two cGMP-binding domains, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. Binding of cGMP to both binding sites releases the inhibition of the catalytic center by the pseudosubstrate region, allowing autophosphorylation and activation of the kinase. cGKI is a soluble protein expressed in all smooth muscles, platelets, cerebellum, and kidney. It is also expressed at lower concentrations in other tissues. It is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone, smooth cell proliferation, and platelet activation. The dimerization/docking (D/D) domain is a leucine/isoleucine zipper that mediates both homodimerization and interaction with isotype-specific G-kinase-anchoring proteins (GKAPs). The D/D domain of the two variants (alpha and beta) differ, allowing their targeting to different subcellular compartments and intracellular substrates.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАA}вА0А0АаАВЫcd12084, DD_R_PKA, Dimerization/Docking domain of the Regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and similar domains. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The inactive PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two phosphorylated and active catalytic subunits with a dimer of regulatory (R) subunits. Activation is achieved through the binding of the important second messenger cAMP to the R subunits, which leads to the dissociation of PKA into the R dimer and two active subunits. There are two classes of R subunits, RI and RII; each exists as two isoforms (alpha and beta) from distinct genes. These functionally non-redundant R isoforms allow for specificity in PKA signaling. The R subunit contains an N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) domain, a linker with an inhibitory sequence (IS), and two c-AMP binding domains. RI and RII subunits are distinguished by their IS; RII subunits contain a phosphorylation site and are both substrates and inhibitors while RI subunits are pseudo-substrates. RI subunits require ATP and Mg ions to form a stable holoenzyme while RII subunits do not. The D/D domain dimerizes to form a four-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), which facilitates the localization of PKA to specific sites in the cell. PKA is present ubiquitously in cells and interacts with many different downstream targets. It plays a role in the regulation of diverse processes such as growth, development, memory, metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and lipolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@3вА0А0АаАВ_cd12085, DD_cGKI-alpha, Dimerization/Docking domain of Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase I alpha. Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase I (PKG1 or cGKI) is a Serine/Threonine Kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. cGKI exists as two splice variants, cGKI-alpha and cGKI-beta. They contain an N-terminal regulatory domain containing a dimerization/docking region and an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate region, two cGMP-binding domains, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. Binding of cGMP to both binding sites releases the inhibition of the catalytic center by the pseudosubstrate region, allowing autophosphorylation and activation of the kinase. cGKI is a soluble protein expressed in all smooth muscles, platelets, cerebellum, and kidney. It is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone, smooth cell proliferation, and platelet activation. The dimerization/docking (D/D) domain is a leucine/isoleucine zipper that mediates both homodimerization and interaction with isotype-specific G-kinase-anchoring proteins (GKAPs). The D/D domain of the two variants (alpha and beta) differ, allowing for their targeting to different subcellular compartments and intracellular substrates. cGKI-alpha specifically binds to myosin light chain phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT1) and the regulator of G-protein signaling-2 (RGS-2). cGKI-alpha activates the phosphatase activity of MYPT1, resulting in vasorelaxation. It increases the activity of RGS-2 toward G proteins, with implications in the downstream signaling for vasoconstrictive agents.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАA~вА0А0АаАВNcd12086, DD_cGKI-beta, Dimerization/Docking domain of Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase I beta. Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase I (PKG1 or cGKI) is a Serine/Threonine Kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. cGKI exists as two splice variants, cGKI-alpha and cGKI-beta. They contain an N-terminal regulatory domain containing a dimerization/docking region and an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate region, two cGMP-binding domains, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. Binding of cGMP to both binding sites releases the inhibition of the catalytic center by the pseudosubstrate region, allowing autophosphorylation and activation of the kinase. cGKI is a soluble protein expressed in all smooth muscles, platelets, cerebellum, and kidney. It is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone, smooth cell proliferation, and platelet activation. The dimerization/docking (D/D) domain is a leucine/isoleucine zipper that mediates both homodimerization and interaction with isotype-specific G-kinase-anchoring proteins (GKAPs). The D/D domain of the two variants (alpha and beta) differ, allowing for their targeting to different subcellular compartments and intracellular substrates. cGKI-beta binds specifically to inositol triphosphate receptor-associated PKG substrate (IRAG) and the transcriptional regulator TFII-I. Phosphorylation of IRAG by cGKI-beta contributes to smooth muscle relaxation while phosphorylation of TFII-I modulates its co-activator functions for serum response factor and Smad transcription factors.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAвА0А0АаАВ╢cd12087, TM_EGFR-like, Transmembrane domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor family of Protein Tyrosine Kinases. PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. EGFR (HER, ErbB) subfamily members include EGFR (HER1, ErbB1), HER2 (ErbB2), HER3 (ErbB3), HER4 (ErbB4), and similar proteins. They are receptor PTKs (RTKs) containing an extracellular EGF-related ligand-binding region, a transmembrane (TM) helix, and a cytoplasmic region with a tyr kinase domain and a regulatory C-terminal tail. They are activated by ligand-induced dimerization, resulting in the phosphorylation of tyr residues in the C-terminal tail, which serve as binding sites for downstream signaling molecules. Collectively, they can recognize a variety of ligands including EGF, TGFalpha, and neuregulins, among others. All four subfamily members can form homo- or heterodimers. HER3 contains an impaired kinase domain and depends on its heterodimerization partner for activation. EGFR subfamily members are involved in signaling pathways leading to a broad range of cellular responses including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, growth inhibition, and apoptosis. The TM domain not only serves as a membrane anchor, but also plays an important role in receptor dimerization and optimal activation. Mutations in the TM domain of EGFR family RTKs have been associated with increased breast cancer risk.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@<вА0А0АаАВФcd12088, helicase_insert_domain, helicase_insert_domain. helicase_insert_domain; This helical domain can be found inserted in a subset of SF2-type DEAD-box related helicases, like archaeal Hef helicase, MDA5-like helicases and FancM-like helicases. The exact function of this domain is unknown, but seems to play a role in interaction with nucleotides and/or the stabilization of the nucleotide complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА:├вА0А0АаАВчcd12089, Hef_ID, insert domain of Archaeal Hef helicase/nuclease. Archaeal Hef helicase/nuclease, originally identified in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, contains an N-terminal SF2 helicase domain and a C-terminal XPF/Mus81-type nuclease domain. Hef has been shown to process flap- or fork-DNA structures, and that both helicase and nuclease domain independently recognize branched DNA, with a strong preference for the forked DNA. The SF2 helicase domain is comprised of 3 structural domains, the 2 generally conserved helicase domains and a helical domain inserted between the two domains. This domain which is not present in all SF2 helicases, has been shown to play an important role in branched structure processing.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА:─вА0А0АаАВ╒cd12090, MDA5_ID, Insert domain of MDA5. MDA5 (melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5, also known as IFIH1), as well as RIG-I (Retinoic acid Inducible Gene I, also known as DDX58) and LPG2 (also known as DHX58), contain two N-terminal CARD domains and a C-terminal SF2 helicase domain. They are cytoplasmic DEAD box RNA helicases acting as key innate immune pattern-recognition receptor (PRRs) that play an important role in host antiviral response by sensing incoming viral RNA. Their SF2 helicase domain is comprised of 3 structural domains, the 2 generally conserved helicase domains and a helical domain inserted between the two domains. The inserted domain is involved in conformational changes upon ligand binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА:┼вА0А0АаАВ cd12091, FANCM_ID, Insert domain of FANCM and related proteins. FANCM and related proteins, like Mph1 and Fml1, are DNA junction-specific helicases/translocases that bind to and process perturbed replication forks and intermediates of homologous recombination. FANCM contains an N-terminal superfamily 2 helicase (SF2) domain, although FANCM, in contrast to other members of this family, does not exhibit DNA helicase activity. The SF2 helicase domain is comprised of 3 structural domains, the 2 generally conserved helicase domains and a helical domain inserted between the two domains. FANCM is a component of the Fanconi anaemia (FA) core complex. FA is a rare genetic disease in humans that is associated with progressive bone marrow failure, a variety of developmental abnormalities, and a high incidence of cancer. A key role of this complex is to monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and FANCI during S-phase and in response to DNA damage. The role of FANCM during this process seems to be the recruitment of the complex to chromatin.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА:╞вА0А0АаАВ╕cd12092, TM_ErbB4, Transmembrane domain of ErbB4, a Protein Tyrosine Kinase. PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. ErbB4 (HER4) is a member of the EGFR (HER, ErbB) subfamily of proteins, which are receptor PTKs (RTKs) containing an extracellular EGF-related ligand-binding region, a transmembrane (TM) helix, and a cytoplasmic region with a tyr kinase domain and a regulatory C-terminal tail. It is activated by ligand-induced dimerization, leading to the phosphorylation of tyr residues in the C-terminal tail, which serve as binding sites for downstream signaling molecules. Ligands that bind ErbB4 fall into two groups, the neuregulins (or heregulins) and some EGFR (HER1, ErbB1) ligands including betacellulin, HBEGF, and epiregulin. All four neuregulins (NRG1-4) interact with ErbB4. Upon ligand binding, ErbB4 forms homo- or heterodimers with other ErbB proteins. The TM domain not only serves as a membrane anchor, but also plays an important role in receptor dimerization and optimal activation. Mutations in the TM domain of ErbB4 have been associated with increased breast cancer risk. ErbB4 is essential in embryonic development. It is implicated in mammary gland, cardiac, and neural development. As a postsynaptic receptor of NRG1, ErbB4 plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and maturation. The impairment of NRG1/ErbB4 signaling may contribute to schizophrenia.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@=вА0А0АаАВ├cd12093, TM_ErbB1, Transmembrane domain of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor or ErbB1, a Protein Tyrosine Kinase. PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. EGFR (HER1, ErbB1) is a receptor PTK (RTK) containing an extracellular EGF-related ligand-binding region, a transmembrane (TM) helix, and a cytoplasmic region with a tyr kinase domain and a regulatory C-terminal tail. It is activated by ligand-induced dimerization, leading to the phosphorylation of tyr residues in the C-terminal tail, which serve as binding sites for downstream signaling molecules. Ligands for ErbB1 include EGF, heparin binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF), epiregulin, amphiregulin, TGFalpha, and betacellulin. Upon ligand binding, ErbB1 can form homo- or heterodimers with other EGFR/ErbB subfamily members. The TM domain not only serves as a membrane anchor, but also plays an important role in receptor dimerization and optimal activation. Mutations in the TM domain of ErbB1 have been associated with increased breast cancer risk. The ErbB1 signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and growth. A number of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors have been developed that target ErbB1, including the antibodies Cetuximab and Panitumumab, which are used in combination with other therapies for the treatment of colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The small molecule inhibitors Gefitinib (Iressa) and Erlotinib (Tarceva), already used for NSCLC, are undergoing clinical trials for other types of cancer including gastrointestinal, breast, head and neck, and bladder.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@>вА0А0АаАВ■cd12094, TM_ErbB2, Transmembrane domain of ErbB2, a Protein Tyrosine Kinase. PTKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to tyrosine (tyr) residues in protein substrates. ErbB2 (HER2, HER2/neu) is a member of the EGFR (HER, ErbB) subfamily of proteins, which are receptor PTKs (RTKs) containing an extracellular EGF-related ligand-binding region, a transmembrane (TM) helix, and a cytoplasmic region with a tyr kinase domain and a regulatory C-terminal tail. It is activated by ligand-induced dimerization, leading to the phosphorylation of tyr residues in the C-terminal tail, which serve as binding sites for downstream signaling molecules. ErbB2 does not bind to any known EGFR subfamily ligands, but contributes to the kinase activity of all possible heterodimers. It acts as the preferred partner of other ligand-bound EGFR proteins and functions as a signal amplifier, with the ErbB2-ErbB3 heterodimer being the most potent pair in mitogenic signaling. The TM domain not only serves as a membrane anchor, but also plays an important role in receptor dimerization and optimal activation. Mutations in the TM domain of ErbB2 have been associated with increased breast cancer risk. ErbB2 plays an important role in cell development, proliferation, survival and motility. Overexpression of ErbB2 results in its activation and downstream signaling, even in the absence of ligand. ErbB2 overexpression, mainly due to gene amplification, has been shown in a variety of human cancers. Its role in breast cancer is especially well-documented. ErbB2 is up-regulated in about 25% of breast tumors and is associated with increases in tumor aggressiveness, recurrence and mortality. ErbB2 is a target for monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors, which are being developed as treatments for cancer. The first humanized antibody approved for clinical use is Trastuzumab (Herceptin), which is being used in combination with other therapies to improve the survival rates of patients with HER2-overexpressing breast cancer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@?вА0А0АаАВ7cd12095, TM_ErbB3, Transmembrane domain of ErbB3, a Protein Tyrosine Kinase. ErbB3 (HER3) is a member of the EGFR (HER, ErbB) subfamily of proteins, which are receptor PTKs (RTKs) containing an extracellular EGF-related ligand-binding region, a transmembrane (TM) helix, and a cytoplasmic region with a tyr kinase domain and a regulatory C-terminal tail. ErbB receptors are activated by ligand-induced dimerization, leading to the phosphorylation of tyr residues in the C-terminal tail, which serve as binding sites for downstream signaling molecules. ErbB3 contains an impaired tyr kinase domain, which lacks crucial residues for catalytic activity against exogenous substrates but is still able to bind ATP and autophosphorylate. ErbB3 binds the neuregulin ligands, NRG1 and NRG2, and it relies on its heterodimerization partners for activity following ligand binding. The ErbB2-ErbB3 heterodimer constitutes a high affinity co-receptor capable of potent mitogenic signaling. The TM domain not only serves as a membrane anchor, but also plays an important role in receptor dimerization and optimal activation. Mutations in the TM domain of ErbB receptors have been associated with increased breast cancer risk. ErbB3 participates in a signaling pathway involved in the proliferation, survival, adhesion, and motility of tumor cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@@вА0А0АаАВ░cd12097, DD_RI_PKA, Dimerization/Docking domain of the Type I Regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The inactive PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two phosphorylated and active catalytic subunits with a dimer of regulatory (R) subunits. Activation is achieved through the binding of the important second messenger cAMP to the R subunits, which leads to the dissociation of PKA into the R dimer and two active subunits. There are two classes of R subunits, RI and RII; each exists as two isoforms (alpha and beta) from distinct genes. These functionally non-redundant R isoforms allow for specificity in PKA signaling. RI subunits are pseudo-substrates as they do not contain a phosphorylation site in their inhibitory site unlike RII subunits. RIalpha function is required for normal development as its deletion is embryonically lethal. RIbeta is expressed highly in the brain and is associated with hippocampal function. The R subunit contains an N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) domain, a linker with an inhibitory sequence, and two c-AMP binding domains. The D/D domain dimerizes to form a four-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), which facilitates the localization of PKA to specific sites in the cell. PKA is present ubiquitously in cells and interacts with many different downstream targets. It plays a role in the regulation of diverse processes such as growth, development, memory, metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and lipolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@4вА0А0АаАВЧcd12098, DD_R_PKA_fungi, Dimerization/Docking domain of the Regulatory subunit of fungal cAMP-dependent protein kinase. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The inactive PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two phosphorylated and active catalytic subunits with a dimer of regulatory (R) subunits. Activation is achieved through the binding of the important second messenger cAMP to the R subunits, which leads to the dissociation of PKA into the R dimer and two active subunits. The R subunit of fungal PKA is encoded by a single gene, which is called by various names in different organisms (for example: Yarrowia lipolytica RKA1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bcy1, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cgs1). Although most characterized PKA holoenzymes are tetramers, Y. lipolytica PKA has been reported to be a dimer of RKA1 and the catalytic subunit TPK1. RKA1 is essential and promotes hyphal growth. Cgs1 is essential for sexual differentiation of S. pombe; mutants with defective Cgs1 are partially sterile. The R subunit contains an N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) domain, a linker with an inhibitory sequence, and two c-AMP binding domains. The D/D domain of metazoan R subunits dimerizes to form a four-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs). The D/D domain of fungal R subunits may also serve as a dimerization domain, in the case of heterotetrameric PKAs. Fungal PKA plays a major role in controlling cell growth and metabolism in response to nutrients and stress conditions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@5вА0А0АаАВ╡cd12099, DD_RII_PKA, Dimerization/Docking domain of the Type II Regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The inactive PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two phosphorylated and active catalytic subunits with a dimer of regulatory (R) subunits. Activation is achieved through the binding of the important second messenger cAMP to the R subunits, which leads to the dissociation of PKA into the R dimer and two active subunits. There are two classes of R subunits, RI and RII; each exists as two isoforms (alpha and beta) from distinct genes. These functionally non-redundant R isoforms allow for specificity in PKA signaling. RII subunits contain a phosphorylation site in their inhibitory site and are both substrates and inhibitors. RIIalpha plays a role in the association and dissociation of PKA with the centrosome during interphase and mitosis, respectively. RIIbeta plays an important role in adipocytes and neuronal tissues. The R subunit contains an N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) domain, a linker with an inhibitory sequence, and two c-AMP binding domains. The D/D domain dimerizes to form a four-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), which facilitates the localization of PKA to specific sites in the cell. PKA is present ubiquitously in cells and interacts with many different downstream targets. It plays a role in the regulation of diverse processes such as growth, development, memory, metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and lipolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@6вА0А0АаАВ5cd12100, DD_CABYR_SP17, Dimerization/Docking domain of the sperm fibrous sheath proteins, Calcium-Binding tYrosine-phosphorylation Regulated protein and Sperm Protein 17. CABYR and SP17 are naturally located in human sperm fibrous sheath (FS). CABYR was originally isolated from spermatoza and was thought to be testis-specific, but has been recently been observed in lung and brain tumors. It is a polymorphic calcium binding protein that is phosphorylated during capacitation. SP17 plays an important role in the interaction of sperm with the zona pellucida during fertilization. It also promotes cell-cell adhesion. SP17 is found in various human tumors of unrelated histological origin including metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, primary nervous system tumors, among others. Both CABYR and SP17 contain an N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) domain with similarity to the D/D domain of the R subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). The D/D domain of the R subunit dimerizes to form a four-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), which facilitates the localization of PKA to specific sites in the cell. The D/D domain of CABYR and SP17 have been shown to bind to AKAP3, a protein that is also associated to the FS of mammalian spermatozoa.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@7вА0А0АаАВєcd12101, DD_RIalpha_PKA, Dimerization/Docking domain of the Type I alpha Regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The inactive PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two phosphorylated and active catalytic subunits with a dimer of regulatory (R) subunits. Activation is achieved through the binding of the important second messenger cAMP to the R subunits, which leads to the dissociation of PKA into the R dimer and two active subunits. There are two classes of R subunits, RI and RII; each exists as two isoforms (alpha and beta) from distinct genes. These functionally non-redundant R isoforms allow for specificity in PKA signaling. RI subunits are pseudo-substrates as they do not contain a phosphorylation site in their inhibitory site unlike RII subunits. RIalpha is the key regulatory subunit responsible for maintaining cAMP control of the catalytic subunit. RIalpha function is required for normal development as its deletion is embryonically lethal due to failed cardiac morphogenesis. The R subunit contains an N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) domain, a linker with an inhibitory sequence, and two c-AMP binding domains. The D/D domain dimerizes to form a four-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), which facilitates the localization of PKA to specific sites in the cell. PKA is present ubiquitously in cells and interacts with many different downstream targets. It plays a role in the regulation of diverse processes such as growth, development, memory, metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and lipolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@8вА0А0АаАВ\cd12102, DD_RIbeta_PKA, Dimerization/Docking domain of the Type I beta Regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The inactive PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two phosphorylated and active catalytic subunits with a dimer of regulatory (R) subunits. Activation is achieved through the binding of the important second messenger cAMP to the R subunits, which leads to the dissociation of PKA into the R dimer and two active subunits. There are two classes of R subunits, RI and RII; each exists as two isoforms (alpha and beta) from distinct genes. These functionally non-redundant R isoforms allow for specificity in PKA signaling. RI subunits are pseudo-substrates as they do not contain a phosphorylation site in their inhibitory site unlike RII subunits. RIbeta is expressed highly in the brain and is associated with hippocampal function. The R subunit contains an N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) domain, a linker with an inhibitory sequence, and two c-AMP binding domains. The D/D domain dimerizes to form a four-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), which facilitates the localization of PKA to specific sites in the cell. PKA is present ubiquitously in cells and interacts with many different downstream targets. It plays a role in the regulation of diverse processes such as growth, development, memory, metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and lipolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@9вА0А0АаАВ└cd12103, DD_RIIalpha_PKA, Dimerization/Docking domain of the Type II alpha Regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The inactive PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two phosphorylated and active catalytic subunits with a dimer of regulatory (R) subunits. Activation is achieved through the binding of the important second messenger cAMP to the R subunits, which leads to the dissociation of PKA into the R dimer and two active subunits. There are two classes of R subunits, RI and RII; each exists as two isoforms (alpha and beta) from distinct genes. These functionally non-redundant R isoforms allow for specificity in PKA signaling. RII subunits contain a phosphorylation site in their inhibitory site and are both substrates and inhibitors. RIIalpha plays a role in the association and dissociation of PKA with the centrosome during interphase and mitosis, respectively. It is also involved in endosome-to-Golgi and Golgi-to-ER transport. The R subunit contains an N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) domain, a linker with an inhibitory sequence, and two c-AMP binding domains. The D/D domain dimerizes to form a four-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), which facilitates the localization of PKA to specific sites in the cell. PKA is present ubiquitously in cells and interacts with many different downstream targets. It plays a role in the regulation of diverse processes such as growth, development, memory, metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and lipolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@:вА0А0АаАВ╞cd12104, DD_RIIbeta_PKA, Dimerization/Docking domain of the Type II beta Regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a serine/threonine kinase (STK), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. The inactive PKA holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two phosphorylated and active catalytic subunits with a dimer of regulatory (R) subunits. Activation is achieved through the binding of the important second messenger cAMP to the R subunits, which leads to the dissociation of PKA into the R dimer and two active subunits. There are two classes of R subunits, RI and RII; each exists as two isoforms (alpha and beta) from distinct genes. These functionally non-redundant R isoforms allow for specificity in PKA signaling. RII subunits contain a phosphorylation site in their inhibitory site and are both substrates and inhibitors. RIIbeta plays an important role in adipocytes and neuronal tissues. Mice deficient with RIIbeta have small fat cells, and are resistant to obesity, diet-induced diabetes, and alcohol-induced motor defects. The R subunit contains an N-terminal dimerization/docking (D/D) domain, a linker with an inhibitory sequence, and two c-AMP binding domains. The D/D domain dimerizes to form a four-helix bundle that serves as a docking site for A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), which facilitates the localization of PKA to specific sites in the cell. PKA is present ubiquitously in cells and interacts with many different downstream targets. It plays a role in the regulation of diverse processes such as growth, development, memory, metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and lipolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@;вА0А0АаАВcd12105, HmuY, Bacterial proteins similar to Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY. HmuY is a hemophore that scavenges heme from infected hosts and delivers it to the outer membrane receptor HmuR. Related but uncharacterized proteins do not appear to share the specific heme-binding site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@'вА0А0АаАВ?cd12106, PARMER_03128_N, N-terminal domain of PARMER_03128. PARMER_03128 is an uncharacterized protein from Parabacteroides merdae. This model characterizes its N-terminal domain plus that of related proteins from Bacteroidetes. Structurally, they resemble domains found in streptococcal surface proteins such as SpaP.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@EвА0А0АаАВПcd12107, Hemerythrin, Hemerythrin. Hemerythrin (Hr) is a non-heme diiron oxygen transport protein found in four marine invertebrate phyla including priapulida, brachiopoda, sipunculida, and annelida, as well as in protozoa. Myohemerythrin (Mhr), a hemerythrin homolog, is found in the muscle tissue of sipunculids as well as in polycheate and oligocheate annelids. In addition to oxygen transport, Mhr proteins are involved in cadmium fixation and host anti-bacterial defense. Hr and Mhr proteins have the same "four alpha helix bundle" motif and active site structure. Hr forms oligomers, the octameric form being most prevalent, while Mhr is monomeric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC▐вА0А0АаАВ├cd12108, Hr-like, Hemerythrin-like domain. Hemerythrin (Hr) like domains have the same four alpha helix bundle and a similar, but slightly different active site structure than hemerythrin. They are non-heme diiron binding proteins mainly found in bacteria and eukaryotes. Like Hr, they may be involved in oxygen transport or like human FBXL5 (F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 5), a member of this group, play a role in cellular iron homeostasis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC▀вА0А0АаАВ├cd12109, Hr_FBXL5, Hemerythrin-like domain of FBXL5-like proteins. Human FBXL5 (F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 5) protein plays a role in cellular iron homeostasis. It is part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that targets the iron regulatory protein IRP2 for proteasomal degradation. The FBXL5's stability is regulated by iron concentration, with its iron- and oxygen-binding hemerythrin domain acting as a ligand-dependent regulatory switch.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCрвА0А0АаАВ╟cd12110, PHP_HisPPase_Hisj_like, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of Histidinol phosphate phosphatase of Hisj like. Bacillus subtilis YtvP HisJ has strong histidinol phosphate phosphatase (HisPPase) activity. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. HisPPase catalyzes the eighth step of histidine biosynthesis, in which L-histidinol phosphate undergoes dephosphorylation to produce histidinol. The PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination. The PHP domain of HisPPase is structurally homologous to other members of the PHP family that have a distorted (beta/alpha)7 barrel fold with a trinuclear metal site on the C-terminal side of the barrel.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCъвА0А0АаАВUcd12111, PHP_HisPPase_Thermotoga_like, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of Thermotoga like. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. Thermotoga PHP is an uncharacterized protein. HisPPase catalyzes the eighth step of histidine biosynthesis, in which L-histidinol phosphate undergoes dephosphorylation to give histidinol. The HisPPase can be classified into two types: the bifunctional HisPPase found in proteobacteria that belongs to the DDDD superfamily and the monofunctional Bacillus subtilis type that is a member of the PHP family. The PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination. The PHP domain of HisPPase is structurally homologous to other members of the PHP family that have a distorted (beta/alpha)7 barrel fold with a trinuclear metal site on the C-terminal side of the barrel.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCывА0А0АаАВOcd12112, PHP_HisPPase_Chlorobi_like, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of Chlorobi like. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. Chlorobi PHP is uncharacterized protein. HisPPase catalyzes the eighth step of histidine biosynthesis, in which L-histidinol phosphate undergoes dephosphorylation to produce histidinol. The HisPPase can be classified into two types: the bifunctional Hisppase found in proteobacteria that belongs to the DDDD superfamily and the monofunctional Bacillus subtilis type that is a member of the PHP family. The PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination. The PHP domain of HisPPase is structurally homologous to other members of the PHP family that have a distorted (beta/alpha)7 barrel fold with a trinuclear metal site on the C-terminal side of the barrel.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCьвА0А0АаАВмcd12113, PHP_PolIIIA_DnaE3, Polymerase and Histidinol Phosphatase domain of alpha-subunit of bacterial polymerase III DnaE3. PolIIIAs that contain an N-terminal PHP domain have been classified into four basic groups based on genome composition, phylogenetic, and domain structural analysis: polC, dnaE1, dnaE2, and dnaE3. The PHP (also called histidinol phosphatase-2/HIS2) domain is associated with several types of DNA polymerases, such as PolIIIA and family X DNA polymerases, stand alone histidinol phosphate phosphatases (HisPPases), and a number of uncharacterized protein families. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is one of the five eubacterial DNA polymerases that is responsible for the replication of the DNA duplex. The alpha subunit of DNA polymerase III core enzyme catalyzes the reaction for polymerizing both DNA strands. The PolIIIA PHP domain has four conserved sequence motifs and contains an invariant histidine that is involved in metal ion coordination, and like other PHP structures, the PolIIIA PHP exhibits a distorted (beta/alpha) 7 barrel and coordinates up to 3 metals. Initially, it was proposed that PHP region might be involved in pyrophosphate hydrolysis, but such an activity has not been found. It has been shown that the PHP of PolIIIA has a trinuclear metal complex and is capable of proofreading activity. Bacterial genome replication and DNA repair mechanisms is related to the GC content of its genomes. There is a correlation between GC content variations and the dimeric combinations of PolIIIA subunits. Eubacteria can be grouped into different GC variable groups: the full-spectrum or dnaE1 group, the high-GC or dnaE2-dnaE1 group, and the low GC or polC-dnaE3 group.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCэвА0А0АаАВ~cd12114, A_NRPS_TlmIV_like, The adenylation domain of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), including Streptoalloteichus tallysomycin biosynthesis genes. The adenylation (A) domain of NRPS recognizes a specific amino acid or hydroxy acid and activates it as an (amino) acyl adenylate by hydrolysis of ATP. The activated acyl moiety then forms a thioester to the enzyme-bound cofactor phosphopantetheine of a peptidyl carrier protein domain. NRPSs are large multifunctional enzymes which synthesize many therapeutically useful peptides in bacteria and fungi via a template-directed, nucleic acid independent nonribosomal mechanism. These natural products include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, plant and animal toxins, and enzyme inhibitors. NRPS has a distinct modular structure in which each module is responsible for the recognition, activation, and in some cases, modification of a single amino acid residue of the final peptide product. The modules can be subdivided into domains that catalyze specific biochemical reactions. This family includes the TLM biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptoalloteichus that consists of nine NRPS genes; the N-terminal module of TlmVI (NRPS-5) and the starter module of BlmVI (NRPS-5) are comprised of the acyl CoA ligase (AL) and acyl carrier protein (ACP)-like domains, which are thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of the beta-aminoalaninamide moiety.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAJвА0А0АаАВ cd12115, A_NRPS_Sfm_like, The adenylation domain of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), including Saframycin A gene cluster from Streptomyces lavendulae. The adenylation (A) domain of NRPS recognizes a specific amino acid or hydroxy acid and activates it as an (amino) acyl adenylate by hydrolysis of ATP. The activated acyl moiety then forms a thioester to the enzyme-bound cofactor phosphopantetheine of a peptidyl carrier protein domain. NRPSs are large multifunctional enzymes which synthesize many therapeutically useful peptides in bacteria and fungi via a template-directed, nucleic acid independent nonribosomal mechanism. These natural products include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, plant and animal toxins, and enzyme inhibitors. NRPS has a distinct modular structure in which each module is responsible for the recognition, activation, and in some cases, modification of a single amino acid residue of the final peptide product. The modules can be subdivided into domains that catalyze specific biochemical reactions. This family includes the saframycin A gene cluster from Streptomyces lavendulae which implicates the NRPS system for assembling the unusual tetrapeptidyl skeleton in an iterative manner. It also includes saframycin Mx1 produced by Myxococcus xanthus NRPS.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAKвА0А0АаАВrcd12116, A_NRPS_Ta1_like, The adenylation domain of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), including salinosporamide A polyketide synthase. The adenylation (A) domain of NRPS recognizes a specific amino acid or hydroxy acid and activates it as an (amino) acyl adenylate by hydrolysis of ATP. The activated acyl moiety then forms a thioester to the enzyme-bound cofactor phosphopantetheine of a peptidyl carrier protein domain. NRPSs are large multifunctional enzymes which synthesize many therapeutically useful peptides in bacteria and fungi via a template-directed, nucleic acid independent nonribosomal mechanism. These natural products include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, plant and animal toxins, and enzyme inhibitors. NRPS has a distinct modular structure in which each module is responsible for the recognition, activation, and in some cases, modification of a single amino acid residue of the final peptide product. The modules can be subdivided into domains that catalyze specific biochemical reactions. This family includes the myxovirescin (TA) antibiotic biosynthetic gene in Myxococcus xanthus; TA production plays a role in predation. It also includes the salinosporamide A polyketide synthase which is involved in the biosynthesis of salinosporamide A, a marine microbial metabolite whose chlorine atom is crucial for potent proteasome inhibition and anticancer activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАALвА0А0АаАВXcd12117, A_NRPS_Srf_like, The adenylation domain of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), including Bacillus subtilis termination module Surfactin (SrfA-C). The adenylation (A) domain of NRPS recognizes a specific amino acid or hydroxy acid and activates it as an (amino) acyl adenylate by hydrolysis of ATP. The activated acyl moiety then forms a thioester to the enzyme-bound cofactor phosphopantetheine of a peptidyl carrier protein domain. NRPSs are large multifunctional enzymes which synthesize many therapeutically useful peptides in bacteria and fungi via a template-directed, nucleic acid independent nonribosomal mechanism. These natural products include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, plant and animal toxins, and enzyme inhibitors. NRPS has a distinct modular structure in which each module is responsible for the recognition, activation, and, in some cases, modification of a single amino acid residue of the final peptide product. The modules can be subdivided into domains that catalyze specific biochemical reactions. This family includes the adenylation domain of the Bacillus subtilis termination module (Surfactin domain, SrfA-C) which recognizes a specific amino acid building block, which is then activated and transferred to the terminal thiol of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppan) arm of the downstream peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAMвА0А0АаАВ╔cd12118, ttLC_FACS_AEE21_like, Fatty acyl-CoA synthetases similar to LC-FACS from Thermus thermophiles and Arabidopsis. This family includes fatty acyl-CoA synthetases that can activate medium to long-chain fatty acids. These enzymes catalyze the ATP-dependent acylation of fatty acids in a two-step reaction. The carboxylate substrate first reacts with ATP to form an acyl-adenylate intermediate, which then reacts with CoA to produce an acyl-CoA ester. Fatty acyl-CoA synthetases are responsible for fatty acid degradation as well as physiological regulation of cellular functions via the production of fatty acyl-CoA esters. The fatty acyl-CoA synthetase from Thermus thermophiles in this family has been shown to catalyze the long-chain fatty acid, myristoyl acid. Also included in this family are acyl activating enzymes from Arabidopsis, which contains a large number of proteins from this family with up to 63 different genes, many of which are uncharacterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАANвА0А0АаАВдcd12119, ttLC_FACS_AlkK_like, Fatty acyl-CoA synthetases similar to LC-FACS from Thermus thermophiles. This family includes fatty acyl-CoA synthetases that can activate medium-chain to long-chain fatty acids. They catalyze the ATP-dependent acylation of fatty acids in a two-step reaction. The carboxylate substrate first reacts with ATP to form an acyl-adenylate intermediate, which then reacts with CoA to produce an acyl-CoA ester. The fatty acyl-CoA synthetases are responsible for fatty acid degradation as well as physiological regulation of cellular functions via the production of fatty acyl-CoA esters. The fatty acyl-CoA synthetase from Thermus thermophiles in this family was shown catalyzing the long-chain fatty acid, myristoyl acid, while another member in this family, the AlkK protein identified from Pseudomonas oleovorans, targets medium chain fatty acids. This family also includes uncharacterized FACS proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAOвА0А0АаАВcd12120, AMPKA_C_like, C-terminal regulatory domain of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha subunit and similar domains. This family is composed of AMPKs, microtubule-associated protein/microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs), yeast Kcc4p-like proteins, plant calcineurin B-Like (CBL)-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), and similar proteins. They are serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs) that catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. AMPKs act as sensors for the energy status of the cell and are activated by cellular stresses that lead to ATP depletion such as hypoxia, heat shock, and glucose deprivation, among others. MARKs phosphorylate the tau protein and related microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) on tubulin binding sites to induce detachment from microtubules, and are involved in the regulation of cell shape and polarity, cell cycle control, transport, and the cytoskeleton. Kcc4p and related proteins are septin-associated proteins that are involved in septin organization and in the yeast morphogenesis checkpoint coordinating the cell cycle with bud formation. CIPKs interact with the calcineurin B-like (CBL) calcium sensors to form a signaling network that decode specific calcium signals triggered by a variety of environmental stimuli including salinity, drought, cold, light, and mechanical perturbation, among others. All members of this family contain an N-terminal catalytic kinase domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain which is also called kinase associated domain 1 (KA1) in some cases. The C-terminal regulatory domain serves as a protein interaction domain in AMPKs and CIPKs. In MARKs and Kcc4p-like proteins, this domain binds phospholipids and may be involved in membrane localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAАвА0А0АаАВcd12121, MARK_C_like, C-terminal kinase associated domain 1 (KA1), a phospholipid binding domain, of microtubule affinity-regulating kinases, and similar domains. Microtubule-associated protein/microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs), also called partition-defective (Par-1) kinases, are serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs) that catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. They phosphorylate the tau protein and related microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) on tubulin binding sites to induce detachment from microtubules, and are involved in the regulation of cell shape and polarity, cell cycle control, transport, and the cytoskeleton. Mammals contain four proteins, MARK1-4, encoded by distinct genes belonging to this subfamily, with additional isoforms arising from alternative splicing. In yeast, MARK/Par-1 homologs are called Kin1/2 kinases. Kin1 is a membrane-associated kinase that is involved in regulating cytokinesis and the cell surface. MARKs contain an N-terminal catalytic kinase domain, a ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA), and a C-terminal kinase associated domain (KA1). The KA1 domain binds anionic phospholipids and may be involved in membrane localization as well as in auto-inhibition of the kinase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAБвА0А0АаАВ╥cd12122, AMPKA_C, C-terminal regulatory domain of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha catalytic subunit. AMPK, a serine/threonine protein kinase (STK), catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. It acts as a sensor for the energy status of the cell and is activated by cellular stresses that lead to ATP depletion such as hypoxia, heat shock, and glucose deprivation, among others. AMPK is a heterotrimer of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. Co-expression of the three subunits is required for kinase activity; in the absence of one, the other two subunits get degraded. The AMPK alpha subunit is the catalytic subunit and it contains an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain (RD). Vertebrates contain two isoforms of the alpha subunit, alpha1 and alpha2, which are encoded by different genes, PRKAA1 and PRKAA2, respectively. The C-terminal RD of the AMPK alpha subunit is involved in AMPK heterotrimer formation. It mainly interacts with the C-terminal region of the beta subunit to form a tight alpha-beta complex that is associated with the gamma subunit. The AMPK alpha subunit RD also contains an auto-inhibitory region that interacts with the kinase domain; this inhibition is negated by the interaction with the AMPK gamma subunit. AMPK is conserved throughout evolution; the AMPK alpha subunit homologs in yeast and plants are called Snf1 and SnRK1 (Snf1 related kinase), respectively.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAВвА0А0АаАВvcd12124, Pgbs, Protoglobins (Pgbs). Pgbs are single-domain globins of yet unknown biological function. Included in this subfamily are Pgbs from the strictly anaerobic methanogen Methanosarcina acetivorans (MaPgb) and from the obligate aerobic hyperthermophile Aeropyrum pernix (ApPgb). MaPgb is a dimeric globin which in addition to the 3-on-3 helical sandwich contains an N-terminal extension. This extension, along with other Pgb-specific loops buries the heme within the protein; two orthogonal apolar tunnels grant access of small ligand molecules to the heme. Like other globins, MaPgb can bind O2, CO and NO reversibly in vitro, however it has as unusually low O2 dissociation rate, along with a large structural distortion of the heme moiety. CO binding to and dissociation from the heme occurs through biphasic kinetics. ApPgb also contains heme, and can bind O2, CO and NO. This subfamily belongs to a family which includes the globin-coupled-sensors (GCSs) and single-domain sensor globins. It has been demonstrated that Pgbs and other single-domain globins can function as sensors, when coupled to an appropriate regulator domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#пвА0А0АаАВ}cd12125, APC_alpha, Allophycocyanin alpha subunit of the phycobiliosome core. Phycobiliosomes (PBSs) are the main light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae. In general, they consist of a central core and surrounding rods and function to harvest and channel light energy toward the photosynthetic reaction centers within the membrane. They are comprised of phycobiliproteins/chromophorylated proteins (PBPs) maintained together by linker polypeptides. PBPs have different numbers of chromophores, and the basic monomer component (alpha/beta heterodimers) can further oligomerize to ring-shaped trimers (heterohexamers) and hexamers (heterododecamers). Stacked PBP hexamers form both the core and the rods of the PBS; the core is mainly made up by allophycocyanin (APC) while the rods can be composed of the PBPs phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrocyanian (PEC).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#░вА0А0АаАВ{cd12126, APC_beta, Allophycocyanin beta subunit of the phycobiliosome core. Phycobiliosomes (PBSs) are the main light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae. In general, they consist of a central core and surrounding rods and function to harvest and channel light energy toward the photosynthetic reaction centers within the membrane. They are comprised of phycobiliproteins/chromophorylated proteins (PBPs) maintained together by linker polypeptides. PBPs have different numbers of chromophores, and the basic monomer component (alpha/beta heterodimers) can further oligomerize to ring-shaped trimers (heterohexamers) and hexamers (heterododecamers). Stacked PBP hexamers form both the core and the rods of the PBS; the core is mainly made up by allophycocyanin (APC) while the rods can be composed of the PBPs phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrocyanian (PEC).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#▒вА0А0АаАВcd12127, PE-PC-PEC_beta, Beta subunits of phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and phycoerythrocyanin; phycobiliosome rod components. Phycobiliosomes (PBSs) are the main light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae. In general, they consist of a central core and surrounding rods and function to harvest and channel light energy toward the photosynthetic reaction centers within the membrane. They are comprised of phycobiliproteins/chromophorylated proteins (PBPs) maintained together by linker polypeptides. PBPs have different numbers of chromophores, and the basic monomer component (alpha/beta heterodimers) can further oligomerize to ring-shaped trimers (heterohexamers) and hexamers (heterododecamers). Stacked PBP hexamers form both the core and the rods of the PBS; the core is mainly made up by allophycocyanin (APC) while the rods can be composed of the PBPs phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrocyanian (PEC). This family also includes the beta subunits of Cryptophyte phycobiliproteins which represent another type of biliprotein antenna with different structure and organization. The beta subunits of cryptophyte PBPs share a high degree of sequence identity with both the alpha and beta subunits of the cyanobacterial and red algal PBPs, however the alpha cryptophyte subunits are shorter, and unrelated. There is only one type of PBP present in a single species, either phycocyanin or phycoerythrin, but not allophycocyanin. Structurally, phycoerythrin in cryptophytes is an alpha1alpha2betabeta dimer and not a trimer as in the PBS.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#▓вА0А0АаАВяcd12128, PBP_PBS-LCM, Phycobiliprotein-like domain of the phycobiliosome core-membrane linker polypeptide. Phycobiliosomes (PBSs) are the main light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae, they consist of a central core and radiating rods and function to harvest and channel light energy toward the photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) within the membrane. They are comprised of phycobiliproteins or chromophorylated proteins (PBPs) maintained together by linker polypeptides. LCM is a chromophore-bearing PBS linker protein; it facilitates PBS assembly and functionally connects the PBS to the chlorophyll-containing core-complexes in the photosynthetic membrane. In addition to being a linker polypeptide that stabilizes the PBS architecture, the LCM also serves as a terminal energy acceptor. The single phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore of LCM are one of two terminal energy transmitters that transfer excitations from the hundreds of chromophores of the PBS to the RCs within the membrane.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#│вА0А0АаАВнcd12129, PE-PC-PEC_alpha, Alpha subunits of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin; phycobiliosome rod components. Phycobiliosomes (PBSs) are the main light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae. In general, they consist of a central core and surrounding rods and function to harvest and channel light energy toward the photosynthetic reaction centers within the membrane. They are comprised of phycobiliproteins/chromophorylated proteins (PBPs) maintained together by linker polypeptides. PBPs have different numbers of chromophores, and the basic monomer component (alpha/beta heterodimers) can further oligomerize to ring-shaped trimers (heterohexamers) and hexamers (heterododecamers). Stacked PBP hexamers form both the core and the rods of the PBS; the core is mainly made up by allophycocyanin (APC) while the rods can be composed of the PBPs phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrocyanian (PEC).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#┤вА0А0АаАВ%cd12130, Apl, Allophycocyanin-like globins. Phycobiliosomes (PBSs) are the main light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae. In general, they consist of a central core and surrounding rods and function to harvest and channel light energy toward the photosynthetic reaction centers within the membrane. They are comprised of phycobiliproteins/chromophorylated proteins (PBPs) maintained together by linker polypeptides. PBPs have different numbers of chromophores, and the basic monomer component (alpha/beta heterodimers) can further oligomerize to ring-shaped trimers (heterohexamers) and hexamers (heterododecamers). Stacked PBP hexamers form both the core and the rods of the PBS; the core is mainly made up by allophycocyanin (APC) while the rods can be composed of the PBPs phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrocyanian (PEC). This subfamily contains allophycocyanin-like proteins (Apls), which have conserved the residues critical for chromophore interactions, but may not maintain the proper alpha-beta subunit interactions and tertiary structure of phycobiliproteins. Indeed AplA isolated from Fremyella diplosiphon was not detected in phycobilisomes. As the genes encoding Apls cluster with light-responsive regulatory components, Apls may have photoresponsive regulatory role(s).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#╡вА0А0АаАВQcd12131, HGbI_like, Hell's gate globin I (HGbI) from Methylacidophilum infernorum and related proteins. HGbI is a single-domain heme-containing protein isolated from Methylacidiphilum infernorum, an aerobic acidophilic and thermophlic methanotroph. M. infernorum grows optimally at pH 2.0 and 60C and its home is New Zealands Hell's Gate geothermal park. The physiological role of HGbI has yet to be determined. It has an extremely strong resistance to auto-oxidation, and has fast oxygen-binding/slow release characteristics. Its CO on-rate is comparable to the O2 on-rate, and it is able to bind acetate with high affinity in the ferric state. The coordination of the heme iron changes in the ferrous form from pentacoordinate at low pH to predominantly hexacoordinate at high pH; in the ferric form, it is predominantly hexacoordinate at all pH.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#╢вА0А0АаАВ.cd12137, GbX, Globin_X (GbX). Zebrafish globin X (GbX) is expressed at low levels in neurons of the central nervous system, and appears to be associated with the sensory system. GbX is likely to be attached to the cell membrane via S-palmitoylation and N-myristoylation. It's unlikely to have a true respiratory function as it is membrane-associated. It has been suggested that it may protect the lipids in the cell membrane from oxidation or act as a redox-sensing or signaling protein. Zebrafish GbX is hexacoordinate, and displays cooperative O2 binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА#╖вА0А0АаАВCcd12139, SH3_Bin1, Src Homology 3 domain of Bridging integrator 1 (Bin1), also called Amphiphysin-2. Bin1 isoforms are localized in many different tissues and may function in intracellular vesicle trafficking. It plays a role in the organization and maintenance of the T-tubule network in skeletal muscle. Mutations in Bin1 are associated with autosomal recessive centronuclear myopathy. Bin1 contains an N-terminal BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix (an N-BAR) and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of Bin1 forms transient complexes with actin, myosin filaments, and CDK5, to facilitate sarcomere organization and myofiber maturation. It also binds dynamin and prevents its self-assembly. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ`cd12140, SH3_Amphiphysin_I, Src Homology 3 domain of Amphiphysin I. Amphiphysins function primarily in endocytosis and other membrane remodeling events. They exist in several isoforms and mammals possess two amphiphysin proteins from distinct genes. Amphiphysin I proteins, enriched in the brain and nervous system, contain domains that bind clathrin, Adaptor Protein complex 2 (AP2), dynamin, and synaptojanin. They function in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Human autoantibodies to amphiphysin I hinder GABAergic signaling and contribute to the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome. Amphiphysins contain an N-terminal BAR domain with an additional N-terminal amphipathic helix (an N-BAR), a variable central domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. The SH3 domain of amphiphysins bind proline-rich motifs present in binding partners such as dynamin, synaptojanin, and nsP3. It also belongs to a subset of SH3 domains that bind ubiquitin in a site that overlaps with the peptide binding site. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВcd12141, SH3_DNMBP_C2, Second C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Dynamin Binding Protein, also called Tuba, and similar domains. DNMBP or Tuba is a cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that contains four N-terminal SH3 domains, a central RhoGEF [or Dbl homology (DH)] domain followed by a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, and two C-terminal SH3 domains. It provides a functional link between dynamin, Rho GTPase signaling, and actin dynamics. It plays an important role in regulating cell junction configuration. The C-terminal SH3 domains of DNMBP bind to N-WASP and Ena/VASP proteins, which are key regulatory proteins of the actin cytoskeleton. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВ╨cd12142, SH3_D21-like, Src Homology 3 domain of SH3 domain-containing protein 21 (SH3D21) and similar proteins. N-terminal SH3 domain of the uncharacterized protein SH3 domain-containing protein 21, and similar uncharacterized domains, it belongs to the CD2AP-like_3 subfamily of proteins. The CD2AP-like_3 subfamily is composed of the third SH3 domain (SH3C) of CD2AP, CIN85 (Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kDa), and similar domains. CD2AP and CIN85 are adaptor proteins that bind to protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in T cell activation, kidney function, and apoptosis of neuronal cells. They also associate with endocytic proteins, actin cytoskeleton components, and other adaptor proteins involved in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. CD2AP and the main isoform of CIN85 contain three SH3 domains, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. All of these domains enable CD2AP and CIN85 to bind various protein partners and assemble complexes that have been implicated in many different functions. SH3C of both proteins have been shown to bind to ubiquitin. SH3 domains are protein interaction domains that bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs. They play versatile and diverse roles in the cell including the regulation of enzymes, changing the subcellular localization of signaling pathway components, and mediating the formation of multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВocd12143, SH3_ARHGAP9, Src Homology 3 domain of Rho GTPase-activating protein 9 and similar proteins. Rho GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs or ARHGAPs) bind to Rho proteins and enhance the hydrolysis rates of bound GTP. ARHGAP9 functions as a GAP for Rac and Cdc42, but not for RhoA. It negatively regulates cell migration and adhesion. It also acts as a docking protein for the MAP kinases Erk2 and p38alpha, and may facilitate cross-talk between the Rho GTPase and MAPK pathways to control actin remodeling. It contains SH3, WW, Pleckstin homology (PH), and RhoGAP domains. SH3 domains bind to proline-rich ligands with moderate affinity and selectivity, preferentially to PxxP motifs; they play a role in the regulation of enzymes by intramolecular interactions, changing the subcellular localization of signal pathway components and mediate multiprotein complex assemblies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@вА0А0АаАВюcd12144, SDH_N_domain, Saccharopine dehydrogenase N-terminal domain. SDH N-terminal domain is named due to its appearance at the N-terminal of SDH in eukaryotes, but can be found C-terminal of the SDH-like domain in other enzymes, such as the bifunctional lysine ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase enzyme. SDH catalyzes the final step in the reversible NAD-dependent oxidative deamination of saccharopine to alpha-ketoglutarate and lysine, in the alpha-aminoadipate pathway of L-lysine biosynthesis. SHD is structurally related to formate dehydrogenase and similar enzymes, having a 2-domain structure in which a Rossmann-fold NAD(P)-binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of a catalytic domain of a related structure.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЛвА0А0АаАВаcd12145, Rev1_C, C-terminal domain of the Y-family polymerase Rev1. Rev1 is a eukaryotic translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase; TLS is a process that allows the bypass of a variety of DNA lesions. TLS polymerases lack proofreading activity and have low fidelity and low processivity. They use damaged DNA as templates and insert nucleotides opposite the lesions. Rev1 has both structural and enzymatic roles. Structurally, it is believed to interact with other nonclassical polymerases and replication machinery to act as a scaffold. The C-terminal domain modeled here is essential for TLS and has been shown to mediate interactions with the Rev7 subunit of the B-family TLS polymerase Pol zeta (Rev3/Rev7), as well as with the RIRs (Rev1-interacting regions) of polymerases kappa, iota, and eta. Rev1 is known to actively promote the introduction of mutations, potentially making it a significant target for cancer treatment.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAМвА0А0АаАВяcd12146, STING_C, C-terminal domain of STING. STING (stimulator of interferon genes, also known as MITA, ERIS, MPYS and TMEM173) is a master regulator that mediates cytokine production in response to microbial invasion by directly sensing bacterial secondary messengers such as the cyclic dinucleotide bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) and leading to the activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) through TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) stimulation. STING is also a signaling adaptor in the IFN response to cytosolic DNA. This detection of foreign materials is the first step to a successful immune responses. STING is localized in the ER and comprised of an predicted N-terminal transmembrane region and a C-terminal c-di-GMP binding domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAНвА0А0АаАВцcd12147, Cep3_C, C-terminal domain of the Cep3, a subunit of the yeast centromere-binding factor 3. Cep3, together with Skp1, Ctf13, and Ndc10, forms the yeast centromere-binding factor 3 (CBF3) which initiates kinetochore assembly by binding to the CDEIII locus of centromeric DNA. Cep3 is comprised of two domains, the N-terminal DNA-binding module, a Zn2Cys6-cluster, C-terminal domain, which dimerizes and is believed to be involved in the recruitment of the Skp1-Ctf1 heterodimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAОвА0А0АаАВXcd12148, fungal_TF_MHR, fungal transcription factor regulatory middle homology region. This domain is present in the large family of fungal zinc cluster transcription factors that contain an N-terminal GAL4-like C6 zinc binuclear cluster DNA-binding domain. Examples of members of this large fungal group are the following Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factors, GAL4, STB5, DAL81, CAT8, RDR1, HAL9, PUT3, PPR1, ASG1, RSF2, PIP2, as well as the C-terminal domain of the Cep3, a subunit of the yeast centromere-binding factor 3. It has been suggested that this region plays a regulatory role.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAПвА0А0АаАВїcd12149, Flavi_E_C, Immunoglobulin-like domain III (C-terminal domain) of Flavivirus envelope glycoprotein E. The C-terminal domain (domain III) of Flavivirus glycoprotein E appears to be involved in low-affinity interactions with negatively charged glycoaminoglycans on the host cell surface. Domain III may also play a role in interactions with alpha-v-beta-3 integrins in West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Dengue virus. The interface between domain I and domain III appears to be destabilized by the low-pH environment of the endosome, and domain III may play a vital role in the conformational changes of envelope glycoprotein E that follow the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of viral particles and are a prerequisite to membrane fusion.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAРвА0А0АаАВкcd12150, talin-RS, rod-segment of the talin C-terminal domain. The talin rod-segment characterize by this model interacts with its N-terminal FERM domain to mask its integrin-binding site and interferes with interactions between the FERM domain and the cellular membrane. Talin is a large and ubiquitous cytoskeletal protein concentrated at focal adhesion sites. It is involved in linking integrins to the actin cytoskeleton.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAСвА0А0АаАВфcd12151, F1-ATPase_gamma, mitochondrial ATP synthase gamma subunit. The F-ATPase is found in bacterial plasma membranes, mitochondrial inner membranes and in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. It has also been found in the archaea Methanosarcina barkeri. It uses a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis and hydrolyzes ATP to build the proton gradient. The extrinisic membrane domain of F-ATPases is composed of alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon (not present in bacteria) subunits with a stoichiometry of 3:3:1:1:1. Alpha and beta subunit form the globular catalytic moiety, a hexameric ring of alternating subunits. Gamma, delta and epsilon subunits form a stalk, connecting F1 to F0, the integral membrane proton translocating domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAТвА0А0АаАВ2cd12152, F1-ATPase_delta, mitochondrial ATP synthase delta subunit. The F-ATPase is found in bacterial plasma membranes, mitochondrial inner membranes and in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. It has also been found in the archaea Methanosarcina barkeri. It uses a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis and hydrolyzes ATP to build the proton gradient. The extrinisic membrane domain, F1, is composed of alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits with a stoichiometry of 3:3:1:1:1. Alpha and beta subunit form the globular catalytic moiety, a hexameric ring of alternating subunits. Gamma, delta and epsilon subunits form a stalk, connecting F1 to F0, the integral membrane proton translocating domain. In bacteria, which is lacking a eukaryotic epsilon subunit homolog, this subunit is called the epsilon subunit.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAУвА0А0АаАВ}cd12153, F1-ATPase_epsilon, eukaryotic mitochondrial ATP synthase epsilon subunit. The F-ATPase is found in bacterial plasma membranes, mitochondrial inner membranes, and in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. It uses a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis and hydrolyzes ATP to build the proton gradient. The extrinsic membrane domain, F1, is composed of alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits (only found in eukaryotes, lacking in bacteria) with a stoichiometry of 3:3:1:1:1. Alpha and beta subunit form the globular catalytic moiety, a hexameric ring of alternating subunits. Gamma, delta and epsilon subunits form a stalk, connecting F1 to F0, the integral membrane proton translocating domain.The epsilon subunit is thought to be involved in the regulation of ATP synthase, since a null mutation increased oligomycin sensitivity and decreased inhibition by inhibitor protein IF1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAФвА0А0АаАВcd12154, FDH_GDH_like, Formate/glycerate dehydrogenases, D-specific 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenases and related dehydrogenases. The formate/glycerate dehydrogenase like family contains a diverse group of enzymes such as formate dehydrogenase (FDH), glycerate dehydrogenase (GDH), D-lactate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, that share a common 2-domain structure. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar domains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD(P) binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD(P) is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric. 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of formate ion to carbon dioxide with the concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. FDHs of this family contain no metal ions or prosthetic groups. Catalysis occurs though direct transfer of a hydride ion to NAD+ without the stages of acid-base catalysis typically found in related dehydrogenases.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлўвА0А0АаАВ─cd12155, PGDH_1, Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase, 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase (PGDH) catalyzes the NAD-dependent conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate into 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate, which is the first step in serine biosynthesis. Over-expression of PGDH has been implicated as supporting proliferation of certain breast cancers, while PGDH deficiency is linked to defects in mammalian central nervous system development. PGDH is a member of the 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family, enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann-fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл°вА0А0АаАВcd12156, HPPR, Hydroxy(phenyl)pyruvate Reductase, D-isomer-specific 2-hydroxyacid-related dehydrogenase. Hydroxy(phenyl)pyruvate reductase (HPPR) catalyzes the NADP-dependent reduction of hydroxyphenylpyruvates, hydroxypyruvate, or pyruvate to its respective lactate. HPPR acts as a dimer and is related to D-isomer-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, a superfamily that includes groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл∙вА0А0АаАВZcd12157, PTDH, Thermostable Phosphite Dehydrogenase. Phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH), a member of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family, catalyzes the NAD-dependent formation of phosphate from phosphite (hydrogen phosphonate). PTDH has been suggested as a potential enzyme for cofactor regeneration systems. The D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD-binding domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл·вА0А0АаАВicd12158, ErythrP_dh, D-Erythronate-4-Phosphate Dehydrogenase NAD-binding and catalytic domains. D-Erythronate-4-phosphate Dehydrogenase (E. coli gene PdxB), a D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family member, catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of erythronate-4-phosphate, which is followed by transamination to form 4-hydroxy-L-threonine-4-phosphate within the de novo biosynthesis pathway of vitamin B6. D-Erythronate-4-phosphate dehydrogenase has the common architecture shared with D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases but contains an additional C-terminal dimerization domain in addition to an NAD-binding domain and the "lid" domain. The lid domain corresponds to the catalytic domain of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and other proteins of the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family, which include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл√вА0А0АаАВ"cd12159, 2-Hacid_dh_2, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл№вА0А0АаАВ"cd12160, 2-Hacid_dh_3, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл¤вА0А0АаАВicd12161, GDH_like_1, Putative glycerate dehydrogenase and related proteins of the D-specific 2-hydroxy dehydrogenase family. This group contains a variety of proteins variously identified as glycerate dehydrogenase (GDH, aka Hydroxypyruvate Reductase) and other enzymes of the 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. GDH catalyzes the reversible reaction of (R)-glycerate + NAD+ to hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+. 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann-fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл■вА0А0АаАВ"cd12162, 2-Hacid_dh_4, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine yydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл вА0А0АаАВ"cd12163, 2-Hacid_dh_5, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВscd12164, GDH_like_2, Putative glycerate dehydrogenase and related proteins of the D-specific 2-hydroxy dehydrogenase family. This group contains a variety of proteins variously identified as glycerate dehydrogenase (GDH, also known as hydroxypyruvate reductase) and other enzymes of the 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. GDH catalyzes the reversible reaction of (R)-glycerate + NAD+ to hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+. 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann-fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ"cd12165, 2-Hacid_dh_6, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ"cd12166, 2-Hacid_dh_7, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ"cd12167, 2-Hacid_dh_8, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВуcd12168, Mand_dh_like, D-Mandelate Dehydrogenase-like dehydrogenases. D-Mandelate dehydrogenase (D-ManDH), identified as an enzyme that interconverts benzoylformate and D-mandelate, is a D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family member that catalyzes the conversion of c3-branched 2-ketoacids. D-ManDH exhibits broad substrate specificities for 2-ketoacids with large hydrophobic side chains, particularly those with C3-branched side chains. 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Glycerate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction (R)-glycerate + NAD+ to hydroxypyruvate + NADH + H+. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВюcd12169, PGDH_like_1, Putative D-3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenases. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenases (PGDHs) catalyze the initial step in the biosynthesis of L-serine from D-3-phosphoglycerate. PGDHs come in 3 distinct structural forms, with this first group being related to 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenases, sharing structural similarity to formate and glycerate dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily, which also include groups such as L-alanine dehydrogenase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. Many, not all, members of this family are dimeric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ"cd12170, 2-Hacid_dh_9, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ#cd12171, 2-Hacid_dh_10, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВcd12172, PGDH_like_2, Putative D-3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenases (PGDHs) catalyze the initial step in the biosynthesis of L-serine from D-3-phosphoglycerate. PGDHs come in 3 distinct structural forms, with this first group being related to 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenases, sharing structural similarity to formate and glycerate dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily, which also include groups such as L-alanine dehydrogenase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. Many, not all, members of this family are dimeric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм вА0А0АаАВЫcd12173, PGDH_4, Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenases (PGDHs) catalyze the initial step in the biosynthesis of L-serine from D-3-phosphoglycerate. PGDHs come in 3 distinct structural forms, with this first group being related to 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenases, sharing structural similarity to formate and glycerate dehydrogenases. PGDH in E. coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis form tetramers, with subunits containing a Rossmann-fold NAD binding domain. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм вА0А0АаАВcd12174, PGDH_like_3, Putative D-3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenases (PGDHs) catalyze the initial step in the biosynthesis of L-serine from D-3-phosphoglycerate. PGDHs come in 3 distinct structural forms, with this first group being related to 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenases, sharing structural similarity to formate and glycerate dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily, which also include groups such as L-alanine dehydrogenase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. Many, not all, members of this family are dimeric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВFcd12175, 2-Hacid_dh_11, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВЫcd12176, PGDH_3, Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenases (PGDHs) catalyze the initial step in the biosynthesis of L-serine from D-3-phosphoglycerate. PGDHs come in 3 distinct structural forms, with this first group being related to 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenases, sharing structural similarity to formate and glycerate dehydrogenases. PGDH in E. coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis form tetramers, with subunits containing a Rossmann-fold NAD binding domain. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм вА0А0АаАВFcd12177, 2-Hacid_dh_12, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВFcd12178, 2-Hacid_dh_13, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВFcd12179, 2-Hacid_dh_14, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВFcd12180, 2-Hacid_dh_15, Putative D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. 2-Hydroxyacid dehydrogenases catalyze the conversion of a wide variety of D-2-hydroxy acids to their corresponding keto acids. The general mechanism is (R)-lactate + acceptor to pyruvate + reduced acceptor. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain. Some related proteins have similar structural subdomain but with a tandem arrangement of the catalytic and NAD-binding subdomains in the linear sequence. While many members of this family are dimeric, alanine DH is hexameric and phosphoglycerate DH is tetrameric.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВbcd12181, ceo_syn, N(5)-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase. N(5)-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase (ceo_syn) catalyzes the NADP-dependent conversion of N5-(L-1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine to L-ornithine + pyruvate. Ornithine plays a key role in the urea cycle, which in mammals is used in arginine biosynthesis, and is a precursor in polyamine synthesis. ceo_syn is related to the NAD-dependent L-alanine dehydrogenases. Like formate dehydrogenase and related enzymes, ceo_syn is comprised of 2 domains connected by a long alpha helical stretch, each resembling a Rossmann fold NAD-binding domain. The NAD-binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the more divergent catalytic domain. These ceo_syn proteins have a partially conserved NAD-binding motif and active site residues that are characteristic of related enzymes such as Saccharopine Dehydrogenase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВBcd12183, LDH_like_2, D-Lactate and related Dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. D-Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, and is a member of the 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. LDH is homologous to D-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid dehydrogenase (D-HicDH) and shares the 2-domain structure of formate dehydrogenase. D-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase-like (HicDH) proteins are NAD-dependent members of the hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase family, and share the Rossmann fold typical of many NAD binding proteins. HicDH from Lactobacillus casei forms a monomer and catalyzes the reaction R-CO-COO(-) + NADH + H+ to R-COH-COO(-) + NAD+. D-HicDH, like the structurally distinct L-HicDH, exhibits low side-chain R specificity, accepting a wide range of 2-oxocarboxylic acid side chains. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ/cd12184, HGDH_like, (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate Dehydrogenase and related dehydrogenases, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (HGDH) catalyzes the NAD-dependent reduction of 2-oxoglutarate to (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate. HGDH is a member of the D-2-hydroxyacid NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenase family; these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ:cd12185, HGDH_LDH_like, Putative Lactate dehydrogenase and (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate Dehydrogenase-like proteins, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. This group contains various putative dehydrogenases related to D-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (HGDH), and related enzymes, members of the 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases family. LDH catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, and HGDH catalyzes the NAD-dependent reduction of 2-oxoglutarate to (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate. Despite often low sequence identity within this 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ3cd12186, LDH, D-Lactate dehydrogenase and D-2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid dehydrogenase (D-HicDH), NAD-binding and catalytic domains. D-Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, and is a member of the 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases family. LDH is homologous to D-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid dehydrogenase(D-HicDH) and shares the 2 domain structure of formate dehydrogenase. D-HicDH is a NAD-dependent member of the hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase family, and shares the Rossmann fold typical of many NAD binding proteins. HicDH from Lactobacillus casei forms a monomer and catalyzes the reaction R-CO-COO(-) + NADH + H+ to R-COH-COO(-) + NAD+. D-HicDH, like the structurally distinct L-HicDH, exhibits low side-chain R specificity, accepting a wide range of 2-oxocarboxylic acid side chains. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВNcd12187, LDH_like_1, D-Lactate and related Dehydrogenase like proteins, NAD-binding and catalytic domains. D-Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, and is a member of the 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. LDH is homologous to D-2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid dehydrogenase(D-HicDH) and shares the 2 domain structure of formate dehydrogenase. D-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenase-like (HicDH) proteins are NAD-dependent members of the hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase family, and share the Rossmann fold typical of many NAD binding proteins. HicDH from Lactobacillus casei forms a monomer and catalyzes the reaction R-CO-COO(-) + NADH + H+ to R-COH-COO(-) + NAD+. D-HicDH, like the structurally distinct L-HicDH, exhibits low side-chain R specificity, accepting a wide range of 2-oxocarboxylic acid side chains. Formate/glycerate and related dehydrogenases of the D-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase superfamily include groups such as formate dehydrogenase, glycerate dehydrogenase, L-alanine dehydrogenase, and S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase. Despite often low sequence identity, these proteins typically have a characteristic arrangement of 2 similar subdomains of the alpha/beta Rossmann fold NAD+ binding form. The NAD+ binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the mostly N-terminal catalytic domain, which has a similar domain structure to the internal NAD binding domain. Structurally, these domains are connected by extended alpha helices and create a cleft in which NAD is bound, primarily to the C-terminal portion of the 2nd (internal) domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВcd12188, SDH, Saccharopine Dehydrogenase NAD-binding and catalytic domains. Saccharopine Dehydrogenase (SDH) catalyzes the final step in the reversible NAD-dependent oxidative deamination of saccharopine to alpha-ketoglutarate and lysine, in the alpha-aminoadipate pathway of L-lysine biosynthesis. SHD is structurally related to formate dehydrogenase and similar enzymes, having a 2-domain structure in which a Rossmann-fold NAD(P)-binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of a catalytic domain of related structure.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВEcd12189, LKR_SDH_like, bifunctional lysine ketoglutarate reductase /saccharopine dehydrogenase enzyme. Bifunctional lysine ketoglutarate reductase /saccharopine dehydrogenase protein is a pair of enzymes linked on a single polypeptide chain that catalyze the initial, consecutive steps of lysine degradation. These proteins are related to the 2-domain saccharopine dehydrogenases. Along with formate dehydrogenase and similar enzymes, SDH consists paired domains resembling Rossmann folds in which the NAD-binding domain is inserted within the linear sequence of the catalytic domain. In this bifunctional enzyme, the LKR domain is N-terminal of the SDH domain. These proteins have a close match to the active site motif of SDHs, and an NAD-binding site motif that is a partial match to that found in SDH and other FDH-related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВOcd12190, Bacova_04320_like, Uncharacterized proteins similar to Bacteroides ovatus 4320. This model characterized a family of proteins conserved in Bacteroidetes, similar to B. ovatus ATCC 8483 reading frame 04320. Structurally, the protein resembles members of the SRPBCC domain superfamily (START/RHO_alpha_C/PITP/Bet_v1/CoxG/CalC).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAХвА0А0АаАВКcd12191, gal11_coact, gall11 coactivator domain. Gall11/MED15 acts in the general regulation of GAL structural genes and is required for full expression for several genes in this pathway, including GALs 1,7, and 10 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GAL11 function is dependent on GCN4 functionality and binds GCN4 in a degenerate manner with multiple orientations found at the GCN4-Gal11 interface.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЦвА0А0АаАВ╛cd12192, GCN4_cent, GCN4 central activation domain-like acidic activation domain. GCN4 was identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from mutations in a deficiency in activation with the general amino acid control pathway. GCN4 encodes a trans-activator of amino acid biosynthetic genes containing 2 acidic activation domains and a C-terminal bZIP domain, comprised of a basic alpha-helical DNA-binding region and a coiled-coil dimerization region.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЧвА0А0АаАВZcd12193, bZIP_GCN4, Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain of General control protein GCN4: a DNA-binding and dimerization domain. GCN4 was identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from mutations in a deficiency in activation with the general amino acid control pathway. GCN4 encodes a trans-activator of amino acid biosynthetic genes containing 2 acidic activation domains and a C-terminal bZIP domain. In amino acid-deprived cells, GCN4 is up-regulated leading to transcriptional activation of genes encoding amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. bZIP factors act in networks of homo and heterodimers in the regulation of a diverse set of cellular processes. The bZIP structural motif contains a basic region and a leucine zipper, composed of alpha helices with leucine residues 7 amino acids apart, which stabilize dimerization with a parallel leucine zipper domain. Dimerization of leucine zippers creates a pair of the adjacent basic regions that bind DNA and undergo conformational change. Dimerization occurs in a specific and predictable manner resulting in hundreds of dimers having unique effects on transcription.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА вА0А0АаАВ]cd12194, Kcc4p_like_C, C-terminal kinase associated domain 1 (KA1), a phospholipid binding domain, of Kcc4p and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of three Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins, Kcc4p, Gin4p, and Hsl1p, as well as similar serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs). They catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. Kcc4p, Gin4p, and Hsl1p are septin-associated proteins that are involved in septin organization and in the yeast morphogenesis checkpoint coordinating the cell cycle with bud formation. They negatively regulate the Wee1-related kinase Swe1, which phosphorylates the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28, and is involved in regulating the entry of cells into mitosis. Kcc4p, Gin4p, and Hsl1p localize in the bud neck in a septin-dependent manner and display distinct but partially overlapping functions. They contain an N-terminal catalytic kinase domain and a C-terminal KA1 domain. The KA1 domain of Kcc4p, Gin4p, and Hsl1p binds acidic phospholipids including phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and is required for bud neck localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAГвА0А0АаАВ╕cd12195, CIPK_C, C-terminal regulatory domain of Calcineurin B-Like (CBL)-interacting protein kinases. CIPKs are serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs), catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. They comprise a unique family in higher plants of proteins that interact with the calcineurin B-like (CBL) calcium sensors to form a signaling network that decode specific calcium signals triggered by a variety of environmental stimuli including salinity, drought, cold, light, and mechanical perturbation, among others. The specificity of the response relies on differences in expression and localization of both CBLs and CIPKs, as well as on the interaction specificity of CBL-CIPK combinations. There are 25, 30, and 43 CIPK genes identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Zea mays genomes, respectively. The founding member of the CIPK family is Arabidopsis thaliana CIPK24, also called SOS2 (Salt Overlay Sensitive 2). CIPKs contain an N-terminal catalytic kinase domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain that contains the FISL (also called NAF for Asn-Ala-Phe) and PPI-binding motifs, which are involved in the interaction with CBLs and PP2C-type protein phosphatases, respectively. Studies using SOS2, SOS3, and ABI2 phosphatase show that the binding of CBL and PP2C-type protein phosphatase to CIPK is mutually exclusive. The binding of CBL to CIPK is inhibitory to kinase activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAДвА0А0АаАВ╥cd12196, MARK1-3_C, C-terminal, kinase associated domain 1 (KA1), a phospholipid binding domain, of microtubule affinity-regulating kinases 1-3. Microtubule-associated protein/microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs), also called partition-defective (Par-1) kinases, are serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs) that catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. They phosphorylate the tau protein and related microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) on tubulin binding sites to induce detachment from microtubules, and are involved in the regulation of cell shape and polarity, cell cycle control, transport, and the cytoskeleton. Mammals contain four proteins, MARK1-4, encoded by distinct genes belonging to this subfamily, with additional isoforms arising from alternative splicing. MARK1/2, through their activation by death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), modulates polarized neurite outgrowth. MARK1, also called Par-1c, is also involved in axon-dendrite specification, and SNPs on the MARK1 gene is associated with autism spectrum disorders. MARK2, also called Par-1b, is implicated in many physiological processes including fertility, immune system homeostasis, learning and memory, growth, and metabolism. MARK3, also called Par-1a, is implicated in gluconeogenesis and adiposity; mice deficient with MARK3 display reduced adiposity, resistance to hepatic steatosis, and defective gluconeogensis. MARKs contain an N-terminal catalytic kinase domain, a ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA), and a C-terminal kinase associated domain (KA1). The KA1 domain binds anionic phospholipids and may be involved in membrane localization as well as in auto-inhibition of the kinase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЕвА0А0АаАВ/cd12197, MARK4_C, C-terminal, kinase associated domain 1 (KA1), a phospholipid binding domain, of microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4. Microtubule-associated protein/microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs), also called partition-defective (Par-1) kinases, are serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs) that catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. They phosphorylate the tau protein and related microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) on tubulin binding sites to induce detachment from microtubules, and are involved in the regulation of cell shape and polarity, cell cycle control, transport, and the cytoskeleton. Mammals contain four proteins, MARK1-4, encoded by distinct genes belonging to this subfamily, with additional isoforms arising from alternative splicing. MARK4 has two splicing isoforms: MARK4S, predominantly expressed in the brain; and MARK4L, expressed in all tissues. Unlike MARK1-3 that show cytoplasmic localization, MARK4 colocalizes with the centrosome and with microtubules. Decreased MARK4 expression in the brain may be involved in the pathogenesis of Prion diseases and may be correlated to PrP(Sc) deposits. MARK4 is also a component of the ectoplasmic specialization, a testis-specific adherens junction. MARKs contain an N-terminal catalytic kinase domain, a ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA), and a C-terminal kinase associated domain (KA1). The KA1 domain binds anionic phospholipids and may be involved in membrane localization as well as in auto-inhibition of the kinase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЖвА0А0АаАВbcd12198, MELK_C, C-terminal kinase associated domain 1 (KA1) of Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase. MELK, also called protein kinase 38 (PK38) or pEg3 kinase, is a cell cycle-regulated serine/threonine protein kinase (STK) that catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. It is phosphorylated and maximally active during mitosis and is involved in regulating cell cycle progression, division, proliferation, tumor growth, and mRNA splicing. MELK shows a broad substrate specificity, including the zinc finger-like protein ZPR9, the transcription and splicing factor NIPP1, and the protein-tyrosine phosphatase Cdc25B, among others. MELK contains an N-terminal catalytic domain followed by a ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain, a TP dipeptide-rich region, and a C-terminal KA1 domain. The KA1 domain of MELK, together with its TP dipeptide-rich region, functions as an autoinhibitory domain. The KA1 domain of the related microtubule affinity-regulating kinases (MARKs) has been shown to bind anionic phospholipids and may be involved in membrane localization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЗвА0А0АаАВ/cd12199, AMPKA1_C, C-terminal regulatory domain of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha 1 catalytic subunit. AMPK, a serine/threonine protein kinase (STK), catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. It acts as a sensor for the energy status of the cell and is activated by cellular stresses that lead to ATP depletion such as hypoxia, heat shock, and glucose deprivation, among others. AMPK is a heterotrimer of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. Co-expression of the three subunits is required for kinase activity; in the absence of one, the other two subunits get degraded. The AMPK alpha subunit is the catalytic subunit and it contains an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain (RD). Vertebrates contain two isoforms of the alpha subunit, alpha1 and alpha2, which are encoded by different genes, PRKAA1 and PRKAA2, respectively, and show varying expression patterns. AMPKalpha1 is the predominant isoform expressed in bone; it plays a role in bone remodeling in response to hormonal regulation. It is selectively regulated by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK)-A in an AMP-independent manner. AMPKalpha1 impacts the regulation of fat metabolism through its in vivo target, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC). It also mediates the vasoprotective effects of estrogen through phosphorylation of another in vivo substrate, RhoA. The C-terminal RD of the AMPK alpha 1 subunit is involved in AMPK heterotrimer formation. It mainly interacts with the C-terminal region of the beta subunit to form a tight alpha-beta complex that is associated with the gamma subunit. The AMPK alpha subunit RD also contains an auto-inhibitory region that interacts with the kinase domain; this inhibition is negated by the interaction with the AMPK gamma subunit.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAИвА0А0АаАВ╟cd12200, AMPKA2_C, C-terminal regulatory domain of 5'-AMP-activated serine/threonine kinase, subunit alpha. AMPK, a serine/threonine protein kinase (STK), catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. It acts as a sensor for the energy status of the cell and is activated by cellular stresses that lead to ATP depletion such as hypoxia, heat shock, and glucose deprivation, among others. AMPK is a heterotrimer of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. Co-expression of the three subunits is required for kinase activity; in the absence of one, the other two subunits get degraded. The AMPK alpha subunit is the catalytic subunit and it contains an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain (RD). Vertebrates contain two isoforms of the alpha subunit, alpha1 and alpha2, which are encoded by different genes, PRKAA1 and PRKAA2, respectively, and show varying expression patterns. AMPKalpha2 shows cytoplasmic and nuclear localization, whereas AMPKalpha1 is localized only in the cytoplasm. The C-terminal RD of the AMPK alpha 1 subunit is involved in AMPK heterotrimer formation. It mainly interacts with the C-terminal region of the beta subunit to form a tight alpha-beta complex that is associated with the gamma subunit. The AMPK alpha subunit RD also contains an auto-inhibitory region that interacts with the kinase domain; this inhibition is negated by the interaction with the AMPK gamma subunit.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЙвА0А0АаАВscd12201, MARK2_C, C-terminal, kinase associated domain 1 (KA1), a phospholipid binding domain, of microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2. Microtubule-associated protein/microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs), also called partition-defective (Par-1) kinases, are serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs) that catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to S/T residues on protein substrates. They phosphorylate the tau protein and related microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) on tubulin binding sites to induce detachment from microtubules, and are involved in the regulation of cell shape and polarity, cell cycle control, transport, and the cytoskeleton. Mammals contain four proteins, MARK1-4, encoded by distinct genes belonging to this subfamily, with additional isoforms arising from alternative splicing. MARK2, also called Par-1b or ELKL motif kinase 1 (EMK-1), is implicated in many physiological processes including fertility, immune system homeostasis, learning and memory, growth, and metabolism. It also regulates axon formation and has been implicated in neurodegeneration. MARKs contain an N-terminal catalytic kinase domain, a ubiquitin-associated domain (UBA), and a C-terminal kinase associated domain (KA1). The KA1 domain binds anionic phospholipids and may be involved in membrane localization as well as in auto-inhibition of the kinase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAКвА0А0АаАВ┤cd12202, CASP8AP2, Caspase 8-associated protein 2 myb-like domain. This domain is the SANT/myb-like domain of Caspase 8-associated protein 2 (CASP8AP2) / GON-4 like proteins. CASP8AP2 (aka Flice-Associated Huge Protein (FLASH)) is implicated in numerous gene regulatory roles including roles in embryogenesis, oncogenesis, down-regulation of replication-dependent histone genes, regulation of Caspase 8 activity at the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), and as a useful marker in leukemia prognosis. Gon-4 is critical in Caenorhabditis elegans gonadogenesis. Danio rerio GON4 is a regulator of gene expression in hematopoietic development, possibly by repressing expression. These proteins are members of the SANT/myb group. SANT is named after 'SWI3, ADA2, N-CoR and TFIIIB', several factors that share this domain. The SANT domain resembles the 3 alpha-helix bundle of the DNA-binding Myb domains and is found in a diverse set of proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЩвА0А0АаАВ~cd12203, GT1, GT1, myb-like, SANT family. GT-1, a myb-like protein, is one of the GT trihelix transcription factors. GT-1 binds the GT cis-element of rbcS-3A, a light-induced gene, as a dimer. Arabidopsis GT-1 is a trans-activator and acts in the stabilization of components of the transcrtiption pre-initiation complex comprised of TFIIA-TBP-TATA. The isolated GT-1 DNA-binding domain is sufficient to bind DNA. This region closely resemble the myb domain, but with longer helices. It has been proposed that GT-1 may respond to light signals via calcium-dependent phosphorylation to create a light-modulated molecular switch. These proteins are members of the SANT/myb group. SANT is named after 'SWI3, ADA2, N-CoR and TFIIIB', several factors that share this domain. The SANT domain resembles the 3 alpha-helix bundle of the DNA-binding Myb domains and is found in a diverse set of proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЪвА0А0АаАВ╢cd12204, CBD_like, Cellulose-binding domain, chitinase and related proteins. This group contains proteins related to the cellulose-binding domain of Erwinia chrysanthemi endoglucanase Z (EGZ) and Serratia marcescens chitinase B (ChiB). Gram negative plant parasite Erwinia chrysanthemi produces a variety of depolymerizing enzymes to metabolize pectin and cellulose on the host plant. Cellulase EGZ has a modular structure, with N-terminal catalytic domain linked to a C-terminal cellulose-binding domain (CBD). CBD mediates the secretion activity of EGZ. Chitinases allow certain bacteria to utilize chitin as a energy source. Typically, non-plant chitinases are of the glycosidase family 18.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@╕вА0А0АаАВЗcd12205, RasGAP_plexin, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of plexins. Plexins form a conserved family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and may be the ancestors of semaphorins. Ligand binding activates signal transduction pathways controlling axon guidance in the nervous system and other developmental processes, including cell migration and morphogenesis, immune function, and tumor progression. Plexins are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity. In vertebrates, type A Plexins serve as the co-receptors for neuropilins to mediate the signaling of class 3 semaphorins except Sema3E, which signals through Plexin D1. Plexins serve as direct receptors for several other members of the semaphorin family: class 6 semaphorins signal through type A plexins and class 4 semaphorins through type B. Plexin C1 serves as the receptor of Sema7A and plays regulation roles in both immune and nervous systems. Plexins contain a C-terminal RasGAP domain, which functions as an enhancer of the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Ras-GTPases. Plexins display GAP activity towards the Ras homolog Rap. Other proteins having a RasGAP domain include p120GAP, IQGAP, Rab5-activating protein 6, and Neurofibromin. Although the Rho (Ras homolog) GTPases are most closely related to members of the Ras family, RhoGAP and RasGAP show no sequence homology at their amino acid level. RasGTPases function as molecular switches in a large number of of signaling pathways. When bound to GTP they are in the on state and when bound to GDP they are in the off state. The RasGAP domain speeds up the hydrolysis of GTP in Ras-like proteins acting as a negative regulator.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАA`вА0А0АаАВєcd12206, RasGAP_IQGAP_related, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of proteins related to IQGAPs. RasGAP: Ras-GTPase Activating Domain. RasGAP functions as an enhancer of the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Ras-GTPases. Proteins having a RasGAP domain include p120GAP, IQGAP, Rab5-activating protein 6, and Neurofibromin. Although the Rho (Ras homolog) GTPases are most closely related to members of the Ras family, RhoGAP and RasGAP show no sequence homology at their amino acid level. RasGTPases function as molecular switches in a myriad of signaling pathways. When bound to GTP they are in the on state and when bound to GDP they are in the off state. The RasGap domain speeds up the hydrolysis of GTP in Ras-like proteins acting as a negative regulator.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAaвА0А0АаАВ5cd12207, RasGAP_IQGAP3, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 3. This family represents the IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 3 (IQGAP3), which associates with Ras GTP-binding proteins. A primary function of IQGAP proteins is to modulate cytoskeletal architecture. There are three known IQGAP family members: IQGAP1, IQGAP2 and IQGAP3. Human IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 share 62% identity. IQGAPs are multi-domain molecules having a calponin-homology (CH) domain which binds F-actin, IQGAP-specific repeats, a single WW domain, four IQ motifs that mediate interactions with calmodulin, and a RasGAP related domain that binds active Rho family GTPases. IQGAP is an essential regulator of cytoskeletal function. IQGAP1 negatively regulates Ras family GTPases by stimulating their intrinsic GTPase activity, the protein actually lacks GAP activity. Both IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 specifically bind to Cdc42 and Rac1, but not to RhoA. Despite of their similarities to part of the sequence of RasGAP, neither IQGAP1 nor IQGAP2 interacts with Ras. IQGAP3, only present in mammals, regulates the organization of the cytoskeleton under the regulation of Rac1 and Cdc42 in neuronal cells. The depletion of IQGAP3 is shown to impair neurite or axon outgrowth in neuronal cells with disorganized cytoskeleton.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAbвА0А0АаАВpcd12208, septicolysin_like, putative septicolysin, cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family and related proteins. This group contains some members identified as septicolysin. While septolysin is poorly characterized, it has been identified as a a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, and acts to facilitate the infection of certain pathogenic bacteria to cells. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins are pore-forming toxins that aid in bacterial pathogenesis of various gram positive species. Pores are formed by oligomerization into ring-like structures. Related proteins in eukaryotic immune systems use this pore-forming mechanism.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЫвА0А0АаАВcd12211, Bc2l-C_N, N-Terminal Domain Of Bc2l-C Lectin. Lectin BC2L-C of Burkholderia cenocepacia is one of several lectins produced by this pathogen. BC2L-C has been shown to bind fucosylated human histo-blood group epitopes H-type 1, Lewis B, and Lewis Y. The C-terminal domain resembles BC2L-A, a calcium dependent mannose-binding protein. The N-terminal domain trimerizes and binds alpha-MeSeFuc in pockets between the monomeric units. The N-terminal domain has a similar structure to tumor necrosis factor (TNF).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЬвА0А0АаАВ╘cd12212, Fis1, Mitochondrial Fission Protein Fis1, cytosolic domain. Fis1, along with Dnm1 and Mdv1, is an essential protein in mediating mitochondrial fission. Dnm1 and Fis1 are highly conserved, with a common mechanism in disparate species. In mutants of these proteins, mitochondrial fission is impaired, resulting in networks of undivided mitochondria. The Fis1 N-terminus is cytosolic and tethered to the mitochondrial outer membrane via a C-terminal transmembrane domain. Fis1 appears to act via the recruitment of division complexes to the mitochondrial outer membrane, via interactions with Mdv1 or Caf4. Fis1 has tandem Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs which are known to mediate protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА9╚вА0А0АаАВ╤cd12213, ABD, Alpha-Mannosidase Binding Domain of Atg19/34. These proteins are related to the Alpha-mannosidase (Ams1) Binding Domain of Atg19/Atg34, a key component in the targeting pathway that directs alpha-mannosidase and aminopeptidase I to the vacuole, either through cytoplasm-to-vacuole trafficking or via autophagy in starvation conditions. Autophagy in a eukaryotic mechanism in which cytoplasm is enclosed in double-membraned autophagosomes which fuse with a vacuole for transport into the lumen. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alpha-mannosidase is selectively directed to the vacuole via the direct interaction with Atg19 (and paralog Atg34) in the Cvt pathway. Ams1 binding domains (ABD) Atg19/34 have a immunoglobulin fold with eight beta-strands. The ABD is responsible for Ams1 recognition, but its deletion does not affect the fusion of Atg19 with prApe1, and the transport of prApe1 to the vacuole. The Atg19 N-terminal region is a distinct coiled-coil domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAЮвА0А0АаАВ`cd12214, ChiA1_BD, chitin-binding domain of Chi A1-like proteins. This group contains proteins related to the chitin binding domain of chitinase A1 (ChiA1) of Bacillus circulans WL-12. Glycosidase ChiA1 hydrolyzes chitin and is comprised of several domains: the C-terminal chitin binding domain, an N-terminal and catalytic domain, and 2 fibronectin type III-like domains. Chitinases function in invertebrates in the degradation of old exoskeletons, in fungi to utilize chitin in cell walls, and in bacteria which use chitin as an energy source. Bacillus circulans WL-12 ChiA1 facilitates invasion of fungal cell walls. The ChiAi chitin binding domain is required for the specific recognition of insoluble chitin. although topologically and structurally related, ChiA1 lacks the characteristic aromatic residues of Erwinia chrysanthemi endoglucanase Z (CBD(EGZ)).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@╣вА0А0АаАВcd12215, ChiC_BD, Chitin-binding domain of chitinase C. Chitin-binding domain of chitinase C (ChiC) of Streptomyces griseus and related proteins. Chitinase C is a family 19 chitinase, and consists of a N-terminal chitin binding domain and a C-terminal chitin-catalytic domain that effects degradation. Chitinases function in invertebrates in the degradation of old exoskeletons, in fungi to utilize chitin in cell walls, and in bacteria which use chitin as an energy source. ChiC contains the characteristic chitin-binding aromatic residues.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА@║вА0А0АаАВtcd12216, Csn2_like, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csn2. Csn2 is a Nmeni subtype-specific Cas protein, which may function in the adaptation process which mediates the incorporation of foreign nucleic acids into the microbial host genome. Csn 2 may interact directly with double-stranded DNA. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA. Csn2 has been predicted to be a functional analog of Cas4 based on anti-correlated phyletic patterns; also known as SPy1049 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAбвА0А0АаАВ,cd12217, Stu0660_Csn2, Stu0660-like CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csn2. Csn2 is a Nmeni subtype-specific Cas protein, which may function in the adaptation process which mediates the incorporation of foreign nucleic acids into the microbial host genome. Csn 2 may interact directly with double-stranded DNA. This family of Csn2 proteins includes Stu0660, the proteins are larger than other (canonical) Csn2 proteins as they have an additional alpha-helical C-terminal domain. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA. Csn2 has been predicted to be a functional analog of Cas4 based on anti-correlated phyletic patterns; also known as SPy1049 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAввА0А0АаАВocd12218, Csn2, CRISPR/Cas system-associated protein Csn2. Csn2 is a Nmeni subtype-specific Cas protein, which may function in the adaptation process which mediates the incorporation of foreign nucleic acids into the microbial host genome. Csn 2 may interact directly with double-stranded DNA. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and associated Cas proteins comprise a system for heritable host defense by prokaryotic cells against phage and other foreign DNA. Csn2 has been predicted to be a functional analog of Cas4 based on anti-correlated phyletic patterns; also known as SPy1049 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAгвА0А0АаАВ[cd12219, UBL_TBK1_like, Ubiquitin-Like Domain Of Human Tbk1 and similar proteins. This family contains ubiquitin-like domain (UBL) found in TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and similar proteins. TBK1 regulates factors such as IRF3 and IRF7, promoting antiviral activity in the interferon signaling pathways. In addition to the central UBL, these proteins have an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal elongated helical domain. The ubiquitin-like domain acts as a protein-protein interaction domain, and has been implicated in regulating kinase activity, which modulates interactions in the IFN pathway.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлъвА0А0АаАВ╣cd12220, Pesticin_RB, Pesticin Translocation And Receptor Binding Domain. Pesticin (Pst) is a anti-bacterial toxin produced by Yersinia pestis that acts through uptake by the target related bacteria and the hydrolysis of peptidoglycan in the periplasm. Pst contains an N-terminal translocation domain, an intermediate receptor binding domain, and a phage-lysozyme like C-terminal activity domain. The N-terminal domain is further divided into the TonB box (which binds TonB) , the T (translocation domain) and the R (receptor binding domain). Bacteriocins such as pesticin are produced by gram-negative bacteria to attack related bacteria stains. Pst is transported to the periplasm via FyuA, an outer-membrane receptor of Y. pestis and E. coli, where it hydrolyzes peptidoglycan via the cleavage of N-acetylmuramic acid and C4 of N-acetylglucosamine. Disruption of the peptidoglycan layer renders the bacteria vulnerable to lysis via osmotic pressure.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлщвА0А0АаАВvcd12221, Cin1, Cellophane induced protein repeats of fungus Venturia inaequalis. Cin1 (cellulose induced protein 1) repeat protein of Venturia inaequalis, the fungus responsible for scab disease of apple, encodes 8 cysteine-rich repeats and is greatly upregulated within the plant and on cellophane membranes. The crystal structure reveals a pair of disulfide bridges in each repeat. The repeats have been described as adopting a beads-on-a-string organization. Cin1 function is undetermined, however the alpha-helical structure may be involved in protein-protein or protein-carbohydrate interactions in the extracellular matrix.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлшвА0А0АаАВ╔cd12222, Caa3-IV, Caa3-Type Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 4 interacts with cyt c subunits I/III. Cytochrome c oxidase, a haem copper oxidase superfamily member, is the final step in the electron-transport chain, linking O2 reduction to transmembrane pumping in mitochondria and aerobic prokaryotes. Cytochrome c oxidase (aka Complex IV) catalyzes the reduction of O2 to 2H2O, and acts downstream of Complexes I-III: NADH-Q oxidoreductase, succinate-Q reductase, and Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase. In Thermus thermophilus caa3-oxidase is comprised of subunit (SU) I/III, a fusion of classical SU I and SUIII, and IIc as well SU IV, which is composed of 2 connected transmembrane helices that interface with SU I/III.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлчвА0А0АаАВ■cd12223, RRM_SR140, RNA recognition motif (RRM) in U2-associated protein SR140 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SR140 (also termed U2 snRNP-associated SURP motif-containing protein orU2SURP, or 140 kDa Ser/Arg-rich domain protein) which is a putative splicing factor mainly found in higher eukaryotes. Although it is initially identified as one of the 17S U2 snRNP-associated proteins, the molecular and physiological function of SR140 remains unclear. SR140 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a SWAP/SURP domain that is found in a number of pre-mRNA splicing factors in the middle region, and a C-terminal arginine/serine-rich domain (RS domain).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВcd12224, RRM_RBM22, RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in Pre-mRNA-splicing factor RBM22 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of RBM22 (also known as RNA-binding motif protein 22, or Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 16), a newly discovered RNA-binding motif protein which belongs to the SLT11 gene family. SLT11 gene encoding protein (Slt11p) is a splicing factor in yeast, which is required for spliceosome assembly. Slt11p has two distinct biochemical properties: RNA-annealing and RNA-binding activities. RBM22 is the homolog of SLT11 in vertebrate. It has been reported to be involved in pre-splicesome assembly and to interact with the Ca2+-signaling protein ALG-2. It also plays an important role in embryogenesis. RBM22 contains a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a zinc finger of the unusual type C-x8-C-x5-C-x3-H, and a C-terminus that is unusually rich in the amino acids Gly and Pro, including sequences of tetraprolines.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВЬcd12225, RRM1_2_CID8_like, RNA recognition motif 1 and 2 (RRM1, RRM2) in Arabidopsis thaliana CTC-interacting domain protein CID8, CID9, CID10, CID11, CID12, CID 13 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM domains found in A. thaliana CID8, CID9, CID10, CID11, CID12, CID 13 and mainly their plant homologs. These highly related RNA-binding proteins contain an N-terminal PAM2 domain (PABP-interacting motif 2), two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a basic region that resembles a bipartite nuclear localization signal. The biological role of this family remains unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВтcd12226, RRM_NOL8, RNA recognition motif in nucleolar protein 8 (NOL8) and similar proteins. This model corresponds to the RRM of NOL8 (also termed Nop132) encoded by a novel NOL8 gene that is up-regulated in the majority of diffuse-type, but not intestinal-type, gastric cancers. Thus, NOL8 may be a good molecular target for treatment of diffuse-type gastric cancer. Also, NOL8 is a phosphorylated protein that contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), suggesting NOL8 is likely to function as a novel RNA-binding protein. It may be involved in regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level or in ribosome biogenesis in cancer cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм вА0А0АаАВ cd12227, RRM_SCAF4_SCAF8, RNA recognition motif in SR-related and CTD-associated factor 4 (SCAF4), SR-related and CTD-associated factor 8 (SCAF8) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM in a new class of SCAFs (SR-like CTD-associated factors), including SCAF4, SCAF8 and similar proteins. The biological role of SCAF4 remains unclear, but it shows high sequence similarity to SCAF8 (also termed CDC5L complex-associated protein 7, or RNA-binding motif protein 16, or CTD-binding SR-like protein RA8). SCAF8 is a nuclear matrix protein that interacts specifically with a highly serine-phosphorylated form of the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (pol II). The pol II CTD plays a role in coupling transcription and pre-mRNA processing. In addition, SCAF8 co-localizes primarily with transcription sites that are enriched in nuclear matrix fraction, which is known to contain proteins involved in pre-mRNA processing. Thus, SCAF8 may play a direct role in coupling with both, transcription and pre-mRNA processing, processes. SCAF8 and SCAF4 both contain a conserved N-terminal CTD-interacting domain (CID), an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domain), and serine/arginine-rich motifs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм!вА0А0АаАВхcd12228, RRM_ENOX, RNA recognition motif (RRM) in the cell surface Ecto-NOX disulfide-thiol exchanger (ECTO-NOX or ENOX) proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM) in ECTO-NOX proteins (also termed ENOX), comprising a family of plant and animal NAD(P)H oxidases exhibiting both, oxidative and protein disulfide isomerase-like, activities. They are growth-related and drive cell enlargement, and may play roles in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. ENOX proteins function as terminal oxidases of plasma membrane electron transport (PMET) through catalyzing electron transport from plasma membrane quinones to extracellular oxygen, forming water as a product. They are also hydroquinone oxidases that oxidize externally supplied NADH, hence NOX. ENOX proteins harbor a di-copper center that lack flavin. ENOX proteins display protein disulfide interchange activity that is also possessed by protein disulfide isomerase. In contrast to the classic protein disulfide isomerases, ENOX proteins lack the double CXXC motif. This family includes two ENOX proteins, ENOX1 and ENOX2. ENOX1, also termed candidate growth-related and time keeping constitutive hydroquinone [NADH] oxidase (cCNOX), or cell proliferation-inducing gene 38 protein, or Constitutive Ecto-NOX (cNOX), is the constitutively expressed cell surface NADH (ubiquinone) oxidase that is ubiquitous and refractory to drugs. ENOX2, also termed APK1 antigen, or cytosolic ovarian carcinoma antigen 1, or tumor-associated hydroquinone oxidase (tNOX), is a cancer-specific variant of ENOX1 and plays a key role in cell proliferation and tumor progression. In contrast to ENOX1, ENOX2 is drug-responsive and harbors a drug binding site to which the cancer-specific S-peptide tagged pan-ENOX2 recombinant (scFv) is directed. Moreover, ENOX2 is specifically inhibited by a variety of quinone site inhibitors that have anticancer activity and is unique to the surface of cancer cells. ENOX proteins contain many functional motifs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм"вА0А0АаАВcd12229, RRM_G3BP, RNA recognition motif (RRM) in ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein G3BP1, G3BP2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain in the G3BP family of RNA-binding and SH3 domain-binding proteins. G3BP acts at the level of RNA metabolism in response to cell signaling, possibly as RNA transcript stabilizing factors or an RNase. Members include G3BP1, G3BP2 and similar proteins. These proteins associate directly with the SH3 domain of GTPase-activating protein (GAP), which functions as an inhibitor of Ras. They all contain an N-terminal nuclear transfer factor 2 (NTF2)-like domain, an acidic domain, a domain containing PXXP motif(s), an RNA recognition motif (RRM), and an Arg-Gly-rich region (RGG-rich region, or arginine methylation motif).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм#вА0А0АаАВ┴cd12230, RRM1_U2AF65, RNA recognition motif 1 found in U2 large nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor U2AF 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65) and similar proteins. The subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of U2AF65 and dU2AF50. U2AF65, also termed U2AF2, is the large subunit of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) auxiliary factor (U2AF), which has been implicated in the recruitment of U2 snRNP to pre-mRNAs and is a highly conserved heterodimer composed of large and small subunits. U2AF65 specifically recognizes the intron polypyrimidine tract upstream of the 3' splice site and promotes binding of U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA branchpoint. U2AF65 also plays an important role in the nuclear export of mRNA. It facilitates the formation of a messenger ribonucleoprotein export complex, containing both the NXF1 receptor and the RNA substrate. Moreover, U2AF65 interacts directly and specifically with expanded CAG RNA, and serves as an adaptor to link expanded CAG RNA to NXF1 for RNA export. U2AF65 contains an N-terminal RS domain rich in arginine and serine, followed by a proline-rich segment and three C-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The N-terminal RS domain stabilizes the interaction of U2 snRNP with the branch point (BP) by contacting the branch region, and further promotes base pair interactions between U2 snRNA and the BP. The proline-rich segment mediates protein-protein interactions with the RRM domain of the small U2AF subunit (U2AF35 or U2AF1). The RRM1 and RRM2 are sufficient for specific RNA binding, while RRM3 is responsible for protein-protein interactions. The family also includes Splicing factor U2AF 50 kDa subunit (dU2AF50), the Drosophila ortholog of U2AF65. dU2AF50 functions as an essential pre-mRNA splicing factor in flies. It associates with intronless mRNAs and plays a significant and unexpected role in the nuclear export of a large number of intronless mRNAs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм$вА0А0АаАВ┬cd12231, RRM2_U2AF65, RNA recognition motif 2 found in U2 large nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor U2AF 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of U2AF65 and dU2AF50. U2AF65, also termed U2AF2, is the large subunit of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) auxiliary factor (U2AF), which has been implicated in the recruitment of U2 snRNP to pre-mRNAs and is a highly conserved heterodimer composed of large and small subunits. U2AF65 specifically recognizes the intron polypyrimidine tract upstream of the 3' splice site and promotes binding of U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA branchpoint. U2AF65 also plays an important role in the nuclear export of mRNA. It facilitates the formation of a messenger ribonucleoprotein export complex, containing both the NXF1 receptor and the RNA substrate. Moreover, U2AF65 interacts directly and specifically with expanded CAG RNA, and serves as an adaptor to link expanded CAG RNA to NXF1 for RNA export. U2AF65 contains an N-terminal RS domain rich in arginine and serine, followed by a proline-rich segment and three C-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The N-terminal RS domain stabilizes the interaction of U2 snRNP with the branch point (BP) by contacting the branch region, and further promotes base pair interactions between U2 snRNA and the BP. The proline-rich segment mediates protein-protein interactions with the RRM domain of the small U2AF subunit (U2AF35 or U2AF1). The RRM1 and RRM2 are sufficient for specific RNA binding, while RRM3 is responsible for protein-protein interactions. The family also includes Splicing factor U2AF 50 kDa subunit (dU2AF50), the Drosophila ortholog of U2AF65. dU2AF50 functions as an essential pre-mRNA splicing factor in flies. It associates with intronless mRNAs and plays a significant and unexpected role in the nuclear export of a large number of intronless mRNAs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм%вА0А0АаАВ┬cd12232, RRM3_U2AF65, RNA recognition motif 3 found in U2 large nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor U2AF 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of U2AF65 and dU2AF50. U2AF65, also termed U2AF2, is the large subunit of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) auxiliary factor (U2AF), which has been implicated in the recruitment of U2 snRNP to pre-mRNAs and is a highly conserved heterodimer composed of large and small subunits. U2AF65 specifically recognizes the intron polypyrimidine tract upstream of the 3' splice site and promotes binding of U2 snRNP to the pre-mRNA branchpoint. U2AF65 also plays an important role in the nuclear export of mRNA. It facilitates the formation of a messenger ribonucleoprotein export complex, containing both the NXF1 receptor and the RNA substrate. Moreover, U2AF65 interacts directly and specifically with expanded CAG RNA, and serves as an adaptor to link expanded CAG RNA to NXF1 for RNA export. U2AF65 contains an N-terminal RS domain rich in arginine and serine, followed by a proline-rich segment and three C-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The N-terminal RS domain stabilizes the interaction of U2 snRNP with the branch point (BP) by contacting the branch region, and further promotes base pair interactions between U2 snRNA and the BP. The proline-rich segment mediates protein-protein interactions with the RRM domain of the small U2AF subunit (U2AF35 or U2AF1). The RRM1 and RRM2 are sufficient for specific RNA binding, while RRM3 is responsible for protein-protein interactions. The family also includes Splicing factor U2AF 50 kDa subunit (dU2AF50), the Drosophila ortholog of U2AF65. dU2AF50 functions as an essential pre-mRNA splicing factor in flies. It associates with intronless mRNAs and plays a significant and unexpected role in the nuclear export of a large number of intronless mRNAs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм&вА0А0АаАВtcd12233, RRM_Srp1p_AtRSp31_like, RNA recognition motif found in fission yeast pre-mRNA-splicing factor Srp1p, Arabidopsis thaliana arginine/serine-rich-splicing factor RSp31 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Srp1p and RRM2 of plant SR splicing factors. Srp1p is encoded by gene srp1 from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. It plays a role in the pre-mRNA splicing process, but is not essential for growth. Srp1p is closely related to the SR protein family found in Metazoa. It contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a glycine hinge and a RS domain in the middle, and a C-terminal domain. The family also includes a novel group of arginine/serine (RS) or serine/arginine (SR) splicing factors existing in plants, such as A. thaliana RSp31, RSp35, RSp41 and similar proteins. Like vertebrate RS splicing factors, these proteins function as plant splicing factors and play crucial roles in constitutive and alternative splicing in plants. They all contain two RRMs at their N-terminus and an RS domain at their C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм'вА0А0АаАВ╫cd12234, RRM1_AtRSp31_like, RNA recognition motif in Arabidopsis thaliana arginine/serine-rich-splicing factor RSp31 and similar proteins from plants. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1in a family that represents a novel group of arginine/serine (RS) or serine/arginine (SR) splicing factors existing in plants, such as A. thaliana RSp31, RSp35, RSp41 and similar proteins. Like vertebrate RS splicing factors, these proteins function as plant splicing factors and play crucial roles in constitutive and alternative splicing in plants. They all contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), at their N-terminus, and an RS domain at their C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм(вА0А0АаАВЧcd12235, RRM_PPIL4, RNA recognition motif in peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase-like 4 (PPIase) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of PPIase, also termed cyclophilin-like protein PPIL4, or rotamase PPIL4, a novel nuclear RNA-binding protein encoded by cyclophilin-like PPIL4 gene. The precise role of PPIase remains unclear. PPIase contains a conserved N-terminal peptidyl-prolyl cistrans isomerase (PPIase) motif, a central RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a lysine rich domain, and a pair of bipartite nuclear targeting sequences (NLS) at the C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм)вА0А0АаАВ╝cd12236, RRM_snRNP70, RNA recognition motif in U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 70 kDa (U1-70K) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of U1-70K, also termed snRNP70, a key component of the U1 snRNP complex, which is one of the key factors facilitating the splicing of pre-mRNA via interaction at the 5' splice site, and is involved in regulation of polyadenylation of some viral and cellular genes, enhancing or inhibiting efficient poly(A) site usage. U1-70K plays an essential role in targeting the U1 snRNP to the 5' splice site through protein-protein interactions with regulatory RNA-binding splicing factors, such as the RS protein ASF/SF2. Moreover, U1-70K protein can specifically bind to stem-loop I of the U1 small nuclear RNA (U1 snRNA) contained in the U1 snRNP complex. It also mediates the binding of U1C, another U1-specific protein, to the U1 snRNP complex. U1-70K contains a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by an adjacent glycine-rich region at the N-terminal half, and two serine/arginine-rich (SR) domains at the C-terminal half. The RRM is responsible for the binding of stem-loop I of U1 snRNA molecule. Additionally, the most prominent immunodominant region that can be recognized by auto-antibodies from autoimmune patients may be located within the RRM. The SR domains are involved in protein-protein interaction with SR proteins that mediate 5' splice site recognition. For instance, the first SR domain is necessary and sufficient for ASF/SF2 Binding. The family also includes Drosophila U1-70K that is an essential splicing factor required for viability in flies, but its SR domain is dispensable. The yeast U1-70k doesn't contain easily recognizable SR domains and shows low sequence similarity in the RRM region with other U1-70k proteins and therefore not included in this family. The RRM domain is dispensable for yeast U1-70K function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм*вА0А0АаАВ$cd12237, RRM_snRNP35, RNA recognition motif found in U11/U12 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 35 kDa protein (U11/U12-35K) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of U11/U12-35K, also termed protein HM-1, or U1 snRNP-binding protein homolog, and is one of the components of the U11/U12 snRNP, which is a subunit of the minor (U12-dependent) spliceosome required for splicing U12-type nuclear pre-mRNA introns. U11/U12-35K is highly conserved among bilateria and plants, but lacks in some organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans. Moreover, U11/U12-35K shows significant sequence homology to U1 snRNP-specific 70 kDa protein (U1-70K or snRNP70). It contains a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by an adjacent glycine-rich region, and Arg-Asp and Arg-Glu dipeptide repeats rich domain, making U11/U12-35K a possible functional analog of U1-70K. It may facilitate 5' splice site recognition in the minor spliceosome and play a role in exon bridging, interacting with components of the major spliceosome bound to the pyrimidine tract of an upstream U2-type intron. The family corresponds to the RRM of U11/U12-35K that may directly contact the U11 or U12 snRNA through the RRM domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм+вА0А0АаАВ·cd12238, RRM1_RBM40_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein 40 (RBM40) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM40, also known as RNA-binding region-containing protein 3 (RNPC3) or U11/U12 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 65 kDa protein (U11/U12-65K protein), It serves as a bridging factor between the U11 and U12 snRNPs. It contains two repeats of RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), connected by a linker that includes a proline-rich region. It binds to the U11-associated 59K protein via its RRM1 and employs the RRM2 to bind hairpin III of the U12 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). The proline-rich region might be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм,вА0А0АаАВWcd12239, RRM2_RBM40_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein 40 (RBM40) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM40 and the RRM of RBM41. RBM40, also known as RNA-binding region-containing protein 3 (RNPC3) or U11/U12 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 65 kDa protein (U11/U12-65K protein). It serves as a bridging factor between the U11 and U12 snRNPs. It contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), connected by a linker that includes a proline-rich region. It binds to the U11-associated 59K protein via its RRM1 and employs the RRM2 to bind hairpin III of the U12 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). The proline-rich region might be involved in protein-protein interactions. RBM41 contains only one RRM. Its biological function remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм-вА0А0АаАВXcd12240, RRM_NCBP2, RNA recognition motif found in nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 2 (CBP20) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of CBP20, also termed nuclear cap-binding protein subunit 2 (NCBP2), or cell proliferation-inducing gene 55 protein, or NCBP-interacting protein 1 (NIP1). CBP20 is the small subunit of the nuclear cap binding complex (CBC), which is a conserved eukaryotic heterodimeric protein complex binding to 5'-capped polymerase II transcripts and plays a central role in the maturation of pre-mRNA and uracil-rich small nuclear RNA (U snRNA). CBP20 is most likely responsible for the binding of capped RNA. It contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and interacts with the second and third domains of CBP80, the large subunit of CBC. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм.вА0А0АаАВcd12241, RRM_SF3B14, RNA recognition motif found in pre-mRNA branch site protein p14 (SF3B14) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of SF3B14 (also termed p14), a 14 kDa protein subunit of SF3B which is a multiprotein complex that is an integral part of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and the U11/U12 di-snRNP. SF3B is essential for the accurate excision of introns from pre-messenger RNA and has been involved in the recognition of the pre-mRNA's branch site within the major and minor spliceosomes. SF3B14 associates directly with another SF3B subunit called SF3B155. It is also present in both U2- and U12-dependent spliceosomes and may contribute to branch site positioning in both the major and minor spliceosome. Moreover, SF3B14 interacts directly with the pre-mRNA branch adenosine early in spliceosome assembly and within the fully assembled spliceosome. SF3B14 contains one well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм/вА0А0АаАВ cd12242, RRM_SLIRP, RNA recognition motif found in SRA stem-loop-interacting RNA-binding protein (SLIRP) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of SLIRP, a widely expressed small steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) binding protein, which binds to STR7, a functional substructure of SRA. SLIRP is localized predominantly to the mitochondria and plays a key role in modulating several nuclear receptor (NR) pathways. It functions as a co-repressor to repress SRA-mediated nuclear receptor coactivation. It modulates SHARP- and SKIP-mediated co-regulation of NR activity. SLIRP contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), which is required for SLIRP's corepression activities. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм0вА0А0АаАВUcd12243, RRM1_MSSP, RNA recognition motif 1 in the c-myc gene single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of c-myc gene single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family, including single-stranded DNA-binding protein MSSP-1 (also termed RBMS1 or SCR2) and MSSP-2 (also termed RBMS2 or SCR3). All MSSP family members contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), both of which are responsible for the specific DNA binding activity. Both, MSSP-1 and -2, have been identified as protein factors binding to a putative DNA replication origin/transcriptional enhancer sequence present upstream from the human c-myc gene in both single- and double-stranded forms. Thus, they have been implied in regulating DNA replication, transcription, apoptosis induction, and cell-cycle movement, via the interaction with c-MYC, the product of protooncogene c-myc. Moreover, the family includes a new member termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 3 (RBMS3), which is not a transcriptional regulator. RBMS3 binds with high affinity to A/U-rich stretches of RNA, and to A/T-rich DNA sequences, and functions as a regulator of cytoplasmic activity. In addition, a putative meiosis-specific RNA-binding protein termed sporulation-specific protein 5 (SPO5, or meiotic RNA-binding protein 1, or meiotically up-regulated gene 12 protein), encoded by Schizosaccharomyces pombe Spo5/Mug12 gene, is also included in this family. SPO5 is a novel meiosis I regulator that may function in the vicinity of the Mei2 dot. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм1вА0А0АаАВUcd12244, RRM2_MSSP, RNA recognition motif 2 in the c-myc gene single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of c-myc gene single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family, including single-stranded DNA-binding protein MSSP-1 (also termed RBMS1 or SCR2) and MSSP-2 (also termed RBMS2 or SCR3). All MSSP family members contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), both of which are responsible for the specific DNA binding activity. Both, MSSP-1 and -2, have been identified as protein factors binding to a putative DNA replication origin/transcriptional enhancer sequence present upstream from the human c-myc gene in both single- and double-stranded forms. Thus they have been implied in regulating DNA replication, transcription, apoptosis induction, and cell-cycle movement, via the interaction with C-MYC, the product of protooncogene c-myc. Moreover, they family includes a new member termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 3 (RBMS3), which is not a transcriptional regulator. RBMS3 binds with high affinity to A/U-rich stretches of RNA, and to A/T-rich DNA sequences, and functions as a regulator of cytoplasmic activity. In addition, a putative meiosis-specific RNA-binding protein termed sporulation-specific protein 5 (SPO5, or meiotic RNA-binding protein 1, or meiotically up-regulated gene 12 protein), encoded by Schizosaccharomyces pombe Spo5/Mug12 gene, is also included in this family. SPO5 is a novel meiosis I regulator that may function in the vicinity of the Mei2 dot. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм2вА0А0АаАВэcd12245, RRM_scw1_like, RNA recognition motif in yeast cell wall integrity protein scw1 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of the family including yeast cell wall integrity protein scw1, yeast Whi3 protein, yeast Whi4 protein and similar proteins. The strong cell wall protein 1, scw1, is a nonessential cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein that regulates septation and cell-wall structure in fission yeast. It may function as an inhibitor of septum formation, such that its loss of function allows weak SIN signaling to promote septum formation. It's RRM domain shows high homology to two budding yeast proteins, Whi3 and Whi4. Whi3 is a dose-dependent modulator of cell size and has been implicated in cell cycle control in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It functions as a negative regulator of ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 3 (Cln3), a G1 cyclin that promotes transcription of many genes to trigger the G1/S transition in budding yeast. It specifically binds the CLN3 mRNA and localizes it into discrete cytoplasmic loci that may locally restrict Cln3 synthesis to modulate cell cycle progression. Moreover, Whi3 plays a key role in cell fate determination in budding yeast. The RRM domain is essential for Whi3 function. Whi4 is a partially redundant homolog of Whi3, also containing one RRM. Some uncharacterized family members of this subfamily contain two RRMs; their RRM1 shows high sequence homology to the RRM of RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBP-MS)-like proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм3вА0А0АаАВ,cd12246, RRM1_U1A_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in the U1A/U2B"/SNF protein family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of U1A/U2B"/SNF protein family which contains Drosophila sex determination protein SNF and its two mammalian counterparts, U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A (U1 snRNP A or U1-A or U1A) and U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein B" (U2 snRNP B" or U2B"), all of which consist of two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), connected by a variable, flexible linker. SNF is an RNA-binding protein found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs of Drosophila where it is essential in sex determination and possesses a novel dual RNA binding specificity. SNF binds with high affinity to both Drosophila U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) and U2 snRNA stem-loop IV (SLIV). It can also bind to poly(U) RNA tracts flanking the alternatively spliced Sex-lethal (Sxl) exon, as does Drosophila Sex-lethal protein (SXL). U1A is an RNA-binding protein associated with the U1 snRNP, a small RNA-protein complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing. U1A binds with high affinity and specificity to stem-loop II (SLII) of U1 snRNA. It is predominantly a nuclear protein that shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm independently of interactions with U1 snRNA. Moreover, U1A may be involved in RNA 3'-end processing, specifically cleavage, splicing and polyadenylation, through interacting with a large number of non-snRNP proteins. U2B", initially identified to bind to stem-loop IV (SLIV) at the 3' end of U2 snRNA, is a unique protein that comprises of the U2 snRNP. Additional research indicates U2B" binds to U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) as well and shows no preference for SLIV or SLII on the basis of binding affinity. Moreover, U2B" does not require an auxiliary protein for binding to RNA, and its nuclear transport is independent of U2 snRNA binding. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм4вА0А0АаАВcd12247, RRM2_U1A_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in the U1A/U2B"/SNF protein family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of U1A/U2B"/SNF protein family, containing Drosophila sex determination protein SNF and its two mammalian counterparts, U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A (U1 snRNP A or U1-A or U1A) and U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein B" (U2 snRNP B" or U2B"), all of which consist of two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) connected by a variable, flexible linker. SNF is an RNA-binding protein found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs of Drosophila where it is essential in sex determination and possesses a novel dual RNA binding specificity. SNF binds with high affinity to both Drosophila U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) and U2 snRNA stem-loop IV (SLIV). It can also bind to poly(U) RNA tracts flanking the alternatively spliced Sex-lethal (Sxl) exon, as does Drosophila Sex-lethal protein (SXL). U1A is an RNA-binding protein associated with the U1 snRNP, a small RNA-protein complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing. U1A binds with high affinity and specificity to stem-loop II (SLII) of U1 snRNA. It is predominantly a nuclear protein that shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm independently of interactions with U1 snRNA. Moreover, U1A may be involved in RNA 3'-end processing, specifically cleavage, splicing and polyadenylation, through interacting with a large number of non-snRNP proteins. U2B", initially identified to bind to stem-loop IV (SLIV) at the 3' end of U2 snRNA, is a unique protein that comprises of the U2 snRNP. Additional research indicates U2B" binds to U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) as well and shows no preference for SLIV or SLII on the basis of binding affinity. U2B" does not require an auxiliary protein for binding to RNA and its nuclear transport is independent on U2 snRNA binding. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм5вА0А0АаАВ┴cd12248, RRM_RBM44, RNA recognition motif in RNA-binding protein 44 (RBM44) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of RBM44, a novel germ cell intercellular bridge protein that is localized in the cytoplasm and intercellular bridges from pachytene to secondary spermatocyte stages. RBM44 interacts with itself and testis-expressed gene 14 (TEX14). Unlike TEX14, RBM44 does not function in the formation of stable intercellular bridges. It carries an RNA recognition motif (RRM) that could potentially bind a multitude of RNA sequences in the cytoplasm and help to shuttle them through the intercellular bridge, facilitating their dispersion into the interconnected neighboring cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм6вА0А0АаАВ┐cd12249, RRM1_hnRNPR_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 in hnRNP R, hnRNP Q, APOBEC-1 complementation factor (ACF), and dead end protein homolog 1 (DND1). hnRNP R is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein that specifically binds mRNAs with a preference for poly(U) stretches. It has been implicated in mRNA processing and mRNA transport, and also acts as a regulator to modify binding to ribosomes and RNA translation. hnRNP Q is also a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein. It has been identified as a component of the spliceosome complex, as well as a component of the apobec-1 editosome, and has been implicated in the regulation of specific mRNA transport. ACF is an RNA-binding subunit of a core complex that interacts with apoB mRNA to facilitate C to U RNA editing. It may also act as an apoB mRNA recognition factor and chaperone, and play a key role in cell growth and differentiation. DND1 is essential for maintaining viable germ cells in vertebrates. It interacts with the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and prevents micro-RNA (miRNA) mediated repression of mRNA. This family also includes two functionally unknown RNA-binding proteins, RBM46 and RBM47. All members in this family, except for DND1, contain three conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs); DND1 harbors only two RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм7вА0А0АаАВ cd12250, RRM2_hnRNPR_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 in hnRNP R, hnRNP Q, APOBEC-1 complementation factor (ACF), and dead end protein homolog 1 (DND1). hnRNP R is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein that specifically bind mRNAs with a preference for poly(U) stretches. It has been implicated in mRNA processing and mRNA transport, and also acts as a regulator to modify binding to ribosomes and RNA translation. hnRNP Q is also a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein. It has been identified as a component of the spliceosome complex, as well as a component of the apobec-1 editosome, and has been implicated in the regulation of specific mRNA transport. ACF is an RNA-binding subunit of a core complex that interacts with apoB mRNA to facilitate C to U RNA editing. It may also act as an apoB mRNA recognition factor and chaperone and play a key role in cell growth and differentiation. DND1 is essential for maintaining viable germ cells in vertebrates. It interacts with the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and prevents micro-RNA (miRNA) mediated repression of mRNA. This family also includes two functionally unknown RNA-binding proteins, RBM46 and RBM47. All members in this family, except for DND1, contain three conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains); DND1 harbors only two RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм8вА0А0АаАВ╬cd12251, RRM3_hnRNPR_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 in hnRNP R, hnRNP Q, and APOBEC-1 complementation factor (ACF). hnRNP R is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein that specifically bind mRNAs with a preference for poly(U) stretches and has been implicated in mRNA processing and mRNA transport, and also acts as a regulator to modify binding to ribosomes and RNA translation. hnRNP Q is also a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein. It has been identified as a component of the spliceosome complex, as well as a component of the apobec-1 editosome, and has been implicated in the regulation of specific mRNA transport. ACF is an RNA-binding subunit of a core complex that interacts with apoB mRNA to facilitate C to U RNA editing. It may also act as an apoB mRNA recognition factor and chaperone and play a key role in cell growth and differentiation. This family also includes two functionally unknown RNA-binding proteins, RBM46 and RBM47. All members contain three conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм9вА0А0АаАВоcd12252, RRM_DbpA, RNA recognition motif in the DbpA subfamily of prokaryotic DEAD-box rRNA helicases. This subfamily corresponds to the C-terminal RRM homology domain of dbpA proteins implicated in ribosome biogenesis. They bind with high affinity and specificity to RNA substrates containing hairpin 92 of 23S rRNA (HP92), which is part of the ribosomal A-site. The majority of dbpA proteins contain two N-terminal ATPase catalytic domains and a C-terminal RNA binding domain, an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domain). The catalytic domains bind to nearby regions of RNA to stimulate ATP hydrolysis and disrupt RNA structures. The C-terminal domain is responsible for the high-affinity RNA binding. Several members of this family lack specificity for 23S rRNA. These proteins can generally be distinguished by a basic region that extends beyond the C-terminal domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм:вА0А0АаАВмcd12253, RRM_PIN4_like, RNA recognition motif in yeast RNA-binding protein PIN4, fission yeast RNA-binding post-transcriptional regulators cip1, cip2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM in PIN4, also termed psi inducibility protein 4 or modifier of damage tolerance Mdt1, a novel phosphothreonine (pThr)-containing protein that specifically interacts with the pThr-binding site of the Rad53 FHA1 domain. It is encoded by gene MDT1 (YBL051C) from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PIN4 is involved in normal G2/M cell cycle progression in the absence of DNA damage and functions as a novel target of checkpoint-dependent cell cycle arrest pathways. It contains an N-terminal RRM, a nuclear localization signal, a coiled coil, and a total of 15 SQ/TQ motifs. cip1 (Csx1-interacting protein 1) and cip2 (Csx1-interacting protein 2) are novel cytoplasmic RRM-containing proteins that counteract Csx1 function during oxidative stress. They are not essential for viability in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Both cip1 and cip2 contain one RRM. Like PIN4, Cip2 also possesses an R3H motif that may function in sequence-specific binding to single-stranded nucleic acids. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм;вА0А0АаАВ·cd12254, RRM_hnRNPH_ESRPs_RBM12_like, RNA recognition motif found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H protein family, epithelial splicing regulatory proteins (ESRPs), Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli, RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins. The family includes RRM domains in the hnRNP H protein family, G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1), ESRPs (also termed RBM35), Drosophila Fusilli, RBM12 (also termed SWAN), RBM12B, RBM19 (also termed RBD-1) and similar proteins. The hnRNP H protein family includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing. GRSF-1 is a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B) are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. Fusilli shows high sequence homology to ESRPs. It can regulate endogenous FGFR2 splicing and functions as a splicing factor. The biological roles of both, RBM12 and RBM12B, remain unclear. RBM19 is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA. In addition, it is essential for preimplantation development. Members in this family contain 2~6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм<вА0А0АаАВ│cd12255, RRM1_LKAP, RNA recognition motif 1 in Limkain-b1 (LKAP) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of LKAP, a novel peroxisomal autoantigen that co-localizes with a subset of cytoplasmic microbodies marked by ABCD3 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily D member 3, known previously as PMP-70) and/or PXF (peroxisomal farnesylated protein, known previously as PEX19). It associates with LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) and may serve as a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. LKAP contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). However, whether those RRMs are bona fide RNA binding sites remains unclear. Moreover, there is no evidence of LAKP localization in the nucleus. Therefore, if the RRMs are functional, their interaction with RNA species would be restricted to the cytoplasm and peroxisomes. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм=вА0А0АаАВ▒cd12256, RRM2_LKAP, RNA recognition motif 2 in Limkain-b1 (LKAP) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of LKAP, a novel peroxisomal autoantigen that co-localizes with a subset of cytoplasmic microbodies marked by ABCD3 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily D member 3, known previously as PMP-70) and/or PXF (peroxisomal farnesylated protein, known previously as PEX19). It associates with LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) and may serve as a relatively common target of human autoantibodies reactive to cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. LKAP contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). However, whether those RRMs are bona fide RNA binding sites remains unclear. Moreover, there is no evidence of LAKP localization in the nucleus. Therefore, if the RRMs are functional, their interaction with RNA species would be restricted to the cytoplasm and peroxisomes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм>вА0А0АаАВ^cd12257, RRM1_RBM26_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 26 (RBM26) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM26, and the RRM of RBM27. RBM26, also known as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) tumor antigen se70-2, represents a cutaneous lymphoma (CL)-associated antigen. It contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The RRMs may play some functional roles in RNA-binding or protein-protein interactions. RBM27 contains only one RRM; its biological function remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм?вА0А0АаАВcd12258, RRM2_RBM26_like, RNA recognition motif 2 of vertebrate RNA-binding protein 26 (RBM26) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM26, also known as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) tumor antigen se70-2, which represents a cutaneous lymphoma (CL)-associated antigen. RBM26 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The RRMs may play some functional roles in RNA-binding or protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм@вА0А0АаАВ cd12259, RRM_SRSF11_SREK1, RNA recognition motif in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11 (SRSF11), splicing regulatory glutamine/lysine-rich protein 1 (SREK1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of SRSF11 (SRp54 or p54), SREK1 ( SFRS12 or SRrp86) and similar proteins, a group of proteins containing regions rich in serine-arginine dipeptides (SR protein family). These are involved in bridge-complex formation and splicing by mediating protein-protein interactions across either introns or exons. SR proteins have been identified as crucial regulators of alternative splicing. Different SR proteins display different substrate specificity, have distinct functions in alternative splicing of different pre-mRNAs, and can even negatively regulate splicing. All SR family members are characterized by the presence of one or two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and the C-terminal regions rich in serine and arginine dipeptides (SR domains). The RRM domain is responsible for RNA binding and specificity in both alternative and constitutive splicing. In contrast, SR domains are thought to be protein-protein interaction domains that are often interchangeable. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмAвА0А0АаАВcd12260, RRM2_SREK1, RNA recognition motif 2 in splicing regulatory glutamine/lysine-rich protein 1 (SREK1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of SREK1, also termed serine/arginine-rich-splicing regulatory protein 86-kDa (SRrp86), or splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 12 (SFRS12), or splicing regulatory protein 508 amino acid (SRrp508). SREK1 belongs to a family of proteins containing regions rich in serine-arginine dipeptides (SR proteins family), which is involved in bridge-complex formation and splicing by mediating protein-protein interactions across either introns or exons. It is a unique SR family member and it may play a crucial role in determining tissue specific patterns of alternative splicing. SREK1 can alter splice site selection by both positively and negatively modulating the activity of other SR proteins. For instance, SREK1 can activate SRp20 and repress SC35 in a dose-dependent manner both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, SREK1 contains two (some contain only one) RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and two serine-arginine (SR)-rich domains (SR domains) separated by an unusual glutamic acid-lysine (EK) rich region. The RRM and SR domains are highly conserved among other members of the SR superfamily. However, the EK domain is unique to SREK1. It plays a modulatory role controlling SR domain function by involvement in the inhibition of both constitutive and alternative splicing and in the selection of splice-site. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмBвА0А0АаАВTcd12261, RRM1_3_MRN1, RNA recognition motif 1 and 3 in RNA-binding protein MRN1 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 and RRM3 of MRN1, also termed multicopy suppressor of RSC-NHP6 synthetic lethality protein 1, or post-transcriptional regulator of 69 kDa, which is an RNA-binding protein found in yeast. Although its specific biological role remains unclear, MRN1 might be involved in translational regulation. Members in this family contain four copies of conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмCвА0А0АаАВQcd12262, RRM2_4_MRN1, RNA recognition motif 2 and 4 in RNA-binding protein MRN1 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 and RRM4 of MRN1, also termed multicopy suppressor of RSC-NHP6 synthetic lethality protein 1, or post-transcriptional regulator of 69 kDa, and is an RNA-binding protein found in yeast. Although its specific biological role remains unclear, MRN1 might be involved in translational regulation. Members in this family contain four copies of conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмDвА0А0АаАВ:cd12263, RRM_ABT1_like, RNA recognition motif found in activator of basal transcription 1 (ABT1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of novel nuclear proteins termed ABT1 and its homologous counterpart, pre-rRNA-processing protein ESF2 (eighteen S factor 2), from yeast. ABT1 associates with the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and enhances basal transcription activity of class II promoters. Meanwhile, ABT1 could be a transcription cofactor that can bind to DNA in a sequence-independent manner. The yeast ABT1 homolog, ESF2, is a component of 90S preribosomes and 5' ETS-based RNPs. It is previously identified as a putative partner of the TATA-element binding protein. However, it is primarily localized to the nucleolus and physically associates with pre-rRNA processing factors. ESF2 may play a role in ribosome biogenesis. It is required for normal pre-rRNA processing, as well as for SSU processome assembly and function. Both ABT1 and ESF2 contain an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмEвА0А0АаАВocd12264, RRM_AKAP17A, RNA recognition motif found in A-kinase anchor protein 17A (AKAP-17A) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of AKAP-17A, also termed 721P, or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 17A (SFRS17A). It was originally reported as the pseudoautosomal or X inactivation escape gene 7 (XE7) and as B-lymphocyte antigen precursor. It has been suggested that AKAP-17A is an alternative splicing factor and an SR-related splicing protein that interacts with the classical SR protein ASF/SF2 and the SR-related factor ZNF265. Additional studies have indicated that AKAP-17A is a dual-specific protein kinase A anchoring protein (AKAP) that can bind both type I and type II protein kinase A (PKA) with high affinity and co-localizes with the catalytic subunit of PKA in nuclear speckles as well as the splicing factor SC35 in splicing factor compartments. It is involved in regulation of pre-mRNA splicing possibly by docking a pool of PKA in splicing factor compartments. AKAP-17A contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмFвА0А0АаАВ_cd12265, RRM_SLT11, RNA recognition motif of pre-mRNA-splicing factor SLT11 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of SLT11, also known as extracellular mutant protein 2, or synthetic lethality with U2 protein 11, and is a splicing factor required for spliceosome assembly in yeast. It contains a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). SLT11 can facilitate the cooperative formation of U2/U6 helix II in association with stem II in the yeast spliceosome by utilizing its RNA-annealing and -binding activities. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмGвА0А0АаАВ,cd12266, RRM_like_XS, RNA recognition motif-like XS domain found in plants. This XS (named after rice gene X and SGS3) domain is a single-stranded RNA-binding domain (RBD) and possesses a unique version of a RNA recognition motif (RRM) fold. It is conserved in a family of plant proteins including gene X and SGS3. Although its function is still unknown, the plant SGS3 proteins are thought to be involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) pathways. In addition, they contain a conserved aspartate residue that may be functionally important. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмHвА0А0АаАВcd12267, RRM_YRA1_MLO3, RNA recognition motif in yeast RNA annealing protein YRA1 (Yra1p), yeast mRNA export protein mlo3 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Yra1p and mlo3. Yra1p is an essential nuclear RNA-binding protein encoded by Saccharomyces cerevisiae YRA1 gene. It belongs to the evolutionarily conserved REF (RNA and export factor binding proteins) family of hnRNP-like proteins. Yra1p possesses potent RNA annealing activity and interacts with a number of proteins involved in nuclear transport and RNA processing. It binds to the mRNA export factor Mex67p/TAP and couples transcription to export in yeast. Yra1p is associated with Pse1p and Kap123p, two members of the beta-importin family, further mediating transport of Yra1p into the nucleus. In addition, the co-transcriptional loading of Yra1p is required for autoregulation. Yra1p consists of two highly conserved N- and C-terminal boxes and a central RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). This subfamily includes RNA-annealing protein mlo3, also termed mRNA export protein mlo3, which has been identified in fission yeast as a protein that causes defects in chromosome segregation when overexpressed. It shows high sequence similarity with Yra1p. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмIвА0А0АаАВГcd12268, RRM_Vip1, RNA recognition motif in fission yeast protein Vip1 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to Vip1, an RNA-binding protein encoded by gene vip1 from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Its biological role remains unclear. Vip1 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмJвА0А0АаАВЁcd12269, RRM_Vip1_like, RNA recognition motif in a group of uncharacterized plant proteins similar to fission yeast Vip1. This subfamily corresponds to the Vip1-like, uncharacterized proteins found in plants. Although their biological roles remain unclear, these proteins show high sequence similarity to the fission yeast Vip1. Like Vip1 protein, members in this family contain an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмKвА0А0АаАВ■cd12270, RRM_MTHFSD, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase domain-containing proteins. This subfamily corresponds to methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase domain (MTHFSD), a putative RNA-binding protein found in various vertebrate species. It contains an N-terminal 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase domain and a C-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The biological role of MTHFSD remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмLвА0А0АаАВ╛cd12271, RRM1_PHIP1, RNA recognition motif 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana phragmoplastin interacting protein 1 (PHIP1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of PHIP1. A. thaliana PHIP1 and its homologs represent a novel class of plant-specific RNA-binding proteins that may play a unique role in the polarized mRNA transport to the vicinity of the cell plate. The family members consist of multiple functional domains, including a lysine-rich domain (KRD domain) that contains three nuclear localization motifs (KKKR/NK), two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), and three CCHC-type zinc fingers. PHIP1 is a peripheral membrane protein and is localized at the cell plate during cytokinesis in plants. In addition to phragmoplastin, PHIP1 interacts with two Arabidopsis small GTP-binding proteins, Rop1 and Ran2. However, PHIP1 interacted only with the GTP-bound form of Rop1 but not the GDP-bound form. It also binds specifically to Ran2 mRNA. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмMвА0А0АаАВ╢cd12272, RRM2_PHIP1, RNA recognition motif 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana phragmoplastin interacting protein 1 (PHIP1) and similar proteins. The CD corresponds to the RRM2 of PHIP1. A. thaliana PHIP1 and its homologs represent a novel class of plant-specific RNA-binding proteins that may play a unique role in the polarized mRNA transport to the vicinity of the cell plate. The family members consist of multiple functional domains, including a lysine-rich domain (KRD domain) that contains three nuclear localization motifs (KKKR/NK), two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), and three CCHC-type zinc fingers. PHIP1 is a peripheral membrane protein and is localized at the cell plate during cytokinesis in plants. In addition to phragmoplastin, PHIP1 interacts with two Arabidopsis small GTP-binding proteins, Rop1 and Ran2. However, PHIP1 interacted only with the GTP-bound form of Rop1 but not the GDP-bound form. It also binds specifically to Ran2 mRNA. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмNвА0А0АаАВЄcd12273, RRM1_NEFsp, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate putative RNA exonuclease NEF-sp. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of NEF-sp., including uncharacterized putative RNA exonuclease NEF-sp found in vertebrates. Although its cellular functions remains unclear, NEF-sp contains an exonuclease domain and two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), suggesting it may possess both exonuclease and RNA-binding activities. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмOвА0А0АаАВЄcd12274, RRM2_NEFsp, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate putative RNA exonuclease NEF-sp. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of NEF-sp., including uncharacterized putative RNA exonuclease NEF-sp found in vertebrates. Although its cellular functions remains unclear, NEF-sp contains an exonuclease domain and two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), suggesting it may possess both exonuclease and RNA-binding activities. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмPвА0А0АаАВКcd12275, RRM1_MEI2_EAR1_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in Mei2-like proteins and terminal EAR1-like proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of Mei2-like proteins from plant and fungi, terminal EAR1-like proteins from plant, and other eukaryotic homologs. Mei2-like proteins represent an ancient eukaryotic RNA-binding protein family whose corresponding Mei2-like genes appear to have arisen early in eukaryote evolution, been lost from some lineages such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans, and diversified in the plant lineage. The plant Mei2-like genes may function in cell fate specification during development, rather than as stimulators of meiosis. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the Mei2 protein is an essential component of the switch from mitotic to meiotic growth. S. pombe Mei2 stimulates meiosis in the nucleus upon binding a specific non-coding RNA. The terminal EAR1-like protein 1 and 2 (TEL1 and TEL2) are mainly found in land plants. They may play a role in the regulation of leaf initiation. All members in this family are putative RNA-binding proteins carrying three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). In addition to the RRMs, the terminal EAR1-like proteins also contain TEL characteristic motifs that allow sequence and putative functional discrimination between them and Mei2-like proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмQвА0А0АаАВЛcd12276, RRM2_MEI2_EAR1_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in Mei2-like proteins and terminal EAR1-like proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of Mei2-like proteins from plant and fungi, terminal EAR1-like proteins from plant, and other eukaryotic homologs. Mei2-like proteins represent an ancient eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins family whose corresponding Mei2-like genes appear to have arisen early in eukaryote evolution, been lost from some lineages such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans, and diversified in the plant lineage. The plant Mei2-like genes may function in cell fate specification during development, rather than as stimulators of meiosis. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the Mei2 protein is an essential component of the switch from mitotic to meiotic growth. S. pombe Mei2 stimulates meiosis in the nucleus upon binding a specific non-coding RNA. The terminal EAR1-like protein 1 and 2 (TEL1 and TEL2) are mainly found in land plants. They may play a role in the regulation of leaf initiation. All members in this family are putative RNA-binding proteins carrying three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). In addition to the RRMs, the terminal EAR1-like proteins also contain TEL characteristic motifs that allow sequence and putative functional discrimination between them and Mei2-like proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмRвА0А0АаАВЛcd12277, RRM3_MEI2_EAR1_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in Mei2-like proteins and terminal EAR1-like proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of Mei2-like proteins from plant and fungi, terminal EAR1-like proteins from plant, and other eukaryotic homologs. Mei2-like proteins represent an ancient eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins family whose corresponding Mei2-like genes appear to have arisen early in eukaryote evolution, been lost from some lineages such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans, and diversified in the plant lineage. The plant Mei2-like genes may function in cell fate specification during development, rather than as stimulators of meiosis. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the Mei2 protein is an essential component of the switch from mitotic to meiotic growth. S. pombe Mei2 stimulates meiosis in the nucleus upon binding a specific non-coding RNA. The terminal EAR1-like protein 1 and 2 (TEL1 and TEL2) are mainly found in land plants. They may play a role in the regulation of leaf initiation. All members in this family are putative RNA-binding proteins carrying three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). In addition to the RRMs, the terminal EAR1-like proteins also contain TEL characteristic motifs that allow sequence and putative functional discrimination between them and Mei2-like proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмSвА0А0АаАВ▄cd12278, RRM_eIF3B, RNA recognition motif in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit B (eIF-3B) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3), a large multisubunit complex that plays a central role in the initiation of translation by binding to the 40 S ribosomal subunit and promoting the binding of methionyl-tRNAi and mRNA. eIF-3B, also termed eIF-3 subunit 9, or Prt1 homolog, eIF-3-eta, eIF-3 p110, or eIF-3 p116, is the major scaffolding subunit of eIF-3. It interacts with eIF-3 subunits A, G, I, and J. eIF-3B contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), which is involved in the interaction with eIF-3J. The interaction between eIF-3B and eIF-3J is crucial for the eIF-3 recruitment to the 40 S ribosomal subunit. eIF-3B also binds directly to domain III of the internal ribosome-entry site (IRES) element of hepatitis-C virus (HCV) RNA through its N-terminal RRM, which may play a critical role in both cap-dependent and cap-independent translation. Additional research has shown that eIF-3B may function as an oncogene in glioma cells and can be served as a potential therapeutic target for anti-glioma therapy. This family also includes the yeast homolog of eIF-3 subunit B (eIF-3B, also termed PRT1 or eIF-3 p90) that interacts with the yeast homologs of eIF-3 subunits A(TIF32), G(TIF35), I(TIF34), J(HCR1), and E(Pci8). In yeast, eIF-3B (PRT1) contains an N-terminal RRM that is directly involved in the interaction with eIF-3A (TIF32) and eIF-3J (HCR1). In contrast to its human homolog, yeast eIF-3B (PRT1) may have potential to bind its total RNA through its RRM domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмTвА0А0АаАВ.cd12279, RRM_TUT1, RNA recognition motif in speckle targeted PIP5K1A-regulated poly(A) polymerase (Star-PAP) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Star-PAP, also termed RNA-binding motif protein 21 (RBM21), which is a ubiquitously expressed U6 snRNA-specific terminal uridylyltransferase (U6-TUTase) essential for cell proliferation. Although it belongs to the well-characterized poly(A) polymerase protein superfamily, Star-PAP is highly divergent from both, the poly(A) polymerase (PAP) and the terminal uridylyl transferase (TUTase), identified within the editing complexes of trypanosomes. Star-PAP predominantly localizes at nuclear speckles and catalyzes RNA-modifying nucleotidyl transferase reactions. It functions in mRNA biosynthesis and may be regulated by phosphoinositides. It binds to glutathione S-transferase (GST)-PIPKIalpha. Star-PAP preferentially uses ATP as a nucleotide substrate and possesses PAP activity that is stimulated by PtdIns4,5P2. It contains an N-terminal C2H2-type zinc finger motif followed by an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a split PAP domain linked by a proline-rich region, a PAP catalytic and core domain, a PAP-associated domain, an RS repeat, and a nuclear localization signal (NLS). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмUвА0А0АаАВUcd12280, RRM_FET, RNA recognition motif in the FET family of RNA-binding proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of FET (previously TET) (FUS/TLS, EWS, TAF15) family of RNA-binding proteins. This ubiquitously expressed family of similarly structured proteins predominantly localizing to the nuclear, includes FUS (also known as TLS or Pigpen or hnRNP P2), EWS (also known as EWSR1), TAF15 (also known as hTAFII68 or TAF2N or RPB56), and Drosophila Cabeza (also known as SARFH). The corresponding coding genes of these proteins are involved in deleterious genomic rearrangements with transcription factor genes in a variety of human sarcomas and acute leukemias. All FET proteins interact with each other and are therefore likely to be part of the very same protein complexes, which suggests a general bridging role for FET proteins coupling RNA transcription, processing, transport, and DNA repair. The FET proteins contain multiple copies of a degenerate hexapeptide repeat motif at the N-terminus. The C-terminal region consists of a conserved nuclear import and retention signal (C-NLS), a putative zinc-finger domain, and a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), which is flanked by 3 arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG) boxes. FUS and EWS might have similar sequence specificity; both bind preferentially to GGUG-containing RNAs. FUS has also been shown to bind strongly to human telomeric RNA and to small low-copy-number RNAs tethered to the promoter of cyclin D1. To date, nothing is known about the RNA binding specificity of TAF15. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмVвА0А0АаАВbcd12281, RRM1_TatSF1_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in HIV Tat-specific factor 1 (Tat-SF1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of Tat-SF1 and CUS2. Tat-SF1 is the cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) Tat. It is a substrate of an associated cellular kinase. Tat-SF1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a highly acidic carboxyl-terminal half. The family also includes CUS2, a yeast homolog of human Tat-SF1. CUS2 interacts with U2 RNA in splicing extracts and functions as a splicing factor that aids assembly of the splicing-competent U2 snRNP in vivo. CUS2 also associates with PRP11 that is a subunit of the conserved splicing factor SF3a. Like Tat-SF1, CUS2 contains two RRMs as well. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмWвА0А0АаАВbcd12282, RRM2_TatSF1_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in HIV Tat-specific factor 1 (Tat-SF1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of Tat-SF1 and CUS2. Tat-SF1 is the cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) Tat. It is a substrate of an associated cellular kinase. Tat-SF1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a highly acidic carboxyl-terminal half. The family also includes CUS2, a yeast homolog of human Tat-SF1. CUS2 interacts with U2 RNA in splicing extracts and functions as a splicing factor that aids assembly of the splicing-competent U2 snRNP in vivo. CUS2 also associates with PRP11 that is a subunit of the conserved splicing factor SF3a. Like Tat-SF1, CUS2 contains two RRMs as well. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмXвА0А0АаАВыcd12283, RRM1_RBM39_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 39 (RBM39) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RNA-binding protein 39 (RBM39), RNA-binding protein 23 (RBM23) and similar proteins. RBM39 (also termed HCC1) is a nuclear autoantigen that contains an N-terminal arginine/serine rich (RS) motif and three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). An octapeptide sequence called the RS-ERK motif is repeated six times in the RS region of RBM39. Although the cellular function of RBM23 remains unclear, it shows high sequence homology to RBM39 and contains two RRMs. It may possibly function as a pre-mRNA splicing factor. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмYвА0А0АаАВЧcd12284, RRM2_RBM23_RBM39, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein RBM23, RBM39 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM39 (also termed HCC1), a nuclear autoantigen that contains an N-terminal arginine/serine rich (RS) motif and three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). An octapeptide sequence called the RS-ERK motif is repeated six times in the RS region of RBM39. Although the cellular function of RBM23 remains unclear, it shows high sequence homology to RBM39 and contains two RRMs. It may possibly function as a pre-mRNA splicing factor. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмZвА0А0АаАВcd12285, RRM3_RBM39_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 39 (RBM39) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM39, also termed hepatocellular carcinoma protein 1, or RNA-binding region-containing protein 2, or splicing factor HCC1, ia nuclear autoantigen that contains an N-terminal arginine/serine rich (RS) motif and three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). An octapeptide sequence called the RS-ERK motif is repeated six times in the RS region of RBM39. Based on the specific domain composition, RBM39 has been classified into a family of non-snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein) splicing factors that are usually not complexed to snRNAs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм[вА0А0АаАВcd12286, RRM_Man1, RNA recognition motif in inner nuclear membrane protein Man1 (Man1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Man1, also termed LEM domain-containing protein 3 (LEMD3), an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane that binds to nuclear lamins and emerin, thus playing a role in nuclear organization. It is part of a protein complex essential for chromatin organization and cell division. It also functions as an important negative regulator for the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta/activin/Nodal signaling pathway by directly interacting with chromatin-associated proteins and transcriptional regulators, including the R-Smads, Smad1, Smad2, and Smad3. Moreover, Man1 is a unique type of left-right (LR) signaling regulator that acts on the inner nuclear membrane. Man1 plays a crucial role in angiogenesis. The vascular remodeling can be regulated at the inner nuclear membrane through the interaction between Man1 and Smads. Man1 contains an N-terminal LEM domain, two putative transmembrane domains, a MAN1-Src1p C-terminal (MSC) domain, and a C-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The LEM domain interacts with the DNA and chromatin-binding protein Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor, and is also necessary for efficient localization of MAN1 in the inner nuclear membrane. Research has indicated that C-terminal nucleoplasmic region of Man1 exhibits a DNA binding winged helix domain and is responsible for both DNA- and Smad-binding. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм\вА0А0АаАВ/cd12287, RRM_U2AF35_like, RNA recognition motif in U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit (U2AF35) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM in U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) auxiliary factor (U2AF) which has been implicated in the recruitment of U2 snRNP to pre-mRNAs. It is a highly conserved heterodimer composed of large and small subunits; this family includes the small subunit of U2AF (U2AF35 or U2AF1) and U2AF 35 kDa subunit B (U2AF35B or C3H60). U2AF35 directly binds to the 3' splice site of the conserved AG dinucleotide and performs multiple functions in the splicing process in a substrate-specific manner. It promotes U2 snRNP binding to the branch-point sequences of introns through association with the large subunit of U2AF (U2AF65 or U2AF2). Although the biological role of U2AF35B remains unclear, it shows high sequence homolgy to U2AF35, which contains two N-terminal zinc fingers, a central RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal arginine/serine (SR) -rich segment interrupted by glycines. In contrast to U2AF35, U2AF35B has a plant-specific conserved C-terminal region containing SERE motif(s), which may have an important function specific to higher plants. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм]вА0А0АаАВcd12288, RRM_La_like_plant, RNA recognition motif in plant proteins related to the La autoantigen. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of plant La-like proteins related to the La autoantigen. A variety of La-related proteins (LARPs or La ribonucleoproteins), with differing domain architecture, appear to function as RNA-binding proteins in eukaryotic cellular processes. Members in this family contain an LAM domain followed by an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм^вА0А0АаАВucd12289, RRM_LARP6, RNA recognition motif in La-related protein 6 (LARP6) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of LARP6, also termed Acheron (Achn), a novel member of the lupus antigen (La) family. It is expressed predominantly in neurons and muscle in vertebrates. LARP6 functions as a key regulatory protein that may play a role in mediating a variety of developmental and homeostatic processes in animals, including myogenesis, neurogenesis and possibly metastasis. LARP6 binds to Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK), and forms a complex with inhibitor of differentiation transcription factors. It is structurally related to the La autoantigen and contains a La motif (LAM), nuclear localization and export (NLS and NES) signals, and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм_вА0А0АаАВзcd12290, RRM1_LARP7, RNA recognition motif 1 in La-related protein 7 (LARP7) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of LARP7, also termed La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 7, or P-TEFb-interaction protein for 7SK stability (PIP7S), an oligopyrimidine-binding protein that binds to the highly conserved 3'-terminal U-rich stretch (3' -UUU-OH) of 7SK RNA. LARP7 is a stable component of the 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (7SK snRNP). It intimately associates with all the nuclear 7SK and is required for 7SK stability. LARP7 also acts as a negative transcriptional regulator of cellular and viral polymerase II genes, acting by means of the 7SK snRNP system. It plays an essential role in the inhibition of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb)-dependent transcription, which has been linked to the global control of cell growth and tumorigenesis. LARP7 contains a La motif (LAM) and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), at the N-terminal region, which mediates binding to the U-rich 3' terminus of 7SK RNA. LARP7 also carries another putative RRM domain at its C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм`вА0А0АаАВ╧cd12291, RRM1_La, RNA recognition motif 1 in La autoantigen (La or LARP3) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of La autoantigen, also termed Lupus La protein, or La ribonucleoprotein, or Sjoegren syndrome type B antigen (SS-B), a highly abundant nuclear phosphoprotein and well conserved in eukaryotes. It specifically binds the 3'-terminal UUU-OH motif of nascent RNA polymerase III transcripts and protects them from exonucleolytic degradation by 3' exonucleases. In addition, La can directly facilitate the translation and/or metabolism of many UUU-3' OH-lacking cellular and viral mRNAs, through binding internal RNA sequences within the untranslated regions of target mRNAs. La contains an N-terminal La motif (LAM), followed by two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It also possesses a short basic motif (SBM) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмaвА0А0АаАВ╦cd12292, RRM2_La_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in La autoantigen (La or SS-B or LARP3), La-related protein 7 (LARP7 or PIP7S) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of La and LARP7. La is a highly abundant nuclear phosphoprotein and well conserved in eukaryotes. It specifically binds the 3'-terminal UUU-OH motif of nascent RNA polymerase III transcripts and protects them from exonucleolytic degradation by 3' exonucleases. In addition, La can directly facilitate the translation and/or metabolism of many UUU-3' OH-lacking cellular and viral mRNAs, through binding internal RNA sequences within the untranslated regions of target mRNAs. LARP7 is an oligopyrimidine-binding protein that binds to the highly conserved 3'-terminal U-rich stretch (3' -UUU-OH) of 7SK RNA. It is a stable component of the 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (7SK snRNP), intimately associates with all the nuclear 7SK and is required for 7SK stability. LARP7 also acts as a negative transcriptional regulator of cellular and viral polymerase II genes, acting by means of the 7SK snRNP system. LARP7 plays an essential role in the inhibition of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb)-dependent transcription, which has been linked to the global control of cell growth and tumorigenesis. Both La and LARP7 contain an N-terminal La motif (LAM), followed by two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмbвА0А0АаАВ=cd12293, RRM_Rrp7p, RNA recognition motif in yeast ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 (Rrp7p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Rrp7p which is encoded by YCL031C gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential yeast protein involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly, and is speculated to be required for correct assembly of rpS27 into the pre-ribosomal particle. Rrp7p contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal RRP7 domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмcвА0А0АаАВ╨cd12294, RRM_Rrp7A, RNA recognition motif in ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 homolog A (Rrp7A) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Rrp7A, also termed gastric cancer antigen Zg14, a homolog of yeast ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 (Rrp7p), and mainly found in Metazoa. Rrp7p is an essential yeast protein involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly, and is speculated to be required for correct assembly of rpS27 into the pre-ribosomal particle. In contrast, the cellular function of Rrp7A remains unclear currently. Rrp7A harbors an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal Rrp7 domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмdвА0А0АаАВcd12295, RRM_YRA2, RNA recognition motif in yeast RNA annealing protein YRA2 (Yra2p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Yra2p, a nonessential nuclear RNA-binding protein encoded by Saccharomyces cerevisiae YRA2 gene. It may share some overlapping functions with Yra1p, and is able to complement an YRA1 deletion when overexpressed in yeast. Yra2p belongs to the evolutionarily conserved REF (RNA and export factor binding proteins) family of hnRNP-like proteins. It is a major component of endogenous Yra1p complexes. It interacts with Yra1p and functions as a negative regulator of Yra1p. Yra2p consists of two highly conserved N- and C-terminal boxes and a central RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмeвА0А0АаАВ├cd12296, RRM1_Prp24, RNA recognition motif 1 in fungal pre-messenger RNA splicing protein 24 (Prp24) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of Prp24, also termed U4/U6 snRNA-associated-splicing factor PRP24 (U4/U6 snRNP), an RNA-binding protein with four well conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It facilitates U6 RNA base-pairing with U4 RNA during spliceosome assembly. Prp24 specifically binds free U6 RNA primarily with RRMs 1 and 2 and facilitates pairing of U6 RNA bases with U4 RNA bases. Additionally, it may also be involved in dissociation of the U4/U6 complex during spliceosome activation. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмfвА0А0АаАВ├cd12297, RRM2_Prp24, RNA recognition motif 2 in fungal pre-messenger RNA splicing protein 24 (Prp24) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of Prp24, also termed U4/U6 snRNA-associated-splicing factor PRP24 (U4/U6 snRNP), an RNA-binding protein with four well conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It facilitates U6 RNA base-pairing with U4 RNA during spliceosome assembly. Prp24 specifically binds free U6 RNA primarily with RRMs 1 and 2 and facilitates pairing of U6 RNA bases with U4 RNA bases. Additionally, it may also be involved in dissociation of the U4/U6 complex during spliceosome activation. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмgвА0А0АаАВ├cd12298, RRM3_Prp24, RNA recognition motif 3 in fungal pre-messenger RNA splicing protein 24 (Prp24) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of Prp24, also termed U4/U6 snRNA-associated-splicing factor PRP24 (U4/U6 snRNP), an RNA-binding protein with four well conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It facilitates U6 RNA base-pairing with U4 RNA during spliceosome assembly. Prp24 specifically binds free U6 RNA primarily with RRMs 1 and 2 and facilitates pairing of U6 RNA bases with U4 RNA bases. Additionally, it may also be involved in dissociation of the U4/U6 complex during spliceosome activation. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмhвА0А0АаАВ├cd12299, RRM4_Prp24, RNA recognition motif 4 in fungal pre-messenger RNA splicing protein 24 (Prp24) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of Prp24, also termed U4/U6 snRNA-associated-splicing factor PRP24 (U4/U6 snRNP), an RNA-binding protein with four well conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It facilitates U6 RNA base-pairing with U4 RNA during spliceosome assembly. Prp24 specifically binds free U6 RNA primarily with RRMs 1 and 2 and facilitates pairing of U6 RNA bases with U4 RNA bases. Additionally, it may also be involved in dissociation of the U4/U6 complex during spliceosome activation. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмiвА0А0АаАВWcd12300, RRM1_PAR14, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 14 (PARP-14). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of PARP-14, also termed aggressive lymphoma protein 2, a member of the B aggressive lymphoma (BAL) family of macrodomain-containing PARPs. It is expressed in B lymphocytes and interacts with the IL-4-induced transcription factor Stat6. It plays a fundamental role in the regulation of IL-4-induced B-cell protection against apoptosis after irradiation or growth factor withdrawal. It mediates IL-4 effects on the levels of gene products that regulate cell survival, proliferation, and lymphomagenesis. PARP-14 acts as a transcriptional switch for Stat6-dependent gene activation. In the presence of IL-4, PARP-14 activates transcription by facilitating the binding of Stat6 to the promoter and release of HDACs from the promoter with an IL-4 signal. In contrast, in the absence of a signal, PARP-14 acts as a transcriptional repressor by recruiting HDACs. Moreover, the absence of PARP-14 protects against Myc-induced developmental block and lymphoma. Thus, PARP-14 may play an important role in Myc-induced oncogenesis. Research indicates that PARP-14 is also a binding partner with phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)/ autocrine motility factor (AMF). It can inhibit PGI/AMF ubiquitination, thus contributing to its stabilization and secretion. PARP-14 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), three tandem macro domains, and C-terminal region with sequence homology to PARP catalytic domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмjвА0А0АаАВ cd12301, RRM1_2_PAR10_like, RNA recognition motif 1 and 2 in poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase PARP-10, RNA recognition motif 2 in PARP-14, RNA recognition motif in N-myc-interactor (Nmi), interferon-induced 35 kDa protein (IFP 35), RNA-binding protein 43 (RBM43) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 and RRM2 of PARP-10, RRM2 of PARP-14, RRM of N-myc-interactor (Nmi), interferon-induced 35 kDa protein (IFP 35) and RNA-binding protein 43 (RBM43). PARP-10 is a novel oncoprotein c-Myc-interacting protein with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. It is localized to the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. In addition to PARP activity, PARP-10 is also involved in the control of cell proliferation by inhibiting c-Myc- and E1A-mediated cotransformation of primary cells. PARP-10 may also play a role in nuclear processes including the regulation of chromatin, gene transcription, and nuclear/cytoplasmic transport. PARP-10 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two overlapping C-terminal domains composed of a glycine-rich region and a region with homology to catalytic domains of PARP enzymes (PARP domain). In addition, PARP-10 contains two ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIM). PARP-14, also termed aggressive lymphoma protein 2, is a member of the B aggressive lymphoma (BAL) family of macrodomain-containing PARPs. Like PARP-10, PARP-14 also includes two RRMs at the N-terminus. Nmi, also termed N-myc and STAT interactor, is an interferon inducible protein that interacts with c-Myc, N-Myc, Max and c-Fos, and other transcription factors containing bHLH-ZIP, bHLH or ZIP domains. Besides binding Myc proteins, Nmi also associates with all the Stat family of transcription factors except Stat2. In response to cytokine (e.g. IL-2 and IFN-gamma) stimulation, Nmi can enhance Stat-mediated transcriptional activity through recruiting the Stat1 and Stat5 transcriptional coactivators, CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300. IFP 35 is an interferon-induced leucine zipper protein that can specifically form homodimers. Distinct from known bZIP proteins, IFP 35 lacks a basic domain critical for DNA binding. In addition, IFP 35 may negatively regulate other bZIP transcription factors by protein-protein interaction. For instance, it can form heterodimers with B-ATF, a member of the AP1 transcription factor family. Both Nmi and IFP35 harbor one RRM. RBM43 is a putative RNA-binding protein containing one RRM, but its biological function remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмkвА0А0АаАВХcd12302, RRM_scSet1p_like, RNA recognition motif in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae SET domain-containing protein 1 (scSet1p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of scSet1p, also termed H3 lysine-4 specific histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, or COMPASS component SET1, or lysine N-methyltransferase 2, which is encoded by SET1 from the yeast S. cerevisiae. It is a nuclear protein that may play a role in both silencing and activating transcription. scSet1p is closely related to the SET domain proteins of multicellular organisms, which are implicated in diverse aspects of cell morphology, growth control, and chromatin-mediated transcriptional silencing. scSet1p contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a conserved SET domain that may play a role in DNA repair and telomere function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмlвА0А0АаАВcd12303, RRM_spSet1p_like, RNA recognition motif in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe SET domain-containing protein 1 (spSet1p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of spSet1p, also termed H3 lysine-4 specific histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, or COMPASS component SET1, or lysine N-methyltransferase 2, or Set1 complex component, is encoded by SET1 from the fission yeast S. pombe. It is essential for the H3 lysine-4 methylation. in vivo, and plays an important role in telomere maintenance and DNA repair in an ATM kinase Rad3-dependent pathway. spSet1p is the homology counterpart of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Set1p (scSet1p). However, it is more closely related to Set1 found in mammalian. Moreover, unlike scSet1p, spSet1p is not required for heterochromatin assembly in fission yeast. spSet1p contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a conserved SET domain that may play a role in DNA repair and telomere function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмmвА0А0АаАВГcd12304, RRM_Set1, RNA recognition motif in the Set1-like family of histone-lysine N-methyltransferases. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of the Set1-like family of histone-lysine N-methyltransferases which includes Set1A and Set1B that are ubiquitously expressed vertebrates histone methyltransferases exhibiting high homology to yeast Set1. Set1A and Set1B proteins exhibit a largely non-overlapping subnuclear distribution in euchromatic nuclear speckles, strongly suggesting that they bind to a unique set of target genes and thus make non-redundant contributions to the epigenetic control of chromatin structure and gene expression. With the exception of the catalytic component, the subunit composition of the Set1A and Set1B histone methyltransferase complexes are identical. Each complex contains six human homologs of the yeast Set1/COMPASS complex, including Set1A or Set1B, Ash2 (homologous to yeast Bre2), CXXC finger protein 1 (CFP1; homologous to yeast Spp1), Rbbp5 (homologous to yeast Swd1), Wdr5 (homologous to yeast Swd3), and Wdr82 (homologous to yeast Swd2). The genomic targeting of these complexes is determined by the identity of the catalytic subunit present in each histone methyltransferase complex. Thus, the Set1A and Set1B complexes may exhibit both overlapping and non-redundant properties. Both Set1A and Set1B contain an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), an N- SET domain, and a C-terminal catalytic SET domain followed by a post-SET domain. In contrast to Set1B, Set1A additionally contains an HCF-1 binding motif that interacts with HCF-1 in vivo. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмnвА0А0АаАВПcd12305, RRM_NELFE, RNA recognition motif in negative elongation factor E (NELF-E) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of NELF-E, also termed RNA-binding protein RD. NELF-E is the RNA-binding subunit of cellular negative transcription elongation factor NELF (negative elongation factor) involved in transcriptional regulation of HIV-1 by binding to the stem of the viral transactivation-response element (TAR) RNA which is synthesized by cellular RNA polymerase II at the viral long terminal repeat. NELF is a heterotetrameric protein consisting of NELF A, B, C or the splice variant D, and E. NELF-E contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It plays a role in the control of HIV transcription by binding to TAR RNA. In addition, NELF-E is associated with the NELF-B subunit, probably via a leucine zipper motif. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмoвА0А0АаАВcd12306, RRM_II_PABPs, RNA recognition motif in type II polyadenylate-binding proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of type II polyadenylate-binding proteins (PABPs), including polyadenylate-binding protein 2 (PABP-2 or PABPN1), embryonic polyadenylate-binding protein 2 (ePABP-2 or PABPN1L) and similar proteins. PABPs are highly conserved proteins that bind to the poly(A) tail present at the 3' ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs. They have been implicated in the regulation of poly(A) tail length during the polyadenylation reaction, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization by influencing the rate of deadenylation and inhibition of mRNA decapping. ePABP-2 is predominantly located in the cytoplasm and PABP-2 is located in the nucleus. In contrast to the type I PABPs containing four copies of RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), the type II PABPs contains a single highly-conserved RRM. This subfamily also includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae RBP29 (SGN1, YIR001C) gene encoding cytoplasmic mRNA-binding protein Rbp29 that binds preferentially to poly(A). Although not essential for cell viability, Rbp29 plays a role in modulating the expression of cytoplasmic mRNA. Like other type II PABPs, Rbp29 contains one RRM only. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмpвА0А0АаАВDcd12307, RRM_NIFK_like, RNA recognition motif in nucleolar protein interacting with the FHA domain of pKI-67 (NIFK) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of NIFK and Nop15p. NIFK, also termed MKI67 FHA domain-interacting nucleolar phosphoprotein, or nucleolar phosphoprotein Nopp34, is a putative RNA-binding protein interacting with the forkhead associated (FHA) domain of pKi-67 antigen in a mitosis-specific and phosphorylation-dependent manner. It is nucleolar in interphase but associates with condensed mitotic chromosomes. This family also includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae YNL110C gene encoding ribosome biogenesis protein 15 (Nop15p), also termed nucleolar protein 15. Both, NIFK and Nop15p, contain an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмqвА0А0АаАВcd12308, RRM1_Spen, RNA recognition motif 1 in the Spen (split end) protein family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 domain in the Spen (split end) family which includes RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15), putative RNA binding motif protein 15B (RBM15B), and similar proteins found in Metazoa. RBM15, also termed one-twenty two protein 1 (OTT1), conserved in eukaryotes, is a novel mRNA export factor and component of the NXF1 pathway. It binds to NXF1 and serves as receptor for the RNA export element RTE. It also possesses mRNA export activity and can facilitate the access of DEAD-box protein DBP5 to mRNA at the nuclear pore complex (NPC). RNA-binding protein 15B (RBM15B), also known as one twenty-two 3 (OTT3), is a paralog of RBM15 and therefore has post-transcriptional regulatory activity. It is a nuclear protein sharing with RBM15 the association with the splicing factor compartment and the nuclear envelope as well as the binding to mRNA export factors NXF1 and Aly/REF. Members in this family belong- to the Spen (split end) protein family, which share a domain architecture comprising of three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal SPOC (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal) domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмrвА0А0АаАВcd12309, RRM2_Spen, RNA recognition motif 2 in the Spen (split end) protein family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 domain in the Spen (split end) protein family which includes RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15), putative RNA binding motif protein 15B (RBM15B), and similar proteins found in Metazoa. RBM15, also termed one-twenty two protein 1 (OTT1), conserved in eukaryotes, is a novel mRNA export factor and component of the NXF1 pathway. It binds to NXF1 and serves as receptor for the RNA export element RTE. It also possess mRNA export activity and can facilitate the access of DEAD-box protein DBP5 to mRNA at the nuclear pore complex (NPC). RNA-binding protein 15B (RBM15B), also termed one twenty-two 3 (OTT3), is a paralog of RBM15 and therefore has post-transcriptional regulatory activity. It is a nuclear protein sharing with RBM15 the association with the splicing factor compartment and the nuclear envelope as well as the binding to mRNA export factors NXF1 and Aly/REF. Members in this family belong to the Spen (split end) protein family, which share a domain architecture comprising of three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal SPOC (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal) domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмsвА0А0АаАВ'cd12310, RRM3_Spen, RNA recognition motif 3 in the Spen (split end) protein family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 domain in the Spen (split end) protein family which includes RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15), putative RNA binding motif protein 15B (RBM15B) and similar proteins found in Metazoa. RBM15, also termed one-twenty two protein 1 (OTT1), conserved in eukaryotes, is a novel mRNA export factor and is a novel component of the NXF1 pathway. It binds to NXF1 and serves as receptor for the RNA export element RTE. It also possess mRNA export activity and can facilitate the access of DEAD-box protein DBP5 to mRNA at the nuclear pore complex (NPC). RNA-binding protein 15B (RBM15B), also termed one twenty-two 3 (OTT3), is a paralog of RBM15 and therefore has post-transcriptional regulatory activity. It is a nuclear protein sharing with RBM15 the association with the splicing factor compartment and the nuclear envelope as well as the binding to mRNA export factors NXF1 and Aly/REF. Members in this family belong to the Spen (split end) protein family, which shares a domain architecture comprising of three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal SPOC (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal) domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмtвА0А0АаАВ2cd12311, RRM_SRSF2_SRSF8, RNA recognition motif in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor SRSF2, SRSF8 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of SRSF2 and SRSF8. SRSF2, also termed protein PR264, or splicing component, 35 kDa (splicing factor SC35 or SC-35), is a prototypical SR protein that plays important roles in the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. It is also involved in transcription elongation by directly or indirectly mediating the recruitment of elongation factors to the C-terminal domain of polymerase II. SRSF2 is exclusively localized in the nucleus and is restricted to nuclear processes. It contains a single N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a C-terminal RS domain rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. The RRM is responsible for the specific recognition of 5'-SSNG-3' (S=C/G) RNA. In the regulation of alternative splicing events, it specifically binds to cis-regulatory elements on the pre-mRNA. The RS domain modulates SRSF2 activity through phosphorylation, directly contacts RNA, and promotes protein-protein interactions with the spliceosome. SRSF8, also termed SRP46 or SFRS2B, is a novel mammalian SR splicing factor encoded by a PR264/SC35 functional retropseudogene. SRSF8 is localized in the nucleus and does not display the same activity as PR264/SC35. It functions as an essential splicing factor in complementing a HeLa cell S100 extract deficient in SR proteins. Like SRSF2, SRSF8 contains a single N-terminal RRM and a C-terminal RS domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмuвА0А0АаАВ╚cd12312, RRM_SRSF10_SRSF12, RNA recognition motif in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor SRSF10, SRSF12 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of SRSF10 and SRSF12. SRSF10, also termed 40 kDa SR-repressor protein (SRrp40), or FUS-interacting serine-arginine-rich protein 1 (FUSIP1), or splicing factor SRp38, or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 13A (SFRS13A), or TLS-associated protein with Ser-Arg repeats (TASR). It is a serine-arginine (SR) protein that acts as a potent and general splicing repressor when dephosphorylated. It mediates global inhibition of splicing both in M phase of the cell cycle and in response to heat shock. SRSF10 emerges as a modulator of cholesterol homeostasis through the regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) splicing efficiency. It also regulates cardiac-specific alternative splicing of triadin pre-mRNA and is required for proper Ca2+ handling during embryonic heart development. In contrast, the phosphorylated SRSF10 functions as a sequence-specific splicing activator in the presence of a nuclear cofactor. It activates distal alternative 5' splice site of adenovirus E1A pre-mRNA in vivo. Moreover, SRSF10 strengthens pre-mRNA recognition by U1 and U2 snRNPs. SRSF10 localizes to the nuclear speckles and can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. SRSF12, also termed 35 kDa SR repressor protein (SRrp35), or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 13B (SFRS13B), or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 19 (SFRS19), is a serine/arginine (SR) protein-like alternative splicing regulator that antagonizes authentic SR proteins in the modulation of alternative 5' splice site choice. For instance, it activates distal alternative 5' splice site of the adenovirus E1A pre-mRNA in vivo. Both, SRSF10 and SRSF12, contain a single N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a C-terminal RS domain rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмvвА0А0АаАВ^cd12313, RRM1_RRM2_RBM5_like, RNA recognition motif 1 and 2 in RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5) and similar proteins. This subfamily includes the RRM1 and RRM2 of RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5 or LUCA15 or H37) and RNA-binding protein 10 (RBM10 or S1-1), and the RRM2 of RNA-binding protein 6 (RBM6 or NY-LU-12 or g16 or DEF-3). These RBMs share high sequence homology and may play an important role in regulating apoptosis. RBM5 is a known modulator of apoptosis. It may also act as a tumor suppressor or an RNA splicing factor. RBM6 has been predicted to be a nuclear factor based on its nuclear localization signal. Both, RBM6 and RBM5, specifically bind poly(G) RNA. RBM10 is a paralog of RBM5. It may play an important role in mRNA generation, processing and degradation in several cell types. The rat homolog of human RBM10 is protein S1-1, a hypothetical RNA binding protein with poly(G) and poly(U) binding capabilities. All family members contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two C2H2-type zinc fingers, and a G-patch/D111 domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмwвА0А0АаАВ░cd12314, RRM1_RBM6, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 6 (RBM6). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM6, also termed lung cancer antigen NY-LU-12, or protein G16, or RNA-binding protein DEF-3, which has been predicted to be a nuclear factor based on its nuclear localization signal. It shows high sequence similarity to RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5 or LUCA15 or NY-REN-9). Both, RBM6 and RBM5, specifically bind poly(G) RNA. They contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two C2H2-type zinc fingers, a nuclear localization signal, and a G-patch/D111 domain. In contrast to RBM5, RBM6 has two additional unique domains: the decamer repeat occurring more than 20 times, and the POZ (poxvirus and zinc finger) domain. The POZ domain may be involved in protein-protein interactions and inhibit binding of target sequences by zinc fingers. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмxвА0А0АаАВScd12315, RRM1_RBM19_MRD1, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19), yeast multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM19 and MRD1. RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA and is essential for preimplantation development. It has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). MRD1 is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well-conserved in yeast and its homologs exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). It is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. MRD1 contains 5 conserved RRMs, which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмyвА0А0АаАВbcd12316, RRM3_RBM19_RRM2_MRD1, RNA recognition motif 3 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19) and RNA recognition motif 2 found in multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM19 and RRM2 of MRD1. RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA and is essential for preimplantation development. It has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). MRD1 is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well conserved in yeast and its homologs exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). It is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. MRD1 contains 5 conserved RRMs, which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмzвА0А0АаАВdcd12317, RRM4_RBM19_RRM3_MRD1, RNA recognition motif 4 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19) and RNA recognition motif 3 in multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of RBM19 and the RRM3 of MRD1. RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA and is essential for preimplantation development. It has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). MRD1 is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well conserved in yeast and its homologues exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). MRD1 is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. MRD1 contains 5 conserved RRMs, which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм{вА0А0АаАВ"cd12318, RRM5_RBM19_like, RNA recognition motif 5 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19 or RBD-1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM5 of RBM19 and RRM4 of MRD1. RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA and is essential for preimplantation development. It has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм|вА0А0АаАВcd12319, RRM4_MRD1, RNA recognition motif 4 in yeast multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of MRD1which is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well-conserved in yeast and its homologs exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). MRD1 is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. It contains 5 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм}вА0А0АаАВlcd12320, RRM6_RBM19_RRM5_MRD1, RNA recognition motif 6 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19 or RBD-1) and RNA recognition motif 5 in multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM6 of RBM19 and RRM5 of MRD1. RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA and is essential for preimplantation development. It has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). MRD1 is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well-conserved in yeast and its homologs exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). It is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. MRD1 contains 5 conserved RRMs, which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм~вА0А0АаАВ]cd12321, RRM1_TDP43, RNA recognition motif 1 in TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of TDP-43 (also termed TARDBP), a ubiquitously expressed pathogenic protein whose normal function and abnormal aggregation are directly linked to the genetic disease cystic fibrosis, and two neurodegenerative disorders: frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TDP-43 binds both DNA and RNA, and has been implicated in transcriptional repression, pre-mRNA splicing and translational regulation. TDP-43 is a dimeric protein with two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal glycine-rich domain. The RRMs are responsible for DNA and RNA binding; they bind to TAR DNA and RNA sequences with UG-repeats. The glycine-rich domain can interact with the hnRNP family proteins to form the hnRNP-rich complex involved in splicing inhibition. It is also essential for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) exon 9-skipping activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВ]cd12322, RRM2_TDP43, RNA recognition motif 2 in TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of TDP-43 (also termed TARDBP), a ubiquitously expressed pathogenic protein whose normal function and abnormal aggregation are directly linked to the genetic disease cystic fibrosis, and two neurodegenerative disorders: frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TDP-43 binds both DNA and RNA, and has been implicated in transcriptional repression, pre-mRNA splicing and translational regulation. TDP-43 is a dimeric protein with two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal glycine-rich domain. The RRMs are responsible for DNA and RNA binding; they bind to TAR DNA and RNA sequences with UG-repeats. The glycine-rich domain can interact with the hnRNP family proteins to form the hnRNP-rich complex involved in splicing inhibition. It is also essential for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) exon 9-skipping activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмАвА0А0АаАВЖcd12323, RRM2_MSI, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein Musashi homologs Musashi-1, Musashi-2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2.in Musashi-1 (also termed Msi1), a neural RNA-binding protein putatively expressed in central nervous system (CNS) stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and associated with asymmetric divisions in neural progenitor cells. It is evolutionarily conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. Musashi-1 is a homolog of Drosophila Musashi and Xenopus laevis nervous system-specific RNP protein-1 (Nrp-1). It has been implicated in the maintenance of the stem-cell state, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. It translationally regulates the expression of a mammalian numb gene by binding to the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA of Numb, encoding a membrane-associated inhibitor of Notch signaling, and further influences neural development. Moreover, Musashi-1 represses translation by interacting with the poly(A)-binding protein and competes for binding of the eukaryotic initiation factor-4G (eIF-4G). Musashi-2 (also termed Msi2) has been identified as a regulator of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and of leukemic stem cells after transplantation of cells with loss and gain of function of the gene. It influences proliferation and differentiation of HSCs and myeloid progenitors, and further modulates normal hematopoiesis and promotes aggressive myeloid leukemia. Both, Musashi-1 and Musashi-2, contain two conserved N-terminal tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), along with other domains of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмБвА0А0АаАВЪcd12324, RRM_RBM8, RNA recognition motif in RNA-binding protein RBM8A, RBM8B nd similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM8, also termed binder of OVCA1-1 (BOV-1), or RNA-binding protein Y14, which is one of the components of the exon-exon junction complex (EJC). It has two isoforms, RBM8A and RBM8B, both of which are identical except that RBM8B is 16 amino acids shorter at its N-terminus. RBM8, together with other EJC components (such as Magoh, Aly/REF, RNPS1, Srm160, and Upf3), plays critical roles in postsplicing processing, including nuclear export and cytoplasmic localization of the mRNA, and the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) surveillance process. RBM8 binds to mRNA 20-24 nucleotides upstream of a spliced exon-exon junction. It is also involved in spliced mRNA nuclear export, and the process of nonsense-mediated decay of mRNAs with premature stop codons. RBM8 forms a specific heterodimer complex with the EJC protein Magoh which then associates with Aly/REF, RNPS1, DEK, and SRm160 on the spliced mRNA, and inhibits ATP turnover by eIF4AIII, thereby trapping the EJC core onto RNA. RBM8 contains an N-terminal putative bipartite nuclear localization signal, one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), in the central region, and a C-terminal serine-arginine rich region (SR domain) and glycine-arginine rich region (RG domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмВвА0А0АаАВ─cd12325, RRM1_hnRNPA_hnRNPD_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP A and hnRNP D subfamilies and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 in the hnRNP A subfamily which includes hnRNP A0, hnRNP A1, hnRNP A2/B1, hnRNP A3 and similar proteins. hnRNP A0 is a low abundance hnRNP protein that has been implicated in mRNA stability in mammalian cells. hnRNP A1 is an abundant eukaryotic nuclear RNA-binding protein that may modulate splice site selection in pre-mRNA splicing. hnRNP A2/B1 is an RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that interacts with the hnRNP A2 response element (A2RE). hnRNP A3 is also a RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that participates in the trafficking of A2RE-containing RNA. The hnRNP A subfamily is characterized by two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. The hnRNP D subfamily includes hnRNP D0, hnRNP A/B, hnRNP DL and similar proteins. hnRNP D0 is a UUAG-specific nuclear RNA binding protein that may be involved in pre-mRNA splicing and telomere elongation. hnRNP A/B is an RNA unwinding protein with a high affinity for G- followed by U-rich regions. hnRNP A/B has also been identified as an APOBEC1-binding protein that interacts with apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA transcripts around the editing site and thus, plays an important role in apoB mRNA editing. hnRNP DL (or hnRNP D-like) is a dual functional protein that possesses DNA- and RNA-binding properties. It has been implicated in mRNA biogenesis at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. All members in this subfamily contain two putative RRMs and a glycine- and tyrosine-rich C-terminus. The family also contains DAZAP1 (Deleted in azoospermia-associated protein 1), RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog Musashi-1, Musashi-2 and similar proteins. They all harbor two RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмГвА0А0АаАВрcd12326, RRM1_hnRNPA0, RNA recognition motif 1 found in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A0 (hnRNP A0) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP A0 which is a low abundance hnRNP protein that has been implicated in mRNA stability in mammalian cells. It has been identified as the substrate for MAPKAP-K2 and may be involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced post-transcriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2). hnRNP A0 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмДвА0А0АаАВРcd12327, RRM2_DAZAP1, RNA recognition motif 2 in Deleted in azoospermia-associated protein 1 (DAZAP1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of DAZAP1 or DAZ-associated protein 1, also termed proline-rich RNA binding protein (Prrp), a multi-functional ubiquitous RNA-binding protein expressed most abundantly in the testis and essential for normal cell growth, development, and spermatogenesis. DAZAP1 is a shuttling protein whose acetylated is predominantly nuclear and the nonacetylated form is in cytoplasm. DAZAP1 also functions as a translational regulator that activates translation in an mRNA-specific manner. DAZAP1 was initially identified as a binding partner of Deleted in Azoospermia (DAZ). It also interacts with numerous hnRNPs, including hnRNP U, hnRNP U like-1, hnRNPA1, hnRNPA/B, and hnRNP D, suggesting DAZAP1 might associate and cooperate with hnRNP particles to regulate adenylate-uridylate-rich elements (AU-rich element or ARE)-containing mRNAs. DAZAP1 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal proline-rich domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЕвА0А0АаАВАcd12328, RRM2_hnRNPA_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A subfamily. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP A0, hnRNP A1, hnRNP A2/B1, hnRNP A3 and similar proteins. hnRNP A0 is a low abundance hnRNP protein that has been implicated in mRNA stability in mammalian cells. It has been identified as the substrate for MAPKAP-K2 and may be involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced post-transcriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2). hnRNP A1 is an abundant eukaryotic nuclear RNA-binding protein that may modulate splice site selection in pre-mRNA splicing. hnRNP A2/B1 is an RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that interacts with the hnRNP A2 response element (A2RE). Many mRNAs, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP), carboxyanhydrase II (CAII), microtubule-associated protein tau, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) are trafficked by hnRNP A2/B1. hnRNP A3 is also a RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that participates in the trafficking of A2RE-containing RNA. The hnRNP A subfamily is characterized by two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЖвА0А0АаАВ#cd12329, RRM2_hnRNPD_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP D0, hnRNP A/B, hnRNP DL and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP D0, hnRNP A/B, hnRNP DL and similar proteins. hnRNP D0, a UUAG-specific nuclear RNA binding protein that may be involved in pre-mRNA splicing and telomere elongation. hnRNP A/B is an RNA unwinding protein with a high affinity for G- followed by U-rich regions. It has also been identified as an APOBEC1-binding protein that interacts with apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA transcripts around the editing site and thus plays an important role in apoB mRNA editing. hnRNP DL (or hnRNP D-like) is a dual functional protein that possesses DNA- and RNA-binding properties. It has been implicated in mRNA biogenesis at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. All memembers in this family contain two putative RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glycine- and tyrosine-rich C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЗвА0А0АаАВяcd12330, RRM2_Hrp1p, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast nuclear polyadenylated RNA-binding protein 4 (Hrp1p or Nab4p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of Hrp1p and similar proteins. Hrp1p or Nab4p, also termed cleavage factor IB (CFIB), is a sequence-specific trans-acting factor that is essential for mRNA 3'-end formation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It can be UV cross-linked to RNA and specifically recognizes the (UA)6 RNA element required for both, the cleavage and poly(A) addition steps. Moreover, Hrp1p can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and play an additional role in the export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. Hrp1p also interacts with Rna15p and Rna14p, two components of CF1A. In addition, Hrp1p functions as a factor directly involved in modulating the activity of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway; it binds specifically to a downstream sequence element (DSE)-containing RNA and interacts with Upf1p, a component of the surveillance complex, further triggering the NMD pathway. Hrp1p contains two central RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an arginine-glycine-rich region harboring repeats of the sequence RGGF/Y. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмИвА0А0АаАВ!cd12331, RRM_NRD1_SEB1_like, RNA recognition motif in Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Nrd1, Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rpb7-binding protein seb1 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Nrd1 and Seb1. Nrd1 is a novel heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like RNA-binding protein encoded by gene NRD1 (for nuclear pre-mRNA down-regulation) from yeast S. cerevisiae. It is implicated in 3' end formation of small nucleolar and small nuclear RNAs transcribed by polymerase II, and plays a critical role in pre-mRNA metabolism. Nrd1 contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a short arginine-, serine-, and glutamate-rich segment similar to the regions rich in RE and RS dipeptides (RE/RS domains) in many metazoan splicing factors, and a proline- and glutamine-rich C-terminal domain (P+Q domain) similar to domains found in several yeast hnRNPs. Disruption of NRD1 gene is lethal to yeast cells. Its N-terminal domain is sufficient for viability, which may facilitate interactions with RNA polymerase II where Nrd1 may function as an auxiliary factor. By contrast, the RRM, RE/RS domains, and P+Q domain are dispensable. Seb1 is an RNA-binding protein encoded by gene seb1 (for seven binding) from fission yeast S. pombe. It is essential for cell viability and bound directly to Rpb7 subunit of RNA polymerase II. Seb1 is involved in processing of polymerase II transcripts. It also contains one RRM motif and a region rich in arginine-serine dipeptides (RS domain).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЙвА0А0АаАВсcd12332, RRM1_p54nrb_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in the p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of the p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 family, including 54 kDa nuclear RNA- and DNA-binding protein (p54nrb or NonO or NMT55), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-associated-splicing factor (PSF or POMp100), paraspeckle protein 1 (PSP1 or PSPC1), which are ubiquitously expressed and are conserved in vertebrates. p54nrb is a multi-functional protein involved in numerous nuclear processes including transcriptional regulation, splicing, DNA unwinding, nuclear retention of hyperedited double-stranded RNA, viral RNA processing, control of cell proliferation, and circadian rhythm maintenance. PSF is also a multi-functional protein that binds RNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and many factors, and mediates diverse activities in the cell. PSP1 is a novel nucleolar factor that accumulates within a new nucleoplasmic compartment, termed paraspeckles, and diffusely distributes in the nucleoplasm. The cellular function of PSP1 remains unknown currently. This subfamily also includes some p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 homologs from invertebrate species, such as the Drosophila melanogaster gene no-ontransient A (nonA) encoding puff-specific protein Bj6 (also termed NONA) and Chironomus tentans hrp65 gene encoding protein Hrp65. D. melanogaster NONA is involved in eye development and behavior, and may play a role in circadian rhythm maintenance, similar to vertebrate p54nrb. C. tentans Hrp65 is a component of nuclear fibers associated with ribonucleoprotein particles in transit from the gene to the nuclear pore. All family members contain a DBHS domain (for Drosophila behavior, human splicing), which comprises two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a charged protein-protein interaction module. PSF has an additional large N-terminal domain that differentiates it from other family members. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмКвА0А0АаАВ▌cd12333, RRM2_p54nrb_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in the p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of the p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 family, including 54 kDa nuclear RNA- and DNA-binding protein (p54nrb or NonO or NMT55), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-associated-splicing factor (PSF or POMp100), paraspeckle protein 1 (PSP1 or PSPC1), which are ubiquitously expressed and are conserved in vertebrates. p54nrb is a multi-functional protein involved in numerous nuclear processes including transcriptional regulation, splicing, DNA unwinding, nuclear retention of hyperedited double-stranded RNA, viral RNA processing, control of cell proliferation, and circadian rhythm maintenance. PSF is also a multi-functional protein that binds RNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and many factors, and mediates diverse activities in the cell. PSP1 is a novel nucleolar factor that accumulates within a new nucleoplasmic compartment, termed paraspeckles, and diffusely distributes in the nucleoplasm. The cellular function of PSP1 remains unknown currently. The family also includes some p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 homologs from invertebrate species, such as the Drosophila melanogaster gene no-ontransient A (nonA) encoding puff-specific protein Bj6 (also termed NONA) and Chironomus tentans hrp65 gene encoding protein Hrp65. D. melanogaster NONA is involved in eye development and behavior and may play a role in circadian rhythm maintenance, similar to vertebrate p54nrb. C. tentans Hrp65 is a component of nuclear fibers associated with ribonucleoprotein particles in transit from the gene to the nuclear pore. All family members contains a DBHS domain (for Drosophila behavior, human splicing), which comprises two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a charged protein-protein interaction module. PSF has an additional large N-terminal domain that differentiates it from other family members. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЛвА0А0АаАВ6cd12334, RRM1_SF3B4, RNA recognition motif 1 in splicing factor 3B subunit 4 (SF3B4) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of SF3B4, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF3b 49 kDa (SF3b50), or spliceosome-associated protein 49 (SAP 49). SF3B4 a component of the multiprotein complex splicing factor 3b (SF3B), an integral part of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and the U11/U12 di-snRNP. SF3B is essential for the accurate excision of introns from pre-messenger RNA, and is involved in the recognition of the pre-mRNA's branch site within the major and minor spliceosomes. SF3B4 functions to tether U2 snRNP with pre-mRNA at the branch site during spliceosome assembly. It is an evolutionarily highly conserved protein with orthologs across diverse species. SF3B4 contains two closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It binds directly to pre-mRNA and also interacts directly and highly specifically with another SF3B subunit called SAP 145. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмМвА0А0АаАВ9cd12335, RRM2_SF3B4, RNA recognition motif 2 in splicing factor 3B subunit 4 (SF3B4) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of SF3B4, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF3b 49 kDa (SF3b50), or spliceosome-associated protein 49 (SAP 49). SF3B4 is a component of the multiprotein complex splicing factor 3b (SF3B), an integral part of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and the U11/U12 di-snRNP. SF3B is essential for the accurate excision of introns from pre-messenger RNA, and is involved in the recognition of the pre-mRNA's branch site within the major and minor spliceosomes. SF3B4 functions to tether U2 snRNP with pre-mRNA at the branch site during spliceosome assembly. It is an evolutionarily highly conserved protein with orthologs across diverse species. SF3B4 contains two closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It binds directly to pre-mRNA and also interacts directly and highly specifically with another SF3B subunit called SAP 145. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмНвА0А0АаАВecd12336, RRM_RBM7_like, RNA recognition motif in RNA-binding protein 7 (RBM7) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM7, RBM11 and their eukaryotic homologous. RBM7 is an ubiquitously expressed pre-mRNA splicing factor that enhances messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing in a cell-specific manner or in a certain developmental process, such as spermatogenesis. It interacts with splicing factors SAP145 (the spliceosomal splicing factor 3b subunit 2) and SRp20, and may play a more specific role in meiosis entry and progression. Together with additional testis-specific RNA-binding proteins, RBM7 may regulate the splicing of specific pre-mRNA species that are important in the meiotic cell cycle. RBM11 is a novel tissue-specific splicing regulator that is selectively expressed in brain, cerebellum and testis, and to a lower extent in kidney. It is localized in the nucleoplasm and enriched in SRSF2-containing splicing speckles. It may play a role in the modulation of alternative splicing during neuron and germ cell differentiation. Both, RBM7 and RBM11, contain an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a region lacking known homology at the C-terminus. The RRM is responsible for RNA binding, whereas the C-terminal region permits nuclear localization and homodimerization. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмОвА0А0АаАВcd12337, RRM1_SRSF4_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 (SRSF4) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 in three serine/arginine (SR) proteins: serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 (SRSF4 or SRp75 or SFRS4), serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 5 (SRSF5 or SRp40 or SFRS5 or HRS), serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 6 (SRSF6 or SRp55). SRSF4 plays an important role in both, constitutive and alternative, splicing of many pre-mRNAs. It can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. SRSF5 regulates both alternative splicing and basal splicing. It is the only SR protein efficiently selected from nuclear extracts (NE) by the splicing enhancer (ESE) and essential for enhancer activation. SRSF6 preferentially interacts with a number of purine-rich splicing enhancers (ESEs) to activate splicing of the ESE-containing exon. It is the only protein from HeLa nuclear extract or purified SR proteins that specifically binds B element RNA after UV irradiation. SRSF6 may also recognize different types of RNA sites. Members in this family contain two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмПвА0А0АаАВFcd12338, RRM1_SRSF1_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 in three serine/arginine (SR) proteins: serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1 or ASF-1), serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 (SRSF9 or SRp30C), and plant pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF2 (SR1). SRSF1 is a shuttling SR protein involved in constitutive and alternative splicing, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), mRNA export and translation. It also functions as a splicing-factor oncoprotein that regulates apoptosis and proliferation to promote mammary epithelial cell transformation. SRSF9 has been implicated in the activity of many elements that control splice site selection, the alternative splicing of the glucocorticoid receptor beta in neutrophils and in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pre-mRNA. It can also interact with other proteins implicated in alternative splicing, including YB-1, rSLM-1, rSLM-2, E4-ORF4, Nop30, and p32. Both, SRSF1 and SRSF9, contain two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. In contrast, SF2 contains two N-terminal RRMs and a C-terminal PSK domain rich in proline, serine and lysine residues. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмРвА0А0АаАВ:cd12339, RRM2_SRSF1_4_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor SRSF1, SRSF4 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of several serine/arginine (SR) proteins that have been classified into two subgroups. The first subgroup consists of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 (SRSF4 or SRp75 or SFRS4), serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 5 (SRSF5 or SRp40 or SFRS5 or HRS) and serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 6 (SRSF6 or SRp55). The second subgroup is composed of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1 or ASF-1), serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 (SRSF9 or SRp30C) and plant pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF2 (SR1). These SR proteins are mainly involved in regulating constitutive and alternative pre-mRNA splicing. They also have been implicated in transcription, genomic stability, mRNA export and translation. All SR proteins in this family, except SRSF5, undergo nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, suggesting their widespread roles in gene expression. These SR proteins share a common domain architecture comprising two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. Both domains can directly contact with RNA. The RRMs appear to determine the binding specificity and the SR domain also mediates protein-protein interactions. In addition, this subfamily includes the yeast nucleolar protein 3 (Npl3p), also termed mitochondrial targeting suppressor 1 protein, or nuclear polyadenylated RNA-binding protein 1. It is a major yeast RNA-binding protein that competes with 3'-end processing factors, such as Rna15, for binding to the nascent RNA, protecting the transcript from premature termination and coordinating transcription termination and the packaging of the fully processed transcript for export. It specifically recognizes a class of G/U-rich RNAs. Npl3p is a multi-domain protein with two RRMs, separated by a short linker and a C-terminal domain rich in glycine, arginine and serine residues. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмСвА0А0АаАВkcd12340, RBD_RRM1_NPL3, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast nucleolar protein 3 (Npl3p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of Npl3p, also termed mitochondrial targeting suppressor 1 protein, or nuclear polyadenylated RNA-binding protein 1. Npl3p is a major yeast RNA-binding protein that competes with 3'-end processing factors, such as Rna15, for binding to the nascent RNA, protecting the transcript from premature termination and coordinating transcription termination and the packaging of the fully processed transcript for export. It specifically recognizes a class of G/U-rich RNAs. Npl3p is a multi-domain protein containing two central RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), separated by a short linker and a C-terminal domain rich in glycine, arginine and serine residues. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмТвА0А0АаАВ?cd12341, RRM_hnRNPC_like, RNA recognition motif in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNP C)-related proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM in the hnRNP C-related protein family, including hnRNP C proteins, Raly, and Raly-like protein (RALYL). hnRNP C proteins, C1 and C2, are produced by a single coding sequence. They are the major constituents of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complex in vertebrates. They bind hnRNA tightly, suggesting a central role in the formation of the ubiquitous hnRNP complex; they are involved in the packaging of the hnRNA in the nucleus and in processing of pre-mRNA such as splicing and 3'-end formation. Raly, also termed autoantigen p542, is an RNA-binding protein that may play a critical role in embryonic development. The biological role of RALYL remains unclear. It shows high sequence homology with hnRNP C proteins and Raly. Members of this family are characterized by an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal auxiliary domain. The Raly proteins contain a glycine/serine-rich stretch within the C-terminal regions, which is absent in the hnRNP C proteins. Thus, the Raly proteins represent a newly identified class of evolutionarily conserved autoepitopes. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмУвА0А0АаАВ cd12342, RRM_Nab3p, RNA recognition motif in yeast nuclear polyadenylated RNA-binding protein 3 (Nab3p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Nab3p, an acidic nuclear polyadenylated RNA-binding protein encoded by Saccharomyces cerevisiae NAB3 gene that is essential for cell viability. Nab3p is predominantly localized within the nucleoplasm and essential for growth in yeast. It may play an important role in packaging pre-mRNAs into ribonucleoprotein structures amenable to efficient nuclear RNA processing. Nab3p contains an N-terminal aspartic/glutamic acid-rich region, a central RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal region rich in glutamine and proline residues. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмФвА0А0АаАВcd12343, RRM1_2_CoAA_like, RNA recognition motif 1 and 2 in RRM-containing coactivator activator/modulator (CoAA) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM in CoAA (also known as RBM14 or PSP2) and RNA-binding protein 4 (RBM4). CoAA is a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like protein identified as a nuclear receptor coactivator. It mediates transcriptional coactivation and RNA splicing effects in a promoter-preferential manner, and is enhanced by thyroid hormone receptor-binding protein (TRBP). CoAA contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a TRBP-interacting domain. RBM4 is a ubiquitously expressed splicing factor with two isoforms, RBM4A (also known as Lark homolog) and RBM4B (also known as RBM30), which are very similar in structure and sequence. RBM4 may also function as a translational regulator of stress-associated mRNAs as well as play a role in micro-RNA-mediated gene regulation. RBM4 contains two N-terminal RRMs, a CCHC-type zinc finger, and three alanine-rich regions within their C-terminal regions. This family also includes Drosophila RNA-binding protein lark (Dlark), a homolog of human RBM4. It plays an important role in embryonic development and in the circadian regulation of adult eclosion. Dlark shares high sequence similarity with RBM4 at the N-terminal region. However, Dlark has three proline-rich segments instead of three alanine-rich segments within the C-terminal region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмХвА0А0АаАВ╨cd12344, RRM1_SECp43_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43), yeast negative growth regulatory protein NGR1 (RBP1), yeast protein NAM8, and similar proteins. SECp43 is an RNA-binding protein associated specifically with eukaryotic selenocysteine tRNA [tRNA(Sec)]. It may play an adaptor role in the mechanism of selenocysteine insertion. SECp43 is located primarily in the nucleus and contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal polar/acidic region. Yeast proteins, NGR1 and NAM8, show high sequence similarity with SECp43. NGR1 is a putative glucose-repressible protein that binds both RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). It may function in regulating cell growth in early log phase, possibly through its participation in RNA metabolism. NGR1 contains three RRMs, two of which are followed by a glutamine-rich stretch that may be involved in transcriptional activity. In addition, NGR1 has an asparagine-rich region near the C-terminus which also harbors a methionine-rich region. NAM8 is a putative RNA-binding protein that acts as a suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiencies when overexpressed in yeast. It may be a non-essential component of the mitochondrial splicing machinery. NAM8 also contains three RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЦвА0А0АаАВ╨cd12345, RRM2_SECp43_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43), yeast negative growth regulatory protein NGR1 (RBP1), yeast protein NAM8, and similar proteins. SECp43 is an RNA-binding protein associated specifically with eukaryotic selenocysteine tRNA [tRNA(Sec)]. It may play an adaptor role in the mechanism of selenocysteine insertion. SECp43 is located primarily in the nucleus and contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal polar/acidic region. Yeast proteins, NGR1 and NAM8, show high sequence similarity with SECp43. NGR1 is a putative glucose-repressible protein that binds both RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). It may function in regulating cell growth in early log phase, possibly through its participation in RNA metabolism. NGR1 contains three RRMs, two of which are followed by a glutamine-rich stretch that may be involved in transcriptional activity. In addition, NGR1 has an asparagine-rich region near the C-terminus which also harbors a methionine-rich region. NAM8 is a putative RNA-binding protein that acts as a suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiencies when overexpressed in yeast. It may be a non-essential component of the mitochondrial splicing machinery. NAM8 also contains three RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЧвА0А0АаАВDcd12346, RRM3_NGR1_NAM8_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in yeast negative growth regulatory protein NGR1 (RBP1), yeast protein NAM8 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of NGR1 and NAM8. NGR1, also termed RNA-binding protein RBP1, is a putative glucose-repressible protein that binds both RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in yeast. It may function in regulating cell growth in early log phase, possibly through its participation in RNA metabolism. NGR1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a glutamine-rich stretch that may be involved in transcriptional activity. In addition, NGR1 has an asparagine-rich region near the carboxyl terminus which also harbors a methionine-rich region. The family also includes protein NAM8, which is a putative RNA-binding protein that acts as a suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiencies when overexpressed in yeast. It may be a non-essential component of the mitochondrial splicing machinery. Like NGR1, NAM8 contains two RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмШвА0А0АаАВcd12347, RRM_PPIE, RNA recognition motif in cyclophilin-33 (Cyp33) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Cyp33, also termed peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E (PPIase E), or cyclophilin E, or rotamase E. Cyp33 is a nuclear RNA-binding cyclophilin with an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal PPIase domain. Cyp33 possesses RNA-binding activity and preferentially binds to polyribonucleotide polyA and polyU, but hardly to polyG and polyC. It binds specifically to mRNA, which can stimulate its PPIase activity. Moreover, Cyp33 interacts with the third plant homeodomain (PHD3) zinc finger cassette of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) proto-oncoprotein and a poly-A RNA sequence through its RRM domain. It further mediates downregulation of the expression of MLL target genes HOXC8, HOXA9, CDKN1B, and C-MYC, in a proline isomerase-dependent manner. Cyp33 also possesses a PPIase activity that catalyzes cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bond preceding a proline, which has been implicated in the stimulation of folding and conformational changes in folded and unfolded proteins. The PPIase activity can be inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЩвА0А0АаАВNcd12348, RRM1_SHARP, RNA recognition motif 1 in SMART/HDAC1-associated repressor protein (SHARP) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of SHARP, also termed Msx2-interacting protein (MINT), or SPEN homolog, an estrogen-inducible transcriptional repressor that interacts directly with the nuclear receptor corepressor SMRT, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and components of the NuRD complex. SHARP recruits HDAC activity and binds to the steroid receptor RNA coactivator SRA through four conserved N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), further suppressing SRA-potentiated steroid receptor transcription activity. Thus, SHARP has the capacity to modulate both liganded and nonliganded nuclear receptors. SHARP also has been identified as a component of transcriptional repression complexes in Notch/RBP-Jkappa signaling pathways. In addition to the N-terminal RRMs, SHARP possesses a C-terminal SPOC domain (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal domain), which is highly conserved among Spen proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЪвА0А0АаАВMcd12349, RRM2_SHARP, RNA recognition motif 2 in SMART/HDAC1-associated repressor protein (SHARP) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of SHARP, also termed Msx2-interacting protein (MINT), or SPEN homolog, an estrogen-inducible transcriptional repressor that interacts directly with the nuclear receptor corepressor SMRT, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and components of the NuRD complex. SHARP recruits HDAC activity and binds to the steroid receptor RNA coactivator SRA through four conserved N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), further suppressing SRA-potentiated steroid receptor transcription activity. Thus, SHARP has the capacity to modulate both liganded and nonliganded nuclear receptors. SHARP also has been identified as a component of transcriptional repression complexes in Notch/RBP-Jkappa signaling pathways. In addition to the N-terminal RRMs, SHARP possesses a C-terminal SPOC domain (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal domain), which is highly conserved among Spen proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЫвА0А0АаАВNcd12350, RRM3_SHARP, RNA recognition motif 3 in SMART/HDAC1-associated repressor protein (SHARP) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of SHARP, also termed Msx2-interacting protein (MINT), or SPEN homolog, an estrogen-inducible transcriptional repressor that interacts directly with the nuclear receptor corepressor SMRT, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and components of the NuRD complex. SHARP recruits HDAC activity and binds to the steroid receptor RNA coactivator SRA through four conserved N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), further suppressing SRA-potentiated steroid receptor transcription activity. Thus, SHARP has the capacity to modulate both liganded and nonliganded nuclear receptors. SHARP also has been identified as a component of transcriptional repression complexes in Notch/RBP-Jkappa signaling pathways. In addition to the N-terminal RRMs, SHARP possesses a C-terminal SPOC domain (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal domain), which is highly conserved among Spen proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЬвА0А0АаАВOcd12351, RRM4_SHARP, RNA recognition motif 4 in SMART/HDAC1-associated repressor protein (SHARP) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of SHARP, also termed Msx2-interacting protein (MINT), or SPEN homolog, is an estrogen-inducible transcriptional repressor that interacts directly with the nuclear receptor corepressor SMRT, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and components of the NuRD complex. SHARP recruits HDAC activity and binds to the steroid receptor RNA coactivator SRA through four conserved N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), further suppressing SRA-potentiated steroid receptor transcription activity. Thus, SHARP has the capacity to modulate both liganded and nonliganded nuclear receptors. SHARP also has been identified as a component of transcriptional repression complexes in Notch/RBP-Jkappa signaling pathways. In addition to the N-terminal RRMs, SHARP possesses a C-terminal SPOC domain (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal domain), which is highly conserved among Spen proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЭвА0А0АаАВ■cd12352, RRM1_TIA1_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in granule-associated RNA binding proteins p40-TIA-1 and TIAR. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of nucleolysin TIA-1 isoform p40 (p40-TIA-1 or TIA-1) and nucleolysin TIA-1-related protein (TIAR), both of which are granule-associated RNA binding proteins involved in inducing apoptosis in cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. TIA-1 and TIAR share high sequence similarity. They are expressed in a wide variety of cell types. TIA-1 can be phosphorylated by a serine/threonine kinase that is activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis.TIAR is mainly localized in the nucleus of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. It is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to exogenous triggers of apoptosis. Both, TIA-1 and TIAR, bind specifically to poly(A) but not to poly(C) homopolymers. They are composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. TIA-1 and TIAR interact with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and their RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. The C-terminal auxiliary domain may be responsible for interacting with other proteins. In addition, TIA-1 and TIAR share a potential serine protease-cleavage site (Phe-Val-Arg) localized at the junction between their RNA binding domains and their C-terminal auxiliary domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЮвА0А0АаАВ cd12353, RRM2_TIA1_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in granule-associated RNA binding proteins p40-TIA-1 and TIAR. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of nucleolysin TIA-1 isoform p40 (p40-TIA-1 or TIA-1) and nucleolysin TIA-1-related protein (TIAR), both of which are granule-associated RNA binding proteins involved in inducing apoptosis in cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. TIA-1 and TIAR share high sequence similarity. They are expressed in a wide variety of cell types. TIA-1 can be phosphorylated by a serine/threonine kinase that is activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis. TIAR is mainly localized in the nucleus of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. It is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to exogenous triggers of apoptosis. Both, TIA-1 and TIAR, bind specifically to poly(A) but not to poly(C) homopolymers. They are composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. TIA-1 and TIAR interact with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and their RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. The C-terminal auxiliary domain may be responsible for interacting with other proteins. In addition, TIA-1 and TIAR share a potential serine protease-cleavage site (Phe-Val-Arg) localized at the junction between their RNA binding domains and their C-terminal auxiliary domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЯвА0А0АаАВ cd12354, RRM3_TIA1_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in granule-associated RNA binding proteins (p40-TIA-1 and TIAR), and yeast nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA-binding protein PUB1. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of TIA-1, TIAR, and PUB1. Nucleolysin TIA-1 isoform p40 (p40-TIA-1 or TIA-1) and nucleolysin TIA-1-related protein (TIAR) are granule-associated RNA binding proteins involved in inducing apoptosis in cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. They share high sequence similarity and are expressed in a wide variety of cell types. TIA-1 can be phosphorylated by a serine/threonine kinase that is activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis.TIAR is mainly localized in the nucleus of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. It is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to exogenous triggers of apoptosis. Both TIA-1 and TIAR bind specifically to poly(A) but not to poly(C) homopolymers. They are composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. TIA-1 and TIAR interact with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and their RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. The C-terminal auxiliary domain may be responsible for interacting with other proteins. In addition, TIA-1 and TIAR share a potential serine protease-cleavage site (Phe-Val-Arg) localized at the junction between their RNA binding domains and their C-terminal auxiliary domains. This subfamily also includes a yeast nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA-binding protein PUB1, termed ARS consensus-binding protein ACBP-60, or poly uridylate-binding protein, or poly(U)-binding protein, which has been identified as both a heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding protein (hnRNP) and a cytoplasmic mRNA-binding protein (mRNP). It may be stably bound to a translationally inactive subpopulation of mRNAs within the cytoplasm. PUB1 is distributed in both, the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and binds to poly(A)+ RNA (mRNA or pre-mRNA). Although it is one of the major cellular proteins cross-linked by UV light to polyadenylated RNAs in vivo, PUB1 is nonessential for cell growth in yeast. PUB1 also binds to T-rich single stranded DNA (ssDNA); however, there is no strong evidence implicating PUB1 in the mechanism of DNA replication. PUB1 contains three RRMs, and a GAR motif (glycine and arginine rich stretch) that is located between RRM2 and RRM3. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмавА0А0АаАВecd12355, RRM_RBM18, RNA recognition motif in eukaryotic RNA-binding protein 18 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM18, a putative RNA-binding protein containing a well-conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The biological role of RBM18 remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмбвА0А0АаАВGcd12356, RRM_PPARGC1B, RNA recognition motif in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta (PGC-1-beta) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of PGC-1beta, also termed PPAR-gamma coactivator 1-beta, or PPARGC-1-beta, or PGC-1-related estrogen receptor alpha coactivator, which is one of the members of PGC-1 transcriptional coactivators family, including PGC-1alpha and PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC). PGC-1beta plays a nonredundant role in controlling mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism and affects both, insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial biogenesis, and functions in a number of oxidative tissues. It is involved in maintaining baseline mitochondrial function and cardiac contractile function following pressure overload hypertrophy by preserving glucose metabolism and preventing oxidative stress. PGC-1beta induces hypertriglyceridemia in response to dietary fats through activating hepatic lipogenesis and lipoprotein secretion. It can stimulate apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) expression, further mediating hypolipidemic effect of nicotinic acid. PGC-1beta also drives nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) target gene expression and NRF-1 and estrogen related receptor alpha (ERRalpha)-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. The modulation of the expression of PGC-1beta can trigger ERRalpha-induced adipogenesis. PGC-1beta is also a potent regulator inducing angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. The transcriptional activity of PGC-1beta can be increased through binding to host cell factor (HCF), a cellular protein involved in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and cell cycle regulation. PGC-1beta is a multi-domain protein containing an N-terminal activation domain, an LXXLL coactivator signature, a tetrapeptide motif (DHDY) responsible for HCF binding, two glutamic/aspartic acid-rich acidic domains, and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). In contrast to PGC-1alpha, PGC-1beta lacks most of the arginine/serine (SR)-rich domain that is responsible for the regulation of RNA processing. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмввА0А0АаАВLcd12357, RRM_PPARGC1A_like, RNA recognition motif in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1A (PGC-1alpha) family of regulated coactivators. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of PGC-1alpha, PGC-1beta, and PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC), which serve as mediators between environmental or endogenous signals and the transcriptional machinery governing mitochondrial biogenesis. They play an important integrative role in the control of respiratory gene expression through interacting with a number of transcription factors, such as NRF-1, NRF-2, ERR, CREB and YY1. All family members are multi-domain proteins containing the N-terminal activation domain, an LXXLL coactivator signature, a tetrapeptide motif (DHDY) responsible for HCF binding, and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). In contrast to PGC-1alpha and PRC, PGC-1beta possesses two glutamic/aspartic acid-rich acidic domains, but lacks most of the arginine/serine (SR)-rich domain that is responsible for the regulation of RNA processing. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмгвА0А0АаАВэcd12358, RRM1_VICKZ, RNA recognition motif 1 in the VICKZ family proteins. Thid subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of IGF2BPs (or IMPs) found in the VICKZ family that have been implicated in the post-transcriptional regulation of several different RNAs and in subcytoplasmic localization of mRNAs during embryogenesis. IGF2BPs are composed of two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and four hnRNP K homology (KH) domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмдвА0А0АаАВcd12359, RRM2_VICKZ, RNA recognition motif 2 in the VICKZ family proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of IGF-II mRNA-binding proteins (IGF2BPs or IMPs) in the VICKZ family that have been implicated in the post-transcriptional regulation of several different RNAs and in subcytoplasmic localization of mRNAs during embryogenesis. IGF2BPs are composed of two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and four hnRNP K homology (KH) domains. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмевА0А0АаАВЁcd12360, RRM_cwf2, RNA recognition motif in yeast pre-mRNA-splicing factor Cwc2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of yeast protein Cwc2, also termed Complexed with CEF1 protein 2, or PRP19-associated complex protein 40 (Ntc40), or synthetic lethal with CLF1 protein 3, one of the components of the Prp19-associated complex [nineteen complex (NTC)] that can bind to RNA. NTC is composed of the scaffold protein Prp19 and a number of associated splicing factors, and plays a crucial role in intron removal during premature mRNA splicing in eukaryotes. Cwc2 functions as an RNA-binding protein that can bind both small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and pre-mRNA in vitro. It interacts directly with the U6 snRNA to link the NTC to the spliceosome during pre-mRNA splicing. In the N-terminal half, Cwc2 contains a CCCH-type zinc finger (ZnF domain), a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and an intervening loop, also termed RNA-binding loop or RB loop, between ZnF and RRM, all of which are necessary and sufficient for RNA binding. The ZnF is also responsible for mediating protein-protein interaction. The C-terminal flexible region of Cwc2 interacts with the WD40 domain of Prp19.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмжвА0А0АаАВРcd12361, RRM1_2_CELF1-6_like, RNA recognition motif 1 and 2 in CELF/Bruno-like family of RNA binding proteins and plant flowering time control protein FCA. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 and RRM2 domains of the CUGBP1 and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) as well as plant flowering time control protein FCA. CELF, also termed BRUNOL (Bruno-like) proteins, is a family of structurally related RNA-binding proteins involved in regulation of pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus, and control of mRNA translation and deadenylation in the cytoplasm. The family contains six members: CELF-1 (also known as BRUNOL-2, CUG-BP1, NAPOR, EDEN-BP), CELF-2 (also known as BRUNOL-3, ETR-3, CUG-BP2, NAPOR-2), CELF-3 (also known as BRUNOL-1, TNRC4, ETR-1, CAGH4, ER DA4), CELF-4 (BRUNOL-4), CELF-5 (BRUNOL-5) and CELF-6 (BRUNOL-6). They all contain three highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains): two consecutive RRMs (RRM1 and RRM2) situated in the N-terminal region followed by a linker region and the third RRM (RRM3) close to the C-terminus of the protein. The low sequence conservation of the linker region is highly suggestive of a large variety in the co-factors that associate with the various CELF family members. Based on both, sequence similarity and function, the CELF family can be divided into two subfamilies, the first containing CELFs 1 and 2, and the second containing CELFs 3, 4, 5, and 6. The different CELF proteins may act through different sites on at least some substrates. Furthermore, CELF proteins may interact with each other in varying combinations to influence alternative splicing in different contexts. This subfamily also includes plant flowering time control protein FCA that functions in the posttranscriptional regulation of transcripts involved in the flowering process. FCA contains two RRMs, and a WW protein interaction domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмзвА0А0АаАВУcd12362, RRM3_CELF1-6, RNA recognition motif 3 in CELF/Bruno-like family of RNA binding proteins CELF1, CELF2, CELF3, CELF4, CELF5, CELF6 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of the CUGBP1 and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) or BRUNOL (Bruno-like) proteins, a family of structurally related RNA-binding proteins involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus and in the control of mRNA translation and deadenylation in the cytoplasm. The family contains six members: CELF-1 (also termed BRUNOL-2, or CUG-BP1, or NAPOR, or EDEN-BP), CELF-2 (also termed BRUNOL-3, or ETR-3, or CUG-BP2, or NAPOR-2), CELF-3 (also termed BRUNOL-1, or TNRC4, or ETR-1, or CAGH4, or ER DA4), CELF-4 (also termed BRUNOL-4), CELF-5 (also termed BRUNOL-5), CELF-6 (also termed BRUNOL-6). They all contain three highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains): two consecutive RRMs (RRM1 and RRM2) situated in the N-terminal region followed by a linker region and the third RRM (RRM3) close to the C-terminus of the protein. The low sequence conservation of the linker region is highly suggestive of a large variety in the co-factors that associate with the various CELF family members. Based on both sequence similarity and function, the CELF family can be divided into two subfamilies, the first containing CELFs 1 and 2, and the second containing CELFs 3, 4, 5, and 6. The different CELF proteins may act through different sites on at least some substrates. Furthermore, CELF proteins may interact with each other in varying combinations to influence alternative splicing in different contexts. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмивА0А0АаАВШcd12363, RRM_TRA2, RNA recognition motif in transformer-2 protein homolog TRA2-alpha, TRA2-beta and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of two mammalian homologs of Drosophila transformer-2 (Tra2), TRA2-alpha, TRA2-beta (also termed SFRS10), and similar proteins found in eukaryotes. TRA2-alpha is a 40-kDa serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein that specifically binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) exonic splicing enhancer on exon 4 (ESE4) and is necessary for enhanced GnRH pre-mRNA splicing. It strongly stimulates GnRH intron A excision in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, TRA2-alpha can interact with either 9G8 or SRp30c, which may also be crucial for ESE-dependent GnRH pre-mRNA splicing. TRA2-beta is a serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein that controls the pre-mRNA alternative splicing of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) protein and the tau protein. Both, TRA2-alpha and TRA2-beta, contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), flanked by the N- and C-terminal arginine/serine (RS)-rich regions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмйвА0А0АаАВ6cd12364, RRM_RDM1, RNA recognition motif of RAD52 motif-containing protein 1 (RDM1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RDM1, also termed RAD52 homolog B, a novel factor involved in the cellular response to the anti-cancer drug cisplatin in vertebrates. RDM1 contains a small RD motif that shares with the recombination and repair protein RAD52, and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The RD motif is responsible for the acidic pH-dependent DNA-binding properties of RDM1. It interacts with ss- and dsDNA, and may act as a DNA-damage recognition factor by recognizing the distortions of the double helix caused by cisplatin-DNA adducts in vitro. In addition, due to the presence of RRM, RDM1 can bind to RNA as well as DNA. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмквА0А0АаАВcd12365, RRM_RNPS1, RNA recognition motif in RNA-binding protein with serine-rich domain 1 (RNPS1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RNPS1 and its eukaryotic homologs. RNPS1, also termed RNA-binding protein prevalent during the S phase, or SR-related protein LDC2, was originally characterized as a general pre-mRNA splicing activator, which activates both constitutive and alternative splicing of pre-mRNA in vitro.It has been identified as a protein component of the splicing-dependent mRNP complex, or exon-exon junction complex (EJC), and is directly involved in mRNA surveillance. Furthermore, RNPS1 is a splicing regulator whose activator function is controlled in part by CK2 (casein kinase II) protein kinase phosphorylation. It can also function as a squamous-cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells-3 (SART3)-binding protein, and is involved in the regulation of mRNA splicing. RNPS1 contains an N-terminal serine-rich (S) domain, a central RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and the C-terminal arginine/serine/proline-rich (RS/P) domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмлвА0А0АаАВеcd12366, RRM1_RBM45, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein 45 (RBM45) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM45, also termed developmentally-regulated RNA-binding protein 1 (DRB1), a new member of RNA recognition motif (RRM)-type neural RNA-binding proteins, which expresses under spatiotemporal control. It is encoded by gene drb1 that is expressed in neurons, not in glial cells. RBM45 predominantly localizes in cytoplasm of cultured cells and specifically binds to poly(C) RNA. It could play an important role during neurogenesis. RBM45 carries four RRMs, also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАммвА0А0АаАВеcd12367, RRM2_RBM45, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein 45 (RBM45) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM45, also termed developmentally-regulated RNA-binding protein 1 (DRB1), a new member of RNA recognition motif (RRM)-type neural RNA-binding proteins, which expresses under spatiotemporal control. It is encoded by gene drb1 that is expressed in neurons, not in glial cells. RBM45 predominantly localizes in cytoplasm of cultured cells and specifically binds to poly(C) RNA. It could play an important role during neurogenesis. RBM45 carries four RRMs, also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмнвА0А0АаАВеcd12368, RRM3_RBM45, RNA recognition motif 3 in RNA-binding protein 45 (RBM45) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM45, also termed developmentally-regulated RNA-binding protein 1 (DRB1), a new member of RNA recognition motif (RRM)-type neural RNA-binding proteins, which expresses under spatiotemporal control. It is encoded by gene drb1 that is expressed in neurons, not in glial cells. RBM45 predominantly localizes in cytoplasm of cultured cells and specifically binds to poly(C) RNA. It could play an important role during neurogenesis. RBM45 carries four RRMs, also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмовА0А0АаАВеcd12369, RRM4_RBM45, RNA recognition motif 4 in RNA-binding protein 45 (RBM45) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of RBM45, also termed developmentally-regulated RNA-binding protein 1 (DRB1), a new member of RNA recognition motif (RRM)-type neural RNA-binding proteins, which expresses under spatiotemporal control. It is encoded by gene drb1 that is expressed in neurons, not in glial cells. RBM45 predominantly localizes in cytoplasm of cultured cells and specifically binds to poly(C) RNA. It could play an important role during neurogenesis. RBM45 carries four RRMs, also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмпвА0А0АаАВ╜cd12370, RRM1_PUF60, RNA recognition motif 1 in (U)-binding-splicing factor PUF60 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of PUF60, also termed FUSE-binding protein-interacting repressor (FBP-interacting repressor or FIR), or Ro-binding protein 1 (RoBP1), or Siah-binding protein 1 (Siah-BP1). PUF60 is an essential splicing factor that functions as a poly-U RNA-binding protein required to reconstitute splicing in depleted nuclear extracts. Its function is enhanced through interaction with U2 auxiliary factor U2AF65. PUF60 also controls human c-myc gene expression by binding and inhibiting the transcription factor far upstream sequence element (FUSE)-binding-protein (FBP), an activator of c-myc promoters. PUF60 contains two central RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal U2AF (U2 auxiliary factor) homology motifs (UHM) that harbors another RRM and binds to tryptophan-containing linear peptide motifs (UHM ligand motifs, ULMs) in several nuclear proteins. Research indicates that PUF60 binds FUSE as a dimer, and only the first two RRM domains participate in the single-stranded DNA recognition. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм░вА0А0АаАВ╜cd12371, RRM2_PUF60, RNA recognition motif 2 in (U)-binding-splicing factor PUF60 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of PUF60, also termed FUSE-binding protein-interacting repressor (FBP-interacting repressor or FIR), or Ro-binding protein 1 (RoBP1), or Siah-binding protein 1 (Siah-BP1). PUF60 is an essential splicing factor that functions as a poly-U RNA-binding protein required to reconstitute splicing in depleted nuclear extracts. Its function is enhanced through interaction with U2 auxiliary factor U2AF65. PUF60 also controls human c-myc gene expression by binding and inhibiting the transcription factor far upstream sequence element (FUSE)-binding-protein (FBP), an activator of c-myc promoters. PUF60 contains two central RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal U2AF (U2 auxiliary factor) homology motifs (UHM) that harbors another RRM and binds to tryptophan-containing linear peptide motifs (UHM ligand motifs, ULMs) in several nuclear proteins. Research indicates that PUF60 binds FUSE as a dimer, and only the first two RRM domains participate in the single-stranded DNA recognition. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм▒вА0А0АаАВЁcd12372, RRM_CFIm68_CFIm59, RNA recognition motif of pre-mRNA cleavage factor Im 68 kDa subunit (CFIm68 or CPSF6), pre-mRNA cleavage factor Im 59 kDa subunit (CFIm59 or CPSF7), and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of cleavage factor Im (CFIm) subunits. Cleavage factor Im (CFIm) is a highly conserved component of the eukaryotic mRNA 3' processing machinery that functions in UGUA-mediated poly(A) site recognition, the regulation of alternative poly(A) site selection, mRNA export, and mRNA splicing. It is a complex composed of a small 25 kDa (CFIm25) subunit and a larger 59/68/72 kDa subunit. Two separate genes, CPSF6 and CPSF7, code for two isoforms of the large subunit, CFIm68 and CFIm59. Structurally related CFIm68 and CFIm59, also termed cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6 (CPSF7), or cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 59 kDa subunit (CPSF59), are functionally redundant. Both contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a central proline-rich region, and a C-terminal RS-like domain. Their N-terminal RRM mediates the interaction with CFIm25, and also serves to enhance RNA binding and facilitate RNA looping. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм▓вА0А0АаАВ░cd12373, RRM_SRSF3_like, RNA recognition motif in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of two serine/arginine (SR) proteins, serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3) and serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7 (SRSF7). SRSF3, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp20, modulates alternative splicing by interacting with RNA cis-elements in a concentration- and cell differentiation-dependent manner. It is also involved in termination of transcription, alternative RNA polyadenylation, RNA export, and protein translation. SRSF3 is critical for cell proliferation, and tumor induction and maintenance. It can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. SRSF7, also termed splicing factor 9G8, plays a crucial role in both constitutive splicing and alternative splicing of many pre-mRNAs. Its localization and functions are tightly regulated by phosphorylation. SRSF7 is predominantly present in the nuclear and can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. It cooperates with the export protein, Tap/NXF1, helps mRNA export to the cytoplasm, and enhances the expression of unspliced mRNA. Moreover, SRSF7 inhibits tau E10 inclusion through directly interacting with the proximal downstream intron of E10, a clustering region for frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism (FTDP) mutations. Both SRSF3 and SRSF7 contain a single N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal RS domain rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. The RRM domain is involved in RNA binding, and the RS domain has been implicated in protein shuttling and protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм│вА0А0АаАВзcd12374, RRM_UHM_SPF45_PUF60, RNA recognition motif in UHM domain of 45 kDa-splicing factor (SPF45) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM found in UHM domain of 45 kDa-splicing factor (SPF45 or RBM17), poly(U)-binding-splicing factor PUF60 (FIR or Hfp or RoBP1 or Siah-BP1), and similar proteins. SPF45 is an RNA-binding protein consisting of an unstructured N-terminal region, followed by a G-patch motif and a C-terminal U2AF (U2 auxiliary factor) homology motifs (UHM) that harbors a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain) and an Arg-Xaa-Phe sequence motif. SPF45 regulates alternative splicing of the apoptosis regulatory gene FAS (also known as CD95). It induces exon 6 skipping in FAS pre-mRNA through the UHM domain that binds to tryptophan-containing linear peptide motifs (UHM ligand motifs, ULMs) present in the 3' splice site-recognizing factors U2AF65, SF1 and SF3b155. PUF60 is an essential splicing factor that functions as a poly-U RNA-binding protein required to reconstitute splicing in depleted nuclear extracts. Its function is enhanced through interaction with U2 auxiliary factor U2AF65. PUF60 also controls human c-myc gene expression by binding and inhibiting the transcription factor far upstream sequence element (FUSE)-binding-protein (FBP), an activator of c-myc promoters. PUF60 contains two central RRMs and a C-terminal UHM domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм┤вА0А0АаАВ еcd12375, RRM1_Hu_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in the Hu proteins family, Drosophila sex-lethal (SXL), and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of Hu proteins and SXL. The Hu proteins family represents a group of RNA-binding proteins involved in diverse biological processes. Since the Hu proteins share high homology with the Drosophila embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) protein, the Hu family is sometimes referred to as the ELAV family. Drosophila ELAV is exclusively expressed in neurons and is required for the correct differentiation and survival of neurons in flies. The neuronal members of the Hu family include Hu-antigen B (HuB or ELAV-2 or Hel-N1), Hu-antigen C (HuC or ELAV-3 or PLE21), and Hu-antigen D (HuD or ELAV-4), which play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads. Hu-antigen R (HuR or ELAV-1 or HuA) is ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. Hu proteins perform their cytoplasmic and nuclear molecular functions by coordinately regulating functionally related mRNAs. In the cytoplasm, Hu proteins recognize and bind to AU-rich RNA elements (AREs) in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain target mRNAs, such as GAP-43, vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), the glucose transporter GLUT1, eotaxin and c-fos, and stabilize those ARE-containing mRNAs. They also bind and regulate the translation of some target mRNAs, such as neurofilament M, GLUT1, and p27. In the nucleus, Hu proteins function as regulators of polyadenylation and alternative splicing. Each Hu protein contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an ARE. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. This family also includes the sex-lethal protein (SXL) from Drosophila melanogaster. SXL governs sexual differentiation and X chromosome dosage compensation in flies. It induces female-specific alternative splicing of the transformer (tra) pre-mRNA by binding to the tra uridine-rich polypyrimidine tract at the non-sex-specific 3' splice site during the sex-determination process. SXL binds to its own pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing. It contains an N-terminal Gly/Asn-rich domain that may be responsible for the protein-protein interaction, and tandem RRMs that show high preference to bind single-stranded, uridine-rich target RNA transcripts. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╡вА0А0АаАВ ╕cd12376, RRM2_Hu_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in the Hu proteins family, Drosophila sex-lethal (SXL), and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of Hu proteins and SXL. The Hu proteins family represents a group of RNA-binding proteins involved in diverse biological processes. Since the Hu proteins share high homology with the Drosophila embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) protein, the Hu family is sometimes referred to as the ELAV family. Drosophila ELAV is exclusively expressed in neurons and is required for the correct differentiation and survival of neurons in flies. The neuronal members of the Hu family include Hu-antigen B (HuB or ELAV-2 or Hel-N1), Hu-antigen C (HuC or ELAV-3 or PLE21), and Hu-antigen D (HuD or ELAV-4), which play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads. Hu-antigen R (HuR or ELAV-1 or HuA) is the ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. Hu proteins perform their cytoplasmic and nuclear molecular functions by coordinately regulating functionally related mRNAs. In the cytoplasm, Hu proteins recognize and bind to AU-rich RNA elements (AREs) in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain target mRNAs, such as GAP-43, vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), the glucose transporter GLUT1, eotaxin and c-fos, and stabilize those ARE-containing mRNAs. They also bind and regulate the translation of some target mRNAs, such as neurofilament M, GLUT1, and p27. In the nucleus, Hu proteins function as regulators of polyadenylation and alternative splicing. Each Hu protein contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an ARE. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. Also included in this subfamily is the sex-lethal protein (SXL) from Drosophila melanogaster. SXL governs sexual differentiation and X chromosome dosage compensation in flies. It induces female-specific alternative splicing of the transformer (tra) pre-mRNA by binding to the tra uridine-rich polypyrimidine tract at the non-sex-specific 3' splice site during the sex-determination process. SXL binds also to its own pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing. SXL contains an N-terminal Gly/Asn-rich domain that may be responsible for the protein-protein interaction, and tandem RRMs that show high preference to bind single-stranded, uridine-rich target RNA transcripts. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╢вА0А0АаАВ┐cd12377, RRM3_Hu, RNA recognition motif 3 in the Hu proteins family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of the Hu proteins family which represent a group of RNA-binding proteins involved in diverse biological processes. Since the Hu proteins share high homology with the Drosophila embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) protein, the Hu family is sometimes referred to as the ELAV family. Drosophila ELAV is exclusively expressed in neurons and is required for the correct differentiation and survival of neurons in flies. The neuronal members of the Hu family include Hu-antigen B (HuB or ELAV-2 or Hel-N1), Hu-antigen C (HuC or ELAV-3 or PLE21), and Hu-antigen D (HuD or ELAV-4), which play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads. Hu-antigen R (HuR or ELAV-1 or HuA) is the ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. Hu proteins perform their cytoplasmic and nuclear molecular functions by coordinately regulating functionally related mRNAs. In the cytoplasm, Hu proteins recognize and bind to AU-rich RNA elements (AREs) in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain target mRNAs, such as GAP-43, vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), the glucose transporter GLUT1, eotaxin and c-fos, and stabilize those ARE-containing mRNAs. They also bind and regulate the translation of some target mRNAs, such as neurofilament M, GLUT1, and p27. In the nucleus, Hu proteins function as regulators of polyadenylation and alternative splicing. Each Hu protein contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an ARE. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╖вА0А0АаАВ оcd12378, RRM1_I_PABPs, RNA recognition motif 1 in type I polyadenylate-binding proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of type I poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), highly conserved proteins that bind to the poly(A) tail present at the 3' ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs. They have been implicated in the regulation of poly(A) tail length during the polyadenylation reaction, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization by influencing the rate of deadenylation and inhibition of mRNA decapping. The family represents type I polyadenylate-binding proteins (PABPs), including polyadenylate-binding protein 1 (PABP-1 or PABPC1), polyadenylate-binding protein 3 (PABP-3 or PABPC3), polyadenylate-binding protein 4 (PABP-4 or APP-1 or iPABP), polyadenylate-binding protein 5 (PABP-5 or PABPC5), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like (PABP-1-like or PABPC1L), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like 2 (PABPC1L2 or RBM32), polyadenylate-binding protein 4-like (PABP-4-like or PABPC4L), yeast polyadenylate-binding protein, cytoplasmic and nuclear (PABP or ACBP-67), and similar proteins. PABP-1 is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein that may play a role in 3' end formation of mRNA, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization, protection of poly(A) from nuclease activity, mRNA deadenylation, inhibition of mRNA decapping, and mRNP maturation. Although PABP-1 is thought to be a cytoplasmic protein, it is also found in the nucleus. PABP-1 may be involved in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and utilization of mRNP particles. PABP-1 contains four copies of RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), a less well conserved linker region, and a proline-rich C-terminal conserved domain (CTD). PABP-3 is a testis-specific poly(A)-binding protein specifically expressed in round spermatids. It is mainly found in mammalian and may play an important role in the testis-specific regulation of mRNA homeostasis. PABP-3 shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1. However, it binds to poly(A) with a lower affinity than PABP-1. Moreover, PABP-1 possesses an A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR and allows binding of PABP and blockage of translation of its own mRNA. In contrast, PABP-3 lacks the A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR. PABP-4 is an inducible poly(A)-binding protein (iPABP) that is primarily localized to the cytoplasm. It shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1 as well. The RNA binding properties of PABP-1 and PABP-4 appear to be identical. PABP-5 is encoded by PABPC5 gene within the X-specific subinterval, and expressed in fetal brain and in a range of adult tissues in mammals, such as ovary and testis. It may play an important role in germ cell development. Moreover, unlike other PABPs, PABP-5 contains only four RRMs, but lacks both the linker region and the CTD. PABP-1-like and PABP-1-like 2 are the orthologs of PABP-1. PABP-4-like is the ortholog of PABP-5. Their cellular functions remain unclear. The family also includes yeast PABP, a conserved poly(A) binding protein containing poly(A) tails that can be attached to the 3'-ends of mRNAs. The yeast PABP and its homologs may play important roles in the initiation of translation and in mRNA decay. Like vertebrate PABP-1, the yeast PABP contains four RRMs, a linker region, and a proline-rich CTD as well. The first two RRMs are mainly responsible for specific binding to poly(A). The proline-rich region may be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╕вА0А0АаАВ ░cd12379, RRM2_I_PABPs, RNA recognition motif 2 found in type I polyadenylate-binding proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of type I poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), highly conserved proteins that bind to the poly(A) tail present at the 3' ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs. They have been implicated in the regulation of poly(A) tail length during the polyadenylation reaction, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization by influencing the rate of deadenylation and inhibition of mRNA decapping. The family represents type I polyadenylate-binding proteins (PABPs), including polyadenylate-binding protein 1 (PABP-1 or PABPC1), polyadenylate-binding protein 3 (PABP-3 or PABPC3), polyadenylate-binding protein 4 (PABP-4 or APP-1 or iPABP), polyadenylate-binding protein 5 (PABP-5 or PABPC5), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like (PABP-1-like or PABPC1L), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like 2 (PABPC1L2 or RBM32), polyadenylate-binding protein 4-like (PABP-4-like or PABPC4L), yeast polyadenylate-binding protein, cytoplasmic and nuclear (PABP or ACBP-67), and similar proteins. PABP-1 is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein that may play a role in 3' end formation of mRNA, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization, protection of poly(A) from nuclease activity, mRNA deadenylation, inhibition of mRNA decapping, and mRNP maturation. Although PABP-1 is thought to be a cytoplasmic protein, it is also found in the nucleus. PABP-1 may be involved in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and utilization of mRNP particles. PABP-1 contains four copies of RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), a less well conserved linker region, and a proline-rich C-terminal conserved domain (CTD). PABP-3 is a testis-specific poly(A)-binding protein specifically expressed in round spermatids. It is mainly found in mammalian and may play an important role in the testis-specific regulation of mRNA homeostasis. PABP-3 shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1. However, it binds to poly(A) with a lower affinity than PABP-1. Moreover, PABP-1 possesses an A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR and allows binding of PABP and blockage of translation of its own mRNA. In contrast, PABP-3 lacks the A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR. PABP-4 is an inducible poly(A)-binding protein (iPABP) that is primarily localized to the cytoplasm. It shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1 as well. The RNA binding properties of PABP-1 and PABP-4 appear to be identical. PABP-5 is encoded by PABPC5 gene within the X-specific subinterval, and expressed in fetal brain and in a range of adult tissues in mammalian, such as ovary and testis. It may play an important role in germ cell development. Unlike other PABPs, PABP-5 contains only four RRMs, but lacks both the linker region and the CTD. PABP-1-like and PABP-1-like 2 are the orthologs of PABP-1. PABP-4-like is the ortholog of PABP-5. Their cellular functions remain unclear. The family also includes the yeast PABP, a conserved poly(A) binding protein containing poly(A) tails that can be attached to the 3'-ends of mRNAs. The yeast PABP and its homologs may play important roles in the initiation of translation and in mRNA decay. Like vertebrate PABP-1, the yeast PABP contains four RRMs, a linker region, and a proline-rich CTD as well. The first two RRMs are mainly responsible for specific binding to poly(A). The proline-rich region may be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╣вА0А0АаАВ ▒cd12380, RRM3_I_PABPs, RNA recognition motif 3 found in type I polyadenylate-binding proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of type I poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), highly conserved proteins that bind to the poly(A) tail present at the 3' ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs. They have been implicated in the regulation of poly(A) tail length during the polyadenylation reaction, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization by influencing the rate of deadenylation and inhibition of mRNA decapping. The family represents type I polyadenylate-binding proteins (PABPs), including polyadenylate-binding protein 1 (PABP-1 or PABPC1), polyadenylate-binding protein 3 (PABP-3 or PABPC3), polyadenylate-binding protein 4 (PABP-4 or APP-1 or iPABP), polyadenylate-binding protein 5 (PABP-5 or PABPC5), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like (PABP-1-like or PABPC1L), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like 2 (PABPC1L2 or RBM32), polyadenylate-binding protein 4-like (PABP-4-like or PABPC4L), yeast polyadenylate-binding protein, cytoplasmic and nuclear (PABP or ACBP-67), and similar proteins. PABP-1 is an ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein that may play a role in 3' end formation of mRNA, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization, protection of poly(A) from nuclease activity, mRNA deadenylation, inhibition of mRNA decapping, and mRNP maturation. Although PABP-1 is thought to be a cytoplasmic protein, it is also found in the nucleus. PABP-1 may be involved in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and utilization of mRNP particles. PABP-1 contains four copies of RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), a less well conserved linker region, and a proline-rich C-terminal conserved domain (CTD). PABP-3 is a testis-specific poly(A)-binding protein specifically expressed in round spermatids. It is mainly found in mammalian and may play an important role in the testis-specific regulation of mRNA homeostasis. PABP-3 shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1. However, it binds to poly(A) with a lower affinity than PABP-1. PABP-1 possesses an A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR and allows binding of PABP and blockage of translation of its own mRNA. In contrast, PABP-3 lacks the A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR. PABP-4 is an inducible poly(A)-binding protein (iPABP) that is primarily localized to the cytoplasm. It shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1 as well. The RNA binding properties of PABP-1 and PABP-4 appear to be identical. PABP-5 is encoded by PABPC5 gene within the X-specific subinterval, and expressed in fetal brain and in a range of adult tissues in mammalian, such as ovary and testis. It may play an important role in germ cell development. Moreover, unlike other PABPs, PABP-5 contains only four RRMs, but lacks both the linker region and the CTD. PABP-1-like and PABP-1-like 2 are the orthologs of PABP-1. PABP-4-like is the ortholog of PABP-5. Their cellular functions remain unclear. The family also includes the yeast PABP, a conserved poly(A) binding protein containing poly(A) tails that can be attached to the 3'-ends of mRNAs. The yeast PABP and its homologs may play important roles in the initiation of translation and in mRNA decay. Like vertebrate PABP-1, the yeast PABP contains four RRMs, a linker region, and a proline-rich CTD as well. The first two RRMs are mainly responsible for specific binding to poly(A). The proline-rich region may be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм║вА0А0АаАВ ╙cd12381, RRM4_I_PABPs, RNA recognition motif 4 in type I polyadenylate-binding proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of type I poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), highly conserved proteins that bind to the poly(A) tail present at the 3' ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs. They have been implicated in theThe CD corresponds to the RRM. regulation of poly(A) tail length during the polyadenylation reaction, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization by influencing the rate of deadenylation and inhibition of mRNA decapping. The family represents type I polyadenylate-binding proteins (PABPs), including polyadenylate-binding protein 1 (PABP-1 or PABPC1), polyadenylate-binding protein 3 (PABP-3 or PABPC3), polyadenylate-binding protein 4 (PABP-4 or APP-1 or iPABP), polyadenylate-binding protein 5 (PABP-5 or PABPC5), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like (PABP-1-like or PABPC1L), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like 2 (PABPC1L2 or RBM32), polyadenylate-binding protein 4-like (PABP-4-like or PABPC4L), yeast polyadenylate-binding protein, cytoplasmic and nuclear (PABP or ACBP-67), and similar proteins. PABP-1 is an ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein that may play a role in 3' end formation of mRNA, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization, protection of poly(A) from nuclease activity, mRNA deadenylation, inhibition of mRNA decapping, and mRNP maturation. Although PABP-1 is thought to be a cytoplasmic protein, it is also found in the nucleus. PABP-1 may be involved in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and utilization of mRNP particles. PABP-1 contains four copies of RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), a less well conserved linker region, and a proline-rich C-terminal conserved domain (CTD). PABP-3 is a testis-specific poly(A)-binding protein specifically expressed in round spermatids. It is mainly found in mammalian and may play an important role in the testis-specific regulation of mRNA homeostasis. PABP-3 shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1. However, it binds to poly(A) with a lower affinity than PABP-1. Moreover, PABP-1 possesses an A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR and allows binding of PABP and blockage of translation of its own mRNA. In contrast, PABP-3 lacks the A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR. PABP-4 is an inducible poly(A)-binding protein (iPABP) that is primarily localized to the cytoplasm. It shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1 as well. The RNA binding properties of PABP-1 and PABP-4 appear to be identical. PABP-5 is encoded by PABPC5 gene within the X-specific subinterval, and expressed in fetal brain and in a range of adult tissues in mammalian, such as ovary and testis. It may play an important role in germ cell development. Moreover, unlike other PABPs, PABP-5 contains only four RRMs, but lacks both the linker region and the CTD. PABP-1-like and PABP-1-like 2 are the orthologs of PABP-1. PABP-4-like is the ortholog of PABP-5. Their cellular functions remain unclear. The family also includes the yeast PABP, a conserved poly(A) binding protein containing poly(A) tails that can be attached to the 3'-ends of mRNAs. The yeast PABP and its homologs may play important roles in the initiation of translation and in mRNA decay. Like vertebrate PABP-1, the yeast PABP contains four RRMs, a linker region, and a proline-rich CTD as well. The first two RRMs are mainly responsible for specific binding to poly(A). The proline-rich region may be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╗вА0А0АаАВ├cd12382, RRM_RBMX_like, RNA recognition motif in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G (hnRNP G), Y chromosome RNA recognition motif 1 (hRBMY), testis-specific heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G-T (hnRNP G-T) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of hnRNP G, also termed glycoprotein p43 or RBMX, an RNA-binding motif protein located on the X chromosome. It is expressed ubiquitously and has been implicated in the splicing control of several pre-mRNAs. Moreover, hnRNP G may function as a regulator of transcription for SREBP-1c and GnRH1. Research has shown that hnRNP G may also act as a tumor-suppressor since it upregulates the Txnip gene and promotes the fidelity of DNA end-joining activity. In addition, hnRNP G appears to play a critical role in proper neural development of zebrafish and frog embryos. The family also includes several paralogs of hnRNP G, such as hRBMY and hnRNP G-T (also termed RNA-binding motif protein, X-linked-like-2). Both, hRBMY and hnRNP G-T, are exclusively expressed in testis and critical for male fertility. Like hnRNP G, hRBMY and hnRNP G-T interact with factors implicated in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing, such as hTra2-beta1 and T-STAR. Although members in this family share a high conserved N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), they appear to recognize different RNA targets. For instance, hRBMY interacts specifically with a stem-loop structure in which the loop is formed by the sequence CA/UCAA. In contrast, hnRNP G associates with single stranded RNA sequences containing a CCA/C motif. In addition to the RRM, hnRNP G contains a nascent transcripts targeting domain (NTD) in the middle region and a novel auxiliary RNA-binding domain (RBD) in its C-terminal region. The C-terminal RBD exhibits distinct RNA binding specificity, and would play a critical role in the regulation of alternative splicing by hnRNP G. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╝вА0А0АаАВKcd12383, RRM_RBM42, RNA recognition motif in RNA-binding protein 42 (RBM42) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM42 which has been identified as a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K)-binding protein. It also directly binds the 3' untranslated region of p21 mRNA that is one of the target mRNAs for hnRNP K. Both, hnRNP K and RBM42, are components of stress granules (SGs). Under nonstress conditions, RBM42 predominantly localizes within the nucleus and co-localizes with hnRNP K. Under stress conditions, hnRNP K and RBM42 form cytoplasmic foci where the SG marker TIAR localizes, and may play a role in the maintenance of cellular ATP level by protecting their target mRNAs. RBM42 contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╜вА0А0АаАВ(cd12384, RRM_RBM24_RBM38_like, RNA recognition motif in eukaryotic RNA-binding protein RBM24, RBM38 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM24 and RBM38 from vertebrate, SUPpressor family member SUP-12 from Caenorhabditis elegans and similar proteins. Both, RBM24 and RBM38, are preferentially expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. They regulate myogenic differentiation by controlling the cell cycle in a p21-dependent or -independent manner. RBM24, also termed RNA-binding region-containing protein 6, interacts with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of myogenin mRNA and regulates its stability in C2C12 cells. RBM38, also termed CLL-associated antigen KW-5, or HSRNASEB, or RNA-binding region-containing protein 1(RNPC1), or ssDNA-binding protein SEB4, is a direct target of the p53 family. It is required for maintaining the stability of the basal and stress-induced p21 mRNA by binding to their 3'-UTRs. It also binds the AU-/U-rich elements in p63 3'-UTR and regulates p63 mRNA stability and activity. SUP-12 is a novel tissue-specific splicing factor that controls muscle-specific splicing of the ADF/cofilin pre-mRNA in C. elegans. All family members contain a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╛вА0А0АаАВ∙cd12385, RRM1_hnRNPM_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M), myelin expression factor 2 (MEF-2 or MyEF-2 or MST156) and similar proteins. hnRNP M is pre-mRNA binding protein that may play an important role in the pre-mRNA processing. It also preferentially binds to poly(G) and poly(U) RNA homopolymers. Moreover, hnRNP M is able to interact with early spliceosomes, further influencing splicing patterns of specific pre-mRNAs. hnRNP M functions as the receptor of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) that contains the penta-peptide sequence PELPK signaling motif. In addition, hnRNP M and another splicing factor Nova-1 work together as dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) pre-mRNA-binding proteins. They regulate alternative splicing of D2R pre-mRNA in an antagonistic manner. hnRNP M contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an unusual hexapeptide-repeat region rich in methionine and arginine residues (MR repeat motif). MEF-2 is a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that binds specifically to ssDNA derived from the proximal (MB1) element of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter and represses transcription of the MBP gene. MEF-2 shows high sequence homology with hnRNP M. It also contains three RRMs, which may be responsible for its ssDNA binding activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм┐вА0А0АаАВъcd12386, RRM2_hnRNPM_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M), myelin expression factor 2 (MEF-2 or MyEF-2 or MST156) and similar proteins. hnRNP M is pre-mRNA binding protein that may play an important role in the pre-mRNA processing. It also preferentially binds to poly(G) and poly(U) RNA homopolymers. hnRNP M is able to interact with early spliceosomes, further influencing splicing patterns of specific pre-mRNAs. It functions as the receptor of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) that contains the penta-peptide sequence PELPK signaling motif. In addition, hnRNP M and another splicing factor Nova-1 work together as dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) pre-mRNA-binding proteins. They regulate alternative splicing of D2R pre-mRNA in an antagonistic manner. hnRNP M contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an unusual hexapeptide-repeat region rich in methionine and arginine residues (MR repeat motif). MEF-2 is a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that binds specifically to ssDNA derived from the proximal (MB1) element of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter and represses transcription of the MBP gene. MEF-2 shows high sequence homology with hnRNP M. It also contains three RRMs, which may be responsible for its ssDNA binding activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм└вА0А0АаАВяcd12387, RRM3_hnRNPM_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M), myelin expression factor 2 (MEF-2 or MyEF-2 or MST156) and similar proteins. hnRNP M is pre-mRNA binding protein that may play an important role in the pre-mRNA processing. It also preferentially binds to poly(G) and poly(U) RNA homopolymers. hnRNP M is able to interact with early spliceosomes, further influencing splicing patterns of specific pre-mRNAs. hnRNP M functions as the receptor of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) that contains the penta-peptide sequence PELPK signaling motif. In addition, hnRNP M and another splicing factor Nova-1 work together as dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) pre-mRNA-binding proteins. They regulate alternative splicing of D2R pre-mRNA in an antagonistic manner. hnRNP M contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an unusual hexapeptide-repeat region rich in methionine and arginine residues (MR repeat motif). MEF-2 is a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that binds specifically to ssDNA derived from the proximal (MB1) element of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter and represses transcription of the MBP gene. MEF-2 shows high sequence homology with hnRNP M. It also contains three RRMs, which may be responsible for its ssDNA binding activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм┴вА0А0АаАВmcd12388, RRM1_RAVER, RNA recognition motif 1 in ribonucleoprotein PTB-binding raver-1, raver-2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of raver-1 and raver-2. Raver-1 is a ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) that serves as a co-repressor of the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-directed splicing of select mRNAs. It shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and can accumulate in the perinucleolar compartment, a dynamic nuclear substructure that harbors PTB. Raver-1 also modulates focal adhesion assembly by binding to the cytoskeletal proteins, including alpha-actinin, vinculin, and metavinculin (an alternatively spliced isoform of vinculin) at adhesion complexes, particularly in differentiated muscle tissue. Raver-2 is a novel member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family. It shows high sequence homology to raver-1. Raver-2 exerts a spatio-temporal expression pattern during embryogenesis and is mainly limited to differentiated neurons and glia cells. Although it displays nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling in heterokaryons, raver2 localizes to the nucleus in glia cells and neurons. Raver-2 can interact with PTB and may participate in PTB-mediated RNA-processing. However, there is no evidence indicating that raver-2 can bind to cytoplasmic proteins. Both, raver-1 and raver-2, contain three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) at the N- and C-termini, a central leucine-rich region, and a C-terminal region harboring two [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs. They binds to RNA through the RRMs. In addition, the two [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs serve as the PTB-binding motifs in raver1. However, raver-2 interacts with PTB through the SLLGEPP motif only. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм┬вА0А0АаАВmcd12389, RRM2_RAVER, RNA recognition motif 2 in ribonucleoprotein PTB-binding raver-1, raver-2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of raver-1 and raver-2. Raver-1 is a ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) that serves as a co-repressor of the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-directed splicing of select mRNAs. It shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and can accumulate in the perinucleolar compartment, a dynamic nuclear substructure that harbors PTB. Raver-1 also modulates focal adhesion assembly by binding to the cytoskeletal proteins, including alpha-actinin, vinculin, and metavinculin (an alternatively spliced isoform of vinculin) at adhesion complexes, particularly in differentiated muscle tissue. Raver-2 is a novel member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family. It shows high sequence homology to raver-1. Raver-2 exerts a spatio-temporal expression pattern during embryogenesis and is mainly limited to differentiated neurons and glia cells. Although it displays nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling in heterokaryons, raver2 localizes to the nucleus in glia cells and neurons. Raver-2 can interact with PTB and may participate in PTB-mediated RNA-processing. However, there is no evidence indicating that raver-2 can bind to cytoplasmic proteins. Both, raver-1 and raver-2, contain three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) at the N- and C-termini, a central leucine-rich region, and a C-terminal region harboring two [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs. They binds to RNA through the RRMs. In addition, the two [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs serve as the PTB-binding motifs in raver1. However, raver-2 interacts with PTB through the SLLGEPP motif only. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм├вА0А0АаАВmcd12390, RRM3_RAVER, RNA recognition motif 3 in ribonucleoprotein PTB-binding raver-1, raver-2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of raver-1 and raver-2. Raver-1 is a ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) that serves as a co-repressor of the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-directed splicing of select mRNAs. It shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and can accumulate in the perinucleolar compartment, a dynamic nuclear substructure that harbors PTB. Raver-1 also modulates focal adhesion assembly by binding to the cytoskeletal proteins, including alpha-actinin, vinculin, and metavinculin (an alternatively spliced isoform of vinculin) at adhesion complexes, particularly in differentiated muscle tissue. Raver-2 is a novel member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family. It shows high sequence homology to raver-1. Raver-2 exerts a spatio-temporal expression pattern during embryogenesis and is mainly limited to differentiated neurons and glia cells. Although it displays nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling in heterokaryons, raver2 localizes to the nucleus in glia cells and neurons. Raver-2 can interact with PTB and may participate in PTB-mediated RNA-processing. However, there is no evidence indicating that raver-2 can bind to cytoplasmic proteins. Both, raver-1 and raver-2, contain three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) at the N- and C-termini, a central leucine-rich region, and a C-terminal region harboring two [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs. They binds to RNA through the RRMs. In addition, the two [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs serve as the PTB-binding motifs in raver1. However, raver-2 interacts with PTB through the SLLGEPP motif only. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм─вА0А0АаАВ;cd12391, RRM1_SART3, RNA recognition motif 1 in squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells 3 (SART3) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of SART3, also termed Tat-interacting protein of 110 kDa (Tip110), an RNA-binding protein expressed in the nucleus of the majority of proliferating cells, including normal cells and malignant cells, but not in normal tissues except for the testes and fetal liver. It is involved in the regulation of mRNA splicing probably via its complex formation with RNA-binding protein with a serine-rich domain (RNPS1), a pre-mRNA-splicing factor. SART3 has also been identified as a nuclear Tat-interacting protein that regulates Tat transactivation activity through direct interaction and functions as an important cellular factor for HIV-1 gene expression and viral replication. In addition, SART3 is required for U6 snRNP targeting to Cajal bodies. It binds specifically and directly to the U6 snRNA, interacts transiently with the U6 and U4/U6 snRNPs, and promotes the reassembly of U4/U6 snRNPs after splicing in vitro. SART3 contains an N-terminal half-a-tetratricopeptide repeat (HAT)-rich domain, a nuclearlocalization signal (NLS) domain, and two C-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм┼вА0А0АаАВ>cd12392, RRM2_SART3, RNA recognition motif 2 in squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T-cells 3 (SART3) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of SART3, also termed Tat-interacting protein of 110 kDa (Tip110), is an RNA-binding protein expressed in the nucleus of the majority of proliferating cells, including normal cells and malignant cells, but not in normal tissues except for the testes and fetal liver. It is involved in the regulation of mRNA splicing probably via its complex formation with RNA-binding protein with a serine-rich domain (RNPS1), a pre-mRNA-splicing factor. SART3 has also been identified as a nuclear Tat-interacting protein that regulates Tat transactivation activity through direct interaction and functions as an important cellular factor for HIV-1 gene expression and viral replication. In addition, SART3 is required for U6 snRNP targeting to Cajal bodies. It binds specifically and directly to the U6 snRNA, interacts transiently with the U6 and U4/U6 snRNPs, and promotes the reassembly of U4/U6 snRNPs after splicing in vitro. SART3 contains an N-terminal half-a-tetratricopeptide repeat (HAT)-rich domain, a nuclearlocalization signal (NLS) domain, and two C-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╞вА0А0АаАВШcd12393, RRM_ZCRB1, RNA recognition motif in Zinc finger CCHC-type and RNA-binding motif-containing protein 1 (ZCRB1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of ZCRB1, also termed MADP-1, or U11/U12 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 31 kDa protein (U11/U12 snRNP 31 or U11/U12-31K), a novel multi-functional nuclear factor, which may be involved in morphine dependence, cold/heat stress, and hepatocarcinoma. It is located in the nucleoplasm, but outside the nucleolus. ZCRB1 is one of the components of U11/U12 snRNPs that bind to U12-type pre-mRNAs and form a di-snRNP complex, simultaneously recognizing the 5' splice site and branchpoint sequence. ZCRB1 is characterized by an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a CCHC-type Zinc finger motif. In addition, it contains core nucleocapsid motifs, and Lys- and Glu-rich domains. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╟вА0А0АаАВ╘cd12394, RRM1_RBM34, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein 34 (RBM34) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM34, a putative RNA-binding protein containing two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Although the function of RBM34 remains unclear currently, its RRM domains may participate in mRNA processing. RBM34 may act as an mRNA processing-related protein. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╚вА0А0АаАВ╘cd12395, RRM2_RBM34, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein 34 (RBM34) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM34, a putative RNA-binding protein containing two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Although the function of RBM34 remains unclear currently, its RRM domains may participate in mRNA processing. RBM34 may act as an mRNA processing-related protein. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╔вА0А0АаАВucd12396, RRM1_Nop13p_fungi, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast nucleolar protein 13 (Nop13p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of Nop13p encoded by YNL175c from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It shares high sequence similarity with nucleolar protein 12 (Nop12p). Both, Nop12p and Nop13p, are not essential for growth. However, unlike Nop12p that is localized to the nucleolus, Nop13p localizes primarily to the nucleolus but is also present in the nucleoplasm to a lesser extent. Nop13p contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╩вА0А0АаАВscd12397, RRM2_Nop13p_fungi, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast nucleolar protein 13 (Nop13p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of Nop13p encoded by YNL175c from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It shares high sequence similarity with nucleolar protein 12 (Nop12p). Both Nop12p and Nop13p are not essential for growth. However, unlike Nop12p that is localized to the nucleolus, Nop13p localizes primarily to the nucleolus but is also present in the nucleoplasm to a lesser extent. Nop13p contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╦вА0А0АаАВ 6cd12398, RRM_CSTF2_RNA15_like, RNA recognition motif in cleavage stimulation factor subunit 2 (CSTF2), yeast ortholog mRNA 3'-end-processing protein RNA15 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of CSTF2, its tau variant and eukaryotic homologs. CSTF2, also termed cleavage stimulation factor 64 kDa subunit (CstF64), is the vertebrate conterpart of yeast mRNA 3'-end-processing protein RNA15. It is expressed in all somatic tissues and is one of three cleavage stimulatory factor (CstF) subunits required for polyadenylation. CstF64 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a CstF77-binding domain, a repeated MEARA helical region and a conserved C-terminal domain reported to bind the transcription factor PC-4. During polyadenylation, CstF interacts with the pre-mRNA through the RRM of CstF64 at U- or GU-rich sequences within 10 to 30 nucleotides downstream of the cleavage site. CSTF2T, also termed tauCstF64, is a paralog of the X-linked cleavage stimulation factor CstF64 protein that supports polyadenylation in most somatic cells. It is expressed during meiosis and subsequent haploid differentiation in a more limited set of tissues and cell types, largely in meiotic and postmeiotic male germ cells, and to a lesser extent in brain. The loss of CSTF2T will cause male infertility, as it is necessary for spermatogenesis and fertilization. Moreover, CSTF2T is required for expression of genes involved in morphological differentiation of spermatids, as well as for genes having products that function during interaction of motile spermatozoa with eggs. It promotes germ cell-specific patterns of polyadenylation by using its RRM to bind to different sequence elements downstream of polyadenylation sites than does CstF64. The family also includes yeast ortholog mRNA 3'-end-processing protein RNA15 and similar proteins. RNA15 is a core subunit of cleavage factor IA (CFIA), an essential transcriptional 3'-end processing factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RNA recognition by CFIA is mediated by an N-terminal RRM, which is contained in the RNA15 subunit of the complex. The RRM of RNA15 has a strong preference for GU-rich RNAs, mediated by a binding pocket that is entirely conserved in both yeast and vertebrate RNA15 orthologs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╠вА0А0АаАВМcd12399, RRM_HP0827_like, RNA recognition motif in Helicobacter pylori HP0827 protein and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of H. pylori HP0827, a putative ssDNA-binding protein 12rnp2 precursor, containing one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The ssDNA binding may be important in activation of HP0827. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм═вА0А0АаАВоcd12400, RRM_Nop6, RNA recognition motif in Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleolar protein 6 (Nop6) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Nop6, also known as Ydl213c, a component of 90S pre-ribosomal particles in yeast S. cerevisiae. It is enriched in the nucleolus and is required for 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis. Nop6 is a non-essential putative RNA-binding protein with two N-terminal putative nuclear localisation sequences (NLS-1 and NLS-2) and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It binds to the pre-rRNA early during transcription and plays an essential role in pre-rRNA processing. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╬вА0А0АаАВIcd12401, RRM_eIF4H, RNA recognition motif in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H (eIF-4H) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of eIF-4H, also termed Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosomal region 1 protein, which, together with elf-4B/eIF-4G, serves as the accessory protein of RNA helicase eIF-4A. eIF-4H contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It stimulates protein synthesis by enhancing the helicase activity of eIF-4A in the initiation step of mRNA translation. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╧вА0А0АаАВWcd12402, RRM_eIF4B, RNA recognition motif in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF-4B) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of eIF-4B, a multi-domain RNA-binding protein that has been primarily implicated in promoting the binding of 40S ribosomal subunits to mRNA during translation initiation. It contains two RNA-binding domains; the N-terminal well-conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), binds the 18S rRNA of the 40S ribosomal subunit and the C-terminal basic domain (BD), including two arginine-rich motifs (ARMs), binds mRNA during initiation, and is primarily responsible for the stimulation of the helicase activity of eIF-4A. eIF-4B also contains a DRYG domain (a region rich in Asp, Arg, Tyr, and Gly amino acids) in the middle, which is responsible for both, self-association of eIF-4B and binding to the p170 subunit of eIF3. Additional research indicates that eIF-4B can interact with the poly(A) binding protein (PABP) in mammalian cells, which can stimulate both, the eIF-4B-mediated activation of the helicase activity of eIF-4A and binding of poly(A) by PABP. eIF-4B has also been shown to interact specifically with the internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) of several picornaviruses which facilitate cap-independent translation initiation. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╨вА0А0АаАВncd12403, RRM1_NCL, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate nucleolin. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of ubiquitously expressed protein nucleolin, also termed protein C23. Nucleolin is a multifunctional major nucleolar phosphoprotein that has been implicated in various metabolic processes, such as ribosome biogenesis, cytokinesis, nucleogenesis, cell proliferation and growth, cytoplasmic-nucleolar transport of ribosomal components, transcriptional repression, replication, signal transduction, inducing chromatin decondensation, etc. Nucleolin exhibits intrinsic self-cleaving, DNA helicase, RNA helicase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities. It can be phosphorylated by many protein kinases, such as the major mitotic kinase Cdc2, casein kinase 2 (CK2), and protein kinase C-zeta. Nucleolin shares similar domain architecture with gar2 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and NSR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highly phosphorylated N-terminal domain of nucleolin is made up of highly acidic regions separated from each other by basic sequences, and contains multiple phosphorylation sites. The central domain of nucleolin contains four closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which suggests that nucleolin is potentially able to interact with multiple RNA targets. The C-terminal RGG (or GAR) domain of nucleolin is rich in glycine, arginine and phenylalanine residues, and contains high levels of NG,NG-dimethylarginines. RRM1, together with RRM2, binds specifically to RNA stem-loops containing the sequence (U/G)CCCG(A/G) in the loop. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╤вА0А0АаАВ`cd12404, RRM2_NCL, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate nucleolin. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of ubiquitously expressed protein nucleolin, also termed protein C23, a multifunctional major nucleolar phosphoprotein that has been implicated in various metabolic processes, such as ribosome biogenesis, cytokinesis, nucleogenesis, cell proliferation and growth, cytoplasmic-nucleolar transport of ribosomal components, transcriptional repression, replication, signal transduction, inducing chromatin decondensation, etc. Nucleolin exhibits intrinsic self-cleaving, DNA helicase, RNA helicase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities. It can be phosphorylated by many protein kinases, such as the major mitotic kinase Cdc2, casein kinase 2 (CK2), and protein kinase C-zeta. Nucleolin shares similar domain architecture with gar2 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and NSR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highly phosphorylated N-terminal domain of nucleolin is made up of highly acidic regions separated from each other by basic sequences, and contains multiple phosphorylation sites. The central domain of nucleolin contains four closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which suggests that nucleolin is potentially able to interact with multiple RNA targets. The C-terminal RGG (or GAR) domain of nucleolin is rich in glycine, arginine and phenylalanine residues, and contains high levels of NG,NG-dimethylarginines.RRM2, together with RRM1, binds specifically to RNA stem-loops containing the sequence (U/G)CCCG(A/G) in the loop. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╥вА0А0АаАВЁcd12405, RRM3_NCL, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate nucleolin. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of ubiquitously expressed protein nucleolin, also termed protein C23, is a multifunctional major nucleolar phosphoprotein that has been implicated in various metabolic processes, such as ribosome biogenesis, cytokinesis, nucleogenesis, cell proliferation and growth, cytoplasmic-nucleolar transport of ribosomal components, transcriptional repression, replication, signal transduction, inducing chromatin decondensation, etc. Nucleolin exhibits intrinsic self-cleaving, DNA helicase, RNA helicase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities. It can be phosphorylated by many protein kinases, such as the major mitotic kinase Cdc2, casein kinase 2 (CK2), and protein kinase C-zeta. Nucleolin shares similar domain architecture with gar2 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and NSR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highly phosphorylated N-terminal domain of nucleolin is made up of highly acidic regions separated from each other by basic sequences, and contains multiple phosphorylation sites. The central domain of nucleolin contains four closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which suggests that nucleolin is potentially able to interact with multiple RNA targets. The C-terminal RGG (or GAR) domain of nucleolin is rich in glycine, arginine and phenylalanine residues, and contains high levels of NG,NG-dimethylarginines. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╙вА0А0АаАВЁcd12406, RRM4_NCL, RNA recognition motif 4 in vertebrate nucleolin. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of ubiquitously expressed protein nucleolin, also termed protein C23, is a multifunctional major nucleolar phosphoprotein that has been implicated in various metabolic processes, such as ribosome biogenesis, cytokinesis, nucleogenesis, cell proliferation and growth, cytoplasmic-nucleolar transport of ribosomal components, transcriptional repression, replication, signal transduction, inducing chromatin decondensation, etc. Nucleolin exhibits intrinsic self-cleaving, DNA helicase, RNA helicase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities. It can be phosphorylated by many protein kinases, such as the major mitotic kinase Cdc2, casein kinase 2 (CK2), and protein kinase C-zeta. Nucleolin shares similar domain architecture with gar2 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and NSR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highly phosphorylated N-terminal domain of nucleolin is made up of highly acidic regions separated from each other by basic sequences, and contains multiple phosphorylation sites. The central domain of nucleolin contains four closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which suggests that nucleolin is potentially able to interact with multiple RNA targets. The C-terminal RGG (or GAR) domain of nucleolin is rich in glycine, arginine and phenylalanine residues, and contains high levels of NG,NG-dimethylarginines. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╘вА0А0АаАВ▀cd12407, RRM_FOX1_like, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate RNA binding protein fox-1 homologs and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of several tissue-specific alternative splicing isoforms of vertebrate RNA binding protein Fox-1 homologs, which show high sequence similarity to the Caenorhabditis elegans feminizing locus on X (Fox-1) gene encoding Fox-1 protein. RNA binding protein Fox-1 homolog 1 (RBFOX1), also termed ataxin-2-binding protein 1 (A2BP1), or Fox-1 homolog A, or hexaribonucleotide-binding protein 1 (HRNBP1), is predominantly expressed in neurons, skeletal muscle and heart. It regulates alternative splicing of tissue-specific exons by binding to UGCAUG elements. Moreover, RBFOX1 binds to the C-terminus of ataxin-2 and forms an ataxin-2/A2BP1 complex involved in RNA processing. RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 2 (RBFOX2), also termed Fox-1 homolog B, or hexaribonucleotide-binding protein 2 (HRNBP2), or RNA-binding motif protein 9 (RBM9), or repressor of tamoxifen transcriptional activity, is expressed in ovary, whole embryo, and human embryonic cell lines in addition to neurons and muscle. RBFOX2 activates splicing of neuron-specific exons through binding to downstream UGCAUG elements. RBFOX2 also functions as a repressor of tamoxifen activation of the estrogen receptor. RNA binding protein Fox-1 homolog 3 (RBFOX3 or NeuN or HRNBP3), also termed Fox-1 homolog C, is a nuclear RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing of the RBFOX2 pre-mRNA, producing a message encoding a dominant negative form of the RBFOX2 protein. Its message is detected exclusively in post-mitotic regions of embryonic brain. Like RBFOX1, both RBFOX2 and RBFOX3 bind to the hexanucleotide UGCAUG elements and modulate brain and muscle-specific splicing of exon EIIIB of fibronectin, exon N1 of c-src, and calcitonin/CGRP. Members in this family also harbor one RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╒вА0А0АаАВ$cd12408, RRM_eIF3G_like, RNA recognition motif in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit G (eIF-3G) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of eIF-3G and similar proteins. eIF-3G, also termed eIF-3 subunit 4, or eIF-3-delta, or eIF3-p42, or eIF3-p44, is the RNA-binding subunit of eIF3, a large multisubunit complex that plays a central role in the initiation of translation by binding to the 40 S ribosomal subunit and promoting the binding of methionyl-tRNAi and mRNA. eIF-3G binds 18 S rRNA and beta-globin mRNA, and therefore appears to be a nonspecific RNA-binding protein. eIF-3G is one of the cytosolic targets and interacts with mature apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). eIF-3G contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). This family also includes yeast eIF3-p33, a homolog of vertebrate eIF-3G, plays an important role in the initiation phase of protein synthesis in yeast. It binds both, mRNA and rRNA, fragments due to an RRM near its C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╓вА0А0АаАВ▐cd12409, RRM1_RRT5, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast regulator of rDNA transcription protein 5 (RRT5) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of the lineage specific family containing a group of uncharacterized yeast regulators of rDNA transcription protein 5 (RRT5), which may play roles in the modulation of rDNA transcription. RRT5 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╫вА0А0АаАВ▐cd12410, RRM2_RRT5, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast regulator of rDNA transcription protein 5 (RRT5) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of the lineage specific family containing a group of uncharacterized yeast regulators of rDNA transcription protein 5 (RRT5), which may play roles in the modulation of rDNA transcription. RRT5 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм╪вА0А0АаАВ2cd12411, RRM_ist3_like, RNA recognition motif in ist3 family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of the ist3 family that includes fungal U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) component increased sodium tolerance protein 3 (ist3), X-linked 2 RNA-binding motif proteins (RBMX2) found in Metazoa and plants, and similar proteins. Gene IST3 encoding ist3, also termed U2 snRNP protein SNU17 (Snu17p), is a novel yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein required for the first catalytic step of splicing and for progression of spliceosome assembly. It binds specifically to the U2 snRNP and is an intrinsic component of prespliceosomes and spliceosomes. Yeast ist3 contains an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). In the yeast pre-mRNA retention and splicing complex, the atypical RRM of ist3 functions as a scaffold that organizes the other two constituents, Bud13p (bud site selection 13) and Pml1p (pre-mRNA leakage 1). Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene cwf29 encoding ist3, also termed cell cycle control protein cwf29, is an RNA-binding protein complexed with cdc5 protein 29. It also contains one RRM. The biological function of RBMX2 remains unclear. It shows high sequence similarity to yeast ist3 protein and harbors one RRM as well. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм┘вА0А0АаАВcd12412, RRM_DAZL_BOULE, RNA recognition motif in AZoospermia (DAZ) autosomal homologs, DAZL (DAZ-like) and BOULE. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of two Deleted in AZoospermia (DAZ) autosomal homologs, DAZL (DAZ-like) and BOULE. BOULE is the founder member of the family and DAZL arose from BOULE in an ancestor of vertebrates. The DAZ gene subsequently originated from a duplication transposition of the DAZL gene. Invertebrates contain a single DAZ homolog, BOULE, while vertebrates, other than catarrhine primates, possess both BOULE and DAZL genes. The catarrhine primates possess BOULE, DAZL, and DAZ genes. The family members encode closely related RNA-binding proteins that are required for fertility in numerous organisms. These proteins contain an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a varying number of copies of a DAZ motif, believed to mediate protein-protein interactions. DAZL and BOULE contain a single copy of the DAZ motif, while DAZ proteins can contain 8-24 copies of this repeat. Although their specific biochemical functions remain to be investigated, DAZL proteins may interact with poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), and act as translational activators of specific mRNAs during gametogenesis. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм┌вА0А0АаАВ╢cd12413, RRM1_RBM28_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein 28 (RBM28) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM28 and Nop4p. RBM28 is a specific nucleolar component of the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), possibly coordinating their transition through the nucleolus. It specifically associates with U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and may play a role in the maturation of both small nuclear and ribosomal RNAs. RBM28 has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an extremely acidic region between RRM2 and RRM3. The family also includes nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p or Nop77p) encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p also contains four RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм█вА0А0АаАВ╢cd12414, RRM2_RBM28_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein 28 (RBM28) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM28 and Nop4p. RBM28 is a specific nucleolar component of the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), possibly coordinating their transition through the nucleolus. It specifically associates with U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and may play a role in the maturation of both small nuclear and ribosomal RNAs. RBM28 has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an extremely acidic region between RRM2 and RRM3. The family also includes nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p or Nop77p) encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p also contains four RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм▄вА0А0АаАВ╢cd12415, RRM3_RBM28_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in RNA-binding protein 28 (RBM28) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM28 and Nop4p. RBM28 is a specific nucleolar component of the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), possibly coordinating their transition through the nucleolus. It specifically associates with U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and may play a role in the maturation of both small nuclear and ribosomal RNAs. RBM28 has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an extremely acidic region between RRM2 and RRM3. The family also includes nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p or Nop77p) encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p also contains four RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм▌вА0А0АаАВ╡cd12416, RRM4_RBM28_like, RNA recognition motif 4 in RNA-binding protein 28 (RBM28) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of RBM28 and Nop4p. RBM28 is a specific nucleolar component of the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), possibly coordinating their transition through the nucleolus. It specifically associates with U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and may play a role in the maturation of both small nuclear and ribosomal RNAs. RBM28 has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an extremely acidic region between RRM2 and RRM3. The family also includes nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p or Nop77p) encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p also contains four RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм▐вА0А0АаАВщcd12417, RRM_SAFB_like, RNA recognition motif in the scaffold attachment factor (SAFB) family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of the SAFB family, including scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1), scaffold attachment factor B2 (SAFB2), SAFB-like transcriptional modulator (SLTM), and similar proteins, which are ubiquitously expressed. SAFB1, SAFB2 and SLTM have been implicated in many diverse cellular processes including cell growth and transformation, stress response, and apoptosis. They share high sequence similarities and all contain a scaffold attachment factor-box (SAF-box, also known as SAP domain) DNA-binding motif, an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a region rich in glutamine and arginine residues. SAFB1 is a nuclear protein with a distribution similar to that of SLTM, but unlike that of SAFB2, which is also found in the cytoplasm. To a large extent, SAFB1 and SLTM might share similar functions, such as the inhibition of an oestrogen reporter gene. The additional cytoplasmic localization of SAFB2 implies that it could play additional roles in the cytoplasmic compartment which are distinct from the nuclear functions shared with SAFB1 and SLTM. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм▀вА0А0АаАВэcd12418, RRM_Aly_REF_like, RNA recognition motif in the Aly/REF family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Aly/REF family which includes THO complex subunit 4 (THOC4, also termed Aly/REF), S6K1 Aly/REF-like target (SKAR, also termed PDIP3 or PDIP46) and similar proteins. THOC4 is an mRNA transporter protein with a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It is involved in RNA transportation from the nucleus, and was initially identified as a transcription coactivator of LEF-1 and AML-1 for the TCRalpha enhancer function. In addition, THOC4 specifically binds to rhesus (RH) promoter in erythroid, and might be a novel transcription cofactor for erythroid-specific genes. SKAR shows high sequence homology with THOC4 and possesses one RRM as well. SKAR is widely expressed and localizes to the nucleus. It may be a critical player in the function of S6K1 in cell and organism growth control by binding the activated, hyperphosphorylated form of S6K1 but not S6K2. Furthermore, SKAR functions as a protein partner of the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase delta. In addition, SKAR may have particular importance in pancreatic beta cell size determination and insulin secretion. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмрвА0А0АаАВYcd12419, RRM_Ssp2_like, RNA recognition motif in yeast sporulation-specific protein 2 (Ssp2) and similar protein. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of the lineage specific yeast sporulation-specific protein 2 (Ssp2) and similar proteins. Ssp2 is encoded by a sporulation-specific gene necessary for outer spore wall assembly in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It localizes to the spore wall and may play an important role after meiosis II and during spore wall formation. Ssp2 contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмсвА0А0АаАВIcd12420, RRM_RBPMS_like, RNA recognition motif in RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBP-MS)-like proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RNA-binding proteins with multiple splicing (RBP-MS)-like proteins, including protein products of RBPMS genes (RBP-MS and its paralogue RBP-MS2), the Drosophila couch potato (cpo), and Caenorhabditis elegans Mec-8 genes. RBP-MS may be involved in regulation of mRNA translation and localization during Xenopus laevis development. It has also been shown to physically interact with Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4, and stimulates Smad-mediated transactivation. Cpo may play an important role in regulating normal function of the nervous system, whereas mutations in Mec-8 affect mechanosensory and chemosensory neuronal function. All members contain a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). Some uncharacterized family members contain two RRMs; this subfamily includes their RRM1. Their RRM2 shows high sequence homology to the RRM of yeast proteins scw1, Whi3, and Whi4.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмтвА0А0АаАВ cd12421, RRM1_PTBP1_hnRNPL_like, RNA recognition motif in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of the majority of family members that include polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 or nPTB), regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 1 and 2 (PTBPH1 and PTBPH2), and similar proteins. PTB is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTBP2 is highly homologous to PTB and is perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. Rod1 is a mammalian polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It might play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. hnRNP-L is a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-LL protein plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. The family also includes polypyrimidine tract binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3) found in plant. Although its biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH3 shows significant sequence similarity to other family members, all of which contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). Although their biological roles remain unclear, both PTBPH1 and PTBPH2 show significant sequence similarity to PTB. However, in contrast to PTB, they have three RRMs. In addition, this family also includes RNA-binding motif protein 20 (RBM20) that is an alternative splicing regulator associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and contains only one RRM. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмувА0А0АаАВ?cd12422, RRM2_PTBP1_hnRNPL_like, RNA recognition motif in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 or nPTB), regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 1 and 2 (PTBPH1 and PTBPH2), and similar proteins, and RRM3 of PTBPH1 and PTBPH2. PTB is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTBP2 is highly homologous to PTB and is perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. Rod1 is a mammalian polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It might play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. hnRNP-L is a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-LL protein plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. This family also includes polypyrimidine tract binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3) found in plant. Although its biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH3 shows significant sequence similarity to other family members, all of which contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). Although their biological roles remain unclear, both PTBPH1 and PTBPH2 show significant sequence similarity to PTB. However, in contrast to PTB, they have three RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмфвА0А0АаАВ╬cd12423, RRM3_PTBP1_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 or nPTB), regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1), and similar proteins found in Metazoa. PTB is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTBP2 is highly homologous to PTB and is perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 also contains four RRMs. ROD1 coding protein Rod1 is a mammalian PTB homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It may play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. All members in this family contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмхвА0А0АаАВйcd12424, RRM3_hnRNPL_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL), and similar proteins. hnRNP-L is a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-LL plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to hnRNP-L, which contains three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The family also includes polypyrimidine tract binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3) found in plant. Although its biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH3 shows significant sequence similarity to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) that is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. Like PTB, PTBPH3 contains four RRMs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмцвА0А0АаАВ╬cd12425, RRM4_PTBP1_like, RNA recognition motif 4 in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 or nPTB), regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1), and similar proteins found in Metazoa. PTB is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTBP2 is highly homologous to PTB and is perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 also contains four RRMs. ROD1 coding protein Rod1 is a mammalian PTB homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It may play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. All members in this family contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмчвА0А0АаАВХcd12426, RRM4_PTBPH3, RNA recognition motif 4 in plant polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of PTBPH3. Although its biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH3 shows significant sequence similarity to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) that is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. Like PTB, PTBPH3 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмшвА0А0АаАВ╗cd12427, RRM4_hnRNPL_like, RNA recognition motif 4 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL), and similar proteins. hnRNP-L is a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-LL plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to hnRNP-L, which contains three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмщвА0А0АаАВ╚cd12428, RRM_PARN, RNA recognition motif in poly(A)-specific ribonuclease PARN and similar proteins. The subfamily corresponds to the RRM of PARN, also termed deadenylating nuclease, or deadenylation nuclease, or polyadenylate-specific ribonuclease, a processive poly(A)-specific 3'-exoribonuclease involved in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs. It specifically binds both, the poly(A) tail at the 3' end and the 7-methylguanosine (m7G) cap located at the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs, and catalyzes the 3'- to 5'-end deadenylation of single-stranded mRNA with a free 3' hydroxyl group both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. PARN belongs to the DEDD superfamily of exonucleases. It contains a nuclease domain, an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and an R3H domain. PARN exists as a homodimer. The nuclease domain is involved in the dimerization. RRM and R3H domains are essential for the RNA-binding. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмъвА0А0АаАВ√cd12429, RRM_DNAJC17, RNA recognition motif in the DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 17. The CD corresponds to the RRM of some eukaryotic DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 17 and similar proteins. DnaJ/Hsp40 (heat shock protein 40) proteins are highly conserved and play crucial roles in protein translation, folding, unfolding, translocation, and degradation. They act primarily by stimulating the ATPase activity of Hsp70s, an important chaperonine family. Members in this family contains an N-terminal DnaJ domain or J-domain, which mediates the interaction with Hsp70. They also contains a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), at the C-terminus, which may play an essential role in RNA binding. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмывА0А0АаАВ,cd12430, RRM_LARP4_5_like, RNA recognition motif in La-related protein 4 (LARP4), La-related protein 5 (LARP5 or LARP4B) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of LARP4 and LARP5. LARP4 is a cytoplasmic factor that can bind poly(A) RNA and interact with poly(A) binding protein (PABP). It may play a role in promoting translation by stabilizing mRNA. LARP5 is a cytosolic protein that co-sediments with polysomes and accumulates upon stress induction in cellular stress granules. It can interact with the cytosolic poly(A) binding protein 1 (PABPC1) and the receptor for activated C Kinase (RACK1), a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. LARP5 may function as a stimulatory factor of translation through bridging mRNA factors of the 3' end with initiating ribosomes. Both, LARP4 and LARP5, are structurally related to the La autoantigen. Like other La-related proteins (LARPs) family members, LARP4 and LARP5 contain a La motif (LAM) and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмьвА0А0АаАВ/cd12431, RRM_ALKBH8, RNA recognition motif in alkylated DNA repair protein alkB homolog 8 (ALKBH8) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of ALKBH8, also termed alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase ABH8, or S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent tRNA methyltransferase ABH8, expressed in various types of human cancers. It is essential in urothelial carcinoma cell survival mediated by NOX-1-dependent ROS signals. ALKBH8 has also been identified as a tRNA methyltransferase that catalyzes methylation of tRNA to yield 5-methylcarboxymethyl uridine (mcm5U) at the wobble position of the anticodon loop. Thus, ALKBH8 plays a crucial role in the DNA damage survival pathway through a distinct mechanism involving the regulation of tRNA modification. ALKBH8 localizes to the cytoplasm. It contains the characteristic AlkB domain that is composed of a tRNA methyltransferase motif, a motif homologous to the bacterial AlkB DNA/RNA repair enzyme, and a dioxygenase catalytic core domain encompassing cofactor-binding sites for iron and 2-oxoglutarate. In addition, unlike other AlkB homologs, ALKBH8 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase (MT) domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмэвА0А0АаАВгcd12432, RRM_ACINU, RNA recognition motif in apoptotic chromatin condensation inducer in the nucleus (acinus) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Acinus, a caspase-3-activated nuclear factor that induces apoptotic chromatin condensation after cleavage by caspase-3 without inducing DNA fragmentation. It is essential for apoptotic chromatin condensation and may also participate in nuclear structural changes occurring in normal cells. Acinus contains a P-loop motif and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), which indicates Acinus might have ATPase and DNA/RNA-binding activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмювА0А0АаАВBcd12433, RRM_Yme2p_like, RNA recognition motif in yeast mitochondrial escape protein 2 (Yme2p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Yme2p, also termed protein RNA12, an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that plays a critical role in mitochondrial DNA transactions. It may serve as a mediator of nucleoid structure and number in mitochondria of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yme2p contains an exonuclease domain, an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмявА0А0АаАВjcd12434, RRM_RCAN_like, RNA recognition motif in regulators of calcineurin (RCANs) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RCANs, a novel family of calcineurin regulators that are key factors contributing to Down syndrome in humans. They can stimulate and inhibit the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (also termed PP2B or PP3C) signaling in vivo through direct interactions with its catalytic subunit. Overexpressed RCANs may bind and inhibit calcineurin. In contrast, low levels of phosphorylated RCANs may stimulate the calcineurin signaling. RCANs are characterized by harboring a central short, unique serine-proline motif containing FLIISPPxSPP box, which is strongly conserved from yeast to human but is absent in bacteria. They consist of an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a highly conserved SP repeat domain containing the phosphorylation site by GSK-3, a well-known PxIxIT motif responsible for docking many substrates to calcineurin, and an unrecognized C-terminal TxxP motif of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЁвА0А0АаАВdcd12435, RRM_GW182_like, RNA recognition motif in the GW182 family proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of the GW182 family which includes three paralogs of TNRC6 (GW182-related) proteins comprising GW182/TNGW1, TNRC6B (containing three isoforms) and TNRC6C in mammal, a single Drosophila ortholog (dGW182, also called Gawky) and two Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs AIN-1 and AIN-2, which contain multiple miRNA-binding sites and have important functions in miRNA-mediated translational repression, as well as mRNA degradation in Metazoa. The GW182 family proteins directly interact with Argonaute (Ago) proteins, and thus function as downstream effectors in the miRNA pathway, responsible for inhibition of translation and acceleration of mRNA decay. Members in this family are characterized by an abnormally high content of glycine/tryptophan (G/W) repeats, one or more glutamine (Q)-rich motifs, and a C-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The only exception is the worm protein that does not contain a recognizable RRM domain. The GW182 family proteins are recruited to miRNA targets through an interaction between their N-terminal domain and an Argonaute protein. Then they promote translational repression and/or degradation of miRNA targets through their C-terminal silencing domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмёвА0А0АаАВ▌cd12436, RRM1_2_MATR3_like, RNA recognition motif 1 and 2 in the matrin 3 family of nuclear proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of the matrin 3 family of nuclear proteins consisting of Matrin 3 (MATR3), nuclear protein 220 (NP220) and similar proteins. MATR3 is a highly conserved inner nuclear matrix protein that has been implicated in various biological processes. NP220 is a large nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein that binds to cytidine-rich sequences, such as CCCCC (G/C), in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Both, Matrin 3 and NP220, contain two RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a Cys2-His2 zinc finger-like motif at the C-terminal region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЄвА0А0АаАВ4cd12437, RRM_BRAP2_like, RNA recognition motif in BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP2) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of BRAP2, also termed impedes mitogenic signal propagation (IMP), or ring finger protein 52, or renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-63, a novel cytoplasmic protein interacting with the two functional nuclear localisation signal (NLS) motifs of BRCA1, a nuclear protein linked to breast cancer. It also binds to the SV40 large T antigen NLS motif and the bipartite NLS motif found in mitosin. BRAP2 may serve as a cytoplasmic retention protein and play a role in the regulation of nuclear protein transport. The family also includes RING finger protein ETP1 and its homologs found in fungi. ETP1, also termed BRAP2 homolog, or ethanol tolerance protein 1, is the yeast homolog of BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP2) found in vertebrates. It may be involved in ethanol and salt-induced transcriptional activation of the NHA1 promoter and heat shock protein genes (HSP12 and HSP26), and participate in ethanol-induced turnover of the low-affinity hexose transporter Hxt3p. Members in this family contain an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a C3HC4-type ring finger domain and a UBP-type zinc finger. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмєвА0А0АаАВ■cd12438, RRM_CNOT4, RNA recognition motif in Eukaryotic CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 4 (NOT4) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of NOT4, also termed CCR4-associated factor 4, or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CNOT4, or potential transcriptional repressor NOT4Hp, a component of the CCR4-NOT complex, a global negative regulator of RNA polymerase II transcription. NOT4 functions as an ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). It contains an N-terminal C4C4 type RING finger motif, followed by a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The RING fingers may interact with a subset of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), including UbcH5B, and mediate protein-protein interactions. T.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЇвА0А0АаАВdcd12439, RRM_TRMT2A, RNA recognition motif in tRNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase homolog A (TRMT2A) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of TRMT2A, also known as HpaII tiny fragments locus 9c protein (HTF9C), a novel cell cycle regulated protein. It is an independent biologic factor expressed in tumors associated with clinical outcome in HER2 expressing breast cancer. The function of TRMT2A remains unclear although by sequence homology it has a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), related to RNA methyltransferases. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмївА0А0АаАВ2cd12440, RRM_SYNJ, RNA recognition motif in synaptojanin-1, synaptojanin-2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of two active phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatases, synaptojanin-1 and synaptojanin-2. They have different interaction partners and are likely to have different biological functions. Synaptojanin-1 was originally identified as one of the major Grb2-binding proteins that may participate in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. It also acts as a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-binding brain-specific inositol 5-phosphatase with a putative role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Synaptojanin-2 is a ubiquitously expressed homolog of synaptojanin-1. It is a novel Rac1 effector regulating the early step of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Synaptojanin-2 directly and specifically interacts with Rac1 in a GTP-dependent manner. It mediates the inhibitory effect of Rac1 on endocytosis and plays an important role in the Rac1-mediated control of cell growth. Both, synaptojanin-1 and synaptojanin-2, have two tissue-specific alternative splicing isoforms, a shorter isoform expressed in brain and a longer isoform in peripheral tissues. Synaptojanin-1 contains an N-terminal domain homologous to the cytoplasmic portion of the yeast protein Sac1p, a central inositol 5-phosphatase domain followed by a putative RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal proline-rich region mediating the binding of synaptojanin-1 to various SH3 domain-containing proteins including amphiphysin, SH3p4, SH3p8, SH3p13, and Grb2. Synaptojanin-2 shows high sequence homology to the N-terminal Sac1p homology domain, the central inositol 5-phosphatase domain, the putative RNA recognition motif (RRM) of synaptojanin-1, but differs in the proline-rich region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмЎвА0А0АаАВ cd12441, RRM_Nup53_like, RNA recognition motif in nucleoporin Nup53 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of nucleoporin Nup53, also termed mitotic phosphoprotein 44 (MP-44), or nuclear pore complex protein Nup53, required for normal cell growth and nuclear morphology in vertebrate. It tightly associates with the nuclear envelope membrane and the nuclear lamina where it interacts with lamin B. It may also interact with a group of nucleoporins including Nup93, Nup155, and Nup205 and play a role in the association of the mitotic checkpoint protein Mad1 with the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The family also includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nup53p, an ortholog of vertebrate nucleoporin Nup53. A unique property of yeast Nup53p is that it contains an additional Kap121p-binding domain and interacts specifically with the karyopherin Kap121p, which is involved in the assembly of Nup53p into NPCs. Both, vertebrate Nup35 and yeast Nup53p, contain an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a C-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix and several FG repeats. This family corresponds to the RRM domain which lacks the conserved residues that typically bind RNA in canonical RRM domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмўвА0А0АаАВ=cd12442, RRM_RBM48, RNA recognition motif in RNA-binding protein 48 (RBM48) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM48, a putative RNA-binding protein of unknown function. It contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм°вА0А0АаАВ$cd12443, RRM_MCM3A_like, RNA recognition motif in 80 kDa MCM3-associated protein (Map80) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Map80, also termed germinal center-associated nuclear protein (GANP), involved in the nuclear localization pathway of MCM3, a protein necessary for the initiation of DNA replication and also involves in controls that ensure DNA replication is initiated once per cell cycle. Map80 contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм∙вА0А0АаАВЫcd12444, RRM1_CPEBs, RNA recognition motif 1 in cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein CPEB-1, CPEB-2, CPEB-3, CPEB-4 and similar protiens. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of the CPEB family of proteins that bind to defined groups of mRNAs and act as either translational repressors or activators to regulate their translation. CPEB proteins are well conserved in both, vertebrates and invertebrates. Based on sequence similarity, RNA-binding specificity, and functional regulation of translation, the CPEB proteins have been classified into two subfamilies. The first subfamily includes CPEB-1 and related proteins. CPEB-1 is an RNA-binding protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), a short U-rich motif in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain mRNAs. It functions as a translational regulator that plays a major role in the control of maternal CPE-containing mRNA in oocytes, as well as of subsynaptic CPE-containing mRNA in neurons. Once phosphorylated and recruiting the polyadenylation complex, CPEB-1 may function as a translational activator stimulating polyadenylation and translation. Otherwise, it may function as a translational inhibitor when dephosphorylated and bind to a protein such as maskin or neuroguidin, which blocks translation initiation through interfering with the assembly of eIF-4E and eIF-4G. Although CPEB-1 is mainly located in cytoplasm, it can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. The second subfamily includes CPEB-2, CPEB-3, CPEB-4, and related protiens. Due to high sequence similarity, members in this subfamily may share similar expression patterns and functions. CPEB-2 is an RNA-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in testis and localized in cytoplasm in transfected HeLa cells. It preferentially binds to poly(U) RNA oligomers and may regulate the translation of stored mRNAs during spermiogenesis. CPEB-2 impedes target RNA translation at elongation; it directly interacts with the elongation factor, eEF2, to reduce eEF2/ribosome-activated GTP hydrolysis in vitro and inhibit peptide elongation of CPEB2-bound RNA in vivo. CPEB-3 is a sequence-specific translational regulatory protein that regulates translation in a polyadenylation-independent manner. It functions as a translational repressor that governs the synthesis of the AMPA receptor GluR2 through binding GluR2 mRNA. It also represses translation of a reporter RNA in transfected neurons and stimulates translation in response to NMDA. CPEB-4 is an RNA-binding protein that mediates meiotic mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation. It is essential for neuron survival and present on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is accumulated in the nucleus upon ischemia or the depletion of ER calcium. CPEB-4 is overexpressed in a large variety of tumors and is associated with many mRNAs in cancer cells. All CPEB proteins are nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling proteins. They contain an N-terminal unstructured region, followed by two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a Zn-finger motif. CPEB-2, -3, and -4 have conserved nuclear export signals that are not present in CPEB-1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм·вА0А0АаАВжcd12445, RRM2_CPEBs, RNA recognition motif 2 in cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein CPEB-1, CPEB-2, CPEB-3, CPEB-4 and similar protiens. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of CPEB family of proteins that bind to defined groups of mRNAs and act as either translational repressors or activators to regulate their translation. CPEB proteins are well conserved in both, vertebrates and invertebrates. Based on sequence similarity, RNA-binding specificity, and functional regulation of translation, the CPEB proteins has been classified into two subfamilies. The first subfamily includes CPEB-1 and related proteins. CPEB-1 is an RNA-binding protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), a short U-rich motif in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain mRNAs. It functions as a translational regulator that plays a major role in the control of maternal CPE-containing mRNA in oocytes, as well as of subsynaptic CPE-containing mRNA in neurons. Once phosphorylated and recruiting the polyadenylation complex, CPEB-1 may function as a translational activator stimulating polyadenylation and translation. Otherwise, it may function as a translational inhibitor when dephosphorylated and bound to a protein such as maskin or neuroguidin, which blocks translation initiation through interfering with the assembly of eIF-4E and eIF-4G. Although CPEB-1 is mainly located in cytoplasm, it can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. The second subfamily includes CPEB-2, CPEB-3, CPEB-4, and related protiens. Due to the high sequence similarity, members in this subfamily may share similar expression patterns and functions. CPEB-2 is an RNA-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in testis and localized in cytoplasm in transfected HeLa cells. It preferentially binds to poly(U) RNA oligomers and may regulate the translation of stored mRNAs during spermiogenesis. Moreover, CPEB-2 impedes target RNA translation at elongation. It directly interacts with the elongation factor, eEF2, to reduce eEF2/ribosome-activated GTP hydrolysis in vitro and inhibit peptide elongation of CPEB2-bound RNA in vivo. CPEB-3 is a sequence-specific translational regulatory protein that regulates translation in a polyadenylation-independent manner. It functions as a translational repressor that governs the synthesis of the AMPA receptor GluR2 through binding GluR2 mRNA. It also represses translation of a reporter RNA in transfected neurons and stimulates translation in response to NMDA. CPEB-4 is an RNA-binding protein that mediates meiotic mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation. It is essential for neuron survival and present on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is accumulated in the nucleus upon ischemia or the depletion of ER calcium. CPEB-4 is overexpressed in a large variety of tumors and is associated with many mRNAs in cancer cells. All CPEB proteins are nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling proteins. They contain an N-terminal unstructured region, followed by two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a Zn-finger motif. CPEB-2, -3, and -4 have conserved nuclear export signals that are not present in CPEB-1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм√вА0А0АаАВcd12446, RRM_RBM25, RNA recognition motif in eukaryotic RNA-binding protein 25 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM25, also termed Arg/Glu/Asp-rich protein of 120 kDa (RED120), or protein S164, or RNA-binding region-containing protein 7, an evolutionary-conserved splicing coactivator SRm160 (SR-related nuclear matrix protein of 160 kDa, )-interacting protein. RBM25 belongs to a family of RNA-binding proteins containing a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), at the N-terminus, a RE/RD-rich (ER) central region, and a C-terminal proline-tryptophan-isoleucine (PWI) motif. It localizes to the nuclear speckles and associates with multiple splicing components, including splicing cofactors SRm160/300, U snRNAs, assembled splicing complexes, and spliced mRNAs. It may play an important role in pre-mRNA processing by coupling splicing with mRNA 3'-end formation. Additional research indicates that RBM25 is one of the RNA-binding regulators that direct the alternative splicing of apoptotic factors. It can activate proapoptotic Bcl-xS 5'ss by binding to the exonic splicing enhancer, CGGGCA, and stabilize the pre-mRNA-U1 snRNP through interaction with hLuc7A, a U1 snRNP-associated factor. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм№вА0А0АаАВ$cd12447, RRM1_gar2, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast protein gar2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of yeast protein gar2, a novel nucleolar protein required for 18S rRNA and 40S ribosomal subunit accumulation. It shares similar domain architecture with nucleolin from vertebrates and NSR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highly phosphorylated N-terminal domain of gar2 is made up of highly acidic regions separated from each other by basic sequences, and contains multiple phosphorylation sites. The central domain of gar2 contains two closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The C-terminal RGG (or GAR) domain of gar2 is rich in glycine, arginine and phenylalanine residues. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм¤вА0А0АаАВ$cd12448, RRM2_gar2, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast protein gar2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of yeast protein gar2, a novel nucleolar protein required for 18S rRNA and 40S ribosomal subunit accumulation. It shares similar domain architecture with nucleolin from vertebrates and NSR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highly phosphorylated N-terminal domain of gar2 is made up of highly acidic regions separated from each other by basic sequences, and contains multiple phosphorylation sites. The central domain of gar2 contains two closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The C-terminal RGG (or GAR) domain of gar2 is rich in glycine, arginine and phenylalanine residues. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм■вА0А0АаАВєcd12449, RRM_CIRBP_RBM3, RNA recognition motif in cold inducible RNA binding protein (CIRBP), RNA binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of two structurally related heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, CIRBP (also termed CIRP or A18 hnRNP) and RBM3 (also termed RNPL), both of which belong to a highly conserved cold shock proteins family. The cold shock proteins can be induced after exposure to a moderate cold-shock and other cellular stresses such as UV radiation and hypoxia. CIRBP and RBM3 may function in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to different transcripts, thus allowing the cell to response rapidly to environmental signals. However, the kinetics and degree of cold induction are different between CIRBP and RBM3. Tissue distribution of their expression is different. CIRBP and RBM3 may be differentially regulated under physiological and stress conditions and may play distinct roles in cold responses of cells. CIRBP, also termed glycine-rich RNA-binding protein CIRP, is localized in the nucleus and mediates the cold-induced suppression of cell cycle progression. CIRBP also binds DNA and possibly serves as a chaperone that assists in the folding/unfolding, assembly/disassembly and transport of various proteins. RBM3 may enhance global protein synthesis and the formation of active polysomes while reducing the levels of ribonucleoprotein complexes containing microRNAs. RBM3 may also serve to prevent the loss of muscle mass by its ability to decrease cell death. Furthermore, RBM3 may be essential for cell proliferation and mitosis. Both, CIRBP and RBM3, contain an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), that is involved in RNA binding, and C-terminal glycine-rich domain (RGG motif) that probably enhances RNA-binding via protein-protein and/or protein-RNA interactions. Like CIRBP, RBM3 can also bind to both RNA and DNA via its RRM domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАм вА0А0АаАВTcd12450, RRM1_NUCLs, RNA recognition motif 1 found in nucleolin-like proteins mainly from plants. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of a group of plant nucleolin-like proteins, including nucleolin 1 (also termed protein nucleolin like 1) and nucleolin 2 (also termed protein nucleolin like 2, or protein parallel like 1). They play roles in the regulation of ribosome synthesis and in the growth and development of plants. Like yeast nucleolin, nucleolin-like proteins possess two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВNcd12451, RRM2_NUCLs, RNA recognition motif 2 in nucleolin-like proteins mainly from plants. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of a group of plant nucleolin-like proteins, including nucleolin 1 (also termed protein nucleolin like 1) and nucleolin 2 (also termed protein nucleolin like 2, or protein parallel like 1). They play roles in the regulation of ribosome synthesis and in the growth and development of plants. Like yeast nucleolin, nucleolin-like proteins possess two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВwcd12452, RRM_ARP_like, RNA recognition motif in yeast asparagine-rich protein (ARP) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of ARP, also termed NRP1, encoded by Saccharomyces cerevisiae YDL167C. Although its exact biological function remains unclear, ARP contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), two Ran-binding protein zinc fingers (zf-RanBP), and an asparagine-rich region. It may possess RNA-binding and zinc ion binding activities. Additional research had indicated that ARP may function as a factor involved in the stress response. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВjcd12453, RRM1_RIM4_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast meiotic activator RIM4 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RIM4, also termed regulator of IME2 protein 4, a putative RNA binding protein that is expressed at elevated levels early in meiosis. It functions as a meiotic activator required for both the IME1- and IME2-dependent pathways of meiotic gene expression, as well as early events of meiosis, such as meiotic division and recombination, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RIM4 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The family also includes a putative RNA-binding protein termed multicopy suppressor of sporulation protein Msa1. It is a putative RNA-binding protein encoded by a novel gene, msa1, from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Msa1 may be involved in the inhibition of sexual differentiation by controlling the expression of Ste11-regulated genes, possibly through the pheromone-signaling pathway. Like RIM4, Msa1 also contains two RRMs, both of which are essential for the function of Msa1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВjcd12454, RRM2_RIM4_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast meiotic activator RIM4 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RIM4, also termed regulator of IME2 protein 4, a putative RNA binding protein that is expressed at elevated levels early in meiosis. It functions as a meiotic activator required for both the IME1- and IME2-dependent pathways of meiotic gene expression, as well as early events of meiosis, such as meiotic division and recombination, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RIM4 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The family also includes a putative RNA-binding protein termed multicopy suppressor of sporulation protein Msa1. It is a putative RNA-binding protein encoded by a novel gene, msa1, from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Msa1 may be involved in the inhibition of sexual differentiation by controlling the expression of Ste11-regulated genes, possibly through the pheromone-signaling pathway. Like RIM4, Msa1 also contains two RRMs, both of which are essential for the function of Msa1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВюcd12455, RRM_like_Smg4_UPF3, RNA recognition motif-like Smg4_UPF3 domain in yeast up-frameshift suppressor 3 (Upf3p), Caenorhabditis elegans SMG-4, their human orthologs Upf3A and Upf3B, and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM-like Smg4_UPF3 domain found in yeast up-frameshift suppressor 3 (Upf3p), Caenorhabditis elegans SMG-4, their human orthologs Upf3A and Upf3B, and similar proteins. Upf3p, also termed nonsense-mediated mRNA decay protein 3, or Sua6p, a surveillance factor encoded by UPF3 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in yeast. Upf3p is primarily cytoplasmic but accumulates inside the nucleus. Its nuclear import is mediated by the Srp1p (importin-alpha)/beta heterodimer while its nuclear export is mediated by a leucine-rich nuclear export sequence (NES-A), but not the Crm1p exportin. C. elegans SMG-4 is a nuclear shuttling protein that shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus through nuclear import and export signals similar to that of the yeast Upf3p. It is regulated by phosphorylation. Human orthologs of yeast Upf3p and C. elegans SMG-4 include Upf3A and Upf3B, which derive from two genes, UPF3A and X-linked UPF3B, respectively. Both, Upf3A (Up-frameshift suppressor 3 homolog A, also termed regulator of nonsense transcripts 3A, or nonsense mRNA reducing factor 3A) and Upf3B (Up-frameshift suppressor 3 homolog B on chromosome X, also termed regulator of nonsense transcripts 3B, or nonsense mRNA reducing factor 3B), are nucleocytoplasmic shuttling proteins. They associate selectively with spliced beta-globin mRNA in vivo, and tethering of any human Upf protein to the 3'UTR of beta-globin mRNA prevents NMD. The function of the Upf proteins in identifying and targeting nonsense mRNAs for rapid decay is conserved among eukaryotes. Besides, all Upf proteins in this family contain a conserved Smg4_UPF3 domain with some similarity to an RNA recognition motif (RRM), indicating that they may be RNA binding proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВcd12456, RRM_p65, RNA recognition motif in the holoenzyme La family protein p65. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of a lineage specific family containing the essential La family protein p65 found in Tetrahymena thermophila. It is a telomerase holoenzyme protein necessary for telomerase RNA (TER) accumulation in vivo. p65, together with TER and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), comprise a ternary catalytic core complex of Tetrahymena telomerase, which is a ribonucleoprotein complex essential for maintenance of telomere DNA at linear chromosome ends. p65 harbors a cryptic, atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), which displays high structural homology to the RRM in genuine La and LARP7 proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВЖcd12457, RRM_XMAS2, RNA recognition motif in X-linked male sterile 2 (Xmas-2) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM in Xmas-2, the Drosophila homolog of yeast Sac3p protein, together with E(y)2, the Drosophila homologue of yeast Sus1p protein, forming an endogenous complex that is required in the regulation of mRNA transport and also involved in the efficient transcription regulation of the heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) loci. All family members are found in insects and contain an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a PCI domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ╩cd12458, RRM_AtC3H46_like, RNA recognition motif in Arabidopsis thaliana zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 46 (AtC3H46) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain in AtC3H46, a putative RNA-binding protein that contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a CCCH class of zinc finger, typically C-X8-C-X5-C-X3-H. It may possess ribonuclease activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВИcd12459, RRM1_CID8_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana CTC-interacting domain protein CID8, CID9, CID10, CID11, CID12, CID 13 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 domains found in A. thaliana CID8, CID9, CID10, CID11, CID12, CID 13 and mainly their plant homologs. These highly related RNA-binding proteins contain an N-terminal PAM2 domain (PABP-interacting motif 2), two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a basic region that resembles a bipartite nuclear localization signal. The biological role of this family remains unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн вА0А0АаАВИcd12460, RRM2_CID8_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana CTC-interacting domain protein CID8, CID9, CID10, CID11, CID12, CID 13 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 domains found in A. thaliana CID8, CID9, CID10, CID11, CID12, CID 13 and mainly their plant homologs. These highly related RNA-binding proteins contain an N-terminal PAM2 domain (PABP-interacting motif 2), two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a basic region that resembles a bipartite nuclear localization signal. The biological role of this family remains unclear.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн вА0А0АаАВСcd12461, RRM_SCAF4, RNA recognition motif found in SR-related and CTD-associated factor 4 (SCAF4) and similar proteins. The CD corresponds to the RRM of SCAF4 (also termed splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 15 or SFR15, or CTD-binding SR-like protein RA4) that belongs to a new class of SCAFs (SR-like CTD-associated factors). Although its biological function remains unclear, SCAF4 shows high sequence similarity to SCAF8 that interacts specifically with a highly serine-phosphorylated form of the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (pol II) and may play a direct role in coupling with both, transcription and pre-mRNA processing, processes. SCAF4 and SCAF8 both contain a conserved N-terminal CTD-interacting domain (CID), an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and serine/arginine-rich motifs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВecd12462, RRM_SCAF8, RNA recognition motif in SR-related and CTD-associated factor 8 (SCAF8) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SCAF8 (also termed CDC5L complex-associated protein 7, or RNA-binding motif protein 16, or CTD-binding SR-like protein RA8), a nuclear matrix protein that interacts specifically with a highly serine-phosphorylated form of the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (pol II). The pol II CTD plays a role in coupling transcription and pre-mRNA processing. SCAF8 co-localizes primarily with transcription sites that are enriched in nuclear matrix fraction, which is known to contain proteins involved in pre-mRNA processing. Thus, SCAF8 may play a direct role in coupling with both, transcription and pre-mRNA processing, processes. SCAF8, together with SCAF4, represents a new class of SCAFs (SR-like CTD-associated factors). They contain a conserved N-terminal CTD-interacting domain (CID), an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and serine/arginine-rich motifs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВфcd12463, RRM_G3BP1, RNA recognition motif found in ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of G3BP1, also termed ATP-dependent DNA helicase VIII (DH VIII), or GAP SH3 domain-binding protein 1, which has been identified as a phosphorylation-dependent endoribonuclease that interacts with the SH3 domain of RasGAP, a multi-functional protein controlling Ras activity. The acidic RasGAP binding domain of G3BP1 harbors an arsenite-regulated phosphorylation site and dominantly inhibits stress granule (SG) formation. G3BP1 also contains an N-terminal nuclear transfer factor 2 (NTF2)-like domain, an RNA recognition motif (RRM domain), and an Arg-Gly-rich region (RGG-rich region, or arginine methylation motif). The RRM domain and RGG-rich region are canonically associated with RNA binding. G3BP1 co-immunoprecipitates with mRNAs. It binds to and cleaves the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the c-myc mRNA in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Thus, G3BP1 may play a role in coupling extra-cellular stimuli to mRNA stability. It has been shown that G3BP1 is a novel Dishevelled-associated protein that is methylated upon Wnt3a stimulation and that arginine methylation of G3BP1 regulates both Ctnnb1 mRNA and canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Furthermore, G3BP1 can be associated with the 3'-UTR of beta-F1 mRNA in cytoplasmic RNA-granules, demonstrating that G3BP1 may specifically repress the translation of the transcript.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн вА0А0АаАВКcd12464, RRM_G3BP2, RNA recognition motif in ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 2 (G3BP2) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of G3BP2, also termed GAP SH3 domain-binding protein 2, a cytoplasmic protein that interacts with both IkappaBalpha and IkappaBalpha/NF-kappaB complexes, indicating that G3BP2 may play a role in the control of nucleocytoplasmic distribution of IkappaBalpha and cytoplasmic anchoring of the IkappaBalpha/NF-kappaB complex. G3BP2 contains an N-terminal nuclear transfer factor 2 (NTF2)-like domain, an acidic domain, a domain containing five PXXP motifs, an RNA recognition motif (RRM domain), and an Arg-Gly-rich region (RGG-rich region, or arginine methylation motif). It binds to the SH3 domain of RasGAP, a multi-functional protein controlling Ras activity, through its N-terminal NTF2-like domain. The acidic domain is sufficient for the interaction of G3BP2 with the IkappaBalpha cytoplasmic retention sequence. Furthermore, G3BP2 might influence stability or translational efficiency of particular mRNAs by binding to RNA-containing structures within the cytoplasm through its RNA-binding domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВcd12465, RRM_UHMK1, RNA recognition motif found in U2AF homology motif kinase 1 (UHMK1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of UHMK1. UHMK1, also termed kinase interacting with stathmin (KIS) or P-CIP2, is a serine/threonine protein kinase functionally related to RNA metabolism and neurite outgrowth. It contains an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), with high homology to the corresponding motif of the mammalian U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor U2AF 65 kDa subunit (U2AF65 or U2AF2). UHMK1 targets two key regulators of cell proliferation and migration, the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27Kip1 and the microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin. It plays a critical role during vascular wound repair by preventing excessive vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration into the vascular lesion. Moreover, UHMK1 may control cell migration and neurite outgrowth by interacting with and phosphorylating the splicing factor SF1, thereby probably contributing to the control of protein expression. Furthermore, UHMK1 may be functionally related to microtubule dynamics and axon development. It localizes to RNA granules, interacts with three proteins found in RNA granules (KIF3A, NonO, and eEF1A), and further enhances the local translation. UHMK1 is highly expressed in regions of the brain implicated in schizophrenia and may play a role in susceptibility to schizophrenia.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ┘cd12466, RRM2_AtRSp31_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana arginine/serine-rich-splicing factor RSp31 and similar proteins from plants. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 in a family that represents a novel group of arginine/serine (RS) or serine/arginine (SR) splicing factors existing in plants, such as A. thaliana RSp31, RSp35, RSp41 and similar proteins. Like vertebrate RS splicing factors, these proteins function as plant splicing factors and play crucial roles in constitutive and alternative splicing in plants. They all contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), at their N-terminus, and an RS domain at their C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВcd12467, RRM_Srp1p_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in fission yeast pre-mRNA-splicing factor Srp1p and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM domain in Srp1p encoded by gene srp1 from fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. It plays a role in the pre-mRNA splicing process, but not essential for growth. Srp1p is closely related to the SR protein family found in metazoa. It contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a glycine hinge and a RS domain in the middle, and a C-terminal domain. Some family members also contain another RRM domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ$cd12470, RRM1_MSSP1, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate single-stranded DNA-binding protein MSSP-1. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of MSSP-1, also termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 1 (RBMS1), or suppressor of CDC2 with RNA-binding motif 2 (SCR2), a double- and single-stranded DNA binding protein that belongs to the c-myc single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family. It specifically recognizes the sequence CT(A/T)(A/T)T, and stimulates DNA replication in the system using SV40 DNA. MSSP-1 is identical with Scr2, a human protein which complements the defect of cdc2 kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. MSSP-1 has been implied in regulating DNA replication, transcription, apoptosis induction, and cell-cycle movement, via the interaction with C-MYC, the product of protooncogene c-myc. MSSP-1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), both of which are responsible for the specific DNA binding activity as well as induction of apoptosis. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВcd12471, RRM1_MSSP2, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate single-stranded DNA-binding protein MSSP-2. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of MSSP-2, also termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 2 (RBMS2), or suppressor of CDC2 with RNA-binding motif 3 (SCR3), a double- and single-stranded DNA binding protein that belongs to the c-myc single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family. It specifically recognizes the sequence T(C/A)TT, and stimulates DNA replication in the system using SV40 DNA. MSSP-2 is identical with Scr3, a human protein which complements the defect of cdc2 kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. MSSP-2 has been implied in regulating DNA replication, transcription, apoptosis induction, and cell-cycle movement, via the interaction with C-MYC, the product of protooncogene c-myc. MSSP-2 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), both of which are responsible for the specific DNA binding activity as well as induction of apoptosis. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ╦cd12472, RRM1_RBMS3, RNA recognition motif 1 found in vertebrate RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 3 (RBMS3). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBMS3, a new member of the c-myc gene single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family of DNA regulators. Unlike other MSSP proteins, RBMS3 is not a transcriptional regulator. It binds with high affinity to A/U-rich stretches of RNA, and to A/T-rich DNA sequences, and functions as a regulator of cytoplasmic activity. RBMS3 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and its C-terminal region is acidic and enriched in prolines, glutamines and threonines. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ4cd12473, RRM2_MSSP1, RNA recognition motif 2 found in vertebrate single-stranded DNA-binding protein MSSP-1. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of MSSP-1, also termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 1 (RBMS1), or suppressor of CDC2 with RNA-binding motif 2 (SCR2). MSSP-1 is a double- and single-stranded DNA binding protein that belongs to the c-myc single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family. It specifically recognizes the sequence CT(A/T)(A/T)T, and stimulates DNA replication in the system using SV40 DNA. MSSP-1 is identical with Scr2, a human protein which complements the defect of cdc2 kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. MSSP-1 has been implied in regulating DNA replication, transcription, apoptosis induction, and cell-cycle movement, via the interaction with c-MYC, the product of protooncogene c-myc. MSSP-1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), both of which are responsible for the specific DNA binding activity as well as induction of apoptosis. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ/cd12474, RRM2_MSSP2, RNA recognition motif 2 found in vertebrate single-stranded DNA-binding protein MSSP-2. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of MSSP-2, also termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 2 (RBMS2), or suppressor of CDC2 with RNA-binding motif 3 (SCR3). MSSP-2 is a double- and single-stranded DNA binding protein that belongs to the c-myc single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family. It specifically recognizes the sequence T(C/A)TT, and stimulates DNA replication in the system using SV40 DNA. MSSP-2 is identical with Scr3, a human protein which complements the defect of cdc2 kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. MSSP-2 has been implied in regulating DNA replication, transcription, apoptosis induction, and cell-cycle movement, via the interaction with C-MYC, the product of protooncogene c-myc. MSSP-2 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), both of which are responsible for the specific DNA binding activity as well as induction of apoptosis. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ╩cd12475, RRM2_RBMS3, RNA recognition motif 2 found in vertebrate RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 3 (RBMS3). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBMS3, a new member of the c-myc gene single-strand binding proteins (MSSP) family of DNA regulators. Unlike other MSSP proteins, RBMS3 is not a transcriptional regulator. It binds with high affinity to A/U-rich stretches of RNA, and to A/T-rich DNA sequences, and functions as a regulator of cytoplasmic activity. RBMS3 contain two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and its C-terminal region is acidic and enriched in prolines, glutamines and threonines. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВBcd12476, RRM1_SNF, RNA recognition motif 1 found in Drosophila melanogaster sex determination protein SNF and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SNF (Sans fille), also termed U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A (U1 snRNP A or U1-A or U1A), an RNA-binding protein found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs of Drosophila. It is essential in Drosophila sex determination and possesses a novel dual RNA binding specificity. SNF binds with high affinity to both Drosophila U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) and U2 snRNA stem-loop IV (SLIV). It can also bind to poly(U) RNA tracts flanking the alternatively spliced Sex-lethal (Sxl) exon, as does Drosophila Sex-lethal protein (SXL). SNF contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs); it can self-associate through RRM1, and each RRM can recognize poly(U) RNA binding independently. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВЙcd12477, RRM1_U1A, RNA recognition motif 1 found in vertebrate U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A (U1A). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of U1A (also termed U1 snRNP A or U1-A), an RNA-binding protein associated with the U1 snRNP, a small RNA-protein complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing. U1A binds with high affinity and specificity to stem-loop II (SLII) of U1 snRNA. It is predominantly a nuclear protein and it also shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm independently of interactions with U1 snRNA. U1A may be involved in RNA 3'-end processing, specifically cleavage, splicing and polyadenylation, through interacting with a large number of non-snRNP proteins, including polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), polypyrimidine-tract binding protein-associated factor (PSF), and non-POU-domain-containing, octamer-binding (NONO), DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 5 (DDX5). It also binds to a flavivirus NS5 protein and plays an important role in virus replication. U1A contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs); the N-terminal RRM (RRM1) binds tightly and specifically to the U1 snRNA SLII and its own 3'-UTR, while in contrast, the C-terminal RRM (RRM2) does not appear to associate with any RNA and may be free to bind other proteins. U1A also contains a proline-rich region, and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the central domain that is responsible for its nuclear import. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ│cd12478, RRM1_U2B, RNA recognition motif 1 in U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein B" (U2B") and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of U2B" (also termed U2 snRNP B") a unique protein that comprises the U2 snRNP. It was initially identified as binding to stem-loop IV (SLIV) at the 3' end of U2 snRNA. Additional research indicates U2B" binds to U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) as well and shows no preference for SLIV or SLII on the basis of binding affinity. U2B" does not require an auxiliary protein for binding to RNA. In addition, the nuclear transport of U2B" is independent of U2 snRNA binding. U2B" contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It also contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the central domain. However, nuclear import of U2B'' does not depend on this NLS. The N-terminal RRM is sufficient to direct U2B" to the nucleus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВBcd12479, RRM2_SNF, RNA recognition motif 2 found in Drosophila melanogaster sex determination protein SNF and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of SNF (Sans fille), also termed U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A (U1 snRNP A or U1-A or U1A), an RNA-binding protein found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs of Drosophila. It is essential in Drosophila sex determination and possesses a novel dual RNA binding specificity. SNF binds with high affinity to both Drosophila U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) and U2 snRNA stem-loop IV (SLIV). It can also bind to poly(U) RNA tracts flanking the alternatively spliced Sex-lethal (Sxl) exon, as does Drosophila Sex-lethal protein (SXL). SNF contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs); it can self-associate through RRM1, and each RRM can recognize poly(U) RNA binding independently. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВЯcd12480, RRM2_U1A, RNA recognition motif 2 found in vertebrate U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein A (U1 snRNP A or U1-A or U1A). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of U1A (also termed U1 snRNP A or U1-A), an RNA-binding protein associated with the U1 snRNP, a small RNA-protein complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing. U1A binds with high affinity and specificity to stem-loop II (SLII) of U1 snRNA. It is predominantly a nuclear protein that shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm independently of interactions with U1 snRNA. U1A may be involved in RNA 3'-end processing, specifically cleavage, splicing and polyadenylation, through interacting with a large number of non-snRNP proteins, including polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), polypyrimidine-tract binding protein-associated factor (PSF), and non-POU-domain-containing, octamer-binding (NONO), DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 5 (DDX5). U1A also binds to a flavivirus NS5 protein and plays an important role in virus replication. It contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs); the N-terminal RRM (RRM1) binds tightly and specifically to the U1 snRNA SLII and its own 3'-UTR, while in contrast, the C-terminal RRM (RRM2) does not appear to associate with any RNA and it may be free for binding other proteins. U1A also contains a proline-rich region, and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the central domain that is responsible for its nuclear import. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВЫcd12481, RRM2_U2B, RNA recognition motif 2 found in vertebrate U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein B" (U2B"). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of U2B" (also termed U2 snRNP B"), a unique protein that comprises the U2 snRNP. It was initially identified to bind to stem-loop IV (SLIV) at the 3' end of U2 snRNA. Additional research indicates U2B" binds to U1 snRNA stem-loop II (SLII) as well and shows no preference for SLIV or SLII on the basis of binding affinity. U2B" does not require an auxiliary protein for binding to RNA and its nuclear transport is independent of U2 snRNA binding. U2B" contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It also contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the central domain. However, nuclear import of U2B'' does not depend on this NLS. The N-terminal RRM is sufficient to direct U2B" to the nucleus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВъcd12482, RRM1_hnRNPR, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP R, which is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein that specifically binds mRNAs with a preference for poly(U) stretches. Upon binding of RNA, hnRNP R forms oligomers, most probably dimers. hnRNP R has been implicated in mRNA processing and mRNA transport, and also acts as a regulator to modify binding to ribosomes and RNA translation. It is predominantly located in axons of motor neurons and to a much lower degree in sensory axons. In axons of motor neurons, it also functions as a cytosolic protein and interacts with wild type of survival motor neuron (SMN) proteins directly, further providing a molecular link between SMN and the spliceosome. Moreover, hnRNP R plays an important role in neural differentiation and development, and in retinal development and light-elicited cellular activities. hnRNP R contains an acidic auxiliary N-terminal region, followed by two well defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal RGG motif; it binds RNA through its RRM domains. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВ■cd12483, RRM1_hnRNPQ, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP Q, also termed glycine- and tyrosine-rich RNA-binding protein (GRY-RBP), or NS1-associated protein 1 (NASP1), or synaptotagmin-binding, cytoplasmic RNA-interacting protein (SYNCRIP). It is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein identified as a component of the spliceosome complex, as well as a component of the apobec-1 editosome. As an alternatively spliced version of NSAP, it acts as an interaction partner of a multifunctional protein required for viral replication, and is implicated in the regulation of specific mRNA transport. hnRNP Q has also been identified as SYNCRIP, a dual functional protein participating in both viral RNA replication and translation. As a synaptotagmin-binding protein, hnRNP Q plays a putative role in organelle-based mRNA transport along the cytoskeleton. Moreover, hnRNP Q has been found in protein complexes involved in translationally coupled mRNA turnover and mRNA splicing. It functions as a wild-type survival motor neuron (SMN)-binding protein that may participate in pre-mRNA splicing and modulate mRNA transport along microtubuli. hnRNP Q contains an acidic auxiliary N-terminal region, followed by two well-defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal RGG motif; hnRNP Q binds RNA through its RRM domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВUcd12484, RRM1_RBM46, RNA recognition motif 1 found in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 46 (RBM46). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM46, also termed cancer/testis antigen 68 (CT68), a putative RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence homology with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). Its biological function remains unclear. Like hnRNP R and hnRNP Q, RBM46 contains two well-defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн вА0А0АаАВ(cd12485, RRM1_RBM47, RNA recognition motif 1 found in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 47 (RBM47). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM47, a putative RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence homology with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). Its biological function remains unclear. Like hnRNP R and hnRNP Q, RBM47 contains two well-defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн!вА0А0АаАВRcd12486, RRM1_ACF, RNA recognition motif 1 found in vertebrate APOBEC-1 complementation factor (ACF). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of ACF, also termed APOBEC-1-stimulating protein, an RNA-binding subunit of a core complex that interacts with apoB mRNA to facilitate C to U RNA editing. It may also act as an apoB mRNA recognition factor and chaperone, and play a key role in cell growth and differentiation. ACF shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus. It contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which display high affinity for an 11 nucleotide AU-rich mooring sequence 3' of the edited cytidine in apoB mRNA. All three RRMs may be required for complementation of editing activity in living cells. RRM2/3 are implicated in ACF interaction with APOBEC-1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн"вА0А0АаАВcd12487, RRM1_DND1, RNA recognition motif 1 found in vertebrate dead end protein homolog 1 (DND1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of DND1, also termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 4, an RNA-binding protein that is essential for maintaining viable germ cells in vertebrates. It interacts with the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and prevents micro-RNA (miRNA) mediated repression of mRNA. For instance, DND1 binds cell cycle inhibitor, P27 (p27Kip1, CDKN1B), and cell cycle regulator and tumor suppressor, LATS2 (large tumor suppressor, homolog 2 of Drosophila). It helps maintain their protein expression through blocking the inhibitory function of microRNAs (miRNA) from these transcripts. DND1 may also impose another level of translational regulation to modulate expression of critical factors in embryonic stem (ES) cells. DND1 interacts specifically with apolipoprotein B editing complex 3 (APOBEC3), a multi-functional protein inhibiting retroviral replication. The DND1-APOBEC3 interaction may play a role in maintaining viability of germ cells and for preventing germ cell tumor development. DND1 contains two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн#вА0А0АаАВьcd12488, RRM2_hnRNPR, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP R, a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein that specifically bind mRNAs with a preference for poly(U) stretches. Upon binding of RNA, hnRNP R forms oligomers, most probably dimers. hnRNP R has been implicated in mRNA processing and mRNA transport, and also acts as a regulator to modify binding to ribosomes and RNA translation. hnRNP R is predominantly located in axons of motor neurons and to a much lower degree in sensory axons. In axons of motor neurons, it also functions as a cytosolic protein and interacts with wild type of survival motor neuron (SMN) proteins directly, further providing a molecular link between SMN and the spliceosome. Moreover, hnRNP R plays an important role in neural differentiation and development, as well as in retinal development and light-elicited cellular activities. It contains an acidic auxiliary N-terminal region, followed by two well-defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal RGG motif. hnRNP R binds RNA through its RRM domains. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн$вА0А0АаАВcd12489, RRM2_hnRNPQ, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP Q, also termed glycine- and tyrosine-rich RNA-binding protein (GRY-RBP), or NS1-associated protein 1 (NASP1), or synaptotagmin-binding, cytoplasmic RNA-interacting protein (SYNCRIP). It is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein identified as a component of the spliceosome complex, as well as a component of the apobec-1 editosome. As an alternatively spliced version of NSAP, it acts as an interaction partner of a multifunctional protein required for viral replication, and is implicated in the regulation of specific mRNA transport. hnRNP Q has also been identified as SYNCRIP that is a dual functional protein participating in both viral RNA replication and translation. As a synaptotagmin-binding protein, hnRNP Q plays a putative role in organelle-based mRNA transport along the cytoskeleton. Moreover, hnRNP Q has been found in protein complexes involved in translationally coupled mRNA turnover and mRNA splicing. It functions as a wild-type survival motor neuron (SMN)-binding protein that may participate in pre-mRNA splicing and modulate mRNA transport along microtubuli. hnRNP Q contains an acidic auxiliary N-terminal region, followed by two well-defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal RGG motif; hnRNP Q binds RNA through its RRM domains. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн%вА0А0АаАВLcd12490, RRM2_ACF, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate APOBEC-1 complementation factor (ACF). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of ACF, also termed APOBEC-1-stimulating protein, an RNA-binding subunit of a core complex that interacts with apoB mRNA to facilitate C to U RNA editing. It may also act as an apoB mRNA recognition factor and chaperone and play a key role in cell growth and differentiation. ACF shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus. ACF contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which display high affinity for an 11 nucleotide AU-rich mooring sequence 3' of the edited cytidine in apoB mRNA. All three RRMs may be required for complementation of editing activity in living cells. RRM2/3 are implicated in ACF interaction with APOBEC-1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн&вА0А0АаАВ"cd12491, RRM2_RBM47, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 47 (RBM47). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM47, a putative RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence homology with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). Its biological function remains unclear. Like hnRNP R and hnRNP Q, RBM47 contains two well-defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн'вА0А0АаАВ[cd12492, RRM2_RBM46, RNA recognition motif 2 found in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 46 (RBM46). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM46, also termed cancer/testis antigen 68 (CT68). It is a putative RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence homology with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). Its biological function remains unclear. Like hnRNP R and hnRNP Q, RBM46 contains two well-defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн(вА0А0АаАВ)cd12493, RRM2_DND1, RNA recognition motif 2 found in vertebrate dead end protein homolog 1 (DND1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of DND1, also termed RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 4. It is an RNA-binding protein that is essential for maintaining viable germ cells in vertebrates. It interacts with the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and prevents micro-RNA (miRNA) mediated repression of mRNA. For instance, DND1 binds cell cycle inhibitor, P27 (p27Kip1, CDKN1B), and cell cycle regulator and tumor suppressor, LATS2 (large tumor suppressor, homolog 2 of Drosophila). It helps maintain their protein expression through blocking the inhibitory function of microRNAs (miRNA) from these transcripts. DND1 may also impose another level of translational regulation to modulate expression of critical factors in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Moreover, DND1 interacts specifically with apolipoprotein B editing complex 3 (APOBEC3), a multi-functional protein inhibiting retroviral replication. The DND1-APOBEC3 interaction may play a role in maintaining viability of germ cells and for preventing germ cell tumor development. DND1 contains two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн)вА0А0АаАВёcd12494, RRM3_hnRNPR, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP R. a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein that specifically bind mRNAs with a preference for poly(U) stretches. Upon binding of RNA, hnRNP R forms oligomers, most probably dimers. hnRNP R has been implicated in mRNA processing and mRNA transport, and also acts as a regulator to modify binding to ribosomes and RNA translation. hnRNP R is predominantly located in axons of motor neurons and to a much lower degree in sensory axons. In axons of motor neurons, it also functions as a cytosolic protein and interacts with wild type of survival motor neuron (SMN) proteins directly, further providing a molecular link between SMN and the spliceosome. Moreover, hnRNP R plays an important role in neural differentiation and development, as well as in retinal development and light-elicited cellular activities. hnRNP R contains an acidic auxiliary N-terminal region, followed by two well-defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal RGG motif; hnRNP R binds RNA through its RRM domains. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн*вА0А0АаАВcd12495, RRM3_hnRNPQ, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP Q, also termed glycine- and tyrosine-rich RNA-binding protein (GRY-RBP), or NS1-associated protein 1 (NASP1), or synaptotagmin-binding, cytoplasmic RNA-interacting protein (SYNCRIP). It is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear RNA-binding protein identified as a component of the spliceosome complex, as well as a component of the apobec-1 editosome. As an alternatively spliced version of NSAP, it acts as an interaction partner of a multifunctional protein required for viral replication, and is implicated in the regulation of specific mRNA transport. hnRNP Q has also been identified as SYNCRIP that is a dual functional protein participating in both viral RNA replication and translation. As a synaptotagmin-binding protein, hnRNP Q plays a putative role in organelle-based mRNA transport along the cytoskeleton. Moreover, hnRNP Q has been found in protein complexes involved in translationally coupled mRNA turnover and mRNA splicing. It functions as a wild-type survival motor neuron (SMN)-binding protein that may participate in pre-mRNA splicing and modulate mRNA transport along microtubuli. hnRNP Q contains an acidic auxiliary N-terminal region, followed by two well defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal RGG motif; hnRNP Q binds RNA through its RRM domains. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн+вА0А0АаАВRcd12496, RRM3_RBM46, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 46 (RBM46). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM46, also termed cancer/testis antigen 68 (CT68), is a putative RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence homology with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). Its biological function remains unclear. Like hnRNP R and hnRNP Q, RBM46 contains two well defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн,вА0А0АаАВ"cd12497, RRM3_RBM47, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 47 (RBM47). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM47, a putative RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence homology with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNP R) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q). Its biological function remains unclear. Like hnRNP R and hnRNP Q, RBM47 contains two well defined and one degenerated RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн-вА0А0АаАВLcd12498, RRM3_ACF, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate APOBEC-1 complementation factor (ACF). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of ACF, also termed APOBEC-1-stimulating protein, an RNA-binding subunit of a core complex that interacts with apoB mRNA to facilitate C to U RNA editing. It may also act as an apoB mRNA recognition factor and chaperone and play a key role in cell growth and differentiation. ACF shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus. ACF contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which display high affinity for an 11 nucleotide AU-rich mooring sequence 3' of the edited cytidine in apoB mRNA. All three RRMs may be required for complementation of editing activity in living cells. RRM2/3 are implicated in ACF interaction with APOBEC-1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн.вА0А0АаАВгcd12499, RRM_EcCsdA_like, RNA recognition motif in Escherichia coli cold-shock DEAD box protein A (CsdA) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the C-terminal RRM homology domain of E. coli CsdA, also termed ATP-dependent RNA helicase deaD, or translation factor W2, a member of the DbpA subfamily of prokaryotic DEAD-box rRNA helicases that have been implicated in ribosome biogenesis. CsdA may be involved in translation initiation, gene regulation after cold-shock, mRNA decay and biogenesis of the large or small ribosomal subunit. It contains two N-terminal ATPase catalytic domains and a C-terminal RNA binding domain, an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domain). The catalytic domains bind to nearby regions of RNA to stimulate ATP hydrolysis and disrupt RNA structures. The C-terminal domain is responsible for the high-affinity RNA binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн/вА0А0АаАВvcd12500, RRM_BsYxiN_like, RNA recognition motif in Bacillus subtilis ATP-dependent RNA helicase YxiN and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the C-terminal RRM homology domain of YxiN. B. subtilis YxiN is a member of the DbpA subfamily of prokaryotic DEAD-box rRNA helicases that have been implicated in ribosome biogenesis. It binds with high affinity and specificity to RNA substrates containing hairpin 92 of 23S rRNA (HP92) with either 3' or 5' extensions in an ATP-dependent manner. YxiN contains two N-terminal ATPase catalytic domains and a C-terminal RNA binding domain, an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domain). The catalytic domains bind to nearby regions of RNA to stimulate ATP hydrolysis and disrupt RNA structures. The C-terminal domain is responsible for the high-affinity RNA binding. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн0вА0А0АаАВMcd12501, RRM_EcDbpA_like, RNA recognition motif in Escherichia coli RNA helicase dbpA and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the C-terminal RRM homology domain of dbpA. E. coli dbpA is a member of the DbpA subfamily of prokaryotic DEAD-box rRNA helicases that have been implicated in ribosome biogenesis. It binds with high affinity and specificity for RNA substrates containing hairpin 92 of 23S rRNA (HP92) with either 3' or 5' extensions. As a non-processive ATP-dependent helicase, DbpA destabilizes and unwinds short <9bp (base pairs) RNA duplexes as well as long duplex RNA stretches. It disrupts RNA helices exclusively in a 3'- 5' direction and requires a single-stranded loading site 3' of the substrate helix. dbpA contains two N-terminal ATPase catalytic domains and a C-terminal RNA binding domain, an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domain). The catalytic domains bind to nearby regions of RNA to stimulate ATP hydrolysis and disrupt RNA structures. The C-terminal domain binds specifically to hairpin 92.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн1вА0А0АаАВcd12502, RRM2_RMB19, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA and is also essential for preimplantation development. RBM19 has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн2вА0А0АаАВ ]cd12503, RRM1_hnRNPH_GRSF1_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H protein family, G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP H proteins and GRSF-1. The hnRNP H protein family includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing. These proteins have similar RNA binding affinities and specifically recognize the sequence GGGA. They can either stimulate or repress splicing upon binding to a GGG motif. hnRNP H binds to the RNA substrate in the presence or absence of these proteins, whereas hnRNP F binds to the nuclear mRNA only in the presence of cap-binding proteins. hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; both have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. hnRNP H3 may be involved in splicing arrest induced by heat shock. Most family members contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), except for hnRNP H3, in which the RRM1 is absent. RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. Members in this family can regulate the alternative splicing of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts, and function as silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. The lack of RRM1 could account for the reduced silencing activity within hnRNP H3. Members in this family have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize. They also include a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein, GRSF-1, which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. They may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. GRSF-1 contains three potential RRMs responsible for the RNA binding, and two auxiliary domains (an acidic alpha-helical domain and an N-terminal alanine-rich region) that may play a role in protein-protein interactions and provide binding specificity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн3вА0А0АаАВ$cd12504, RRM2_hnRNPH_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H protein family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP H protein family which includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9). They represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing, having similar RNA binding affinities and specifically recognizing the sequence GGGA. They can either stimulate or repress splicing upon binding to a GGG motif. hnRNP H binds to the RNA substrate in the presence or absence of these proteins, whereas hnRNP F binds to the nuclear mRNA only in the presence of cap-binding proteins. Furthermore, hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; both have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. hnRNP H3 may be involved in the splicing arrest induced by heat shock. Most family members contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), except for hnRNP H3, in which the RRM1 is absent. RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. Members in this family can regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts, and function as silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. The lack of RRM1 could account for the reduced silencing activity within hnRNP H3. In addition, the family members have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн4вА0А0АаАВ·cd12505, RRM2_GRSF1, RNA recognition motif 2 in G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of GRSF-1, a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. GRSF-1 contains three potential RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which are responsible for the RNA binding. In addition, GRSF-1 has two auxiliary domains, an acidic alpha-helical domain and an N-terminal alanine-rich region, that may play a role in protein-protein interactions and provide binding specificity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн5вА0А0АаАВ Йcd12506, RRM3_hnRNPH_CRSF1_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP H protein family, G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP H proteins and GRSF-1. The hnRNP H protein family includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), hnRNP F and hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that are involved in pre-mRNA processing. These proteins have similar RNA binding affinities and specifically recognize the sequence GGGA. They can either stimulate or repress splicing upon binding to a GGG motif. hnRNP H binds to the RNA substrate in the presence or absence of these proteins, whereas hnRNP F binds to the nuclear mRNA only in the presence of cap-binding proteins. hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; both have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. hnRNP H3 may be involved in the splicing arrest induced by heat shock. Most family members contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), except for hnRNP H3, in which the RRM1 is absent. RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. For instance, members in this family can regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts, and function as silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. The lack of RRM1 could account for the reduced silencing activity within hnRNP H3. In addition, the family members have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize. The family also includes a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein, GRSF-1, which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. GRSF-1 also contains three potential RRMs responsible for the RNA binding, and two auxiliary domains (an acidic alpha-helical domain and an N-terminal alanine-rich region) that may play a role in protein-protein interactions and provide binding specificity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн6вА0А0АаАВрcd12507, RRM1_ESRPs_Fusilli, RNA recognition motif 1 in epithelial splicing regulatory protein ESRP1, ESRP2, Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of ESRPs and Fusilli. ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B). These are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. They are highly conserved paralogs and specifically bind to GU-rich binding site. ESRP1 and ESRP2 contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The family also includes Drosophila fusilli (fus) gene encoding RNA-binding protein Fusilli. Loss of fusilli activity causes lethality during embryogenesis in flies. Drosophila Fusilli can regulate endogenous fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing and functions as a splicing factor. It shows high sequence homology to ESRPs and contains three RRMs as well. It also has an N-terminal domain with unknown function and a C-terminal domain particularly rich in alanine, glutamine, and serine. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн7вА0А0АаАВ▓cd12508, RRM2_ESRPs_Fusilli, RNA recognition motif 2 in epithelial splicing regulatory protein ESRP1, ESRP2, Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of ESRPs and Fusilli. ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B) are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. They are highly conserved paralogs and specifically bind to GU-rich binding site. ESRP1 and ESRP2 contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The family also includes Drosophila fusilli (fus) gene encoding RNA-binding protein Fusilli.Loss of fusilli activity causes lethality during embryogenesis in flies. Drosophila Fusilli can regulate endogenous FGFR2 splicing and functions as a splicing factor. It shows high sequence homology to ESRPs and contains three RRMs as well. It also has an N-terminal domain with unknown function and a C-terminal domain particularly rich in alanine, glutamine, and serine. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн8вА0А0АаАВ╕cd12509, RRM3_ESRPs_Fusilli, RNA recognition motif 3 in epithelial splicing regulatory protein ESRP1, ESRP2, Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of ESRPs and Fusilli. ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B) are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. They are highly conserved paralogs and specifically bind to GU-rich binding site. ESRP1 and ESRP2 contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The family also includes Drosophila fusilli (fus) gene encoding RNA-binding protein Fusilli. Loss of fusilli activity causes lethality during embryogenesis in flies. Drosophila Fusilli can regulate endogenous FGFR2 splicing and functions as a splicing factor. Fusilli shows high sequence homology to ESRPs and contains three RRMs as well. It also has an N-terminal domain with unknown function and a C-terminal domain particularly rich in alanine, glutamine, and serine. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн9вА0А0АаАВkcd12510, RRM1_RBM12_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein RBM12, RBM12B and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM12 and RBM12B. RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. RBM12B show high sequence semilarity with RBM12. It contains five distinct RRMs as well. The biological roles of both RBM12 and RBM12B remain unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн:вА0А0АаАВlcd12511, RRM2_RBM12_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein RBM12, RBM12B and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM12 and RBM12B. RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. RBM12B shows high sequence semilarity with RBM12. It contains five distinct RRMs as well. The biological roles of both RBM12 and RBM12B remain unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн;вА0А0АаАВяcd12512, RRM3_RBM12, RNA recognition motif 3 in RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM12. RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. The biological role of RBM12 remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн<вА0А0АаАВCcd12513, RRM3_RBM12B, RNA recognition motif 3 in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн=вА0А0АаАВkcd12514, RRM4_RBM12_like, RNA recognition motif 4 in RNA-binding protein RBM12, RBM12B and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM4 of RBM12 and RBM12B. RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. RBM12B show high sequence semilarity with RBM12. It contains five distinct RRMs as well. The biological roles of both RBM12 and RBM12B remain unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн>вА0А0АаАВkcd12515, RRM5_RBM12_like, RNA recognition motif 5 in RNA-binding protein RBM12, RBM12B and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM5 of RBM12 and RBM12B. RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. RBM12B show high sequence semilarity with RBM12. It contains five distinct RRMs as well. The biological roles of both RBM12 and RBM12B remain unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн?вА0А0АаАВцcd12516, RRM1_RBM26, RNA recognition motif 1 of vertebrate RNA-binding protein 26 (RBM26). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM26, also known as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) tumor antigen se70-2, which represents a cutaneous lymphoma (CL)-associated antigen. It contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The RRMs may play some functional roles in RNA-binding or protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн@вА0А0АаАВ┴cd12517, RRM_RBM27, RNA recognition motif of vertebrate RNA-binding protein 27 (RBM27). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of RBM27 which contains a single RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). Although the specific function of the RRM in RBM27 remains unclear, it shows high sequence similarity with RRM1of RBM26, which functions as a cutaneous lymphoma (CL)-associated antigen. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнAвА0А0АаАВ[cd12518, RRM_SRSF11, RNA recognition motif in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 11 (SRSF11) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SRSF11, also termed arginine-rich 54 kDa nuclear protein (SRp54 or p54), which belongs to a family of proteins containing regions rich in serine-arginine dipeptides (SR proteins family). It is involved in bridge-complex formation and splicing by mediating protein-protein interactions across either introns or exons. SRSF11 has been identified as a tau exon 10 splicing repressor. It interacts with a purine-rich element in exon 10, and suppresses exon 10 inclusion by antagonizing Tra2beta, an SR-domain-containing protein that enhances exon 10 inclusion. SRSF11 is a unique SR family member and may regulate the alternative splicing in a tissue- and substrate-dependent manner. It can directly interact with the U2 auxiliary factor 65-kDa subunit (U2AF65), a protein associated with the 3' splice site. In addition, unlike the typical SR proteins, SRSF11 associates with other SR proteins but not with the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein U1-70K or the U2 auxiliary factor 35-kDa subunit (U2AF35). SREK1 has unique properties in regulating alternative splicing of different pre-mRNAs; it promotes the use of the distal 5' splice site in E1A pre-mRNA alternative splicing. It also inhibits cryptic splice site selection on the beta-globin pre-mRNA containing competing 5' splice sites. SREK1 contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and one serine-arginine (SR)-rich domains (SR domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнBвА0А0АаАВ■cd12519, RRM1_SREK1, RNA recognition motif 1 in splicing regulatory glutamine/lysine-rich protein 1 (SREK1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SREK1, also termed serine/arginine-rich-splicing regulatory protein 86-kDa (SRrp86), or splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 12 (SFRS12), or splicing regulatory protein 508 amino acid (SRrp508). SREK1 belongs to a family of proteins containing regions rich in serine-arginine dipeptides (SR proteins family), and is involved in bridge-complex formation and splicing by mediating protein-protein interactions across either introns or exons. It is a unique SR family member and may play a crucial role in determining tissue specific patterns of alternative splicing. SREK1 can alter splice site selection by both positively and negatively modulating the activity of other SR proteins. For instance, SREK1 can activate SRp20 and repress SC35 in a dose-dependent manner both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, SREK1 generally contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and two serine-arginine (SR)-rich domains (SR domains) separated by an unusual glutamic acid-lysine (EK) rich region. The RRM and SR domains are highly conserved among other members of the SR superfamily. However, the EK domain is unique to SREK1; plays a modulatory role controlling SR domain function by involvement in the inhibition of both constitutive and alternative splicing and in the selection of splice-site. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнCвА0А0АаАВ@cd12520, RRM1_MRN1, RNA recognition motif 1 of RNA-binding protein MRN1 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of MRN1, also termed multicopy suppressor of RSC-NHP6 synthetic lethality protein 1, or post-transcriptional regulator of 69 kDa,which is a RNA-binding protein found in yeast. Although its specific biological role remains unclear, MRN1 might be involved in translational regulation. Members in this family contain four copies of conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнDвА0А0АаАВAcd12521, RRM3_MRN1, RNA recognition motif 3 of RNA-binding protein MRN1 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of MRN1, also termed multicopy suppressor of RSC-NHP6 synthetic lethality protein 1, or post-transcriptional regulator of 69 kDa, which is a RNA-binding protein found in yeast. Although its specific biological role remains unclear, MRN1 might be involved in translational regulation. Members in this family contain four copies of conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнEвА0А0АаАВAcd12522, RRM4_MRN1, RNA recognition motif 4 of RNA-binding protein MRN1 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of MRN1, also termed multicopy suppressor of RSC-NHP6 synthetic lethality protein 1, or post-transcriptional regulator of 69 kDa, which is a RNA-binding protein found in yeast. Although its specific biological role remains unclear, MRN1 might be involved in translational regulation. Members in this family contain four copies of conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнFвА0А0АаАВAcd12523, RRM2_MRN1, RNA recognition motif 2 of RNA-binding protein MRN1 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of MRN1, also termed multicopy suppressor of RSC-NHP6 synthetic lethality protein 1, or post-transcriptional regulator of 69 kDa, which is a RNA-binding protein found in yeast. Although its specific biological role remains unclear, MRN1 might be involved in translational regulation. Members in this family contain four copies of conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнGвА0А0АаАВ▒cd12524, RRM1_MEI2_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in plant Mei2-like proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of Mei2-like proteins that represent an ancient eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins family. Their corresponding Mei2-like genes appear to have arisen early in eukaryote evolution, been lost from some lineages such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans, and diversified in the plant lineage. The plant Mei2-like genes may function in cell fate specification during development, rather than as stimulators of meiosis. Members in this family contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The C-terminal RRM (RRM3) is unique to Mei2-like proteins and it is highly conserved between plants and fungi. Up to date, the intracellular localization, RNA target(s), cellular interactions and phosphorylation states of Mei2-like proteins in plants remain unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнHвА0А0АаАВ4cd12525, RRM1_MEI2_fungi, RNA recognition motif 1 in fungal Mei2-like proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of fungal Mei2-like proteins. The Mei2 protein is an essential component of the switch from mitotic to meiotic growth in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. It is an RNA-binding protein that contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). In the nucleus, S. pombe Mei2 stimulates meiosis upon binding a specific non-coding RNA through its C-terminal RRM motif. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнIвА0А0АаАВ|cd12526, RRM1_EAR1_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in terminal EAR1-like proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of terminal EAR1-like proteins, including terminal EAR1-like protein 1 and 2 (TEL1 and TEL2) found in land plants. They may play a role in the regulation of leaf initiation. The terminal EAR1-like proteins are putative RNA-binding proteins carrying three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and TEL characteristic motifs that allow sequence and putative functional discrimination between the terminal EAR1-like proteins and Mei2-like proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнJвА0А0АаАВ|cd12527, RRM2_EAR1_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in terminal EAR1-like proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of terminal EAR1-like proteins, including terminal EAR1-like protein 1 and 2 (TEL1 and TEL2) found in land plants. They may play a role in the regulation of leaf initiation. The terminal EAR1-like proteins are putative RNA-binding proteins carrying three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and TEL characteristic motifs that allow sequence and putative functional discrimination between the terminal EAR1-like proteins and Mei2-like proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнKвА0А0АаАВ3cd12528, RRM2_MEI2_fungi, RNA recognition motif 2 in fungal Mei2-like proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of fungal Mei2-like proteins.The Mei2 protein is an essential component of the switch from mitotic to meiotic growth in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. It is an RNA-binding protein that contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). In the nucleus, S. pombe Mei2 stimulates meiosis upon binding a specific non-coding RNA through its C-terminal RRM motif. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнLвА0А0АаАВлcd12529, RRM2_MEI2_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in plant Mei2-like proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Mei2-like proteins that represent an ancient eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins family. Their corresponding Mei2-like genes appear to have arisen early in eukaryote evolution, been lost from some lineages such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans, and diversified in the plant lineage. The plant Mei2-like genes may function in cell fate specification during development, rather than as stimulators of meiosis. Members in this family contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The C-terminal RRM (RRM3) is unique to Mei2-like proteins and is highly conserved between plants and fungi. To date, the intracellular localization, RNA target(s), cellular interactions and phosphorylation states of Mei2-like proteins in plants remain unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнMвА0А0АаАВ|cd12530, RRM3_EAR1_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in terminal EAR1-like proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of terminal EAR1-like proteins, including terminal EAR1-like protein 1 and 2 (TEL1 and TEL2) found in land plants. They may play a role in the regulation of leaf initiation. The terminal EAR1-like proteins are putative RNA-binding proteins carrying three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and TEL characteristic motifs that allow sequence and putative functional discrimination between the terminal EAR1-like proteins and Mei2-like proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнNвА0А0АаАВкcd12531, RRM3_MEI2_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in plant Mei2-like proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of Mei2-like proteins, representing an ancient eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins family. Their corresponding Mei2-like genes appear to have arisen early in eukaryote evolution, been lost from some lineages such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans, and diversified in the plant lineage. The plant Mei2-like genes may function in cell fate specification during development, rather than as stimulators of meiosis. Members in this family contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The C-terminal RRM (RRM3) is unique to Mei2-like proteins and is highly conserved between plants and fungi. To date, the intracellular localization, RNA target(s), cellular interactions and phosphorylation states of Mei2-like proteins in plants remain unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнOвА0А0АаАВ4cd12532, RRM3_MEI2_fungi, RNA recognition motif 3 in fungal Mei2-like proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of fungal Mei2-like proteins. The Mei2 protein is an essential component of the switch from mitotic to meiotic growth in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. It is an RNA-binding protein that contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). In the nucleus, S. pombe Mei2 stimulates meiosis upon binding a specific non-coding RNA through its C-terminal RRM motif. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнPвА0А0АаАВncd12533, RRM_EWS, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate Ewing Sarcoma Protein (EWS). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of EWS, also termed Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 protein, a member of the FET (previously TET) (FUS/TLS, EWS, TAF15) family of RNA- and DNA-binding proteins whose expression is altered in cancer. It is a multifunctional protein and may play roles in transcription and RNA processing. EWS is involved in transcriptional regulation by interacting with the preinitiation complex TFIID and the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) complexes. It is also associated with splicing factors, such as the U1 snRNP protein U1C, suggesting its implication in pre-mRNA splicing. Additionally, EWS has been shown to regulate DNA damage-induced alternative splicing (AS). Like other members in the FET family, EWS contains an N-terminal Ser, Gly, Gln and Tyr-rich region composed of multiple copies of a degenerate hexapeptide repeat motif. The C-terminal region consists of a conserved nuclear import and retention signal (C-NLS), a C2/C2 zinc-finger motif, a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and at least 1 arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG)-repeat region. EWS specifically binds to poly G and poly U RNA. It also binds to the proximal-element DNA of the macrophage-specific promoter of the CSF-1 receptor gene. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнQвА0А0АаАВ*cd12534, RRM_SARFH, RNA recognition motif in Drosophila melanogaster RNA-binding protein cabeza and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM in cabeza, also termed P19, or sarcoma-associated RNA-binding fly homolog (SARFH). It is a putative homolog of human RNA-binding proteins FUS (also termed TLS or Pigpen or hnRNP P2), EWS (also termed EWSR1), TAF15 (also termed hTAFII68 or TAF2N or RPB56), and belongs to the of the FET (previously TET) (FUS/TLS, EWS, TAF15) family of RNA- and DNA-binding proteins whose expression is altered in cancer. It is a nuclear RNA binding protein that may play an important role in the regulation of RNA metabolism during fly development. Cabeza contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнRвА0А0АаАВ яcd12535, RRM_FUS_TAF15, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate fused in Ewing's sarcoma protein (FUS), TATA-binding protein-associated factor 15 (TAF15) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of FUS and TAF15. FUS (TLS or Pigpen or hnRNP P2), also termed 75 kDa DNA-pairing protein (POMp75), or oncoprotein TLS (Translocated in liposarcoma), is a member of the FET (previously TET) (FUS/TLS, EWS, TAF15) family of RNA- and DNA-binding proteins whose expression is altered in cancer. It is a multi-functional protein and has been implicated in pre-mRNA splicing, chromosome stability, cell spreading, and transcription. FUS was originally identified in human myxoid and round cell liposarcomas as an oncogenic fusion with the stress-induced DNA-binding transcription factor CHOP (CCAAT enhancer-binding homologous protein) and later as hnRNP P2, a component of hnRNP H complex assembled on pre-mRNA. It can form ternary complexes with hnRNP A1 and hnRNP C1/C2. Additional research indicates that FUS binds preferentially to GGUG-containing RNAs. In the presence of Mg2+, it can bind both single- and double-stranded DNA (ssDNA/dsDNA) and promote ATP-independent annealing of complementary ssDNA and D-loop formation in superhelical dsDNA. FUS has been shown to be recruited by single stranded noncoding RNAs to the regulatory regions of target genes such as cyclin D1, where it represses transcription by disrupting complex formation. TAF15 (TAFII68), also termed TATA-binding protein-associated factor 2N (TAF2N), or RNA-binding protein 56 (RBP56), originally identified as a TAF in the general transcription initiation TFIID complex, is a novel RNA/ssDNA-binding protein with homology to the proto-oncoproteins FUS and EWS (also termed EWSR1), belonging to the FET family as well. TAF15 likely functions in RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription by interacting with TFIID and subunits of RNAP II itself. TAF15 is also associated with U1 snRNA, chromatin and RNA, in a complex distinct from the Sm-containing U1 snRNP that functions in splicing. Like other members in the FET family, both FUS and TAF15 contain an N-terminal Ser, Gly, Gln and Tyr-rich region composed of multiple copies of a degenerate hexapeptide repeat motif. The C-terminal region consists of a conserved nuclear import and retention signal (C-NLS), a C2/C2 zinc-finger motif, a conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and at least 1 arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG)-repeat region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнSвА0А0АаАВцcd12536, RRM1_RBM39, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 39 (RBM39). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM39, also termed hepatocellular carcinoma protein 1, or RNA-binding region-containing protein 2, or splicing factor HCC1, a nuclear autoantigen that contains an N-terminal arginine/serine rich (RS) motif and three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). An octapeptide sequence called the RS-ERK motif is repeated six times in the RS region of RBM39. Based on the specific domain composition, RBM39 has been classified into a family of non-snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein) splicing factors that are usually not complexed to snRNAs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнTвА0А0АаАВ[cd12537, RRM1_RBM23, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate probable RNA-binding protein 23 (RBM23). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM23, also termed RNA-binding region-containing protein 4, or splicing factor SF2, which may function as a pre-mRNA splicing factor. It shows high sequence homology to RNA-binding protein 39 (RBM39 or HCC1), a nuclear autoantigen that contains an N-terminal arginine/serine rich (RS) motif and three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). In contrast to RBM39, RBM23 contains only two RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнUвА0А0АаАВ#cd12538, RRM_U2AF35, RNA recognition motif in U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit (U2AF35). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of U2AF35, also termed U2AF1, which is one of the small subunits of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) auxiliary factor (U2AF). It has been implicated in the recruitment of U2 snRNP to pre-mRNAs and is a highly conserved heterodimer composed of large and small subunits. U2AF35 directly binds to the 3' splice site of the conserved AG dinucleotide and performs multiple functions in the splicing process in a substrate-specific manner. It promotes U2 snRNP binding to the branch-point sequences of introns through association with the large subunit of U2AF, U2AF65 (also termed U2AF2). U2AF35 contains two N-terminal zinc fingers, a central RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal arginine/serine (SR)-rich segment interrupted by glycines. U2AF35 binds both U2AF65 and the pre-mRNA through its RRM domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнVвА0А0АаАВUcd12539, RRM_U2AF35B, RNA recognition motif in splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit B (U2AF35B). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of U2AF35B, also termed zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 60 (C3H60), which is one of the small subunits of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) auxiliary factor (U2AF). It has been implicated in the recruitment of U2 snRNP to pre-mRNAs and is a highly conserved heterodimer composed of large and small subunits. Members in this family are mainly found in plant. They show high sequence homology to vertebrates U2AF35 that directly binds to the 3' splice site of the conserved AG dinucleotide and performs multiple functions in the splicing process in a substrate-specific manner. U2AF35B contains two N-terminal zinc fingers, a central RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal arginine/serine (SR)-rich domain. In contrast to U2AF35, U2AF35B has a plant-specific conserved C-terminal region containing SERE motif(s), which may have an important function specific to higher plants. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнWвА0А0АаАВ1cd12540, RRM_U2AFBPL, RNA recognition motif in U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 35 kDa subunit-related protein 1 (U2AFBPL) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of U2AFBPL, a human homolog of the imprinted mouse gene U2afbp-rs, which encodes a U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 35 kDa subunit-related protein 1 (U2AFBPL), also termed CCCH type zinc finger, RNA-binding motif and serine/arginine rich protein 1 (U2AF1RS1), or U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1-like 1 (U2AF1L1). Although the biological role of U2AFBPL remains unclear, it shows high sequence homology to splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit (U2AF35 or U2AF1) that directly binds to the 3' splice site of the conserved AG dinucleotide and performs multiple functions in the splicing process in a substrate-specific manner. Like U2AF35, U2AFBPL contains two N-terminal zinc fingers, a central RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal arginine/serine (SR)-rich domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнXвА0А0АаАВ╓cd12541, RRM2_La, RNA recognition motif 2 in La autoantigen (La or LARP3) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of La autoantigen, also termed Lupus La protein, or La ribonucleoprotein, or Sjoegren syndrome type B antigen (SS-B), a highly abundant nuclear phosphoprotein and well conserved in eukaryotes. It specifically binds the 3'-terminal UUU-OH motif of nascent RNA polymerase III transcripts and protects them from exonucleolytic degradation by 3' exonucleases. In addition, La can directly facilitate the translation and/or metabolism of many UUU-3' OH-lacking cellular and viral mRNAs, through binding internal RNA sequences within the untranslated regions of target mRNAs. La contains an N-terminal La motif (LAM), followed by two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). In addition, it possesses a short basic motif (SBM) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнYвА0А0АаАВйcd12542, RRM2_LARP7, RNA recognition motif 2 in La-related protein 7 (LARP7) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of LARP7, also termed La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 7, or P-TEFb-interaction protein for 7SK stability (PIP7S), an oligopyrimidine-binding protein that binds to the highly conserved 3'-terminal U-rich stretch (3' -UUU-OH) of 7SK RNA. LARP7 is a stable component of the 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (7SK snRNP). It intimately associates with all the nuclear 7SK and is required for 7SK stability. LARP7 also acts as a negative transcriptional regulator of cellular and viral polymerase II genes, acting by means of the 7SK snRNP system. LARP7 plays an essential role in the inhibition of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb)-dependent transcription, which has been linked to the global control of cell growth and tumorigenesis. LARP7 contains a La motif (LAM) and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), at the N-terminal region, which mediates binding to the U-rich 3' terminus of 7SK RNA. LARP7 also carries another putative RRM domain at its C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнZвА0А0АаАВScd12543, RRM2_PAR14, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 14 (PARP-14). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of PARP-14, also termed aggressive lymphoma protein 2, a member of the B aggressive lymphoma (BAL) family of macrodomain-containing PARPs. It is expressed in B lymphocytes and interacts with the IL-4-induced transcription factor Stat6. It plays a fundamental role in the regulation of IL-4-induced B-cell protection against apoptosis after irradiation or growth factor withdrawal. It mediates IL-4 effects on the levels of gene products that regulate cell survival, proliferation, and lymphomagenesis. PARP-14 acts as a transcriptional switch for Stat6-dependent gene activation. In the presence of IL-4, PARP-14 activates transcription by facilitating the binding of Stat6 to the promoter and release of HDACs from the promoter with an IL-4 signal. In contrast, in the absence of a signal, PARP-14 acts as a transcriptional repressor by recruiting HDACs. Absence of PARP-14 protects against Myc-induced developmental block and lymphoma. Thus, PARP-14 may play an important role in Myc-induced oncogenesis. Additional research indicates that PARP-14 is also a binding partner with phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)/ autocrine motility factor (AMF). It can inhibit PGI/AMF ubiquitination, thus contributing to its stabilization and secretion. PARP-14 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), three tandem macro domains, and C-terminal region with sequence homology to PARP catalytic domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн[вА0А0АаАВcd12544, RRM_NMI, RNA recognition motif in N-myc-interactor (Nmi) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM.in Nmi, also termed N-myc and STAT interactor, an interferon inducible protein that interacts with c-Myc, N-Myc, Max and c-Fos, and other transcription factors containing bHLH-ZIP, bHLH or ZIP domains. In addition to binding Myc proteins, Nmi also associates with all the Stat family of transcription factors except Stat2. In response to cytokines (e.g. IL-2 and IFN-gamma) stimulation, Nmi can enhance Stat-mediated transcriptional activity through recruiting the Stat1 and Stat5 transcriptional coactivators, CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300. Nmi contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн\вА0А0АаАВЙcd12545, RRM_IN35, RNA recognition motif in interferon-induced 35 kDa protein (IFP 35) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM in IFP 35, an interferon-induced leucine zipper protein that can specifically form homodimers. Distinct from known bZIP proteins, IFP 35 lacks a basic domain critical for DNA binding. IFP 35 may negatively regulate other bZIP transcription factors by protein-protein interaction. For instance, it can form heterodimers with B-ATF, a member of the AP1 transcription factor family. IFP 35 contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн]вА0А0АаАВcd12546, RRM_RBM43, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 43 (RBM43). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of RBM43, a putative RNA-binding protein containing one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). Although its biological function remains unclear, RBM43 shows high sequence homology to poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 10 (PARP-10), which is a novel oncoprotein c-Myc-interacting protein with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн^вА0А0АаАВ▀cd12547, RRM1_2_PAR10, RNA recognition motif 1 and 2 in poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 10 (PARP-10) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 and RRM2 of PARP-10, a novel oncoprotein c-Myc-interacting protein with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. It is localized to the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. In addition to the PARP activity, PARP-10 is also involved in the control of cell proliferation by inhibiting c-Myc- and E1A-mediated cotransformation of primary cells. PARP-10 may play a role in nuclear processes including the regulation of chromatin, gene transcription, and nuclear/cytoplasmic transport. It contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two overlapping C-terminal domains composed of a glycine-rich region and a region with homology to catalytic domains of PARP enzymes (PARP domain). In addition, PARP-10 contains two ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIM). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн_вА0А0АаАВ?cd12548, RRM_Set1A, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate histone-lysine N-methyltransferase Setd1A (Set1A). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of Setd1A, also termed SET domain-containing protein 1A (Set1A), or lysine N-methyltransferase 2F, or Set1/Ash2 histone methyltransferase complex subunit Set1, a ubiquitously expressed vertebrates histone methyltransferase that exhibits high homology to yeast Set1. Set1A is localized to euchromatic nuclear speckles and associates with a complex containing six human homologs of the yeast Set1/COMPASS complex, including CXXC finger protein 1 (CFP1; homologous to yeast Spp1), Rbbp5 (homologous to yeast Swd1), Ash2 (homologous to yeast Bre2), Wdr5 (homologous to yeast Swd3), and Wdr82 (homologous to yeast Swd2). Set1A contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), an N- SET domain, and a C-terminal catalytic SET domain followed by a post-SET domain. In contrast to Set1B, Set1A additionally contains an HCF-1 binding motif that interacts with HCF-1 in vivo. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн`вА0А0АаАВєcd12549, RRM_Set1B, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate histone-lysine N-methyltransferase Setd1B (Set1B). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of Setd1B, also termed SET domain-containing protein 1B (Set1B), or lysine N-methyltransferase 2G, a ubiquitously expressed vertebrates histone methyltransferase that exhibits high homology to yeast Set1. Set1B is localized to euchromatic nuclear speckles and associates with a complex containing six human homologs of the yeast Set1/COMPASS complex, including CXXC finger protein 1 (CFP1; homologous to yeast Spp1), Rbbp5 (homologous to yeast Swd1), Ash2 (homologous to yeast Bre2), Wdr5 (homologous to yeast Swd3), and Wdr82 (homologous to yeast Swd2). Set1B complex is a histone methyltransferase that produces trimethylated histone H3 at Lys4. Set1B contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), an N- SET domain, and a C-terminal catalytic SET domain followed by a post-SET domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнaвА0А0АаАВmcd12550, RRM_II_PABPN1, RNA recognition motif in type II polyadenylate-binding protein 2 (PABP-2) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of PABP-2, also termed poly(A)-binding protein 2, or nuclear poly(A)-binding protein 1 (PABPN1), or poly(A)-binding protein II (PABII), which is a ubiquitously expressed type II nuclear poly(A)-binding protein that directs the elongation of mRNA poly(A) tails during pre-mRNA processing. Although PABP-2 binds poly(A) with high affinity and specificity as type I poly(A)-binding proteins, it contains only one highly conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), which is responsible for the poly(A) binding. In addition, PABP-2 possesses an acidic N-terminal domain that is essential for the stimulation of PAP, and an arginine-rich C-terminal domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнbвА0А0АаАВюcd12551, RRM_II_PABPN1L, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate type II embryonic polyadenylate-binding protein 2 (ePABP-2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of ePABP-2, also termed embryonic poly(A)-binding protein 2, or poly(A)-binding protein nuclear-like 1 (PABPN1L). ePABP-2 is a novel embryonic-specific cytoplasmic type II poly(A)-binding protein that is expressed during the early stages of vertebrate development and in adult ovarian tissue. It may play an important role in the poly(A) metabolism of stored mRNAs during early vertebrate development. ePABP-2 shows significant sequence similarity to the ubiquitously expressed nuclear polyadenylate-binding protein 2 (PABP-2 or PABPN1). Like PABP-2, ePABP-2 contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), which is responsible for the poly(A) binding. In addition, it possesses an acidic N-terminal domain predicted to form a coiled-coil and an arginine-rich C-terminal domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнcвА0А0АаАВзcd12552, RRM_Nop15p, RNA recognition motif in yeast ribosome biogenesis protein 15 (Nop15p) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of Nop15p, also termed nucleolar protein 15, which is encoded by YNL110C from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and localizes to the nucleoplasm and nucleolus. Nop15p has been identified as a component of a pre-60S particle. It interacts with RNA components of the early pre-60S particles. Furthermore, Nop15p binds directly to a pre-rRNA transcript in vitro and is required for pre-rRNA processing. It functions as a ribosome synthesis factor required for the 5' to 3' exonuclease digestion that generates the 5' end of the major, short form of the 5.8S rRNA as well as for processing of 27SB to 7S pre-rRNA. Nop15p also play a specific role in cell cycle progression. Nop15p contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнdвА0А0АаАВPcd12553, RRM1_RBM15, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM15, also termed one-twenty two protein 1 (OTT1), conserved in eukaryotes, a novel mRNA export factor and component of the NXF1 pathway. It binds to NXF1 and serves as receptor for the RNA export element RTE. It also possesses mRNA export activity and can facilitate the access of DEAD-box protein DBP5 to mRNA at the nuclear pore complex (NPC). RBM15 belongs to the Spen (split end) protein family, which contains three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal SPOC (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal) domain. This family also includes a RBM15-MKL1 (OTT-MAL) fusion protein that RBM15 is N-terminally fused to megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 protein (MKL1) at the C-terminus in a translocation involving chromosome 1 and 22, resulting in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. The fusion protein could interact with the mRNA export machinery. Although it maintains the specific transactivator function of MKL1, the fusion protein cannot activate RTE-mediated mRNA expression and has lost the post-transcriptional activator function of RBM15. However, it has transdominant suppressor function contributing to its oncogenic properties.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнeвА0А0АаАВNcd12554, RRM1_RBM15B, RNA recognition motif 1 in putative RNA binding motif protein 15B (RBM15B) from vertebrate. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM15B, also termed one twenty-two 3 (OTT3), a paralog of RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15), also known as One-twenty two protein 1 (OTT1). Like RBM15, RBM15B has post-transcriptional regulatory activity. It is a nuclear protein sharing with RBM15 the association with the splicing factor compartment and the nuclear envelope as well as the binding to mRNA export factors NXF1 and Aly/REF. RBM15B belongs to the Spen (split end) protein family, which shares a domain architecture comprising of three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal SPOC (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal) domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнfвА0А0АаАВQcd12555, RRM2_RBM15, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM15, also termed one-twenty two protein 1 (OTT1), conserved in eukaryotes, a novel mRNA export factor and component of the NXF1 pathway. It binds to NXF1 and serves as receptor for the RNA export element RTE. It also possesses mRNA export activity and can facilitate the access of DEAD-box protein DBP5 to mRNA at the nuclear pore complex (NPC). RBM15 belongs to the Spen (split end) protein family, which contain three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal SPOC (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal) domain. This family also includes a RBM15-MKL1 (OTT-MAL) fusion protein that RBM15 is N-terminally fused to megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 protein (MKL1) at the C-terminus in a translocation involving chromosome 1 and 22, resulting in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. The fusion protein could interact with the mRNA export machinery. Although it maintains the specific transactivator function of MKL1, the fusion protein cannot activate RTE-mediated mRNA expression and has lost the post-transcriptional activator function of RBM15. However, it has transdominant suppressor function contributing to its oncogenic properties. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнgвА0А0АаАВMcd12556, RRM2_RBM15B, RNA recognition motif 2 in putative RNA binding motif protein 15B (RBM15B) from vertebrate. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM15B, also termed one twenty-two 3 (OTT3), a paralog of RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15), also known as One-twenty two protein 1 (OTT1). Like RBM15, RBM15B has post-transcriptional regulatory activity. It is a nuclear protein sharing with RBM15 the association with the splicing factor compartment and the nuclear envelope as well as the binding to mRNA export factors NXF1 and Aly/REF. RBM15B belongs to the Spen (split end) protein family, which shares a domain architecture comprising of three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal SPOC (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal) domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнhвА0А0АаАВPcd12557, RRM3_RBM15, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM15, also termed one-twenty two protein 1 (OTT1), conserved in eukaryotes, a novel mRNA export factor component of the NXF1 pathway. It binds to NXF1 and serves as receptor for the RNA export element RTE. It also possesses mRNA export activity and can facilitate the access of DEAD-box protein DBP5 to mRNA at the nuclear pore complex (NPC). RBM15 belongs to the Spen (split end) protein family, which contains three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal SPOC (Spen paralogue and ortholog C-terminal) domain. This family also includes a RBM15-MKL1 (OTT-MAL) fusion protein that RBM15 is N-terminally fused to megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 protein (MKL1) at the C-terminus in a translocation involving chromosome 1 and 22, resulting in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. The fusion protein could interact with the mRNA export machinery. Although it maintains the specific transactivator function of MKL1, the fusion protein cannot activate RTE-mediated mRNA expression and has lost the post-transcriptional activator function of RBM15. However, it has transdominant suppressor function contributing to its oncogenic properties. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнiвА0А0АаАВGcd12558, RRM3_RBM15B, RNA recognition motif 3 in putative RNA-binding protein 15B (RBM15B) from vertebrate. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM15B, also termed one twenty-two 3 (OTT3), a paralog of RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15), also known as One-twenty two protein 1 (OTT1). Like RBM15, RBM15B has post-transcriptional regulatory activity. It is a nuclear protein sharing with RBM15 the association with the splicing factor compartment and the nuclear envelope as well as the binding to mRNA export factors NXF1 and Aly/REF. RBM15B belongs to the Spen (split end) protein family, which shares a domain architecture comprising of three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal SPOC (Spen paralog and ortholog C-terminal) domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнjвА0А0АаАВчcd12559, RRM_SRSF10, RNA recognition motif in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 10 (SRSF10) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SRSF10, also termed 40 kDa SR-repressor protein (SRrp40), or FUS-interacting serine-arginine-rich protein 1 (FUSIP1), or splicing factor SRp38, or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 13A (SFRS13A), or TLS-associated protein with Ser-Arg repeats (TASR). SRSF10 is a serine-arginine (SR) protein that acts as a potent and general splicing repressor when dephosphorylated. It mediates global inhibition of splicing both in M phase of the cell cycle and in response to heat shock. SRSF10 emerges as a modulator of cholesterol homeostasis through the regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) splicing efficiency. It also regulates cardiac-specific alternative splicing of triadin pre-mRNA and is required for proper Ca2+ handling during embryonic heart development. In contrast, the phosphorylated SRSF10 functions as a sequence-specific splicing activator in the presence of a nuclear cofactor. It activates distal alternative 5' splice site of adenovirus E1A pre-mRNA in vivo. Moreover, SRSF10 strengthens pre-mRNA recognition by U1 and U2 snRNPs. SRSF10 localizes to the nuclear speckles and can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. It contains a single N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a C-terminal RS domain rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнkвА0А0АаАВ(cd12560, RRM_SRSF12, RNA recognition motif in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 12 (SRSF12) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SRSF12, also termed 35 kDa SR repressor protein (SRrp35), or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 13B (SFRS13B), or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 19 (SFRS19). SRSF12 is a serine/arginine (SR) protein-like alternative splicing regulator that antagonizes authentic SR proteins in the modulation of alternative 5' splice site choice. For instance, it activates distal alternative 5' splice site of the adenovirus E1A pre-mRNA in vivo. SRSF12 contains a single N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a C-terminal RS domain rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнlвА0А0АаАВKcd12561, RRM1_RBM5_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5 or LUCA15 or H37), RNA-binding protein 10 (RBM10 or S1-1) and similar proteins. RBM5 is a known modulator of apoptosis. It may also act as a tumor suppressor or an RNA splicing factor; it specifically binds poly(G) RNA. RBM10, a paralog of RBM5, may play an important role in mRNA generation, processing and degradation in several cell types. The rat homolog of human RBM10 is protein S1-1, a hypothetical RNA binding protein with poly(G) and poly(U) binding capabilities. Both, RBM5 and RBM10, contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two C2H2-type zinc fingers, and a G-patch/D111 domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнmвА0А0АаАВKcd12562, RRM2_RBM5_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5 or LUCA15 or H37), RNA-binding protein 10 (RBM10 or S1-1) and similar proteins. RBM5 is a known modulator of apoptosis. It may also act as a tumor suppressor or an RNA splicing factor; it specifically binds poly(G) RNA. RBM10, a paralog of RBM5, may play an important role in mRNA generation, processing and degradation in several cell types. The rat homolog of human RBM10 is protein S1-1, a hypothetical RNA binding protein with poly(G) and poly(U) binding capabilities. Both, RBM5 and RBM10, contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two C2H2-type zinc fingers, and a G-patch/D111 domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнnвА0А0АаАВпcd12563, RRM2_RBM6, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 6 (RBM6). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM6, also termed lung cancer antigen NY-LU-12, or protein G16, or RNA-binding protein DEF-3, which has been predicted to be a nuclear factor based on its nuclear localization signal. It shows high sequence similarity to RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5 or LUCA15 or NY-REN-9). Both, RBM6 and RBM5, specifically bind poly(G) RNA. They contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two C2H2-type zinc fingers, a nuclear localization signal, and a G-patch/D111 domain. In contrast to RBM5, RBM6 has two additional unique domains: the decamer repeat occurring more than 20 times, and the POZ (poxvirus and zinc finger) domain. The POZ domain may be involved in protein-protein interactions and inhibit binding of target sequences by zinc fingers. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнoвА0А0АаАВcd12564, RRM1_RBM19, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA. In addition, it is essential for preimplantation development. RBM19 has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнpвА0А0АаАВcd12565, RRM1_MRD1, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of MRD1 which is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well-conserved in yeast and its homologs exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). MRD1 is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. It contains 5 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнqвА0А0АаАВcd12566, RRM2_MRD1, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of MRD1 which is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well-conserved in yeast and its homologs exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). It is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. MRD1 contains 5 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнrвА0А0АаАВcd12567, RRM3_RBM19, RNA recognition motif 3 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), which is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA. In addition, it is essential for preimplantation development. RBM19 has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнsвА0А0АаАВcd12568, RRM3_MRD1, RNA recognition motif 3 in yeast multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of MRD1 which is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well-conserved in yeast and its homologs exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). MRD1 is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. It contains 5 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнtвА0А0АаАВcd12569, RRM4_RBM19, RNA recognition motif 4 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), which is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA. In addition, it is essential for preimplantation development. RBM19 has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнuвА0А0АаАВcd12570, RRM5_MRD1, RNA recognition motif 5 in yeast multiple RNA-binding domain-containing protein 1 (MRD1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM5 of MRD1 which is encoded by a novel yeast gene MRD1 (multiple RNA-binding domain). It is well-conserved in yeast and its homologs exist in all eukaryotes. MRD1 is present in the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm. It interacts with the 35 S precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) and U3 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). MRD1 is essential for the initial processing at the A0-A2 cleavage sites in the 35 S pre-rRNA. It contains 5 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which may play an important structural role in organizing specific rRNA processing events. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнvвА0А0АаАВcd12571, RRM6_RBM19, RNA recognition motif 6 in RNA-binding protein 19 (RBM19) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM6 of RBM19, also termed RNA-binding domain-1 (RBD-1), which is a nucleolar protein conserved in eukaryotes. It is involved in ribosome biogenesis by processing rRNA. In addition, it is essential for preimplantation development. RBM19 has a unique domain organization containing 6 conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнwвА0А0АаАВ cd12572, RRM2_MSI1, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1 (Musashi-1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Musashi-1. The mammalian MSI1 gene encoding Musashi-1 (also termed Msi1) is a neural RNA-binding protein putatively expressed in central nervous system (CNS) stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and associated with asymmetric divisions in neural progenitor cells. Musashi-1 is evolutionarily conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. It is a homolog of Drosophila Musashi and Xenopus laevis nervous system-specific RNP protein-1 (Nrp-1) and has been implicated in the maintenance of the stem-cell state, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. It translationally regulates the expression of a mammalian numb gene by binding to the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA of Numb, encoding a membrane-associated inhibitor of Notch signaling, and further influences neural development. It represses translation by interacting with the poly(A)-binding protein and competes for binding of the eukaryotic initiation factor-4G (eIF-4G). Musashi-1 contains two conserved N-terminal tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), along with other domains of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнxвА0А0АаАВёcd12573, RRM2_MSI2, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 2 (Musashi-2) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Musashi-2 (also termed Msi2) which has been identified as a regulator of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and of leukemic stem cells after transplantation of cells with loss and gain of function of the gene. It influences proliferation and differentiation of HSCs and myeloid progenitors, and further modulates normal hematopoiesis and promotes aggressive myeloid leukemia. Musashi-2 contains two conserved N-terminal tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), along with other domains of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнyвА0А0АаАВСcd12574, RRM1_DAZAP1, RNA recognition motif 1 in Deleted in azoospermia-associated protein 1 (DAZAP1) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of DAZAP1 or DAZ-associated protein 1, also termed proline-rich RNA binding protein (Prrp), a multi-functional ubiquitous RNA-binding protein expressed most abundantly in the testis and essential for normal cell growth, development, and spermatogenesis. DAZAP1 is a shuttling protein whose acetylated form is predominantly nuclear and the nonacetylated form is in cytoplasm. It also functions as a translational regulator that activates translation in an mRNA-specific manner. DAZAP1 was initially identified as a binding partner of Deleted in Azoospermia (DAZ). It also interacts with numerous hnRNPs, including hnRNP U, hnRNP U like-1, hnRNPA1, hnRNPA/B, and hnRNP D, suggesting DAZAP1 might associate and cooperate with hnRNP particles to regulate adenylate-uridylate-rich elements (AU-rich element or ARE)-containing mRNAs. DAZAP1 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal proline-rich domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнzвА0А0АаАВ*cd12575, RRM1_hnRNPD_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP D0, hnRNP A/B, hnRNP DL and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 in hnRNP D0, hnRNP A/B, hnRNP DL and similar proteins. hnRNP D0 is a UUAG-specific nuclear RNA binding protein that may be involved in pre-mRNA splicing and telomere elongation. hnRNP A/B is an RNA unwinding protein with a high affinity for G- followed by U-rich regions. hnRNP A/B has also been identified as an APOBEC1-binding protein that interacts with apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA transcripts around the editing site and thus plays an important role in apoB mRNA editing. hnRNP DL (or hnRNP D-like) is a dual functional protein that possesses DNA- and RNA-binding properties. It has been implicated in mRNA biogenesis at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. All members in this family contain two putative RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glycine- and tyrosine-rich C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн{вА0А0АаАВаcd12576, RRM1_MSI, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog Musashi-1, Musashi-2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 in Musashi-1 and Musashi-2. Musashi-1 (also termed Msi1) is a neural RNA-binding protein putatively expressed in central nervous system (CNS) stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and associated with asymmetric divisions in neural progenitor cells. It is evolutionarily conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. Musashi-1 is a homolog of Drosophila Musashi and Xenopus laevis nervous system-specific RNP protein-1 (Nrp-1). It has been implicated in the maintenance of the stem-cell state, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. It translationally regulates the expression of a mammalian numb gene by binding to the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA of Numb, encoding a membrane-associated inhibitor of Notch signaling, and further influences neural development. Moreover, Musashi-1 represses translation by interacting with the poly(A)-binding protein and competes for binding of the eukaryotic initiation factor-4G (eIF-4G). Musashi-2 (also termed Msi2) has been identified as a regulator of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and of leukemic stem cells after transplantation of cells with loss and gain of function of the gene. It influences proliferation and differentiation of HSCs and myeloid progenitors, and further modulates normal hematopoiesis and promotes aggressive myeloid leukemia. Both, Musashi-1 and Musashi-2, contain two conserved N-terminal tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), along with other domains of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн|вА0А0АаАВЁcd12577, RRM1_Hrp1p, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast nuclear polyadenylated RNA-binding protein 4 (Hrp1p or Nab4p) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of Hrp1p and similar proteins. Hrp1p or Nab4p, also termed cleavage factor IB (CFIB), is a sequence-specific trans-acting factor that is essential for mRNA 3'-end formation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It can be UV cross-linked to RNA and specifically recognizes the (UA)6 RNA element required for both, the cleavage and poly(A) addition, steps. Moreover, Hrp1p can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and play an additional role in the export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. Hrp1p also interacts with Rna15p and Rna14p, two components of CF1A. In addition, Hrp1p functions as a factor directly involved in modulating the activity of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. It binds specifically to a downstream sequence element (DSE)-containing RNA and interacts with Upf1p, a component of the surveillance complex, further triggering the NMD pathway. Hrp1p contains two central RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an arginine-glycine-rich region harboring repeats of the sequence RGGF/Y. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн}вА0А0АаАВАcd12578, RRM1_hnRNPA_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A subfamily. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 in hnRNP A0, hnRNP A1, hnRNP A2/B1, hnRNP A3 and similar proteins. hnRNP A0 is a low abundance hnRNP protein that has been implicated in mRNA stability in mammalian cells. It has been identified as the substrate for MAPKAP-K2 and may be involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced post-transcriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2). hnRNP A1 is an abundant eukaryotic nuclear RNA-binding protein that may modulate splice site selection in pre-mRNA splicing. hnRNP A2/B1 is an RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that interacts with the hnRNP A2 response element (A2RE). Many mRNAs, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP), carboxyanhydrase II (CAII), microtubule-associated protein tau, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) are trafficked by hnRNP A2/B1. hnRNP A3 is also a RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that participates in the trafficking of A2RE-containing RNA. The hnRNP A subfamily is characterized by two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн~вА0А0АаАВ╤cd12579, RRM2_hnRNPA0, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A0 (hnRNP A0) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP A0, a low abundance hnRNP protein that has been implicated in mRNA stability in mammalian cells. It has been identified as the substrate for MAPKAP-K2 and may be involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced post-transcriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2). hnRNP A0 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВїcd12580, RRM2_hnRNPA1, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP A1, also termed helix-destabilizing protein, or single-strand RNA-binding protein, or hnRNP core protein A1, an abundant eukaryotic nuclear RNA-binding protein that may modulate splice site selection in pre-mRNA splicing. hnRNP A1 has been characterized as a splicing silencer, often acting in opposition to an activating hnRNP H. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the alternatively spliced transcripts of c-src, HIV, GRIN1, and beta-tropomyosin. hnRNP A1 can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Thus, it may be involved in transport of cellular RNAs, including the packaging of pre-mRNA into hnRNP particles and transport of poly A+ mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic hnRNP A1 has high affinity with AU-rich elements, whereas the nuclear hnRNP A1 has high affinity with a polypyrimidine stretch bordered by AG at the 3' ends of introns. hnRNP A1 is also involved in the replication of an RNA virus, such as mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), through an interaction with the transcription-regulatory region of viral RNA. Moreover, hnRNP A1, together with the scaffold protein septin 6, serves as host proteins to form a complex with NS5b and viral RNA, and further play important roles in the replication of Hepatitis C virus (HCV). hnRNP A1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. The RRMs of hnRNP A1 play an important role in silencing the exon and the glycine-rich domain is responsible for protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнАвА0А0АаАВ╪cd12581, RRM2_hnRNPA2B1, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP A2/B1, an RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that interacts with the hnRNP A2 response element (A2RE). Many mRNAs, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP), carboxyanhydrase II (CAII), microtubule-associated protein tau, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) are trafficked by hnRNP A2/B1. hnRNP A2/B1 also functions as a splicing factor that regulates alternative splicing of the tumor suppressors, such as BIN1, WWOX, the antiapoptotic proteins c-FLIP and caspase-9B, the insulin receptor (IR), and the RON proto-oncogene among others. Overexpression of hnRNP A2/B1 has been described in many cancers. It functions as a nuclear matrix protein involving in RNA synthesis and the regulation of cellular migration through alternatively splicing pre-mRNA. It may play a role in tumor cell differentiation. hnRNP A2/B1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнБвА0А0АаАВlcd12582, RRM2_hnRNPA3, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 (hnRNP A3) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP A3, a novel RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that interacts with the hnRNP A2 response element (A2RE) independently of hnRNP A2 and participates in the trafficking of A2RE-containing RNA. hnRNP A3 can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнВвА0А0АаАВpcd12583, RRM2_hnRNPD, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 (hnRNP D0) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP D0, also termed AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1, a UUAG-specific nuclear RNA binding protein that may be involved in pre-mRNA splicing and telomere elongation. hnRNP D0 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), in the middle and an RGG box rich in glycine and arginine residues in the C-terminal part. Each of RRMs can bind solely to the UUAG sequence specifically. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнГвА0А0АаАВшcd12584, RRM2_hnRNPAB, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B (hnRNP A/B) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP A/B, also termed APOBEC1-binding protein 1 (ABBP-1), an RNA unwinding protein with a high affinity for G- followed by U-rich regions. hnRNP A/B has also been identified as an APOBEC1-binding protein that interacts with apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA transcripts around the editing site and thus plays an important role in apoB mRNA editing. hnRNP A/B contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long C-terminal glycine-rich domain that contains a potential ATP/GTP binding loop. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнДвА0А0АаАВ0cd12585, RRM2_hnRPDL, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D-like (hnRNP DL) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP DL (or hnRNP D-like), also termed AU-rich element RNA-binding factor, or JKT41-binding protein (protein laAUF1 or JKTBP), is a dual functional protein that possesses DNA- and RNA-binding properties. It has been implicated in mRNA biogenesis at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. hnRNP DL binds single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in a non-sequencespecific manner, and interacts with poly(G) and poly(A) tenaciously. It contains two putative two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glycine- and tyrosine-rich C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЕвА0А0АаАВ(cd12586, RRM1_PSP1, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate paraspeckle protein 1 (PSP1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of PSPC1, also termed paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1), a novel nucleolar factor that accumulates within a new nucleoplasmic compartment, termed paraspeckles, and diffusely distributes in the nucleoplasm. It is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved in vertebrates. Its cellular function remains unknown currently, however, PSPC1 forms a novel heterodimer with the nuclear protein p54nrb, also known as non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO), which localizes to paraspeckles in an RNA-dependent manner. PSPC1 contains two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), at the N-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЖвА0А0АаАВxcd12587, RRM1_PSF, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-associated-splicing factor (PSF). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of PSF, also termed proline- and glutamine-rich splicing factor, or 100 kDa DNA-pairing protein (POMp100), or 100 kDa subunit of DNA-binding p52/p100 complex, a multifunctional protein that mediates diverse activities in the cell. It is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved in vertebrates. PSF binds not only RNA but also both single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and facilitates the renaturation of complementary ssDNAs. Besides, it promotes the formation of D-loops in superhelical duplex DNA, and is involved in cell proliferation. PSF can also interact with multiple factors. It is an RNA-binding component of spliceosomes and binds to insulin-like growth factor response element (IGFRE). PSF functions as a transcriptional repressor interacting with Sin3A and mediating silencing through the recruitment of histone deacetylases (HDACs) to the DNA binding domain (DBD) of nuclear hormone receptors. Additionally, PSF is an essential pre-mRNA splicing factor and is dissociated from PTB and binds to U1-70K and serine-arginine (SR) proteins during apoptosis. PSF forms a heterodimer with the nuclear protein p54nrb, also known as non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO). The PSF/p54nrb complex displays a variety of functions, such as DNA recombination and RNA synthesis, processing, and transport. PSF contains two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which are responsible for interactions with RNA and for the localization of the protein in speckles. It also contains an N-terminal region rich in proline, glycine, and glutamine residues, which may play a role in interactions recruiting other molecules. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЗвА0А0АаАВycd12588, RRM1_p54nrb, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate 54 kDa nuclear RNA- and DNA-binding protein (p54nrb). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of p54nrb, also termed non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO), or 55 kDa nuclear protein (NMT55), or DNA-binding p52/p100 complex 52 kDa subunit. p54nrb is a multifunctional protein involved in numerous nuclear processes including transcriptional regulation, splicing, DNA unwinding, nuclear retention of hyperedited double-stranded RNA, viral RNA processing, control of cell proliferation, and circadian rhythm maintenance. It is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved in vertebrates. p54nrb binds both, single- and double-stranded RNA and DNA, and also possesses inherent carbonic anhydrase activity. It forms a heterodimer with paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1 or PSP1), localizing to paraspeckles in an RNA-dependent manneras well as with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated-splicing factor (PSF). p54nrb contains two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), at the N-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнИвА0А0АаАВ1cd12589, RRM2_PSP1, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate paraspeckle protein 1 (PSP1 or PSPC1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of PSPC1, also termed paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1), a novel nucleolar factor that accumulates within a new nucleoplasmic compartment, termed paraspeckles, and diffusely distributes in the nucleoplasm. It is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved in vertebrates. Although its cellular function remains unknown currently, PSPC1 forms a novel heterodimer with the nuclear protein p54nrb, also known as non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO), which localizes to paraspeckles in an RNA-dependent manner. PSPC1 contains two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), at the N-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЙвА0А0АаАВkcd12590, RRM2_PSF, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-associated-splicing factor (PSF). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of PSF, also termed proline- and glutamine-rich splicing factor, or 100 kDa DNA-pairing protein (POMp100), or 100 kDa subunit of DNA-binding p52/p100 complex, a multifunctional protein that mediates diverse activities in the cell. It is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved in vertebrates. PSF binds not only RNA but also both single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and facilitates the renaturation of complementary ssDNAs. It promotes the formation of D-loops in superhelical duplex DNA, and is involved in cell proliferation. PSF can also interact with multiple factors. It is an RNA-binding component of spliceosomes and binds to insulin-like growth factor response element (IGFRE). Moreover, PSF functions as a transcriptional repressor interacting with Sin3A and mediating silencing through the recruitment of histone deacetylases (HDACs) to the DNA binding domain (DBD) of nuclear hormone receptors. PSF is an essential pre-mRNA splicing factor and is dissociated from PTB and binds to U1-70K and serine-arginine (SR) proteins during apoptosis. PSF forms a heterodimer with the nuclear protein p54nrb, also known as non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO). The PSF/p54nrb complex displays a variety of functions, such as DNA recombination and RNA synthesis, processing, and transport. PSF contains two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which are responsible for interactions with RNA and for the localization of the protein in speckles. It also contains an N-terminal region rich in proline, glycine, and glutamine residues, which may play a role in interactions recruiting other molecules. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнКвА0А0АаАВМcd12591, RRM2_p54nrb, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate 54 kDa nuclear RNA- and DNA-binding protein (p54nrb). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of p54nrb, also termed non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO), or 55 kDa nuclear protein (NMT55), or DNA-binding p52/p100 complex 52 kDa subunit. p54nrb is a multifunctional protein involved in numerous nuclear processes including transcriptional regulation, splicing, DNA unwinding, nuclear retention of hyperedited double-stranded RNA, viral RNA processing, control of cell proliferation, and circadian rhythm maintenance. It is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved in vertebrates. It binds both, single- and double-stranded RNA and DNA, and also possesses inherent carbonic anhydrase activity. p54nrb forms a heterodimer with paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1 or PSP1), localizing to paraspeckles in an RNA-dependent manner. It also forms a heterodimer with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated-splicing factor (PSF). p54nrb contains two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), at the N-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЛвА0А0АаАВIcd12592, RRM_RBM7, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 7 (RBM7). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM7, a ubiquitously expressed pre-mRNA splicing factor that enhances messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing in a cell-specific manner or in a certain developmental process, such as spermatogenesis. RBM7 interacts with splicing factors SAP145 (the spliceosomal splicing factor 3b subunit 2) and SRp20. It may play a more specific role in meiosis entry and progression. Together with additional testis-specific RNA-binding proteins, RBM7 may regulate the splicing of specific pre-mRNA species that are important in the meiotic cell cycle. RBM7 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a region lacking known homology at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнМвА0А0АаАВcd12593, RRM_RBM11, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 11 (RBM11). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM or RBM11, a novel tissue-specific splicing regulator that is selectively expressed in brain, cerebellum and testis, and to a lower extent in kidney. RBM11 is localized in the nucleoplasm and enriched in SRSF2-containing splicing speckles. It may play a role in the modulation of alternative splicing during neuron and germ cell differentiation. RBM11 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a region lacking known homology at the C-terminus. The RRM of RBM11 is responsible for RNA binding, whereas the C-terminal region permits nuclear localization and homodimerization. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнНвА0А0АаАВ╟cd12594, RRM1_SRSF4, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 (SRSF4). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SRSF4, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp75, or SRP001LB, or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 4 (SFRS4). SRSF4 is a splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that plays an important role in both constitutive splicing and alternative splicing of many pre-mRNAs. For instance, it interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, hnRNP G and hnRNP E2, and further regulates the 5' splice site of tau exon 10, whose misregulation causes frontotemporal dementia. SFSF4 also induces production of HIV-1 vpr mRNA through the inhibition of the 5'-splice site of exon 3. In addition, it activates splicing of the cardiac troponin T (cTNT) alternative exon by direct interactions with the cTNT exon 5 enhancer RNA. SRSF4 can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. It contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a glycine-rich region, an internal region homologous to the RRM, and a very long, highly phosphorylated C-terminal SR domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнОвА0А0АаАВcd12595, RRM1_SRSF5, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 5 (SRSF5). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SRSF5, also termed delayed-early protein HRS, or pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp40, or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 5 (SFRS5). SFSF5 is an essential splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that regulates both alternative splicing and basal splicing. It is the only SR protein efficiently selected from nuclear extracts (NE) by the splicing enhancer (ESE) and it is necessary for enhancer activation. SRSF5 also functions as a factor required for insulin-regulated splice site selection for protein kinase C (PKC) betaII mRNA. It is involved in the regulation of PKCbetaII exon inclusion by insulin via its increased phosphorylation by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) signaling pathway. Moreover, SRSF5 can regulate alternative splicing in exon 9 of glucocorticoid receptor pre-mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. SRSF5 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. The specific RNA binding by SRSF5 requires the phosphorylation of its SR domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнПвА0А0АаАВKcd12596, RRM1_SRSF6, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 6 (SRSF6). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of SRSF6, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp55, which is an essential splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that preferentially interacts with a number of purine-rich splicing enhancers (ESEs) to activate splicing of the ESE-containing exon. It is the only protein from HeLa nuclear extract or purified SR proteins that specifically binds B element RNA after UV irradiation. SRSF6 may also recognize different types of RNA sites. For instance, it does not bind to the purine-rich sequence in the calcitonin-specific ESE, but binds to a region adjacent to the purine tract. Moreover, cellular levels of SRSF6 may control tissue-specific alternative splicing of the calcitonin/ calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pre-mRNA. SRSF6 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a C-terminal SR domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнРвА0А0АаАВYcd12597, RRM1_SRSF1, RNA recognition motif 1 in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SRSF1, also termed alternative-splicing factor 1 (ASF-1), or pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF2, P33 subunit. SRSF1 is a splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein involved in constitutive and alternative splicing, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), mRNA export and translation. It also functions as a splicing-factor oncoprotein that regulates apoptosis and proliferation to promote mammary epithelial cell transformation. SRSF1 is a shuttling SR protein and contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), separated by a long glycine-rich spacer, and a C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнСвА0А0АаАВZcd12598, RRM1_SRSF9, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 (SRSF9). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SRSF9, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp30C. SRSF9 is an essential splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that has been implicated in the activity of many elements that control splice site selection, the alternative splicing of the glucocorticoid receptor beta in neutrophils and in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pre-mRNA. SRSF9 can also interact with other proteins implicated in alternative splicing, including YB-1, rSLM-1, rSLM-2, E4-ORF4, Nop30, and p32. SRSF9 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by an unusually short C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнТвА0А0АаАВ╞cd12599, RRM1_SF2_plant_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in plant pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF2 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SF2, also termed SR1 protein, a plant serine/arginine (SR)-rich phosphoprotein similar to the mammalian splicing factor SF2/ASF. It promotes splice site switching in mammalian nuclear extracts. SF2 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a C-terminal domain rich in proline, serine and lysine residues (PSK domain), a composition reminiscent of histones. This PSK domain harbors a putative phosphorylation site for the mitotic kinase cyclin/p34cdc2. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнУвА0А0АаАВcd12600, RRM2_SRSF4_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 (SRSF4) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of three serine/arginine (SR) proteins: serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 (SRSF4 or SRp75 or SFRS4), serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 5 (SRSF5 or SRp40 or SFRS5 or HRS), serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 6 (SRSF6 or SRp55). SRSF4 plays an important role in both, constitutive and alternative, splicing of many pre-mRNAs. It can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. SRSF5 regulates both alternative splicing and basal splicing. It is the only SR protein efficiently selected from nuclear extracts (NE) by the splicing enhancer (ESE) and is essential for enhancer activation. SRSF6 preferentially interacts with a number of purine-rich splicing enhancers (ESEs) to activate splicing of the ESE-containing exon. It is the only protein from HeLa nuclear extract or purified SR proteins that specifically binds B element RNA after UV irradiation. SRSF6 may also recognize different types of RNA sites. Members in this family contain two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнФвА0А0АаАВАcd12601, RRM2_SRSF1_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor SRSF1, SRSF9 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor SRSF1, SRSF9 and similar proteins. SRSF1, also termed ASF-1, is a shuttling SR protein involved in constitutive and alternative splicing, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), mRNA export and translation. It also functions as a splicing-factor oncoprotein that regulates apoptosis and proliferation to promote mammary epithelial cell transformation. SRSF9, also termed SRp30C, has been implicated in the activity of many elements that control splice site selection, the alternative splicing of the glucocorticoid receptor beta in neutrophils and in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pre-mRNA. SRSF9 can also interact with other proteins implicated in alternative splicing, including YB-1, rSLM-1, rSLM-2, E4-ORF4, Nop30, and p32. Both, SRSF1 and SRSF9, contain two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнХвА0А0АаАВ╟cd12602, RRM2_SF2_plant_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in plant pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF2 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of SF2, also termed SR1 protein, a plant serine/arginine (SR)-rich phosphoprotein similar to the mammalian splicing factor SF2/ASF. It promotes splice site switching in mammalian nuclear extracts. SF2 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a C-terminal domain rich in proline, serine and lysine residues (PSK domain), a composition reminiscent of histones. This PSK domain harbors a putative phosphorylation site for the mitotic kinase cyclin/p34cdc2. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЦвА0А0АаАВ╨cd12603, RRM_hnRNPC, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C1/C2 (hnRNP C1/C2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNP) proteins C1 and C2, produced by a single coding sequence. They are the major constituents of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complex in vertebrates. They bind hnRNA tightly, suggesting a central role in the formation of the ubiquitous hnRNP complex. They are involved in the packaging of hnRNA in the nucleus and in processing of pre-mRNA such as splicing and 3'-end formation. hnRNP C proteins contain two distinct domains, an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal auxiliary domain that includes the variable region, the basic region and the KSG box rich in repeated Lys-Ser-Gly sequences, the leucine zipper, and the acidic region. The RRM is capable of binding poly(U). The KSG box may bind to RNA. The leucine zipper may be involved in dimer formation. The acidic and hydrophilic C-teminus harbors a putative nucleoside triphosphate (NTP)-binding fold and a protein kinase phosphorylation site. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЧвА0А0АаАВMcd12604, RRM_RALY, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate RNA-binding protein Raly. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of Raly, also termed autoantigen p542, or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C-like 2, or hnRNP core protein C-like 2, or hnRNP associated with lethal yellow protein homolog, an RNA-binding protein that may play a critical role in embryonic development. It is encoded by Raly, a ubiquitously expressed gene of unknown function. Raly shows a high degree of identity with the 5' sequences of p542 gene encoding autoantigen, which can cross-react with EBNA-1 of the Epstein Barr virus. Raly contains two distinct domains, an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal auxiliary domain that includes a unique glycine/serine-rich stretch. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнШвА0А0АаАВwcd12605, RRM_RALYL, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate RNA-binding Raly-like protein (RALYL). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of RALYL, also termed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C-like 3, or hnRNP core protein C-like 3, a putative RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence homology with Raly, an RNA-binding protein playing a critical role in embryonic development. The biological role of RALYL remains unclear. Like Raly, RALYL contains two distinct domains, an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal auxiliary domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЩвА0А0АаАВncd12606, RRM1_RBM4, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 4 (RBM4). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM4, a ubiquitously expressed splicing factor that has two isoforms, RBM4A (also known as Lark homolog) and RBM4B (also known as RBM30), which are very similar in structure and sequence. RBM4 may function as a translational regulator of stress-associated mRNAs and also plays a role in micro-RNA-mediated gene regulation. RBM4 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), a CCHC-type zinc finger, and three alanine-rich regions within their C-terminal regions. The C-terminal region may be crucial for nuclear localization and protein-protein interaction. The RRMs, in combination with the C-terminal region, are responsible for the splicing function of RBM4. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЪвА0А0АаАВncd12607, RRM2_RBM4, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 4 (RBM4). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM4, a ubiquitously expressed splicing factor that has two isoforms, RBM4A (also known as Lark homolog) and RBM4B (also known as RBM30), which are very similar in structure and sequence. RBM4 may function as a translational regulator of stress-associated mRNAs and also plays a role in micro-RNA-mediated gene regulation. RBM4 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), a CCHC-type zinc finger, and three alanine-rich regions within their C-terminal regions. The C-terminal region may be crucial for nuclear localization and protein-protein interaction. The RRMs, in combination with the C-terminal region, are responsible for the splicing function of RBM4. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЫвА0А0АаАВ cd12608, RRM1_CoAA, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate RRM-containing coactivator activator/modulator (CoAA). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of CoAA, also termed RNA-binding protein 14 (RBM14), or paraspeckle protein 2 (PSP2), or synaptotagmin-interacting protein (SYT-interacting protein), a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like protein identified as a nuclear receptor coactivator. It mediates transcriptional coactivation and RNA splicing effects in a promoter-preferential manner and is enhanced by thyroid hormone receptor-binding protein (TRBP). CoAA contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a TRBP-interacting domain. It stimulates transcription through its interactions with coactivators, such as TRBP and CREB-binding protein CBP/p300, via the TRBP-interacting domain and interaction with an RNA-containing complex, such as DNA-dependent protein kinase-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase complexes, via the RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЬвА0А0АаАВ cd12609, RRM2_CoAA, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate RRM-containing coactivator activator/modulator (CoAA). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of CoAA, also termed RNA-binding protein 14 (RBM14), or paraspeckle protein 2 (PSP2), or synaptotagmin-interacting protein (SYT-interacting protein), a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like protein identified as a nuclear receptor coactivator. It mediates transcriptional coactivation and RNA splicing effects in a promoter-preferential manner and is enhanced by thyroid hormone receptor-binding protein (TRBP). CoAA contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a TRBP-interacting domain. It stimulates transcription through its interactions with coactivators, such as TRBP and CREB-binding protein CBP/p300, via the TRBP-interacting domain and interaction with an RNA-containing complex, such as DNA-dependent protein kinase-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase complexes, via the RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЭвА0А0АаАВcd12610, RRM1_SECp43, RNA recognition motif 1 in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of SECp43, an RNA-binding protein associated specifically with eukaryotic selenocysteine tRNA [tRNA(Sec)]. It may play an adaptor role in the mechanism of selenocysteine insertion. SECp43 is located primarily in the nucleus and contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal polar/acidic region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЮвА0А0АаАВ@cd12611, RRM1_NGR1_NAM8_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast negative growth regulatory protein NGR1, yeast protein NAM8 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of NGR1 and NAM8. NGR1, also termed RNA-binding protein RBP1, is a putative glucose-repressible protein that binds both, RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), in yeast. It may function in regulating cell growth in early log phase, possibly through its participation in RNA metabolism. NGR1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two of which are followed by a glutamine-rich stretch that may be involved in transcriptional activity. In addition, NGR1 has an asparagine-rich region near the carboxyl terminus which also harbors a methionine-rich region. The subgroup also includes NAM8, a putative RNA-binding protein that acts as a suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiencies when overexpressed in yeast. It may be a non-essential component of the mitochondrial splicing machinery. Like NGR1, NAM8 contains two RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЯвА0А0АаАВcd12612, RRM2_SECp43, RNA recognition motif 2 in tRNA selenocysteine-associated protein 1 (SECp43). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of SECp43, an RNA-binding protein associated specifically with eukaryotic selenocysteine tRNA [tRNA(Sec)]. It may play an adaptor role in the mechanism of selenocysteine insertion. SECp43 is located primarily in the nucleus and contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal polar/acidic region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнавА0А0АаАВ>cd12613, RRM2_NGR1_NAM8_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast negative growth regulatory protein NGR1, yeast protein NAM8 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of NGR1 and NAM8. NGR1, also termed RNA-binding protein RBP1, is a putative glucose-repressible protein that binds both, RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), in yeast. It may function in regulating cell growth in early log phase, possibly through its participation in RNA metabolism. NGR1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a glutamine-rich stretch that may be involved in transcriptional activity. In addition, NGR1 has an asparagine-rich region near the carboxyl terminus which also harbors a methionine-rich region. The family also includes protein NAM8, which is a putative RNA-binding protein that acts as a suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiencies when overexpressed in yeast. It may be a non-essential component of the mitochondrial splicing machinery. Like NGR1, NAM8 contains two RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнбвА0А0АаАВФcd12614, RRM1_PUB1, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA-binding protein PUB1 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of yeast protein PUB1, also termed ARS consensus-binding protein ACBP-60, or poly uridylate-binding protein, or poly(U)-binding protein. PUB1 has been identified as both, a heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding protein (hnRNP) and a cytoplasmic mRNA-binding protein (mRNP), which may be stably bound to a translationally inactive subpopulation of mRNAs within the cytoplasm. It is distributed in both, the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and binds to poly(A)+ RNA (mRNA or pre-mRNA). Although it is one of the major cellular proteins cross-linked by UV light to polyadenylated RNAs in vivo, PUB1 is nonessential for cell growth in yeast. PUB1 also binds to T-rich single stranded DNA (ssDNA); however, there is no strong evidence implicating PUB1 in the mechanism of DNA replication. PUB1 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a GAR motif (glycine and arginine rich stretch) that is located between RRM2 and RRM3. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнввА0А0АаАВ│cd12615, RRM1_TIA1, RNA recognition motif 1 in nucleolysin TIA-1 isoform p40 (p40-TIA-1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of TIA-1, the 40-kDa isoform of T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) and a cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein mainly found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes. TIA-1 can be phosphorylated by a serine/threonine kinase that is activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis, and functions as the granule component responsible for inducing apoptosis in cytolytic lymphocyte (CTL) targets. It is composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. TIA-1 interacts with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and its RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнгвА0А0АаАВucd12616, RRM1_TIAR, RNA recognition motif 1 in nucleolysin TIAR and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of nucleolysin TIAR, also termed TIA-1-related protein, and a cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence similarity with 40-kDa isoform of T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1 (p40-TIA-1). TIAR is mainly localized in the nucleus of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. It is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to exogenous triggers of apoptosis. TIAR possesses nucleolytic activity against cytolytic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. It can trigger DNA fragmentation in permeabilized thymocytes, and thus may function as an effector responsible for inducing apoptosis. TIAR is composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. It interacts with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and its RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАндвА0А0АаАВrcd12617, RRM2_TIAR, RNA recognition motif 2 in nucleolysin TIAR and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of nucleolysin TIAR, also termed TIA-1-related protein, a cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence similarity with 40-kDa isoform of T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1 (p40-TIA-1). TIAR is mainly localized in the nucleus of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. It is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to exogenous triggers of apoptosis. TIAR possesses nucleolytic activity against cytolytic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. It can trigger DNA fragmentation in permeabilized thymocytes, and thus may function as an effector responsible for inducing apoptosis. TIAR is composed of three N-terminal, highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. It interacts with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and its RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАневА0А0АаАВ╖cd12618, RRM2_TIA1, RNA recognition motif 2 in nucleolysin TIA-1 isoform p40 (p40-TIA-1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of p40-TIA-1, the 40-kDa isoform of T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1), and a cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein mainly found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes. TIA-1 can be phosphorylated by a serine/threonine kinase that is activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis, and function as the granule component responsible for inducing apoptosis in cytolytic lymphocyte (CTL) targets. It is composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. TIA-1 interacts with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and its RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнжвА0А0АаАВФcd12619, RRM2_PUB1, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA-binding protein PUB1 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of yeast protein PUB1, also termed ARS consensus-binding protein ACBP-60, or poly uridylate-binding protein, or poly(U)-binding protein. PUB1 has been identified as both, a heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding protein (hnRNP) and a cytoplasmic mRNA-binding protein (mRNP), which may be stably bound to a translationally inactive subpopulation of mRNAs within the cytoplasm. It is distributed in both, the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and binds to poly(A)+ RNA (mRNA or pre-mRNA). Although it is one of the major cellular proteins cross-linked by UV light to polyadenylated RNAs in vivo, PUB1 is nonessential for cell growth in yeast. PUB1 also binds to T-rich single stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, there is no strong evidence implicating PUB1 in the mechanism of DNA replication. PUB1 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a GAR motif (glycine and arginine rich stretch) that is located between RRM2 and RRM3. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнзвА0А0АаАВqcd12620, RRM3_TIAR, RNA recognition motif 3 in nucleolysin TIAR and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of nucleolysin TIAR, also termed TIA-1-related protein, a cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein that shows high sequence similarity with 40-kDa isoform of T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1 (p40-TIA-1). TIAR is mainly localized in the nucleus of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. It is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to exogenous triggers of apoptosis. TIAR possesses nucleolytic activity against cytolytic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. It can trigger DNA fragmentation in permeabilized thymocytes, and thus may function as an effector responsible for inducing apoptosis. TIAR is composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. It interacts with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and its RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнивА0А0АаАВ╢cd12621, RRM3_TIA1, RNA recognition motif 3 in nucleolysin TIA-1 isoform p40 (p40-TIA-1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of p40-TIA-1, the 40-kDa isoform of T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) and a cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein mainly found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes. TIA-1 can be phosphorylated by a serine/threonine kinase that is activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis, and function as the granule component responsible for inducing apoptosis in cytolytic lymphocyte (CTL) targets. It is composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. TIA-1 interacts with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and its RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнйвА0А0АаАВЧcd12622, RRM3_PUB1, RNA recognition motif 3 in yeast nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA-binding protein PUB1 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of yeast protein PUB1, also termed ARS consensus-binding protein ACBP-60, or poly uridylate-binding protein, or poly(U)-binding protein. PUB1 has been identified as both, a heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding protein (hnRNP) and a cytoplasmic mRNA-binding protein (mRNP), which may be stably bound to a translationally inactive subpopulation of mRNAs within the cytoplasm. PUB1 is distributed in both, the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and binds to poly(A)+ RNA (mRNA or pre-mRNA). Although it is one of the major cellular proteins cross-linked by UV light to polyadenylated RNAs in vivo, PUB1 is nonessential for cell growth in yeast. PUB1 also binds to T-rich single stranded DNA (ssDNA); however, there is no strong evidence implicating PUB1 in the mechanism of DNA replication. PUB1 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a GAR motif (glycine and arginine rich stretch) that is located between RRM2 and RRM3. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнквА0А0АаАВкcd12623, RRM_PPARGC1A, RNA recognition motif in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1alpha, or PPARGC-1-alpha) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of PGC-1alpha, also termed PPARGC-1-alpha, or ligand effect modulator 6, a member of a family of transcription coactivators that plays a central role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. As an inducible transcription coactivator, PGC-1alpha can interact with a broad range of transcription factors involved in a wide variety of biological responses, such as adaptive thermogenesis, skeletal muscle fiber type switching, glucose/fatty acid metabolism, and heart development. PGC-1alpha stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes oxidative metabolism. It participates in the regulation of both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and plays a role in disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiomyopathy. PGC-1alpha is a multi-domain protein containing an N-terminal activation domain region, a central region involved in the interaction with at least a nuclear receptor, and a C-terminal domain region. The N-terminal domain region consists of three leucine-rich motifs (L1, NR box 2 and 3), among which the two last are required for interaction with nuclear receptors, potential nuclear localization signals (NLS), and a proline-rich region overlapping a putative repression domain. The C-terminus of PGC-1alpha is composed of two arginine/serine-rich regions (SR domains), a putative dimerization domain, and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). PGC-1alpha could interact favorably with single-stranded RNA. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнлвА0А0АаАВ└cd12624, RRM_PRC, RNA recognition motif in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-related protein 1 (PRC) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of PRC, also termed PGC-1-related coactivator, one of the members of PGC-1 transcriptional coactivators family, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivators PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta. Unlike PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta, PRC is ubiquitous and more abundantly expressed in proliferating cells than in growth-arrested cells. PRC has been implicated in the regulation of several metabolic pathways, mitochondrial biogenesis, and cell growth. It functions as a growth-regulated transcriptional cofactor activating many nuclear genes specifying mitochondrial respiratory function. PRC directly interacts with nuclear transcriptional factors implicated in respiratory chain expression including nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 (NRF-1 and NRF-2), CREB (cAMP-response element-binding protein), and estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha). It interacts indirectly with the NRF-2beta subunit through host cell factor (HCF), a cellular protein involved in herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and cell cycle regulation. Furthermore, like PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta, PRC can transactivate a number of NRF-dependent nuclear genes required for mitochondrial respiratory function, including those encoding cytochrome c, 5-aminolevulinate synthase, Tfam, and TFB1M, and TFB2M. Further research indicates that PRC may also act as a sensor of metabolic stress that orchestrates a redox-sensitive program of inflammatory gene expression. PRC is a multi-domain protein containing an N-terminal activation domain, an LXXLL coactivator signature, a central proline-rich region, a tetrapeptide motif (DHDY) responsible for HCF binding, a C-terminal arginine/serine-rich (SR) domain, and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнмвА0А0АаАВ|cd12625, RRM1_IGF2BP1, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of IGF2BP1 (IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 1 or IMP-1), also termed coding region determinant-binding protein (CRD-BP), or VICKZ family member 1, or zipcode-binding protein 1 (ZBP-1). IGF2BP1 is a multi-functional regulator of RNA metabolism that has been implicated in the control of aspects of localization, stability, and translation for many mRNAs. It is predominantly located in cytoplasm and was initially identified as a trans-acting factor that interacts with the zipcode in the 3'- untranslated region (UTR) of the beta-actin mRNA, which is important for its localization and translational regulation. It inhibits IGF-II mRNA translation through binding to the 5'-UTR of the transcript. IGF2BP1 also acts as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag-binding factor that interacts with HIV-1 Gag protein and blocks the formation of infectious HIV-1 particles. IGF2BP1 promotes mRNA stabilization; it functions as a coding region determinant (CRD)-binding protein that binds to the coding region of betaTrCP1 mRNA and prevents miR-183-mediated degradation of betaTrCP1 mRNA. It also promotes c-myc mRNA stability by associating with the CRD and stabilizes CD44 mRNA via interaction with the 3'-UTR of the transcript. In addition, IGF2BP1 specifically interacts with both Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR, further recruiting eIF3 and enhancing HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation initiation via the 3'-UTR. IGF2BP1 contains four hnRNP K-homology (KH) domains, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a RGG RNA-binding domain. It also contains two putative nuclear export signals (NESs) and a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАннвА0А0АаАВЬcd12626, RRM1_IGF2BP2, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of IGF2BP2 (IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 2 or IMP-2), also termed hepatocellular carcinoma autoantigen p62, or VICKZ family member 2, which is a ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein involved in the stimulation of insulin action. It is predominantly nuclear. SNPs in IGF2BP2 gene are implicated in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. IGF2BP2 plays an important role in cellular motility; it regulates the expression of PINCH-2, an important mediator of cell adhesion and motility, and MURF-3, a microtubule-stabilizing protein, through direct binding to their mRNAs. IGF2BP2 may be involved in the regulation of mRNA stability through the interaction with the AU-rich element-binding factor AUF1. IGF2BP2 binds initially to nascent beta-actin transcripts and facilitates the subsequent binding of the shuttling IGF2BP1. IGF2BP2 contains four hnRNP K-homology (KH) domains, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a RGG RNA-binding domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАновА0А0АаАВЫcd12627, RRM1_IGF2BP3, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of IGF2BP3 (IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 3 or IMP-3), also termed KH domain-containing protein overexpressed in cancer (KOC), or VICKZ family member 3, an RNA-binding protein that plays an important role in the differentiation process during early embryogenesis. It is known to bind to and repress the translation of IGF2 leader 3 mRNA. IGF2BP3 also acts as a Glioblastoma-specific proproliferative and proinvasive marker acting through IGF2 resulting in the activation of oncogenic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (PI3K/MAPK) pathways. IGF2BP3 contains four hnRNP K-homology (KH) domains, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a RGG RNA-binding domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнпвА0А0АаАВwcd12628, RRM2_IGF2BP1, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of IGF2BP1 (IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 1 or IMP-1), also termed coding region determinant-binding protein (CRD-BP), or VICKZ family member 1, or zipcode-binding protein 1 (ZBP-1). IGF2BP1 is a multi-functional regulator of RNA metabolism that has been implicated in the control of aspects of localization, stability, and translation for many mRNAs. It is predominantly located in cytoplasm and was initially identified as a trans-acting factor that interacts with the zipcode in the 3'- untranslated region (UTR) of the beta-actin mRNA, which is important for its localization and translational regulation. It inhibits IGF-II mRNA translation through binding to the 5'-UTR of the transcript. IGF2BP1 also acts as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag-binding factor that interacts with HIV-1 Gag protein and blocks the formation of infectious HIV-1 particles. It promotes mRNA stabilization and functions as a coding region determinant (CRD)-binding protein that binds to the coding region of betaTrCP1 mRNA and prevents miR-183-mediated degradation of betaTrCP1 mRNA. It also promotes c-myc mRNA stability by associating with the CRD. It stabilizes CD44 mRNA via interaction with the 3'-UTR of the transcript. In addition, IGF2BP1 specifically interacts with both Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR, further recruiting eIF3 and enhancing HCV internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation initiation via the 3'-UTR. IGF2BP1 contains four hnRNP K-homology (KH) domains, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a RGG RNA-binding domain. It also contains two putative nuclear export signals (NESs) and a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн░вА0А0АаАВЯcd12629, RRM2_IGF2BP2, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of IGF2BP2 (IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 2 or IMP-2), also termed hepatocellular carcinoma autoantigen p62, or VICKZ family member 2, a ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein involved in the stimulation of insulin action. It is predominantly nuclear. SNPs in IGF2BP2 gene are implicated in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. IGF2BP2 plays an important role in cellular motility; it regulates the expression of PINCH-2, an important mediator of cell adhesion and motility, and MURF-3, a microtubule-stabilizing protein, through direct binding to their mRNAs. IGF2BP2 may be involved in the regulation of mRNA stability through the interaction with the AU-rich element-binding factor AUF1. In addition, IGF2BP2 binds initially to nascent beta-actin transcripts and facilitates the subsequent binding of the shuttling IGF2BP1. IGF2BP2 contains four hnRNP K-homology (KH) domains, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a RGG RNA-binding domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн▒вА0А0АаАВЫcd12630, RRM2_IGF2BP3, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of IGF2BP3 (IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 3 or IMP-3), also termed KH domain-containing protein overexpressed in cancer (KOC), or VICKZ family member 3, an RNA-binding protein that plays an important role in the differentiation process during early embryogenesis. It is known to bind to and repress the translation of IGF2 leader 3 mRNA. IGF2BP3 also acts as a Glioblastoma-specific proproliferative and proinvasive marker acting through IGF2 resulting in the activation of oncogenic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (PI3K/MAPK) pathways. IGF2BP3 contains four hnRNP K-homology (KH) domains, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a RGG RNA-binding domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн▓вА0А0АаАВтcd12631, RRM1_CELF1_2_Bruno, RNA recognition motif 1 in CUGBP Elav-like family member CELF-1, CELF-2, Drosophila melanogaster Bruno protein and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of CELF-1, CELF-2 and Bruno protein. CELF-1 (also termed BRUNOL-2, or CUG-BP1, or EDEN-BP) and CELF-2 (also termed BRUNOL-3, or ETR-3, or CUG-BP2, or NAPOR) belong to the CUGBP1 and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) or BRUNOL (Bruno-like) family of RNA-binding proteins that have been implicated in regulation of pre-mRNA splicing, and control of mRNA translation and deadenylation. CELF-1 is strongly expressed in all adult and fetal tissues tested. The human CELF-1 is a nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein that regulates multiple aspects of nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNA processing, with implications for onset of type 1 myotonic dystrophy (DM1), a neuromuscular disease associated with an unstable CUG triplet expansion in the 3'-UTR (3'-untranslated region) of the DMPK (myotonic dystrophy protein kinase) gene; it preferentially targets UGU-rich mRNA elements. It has been shown to bind to a Bruno response element, a cis-element involved in translational control of oskar mRNA in Drosophila, and share sequence similarity to Bruno, the Drosophila protein that mediates this process. The Xenopus homolog embryo deadenylation element-binding protein (EDEN-BP) mediates sequence-specific deadenylation of Eg5 mRNA. It binds specifically to the EDEN motif in the 3'-untranslated regions of maternal mRNAs and targets these mRNAs for deadenylation and translational repression. CELF-1 contain three highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains): two consecutive RRMs (RRM1 and RRM2) situated in the N-terminal region followed by a linker region and the third RRM (RRM3) close to the C-terminus of the protein. The two N-terminal RRMs of EDEN-BP are necessary for the interaction with EDEN as well as a part of the linker region (between RRM2 and RRM3). Oligomerization of EDEN-BP is required for specific mRNA deadenylation and binding. CELF-2 is expressed in all tissues at some level, but highest in brain, heart, and thymus. It has been implicated in the regulation of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA processing events, including alternative splicing, RNA editing, stability and translation. CELF-2 shares high sequence identity with CELF-1, but shows different binding specificity; it binds preferentially to sequences with UG repeats and UGUU motifs. It has been shown to bind to a Bruno response element, a cis-element involved in translational control of oskar mRNA in Drosophila, and share sequence similarity to Bruno, the Drosophila protein that mediates this process. It also binds to the 3'-UTR of cyclooxygenase-2 messages, affecting both translation and mRNA stability, and binds to apoB mRNA, regulating its C to U editing. CELF-2 also contains three highly conserved RRMs. It binds to RNA via the first two RRMs, which are also important for localization in the cytoplasm. The splicing activation or repression activity of CELF-2 on some specific substrates is mediated by RRM1/RRM2. Both, RRM1 and RRM2 of CELF-2, can activate cardiac troponin T (cTNT) exon 5 inclusion. In addition, CELF-2 possesses a typical arginine and lysine-rich nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the C-terminus, within RRM3. This subgroup also includes Drosophila melanogaster Bruno protein, which plays a central role in regulation of Oskar (Osk) expression in flies. It mediates repression by binding to regulatory Bruno response elements (BREs) in the Osk mRNA 3' UTR. The full-length Bruno protein contains three RRMs, two located in the N-terminal half of the protein and the third near the C-terminus, separated by a linker region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн│вА0А0АаАВZcd12632, RRM1_CELF3_4_5_6, RNA recognition motif 1 in CUGBP Elav-like family member CELF-3, CELF-4, CELF-5, CELF-6 and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of CELF-3, CELF-4, CELF-5, CELF-6, all of which belong to the CUGBP1 and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) or BRUNOL (Bruno-like) family of RNA-binding proteins that display dual nuclear and cytoplasmic localizations and have been implicated in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing and in the control of mRNA translation and deadenylation. CELF-3, expressed in brain and testis only, is also known as bruno-like protein 1 (BRUNOL-1), or CAG repeat protein 4, or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 3, or embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV)-type RNA-binding protein 1 (ETR-1), or expanded repeat domain protein CAG/CTG 4, or trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 4 protein (TNRC4). It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of tauopathies. CELF-3 contains three highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains): two consecutive RRMs (RRM1 and RRM2) situated in the N-terminal region followed by a linker region and the third RRM (RRM3) close to the C-terminus of the protein.The effect of CELF-3 on tau splicing is mediated mainly by the RNA-binding activity of RRM2. The divergent linker region might mediate the interaction of CELF-3 with other proteins regulating its activity or involved in target recognition. CELF-4, highly expressed throughout the brain and in glandular tissues, moderately expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, and liver, is also known as bruno-like protein 4 (BRUNOL-4), or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 4. Like CELF-3, CELF-4 also contain three highly conserved RRMs. The splicing activation or repression activity of CELF-4 on some specific substrates is mediated by its RRM1/RRM2. On the other hand, both RRM1 and RRM2 of CELF-4 can activate cardiac troponin T (cTNT) exon 5 inclusion. CELF-5, expressed in brain, is also known as bruno-like protein 5 (BRUNOL-5), or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 5. Although its biological role remains unclear, CELF-5 shares same domain architecture with CELF-3. CELF-6, strongly expressed in kidney, brain, and testis, is also known as bruno-like protein 6 (BRUNOL-6), or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 6. It activates exon inclusion of a cardiac troponin T minigene in transient transfection assays in an muscle-specific splicing enhancer (MSE)-dependent manner and can activate inclusion via multiple copies of a single element, MSE2. CELF-6 also promotes skipping of exon 11 of insulin receptor, a known target of CELF activity that is expressed in kidney. In additiona to three highly conserved RRMs, CELF-6 also possesses numerous potential phosphorylation sites, a potential nuclear localization signal (NLS) at the C terminus, and an alanine-rich region within the divergent linker region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн┤вА0А0АаАВcd12633, RRM1_FCA, RNA recognition motif 1 in plant flowering time control protein FCA and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of FCA, a gene controlling flowering time in Arabidopsis, encoding a flowering time control protein that functions in the posttranscriptional regulation of transcripts involved in the flowering process. FCA contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a WW protein interaction domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╡вА0А0АаАВ cd12634, RRM2_CELF1_2, RNA recognition motif 2 in CUGBP Elav-like family member CELF-1, CELF-2 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of CELF-1 (also termed BRUNOL-2, or CUG-BP1, or EDEN-BP), CELF-2 (also termed BRUNOL-3, or ETR-3, or CUG-BP2, or NAPOR), both of which belong to the CUGBP1 and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) or BRUNOL (Bruno-like) family of RNA-binding proteins that have been implicated in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing and in the control of mRNA translation and deadenylation. CELF-1 is strongly expressed in all adult and fetal tissues tested. Human CELF-1 is a nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein that regulates multiple aspects of nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNA processing, with implications for onset of type 1 myotonic dystrophy (DM1), a neuromuscular disease associated with an unstable CUG triplet expansion in the 3'-UTR (3'-untranslated region) of the DMPK (myotonic dystrophy protein kinase) gene; it preferentially targets UGU-rich mRNA elements. It has been shown to bind to a Bruno response element, a cis-element involved in translational control of oskar mRNA in Drosophila, and share sequence similarity to Bruno, the Drosophila protein that mediates this process. The Xenopus homolog embryo deadenylation element-binding protein (EDEN-BP) mediates sequence-specific deadenylation of Eg5 mRNA. It binds specifically to the EDEN motif in the 3'-untranslated regions of maternal mRNAs and targets these mRNAs for deadenylation and translational repression. CELF-1 contains three highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains): two consecutive RRMs (RRM1 and RRM2) situated in the N-terminal region followed by a linker region and the third RRM (RRM3) close to the C-terminus of the protein. The two N-terminal RRMs of EDEN-BP are necessary for the interaction with EDEN as well as a part of the linker region (between RRM2 and RRM3). Oligomerization of EDEN-BP is required for specific mRNA deadenylation and binding. CELF-2 is expressed in all tissues at some level, but highest in brain, heart, and thymus. It has been implicated in the regulation of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA processing events, including alternative splicing, RNA editing, stability and translation. CELF-2 shares high sequence identity with CELF-1, but shows different binding specificity; it preferentially binds to sequences with UG repeats and UGUU motifs. It has been shown to bind to a Bruno response element, a cis-element involved in translational control of oskar mRNA in Drosophila, and share sequence similarity to Bruno, the Drosophila protein that mediates this process. It also binds to the 3'-UTR of cyclooxygenase-2 messages, affecting both translation and mRNA stability, and binds to apoB mRNA, regulating its C to U editing. CELF-2 also contains three highly conserved RRMs. It binds to RNA via the first two RRMs, which are also important for localization in the cytoplasm. The splicing activation or repression activity of CELF-2 on some specific substrates is mediated by RRM1/RRM2. Both, RRM1 and RRM2 of CELF-2, can activate cardiac troponin T (cTNT) exon 5 inclusion. In addition, CELF-2 possesses a typical arginine and lysine-rich nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the C-terminus, within RRM3. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╢вА0А0АаАВhcd12635, RRM2_CELF3_4_5_6, RNA recognition motif 2 in CUGBP Elav-like family member CELF-3, CELF-4, CELF-5, CELF-6 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of CELF-3, CELF-4, CELF-5, and CELF-6, all of which belong to the CUGBP1 and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) or BRUNOL (Bruno-like) family of RNA-binding proteins that display dual nuclear and cytoplasmic localizations and have been implicated in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing and in the control of mRNA translation and deadenylation. CELF-3, expressed in brain and testis only, is also known as bruno-like protein 1 (BRUNOL-1), or CAG repeat protein 4, or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 3, or embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV)-type RNA-binding protein 1 (ETR-1), or expanded repeat domain protein CAG/CTG 4, or trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 4 protein (TNRC4). It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of tauopathies. CELF-3 contains three highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains): two consecutive RRMs (RRM1 and RRM2) situated in the N-terminal region followed by a linker region and the third RRM (RRM3) close to the C-terminus of the protein. The effect of CELF-3 on tau splicing is mediated mainly by the RNA-binding activity of RRM2. The divergent linker region might mediate the interaction of CELF-3 with other proteins regulating its activity or involved in target recognition. CELF-4, being highly expressed throughout the brain and in glandular tissues, moderately expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, and liver, is also known as bruno-like protein 4 (BRUNOL-4), or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 4. Like CELF-3, CELF-4 also contain three highly conserved RRMs. The splicing activation or repression activity of CELF-4 on some specific substrates is mediated by its RRM1/RRM2. On the other hand, both RRM1 and RRM2 of CELF-4 can activate cardiac troponin T (cTNT) exon 5 inclusion. CELF-5, expressed in brain, is also known as bruno-like protein 5 (BRUNOL-5), or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 5. Although its biological role remains unclear, CELF-5 shares same domain architecture with CELF-3. CELF-6, being strongly expressed in kidney, brain, and testis, is also known as bruno-like protein 6 (BRUNOL-6), or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 6. It activates exon inclusion of a cardiac troponin T minigene in transient transfection assays in a muscle-specific splicing enhancer (MSE)-dependent manner and can activate inclusion via multiple copies of a single element, MSE2. CELF-6 also promotes skipping of exon 11 of insulin receptor, a known target of CELF activity that is expressed in kidney. In addition to three highly conserved RRMs, CELF-6 also possesses numerous potential phosphorylation sites, a potential nuclear localization signal (NLS) at the C terminus, and an alanine-rich region within the divergent linker region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╖вА0А0АаАВ/cd12636, RRM2_Bruno_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in Drosophila melanogaster Bruno protein and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Bruno, a Drosophila RNA recognition motif (RRM)-containing protein that plays a central role in regulation of Oskar (Osk) expression. It mediates repression by binding to regulatory Bruno response elements (BREs) in the Osk mRNA 3' UTR. The full-length Bruno protein contains three RRMs, two located in the N-terminal half of the protein and the third near the C-terminus, separated by a linker region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╕вА0А0АаАВ*cd12637, RRM2_FCA, RNA recognition motif 2 in plant flowering time control protein FCA and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of FCA, a gene controlling flowering time in Arabidopsis, which encodes a flowering time control protein that functions in the posttranscriptional regulation of transcripts involved in the flowering process. The flowering time control protein FCA contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a WW protein interaction domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╣вА0А0АаАВ cd12638, RRM3_CELF1_2, RNA recognition motif 3 in CUGBP Elav-like family member CELF-1, CELF-2 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of CELF-1 (also termed BRUNOL-2, or CUG-BP1, or EDEN-BP) and CELF-2 (also termed BRUNOL-3, or ETR-3, or CUG-BP2, or NAPOR), both of which belong to the CUGBP1 and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) or BRUNOL (Bruno-like) family of RNA-binding proteins that have been implicated in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing and in the control of mRNA translation and deadenylation. CELF-1 is strongly expressed in all adult and fetal tissues tested. Human CELF-1 is a nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein that regulates multiple aspects of nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNA processing, with implications for onset of type 1 myotonic dystrophy (DM1), a neuromuscular disease associated with an unstable CUG triplet expansion in the 3'-UTR (3'-untranslated region) of the DMPK (myotonic dystrophy protein kinase) gene; it preferentially targets UGU-rich mRNA elements. It has been shown to bind to a Bruno response element, a cis-element involved in translational control of oskar mRNA in Drosophila, and share sequence similarity to Bruno, the Drosophila protein that mediates this process. The Xenopus homolog embryo deadenylation element-binding protein (EDEN-BP) mediates sequence-specific deadenylation of Eg5 mRNA. It specifically binds to the EDEN motif in the 3'-untranslated regions of maternal mRNAs and targets these mRNAs for deadenylation and translational repression. CELF-1 contain three highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains): two consecutive RRMs (RRM1 and RRM2) situated in the N-terminal region followed by a linker region and the third RRM (RRM3) close to the C-terminus of the protein. The two N-terminal RRMs of EDEN-BP are necessary for the interaction with EDEN as well as a part of the linker region (between RRM2 and RRM3). Oligomerization of EDEN-BP is required for specific mRNA deadenylation and binding. CELF-2 is expressed in all tissues at some level, but highest in brain, heart, and thymus. It has been implicated in the regulation of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA processing events, including alternative splicing, RNA editing, stability and translation. CELF-2 shares high sequence identity with CELF-1, but shows different binding specificity; it binds preferentially to sequences with UG repeats and UGUU motifs. It has been shown to bind to a Bruno response element, a cis-element involved in translational control of oskar mRNA in Drosophila, and share sequence similarity to Bruno, the Drosophila protein that mediates this process. It also binds to the 3'-UTR of cyclooxygenase-2 messages, affecting both translation and mRNA stability, and binds to apoB mRNA, regulating its C to U editing. CELF-2 also contain three highly conserved RRMs. It binds to RNA via the first two RRMs, which are important for localization in the cytoplasm. The splicing activation or repression activity of CELF-2 on some specific substrates is mediated by RRM1/RRM2. Both, RRM1 and RRM2 of CELF-2, can activate cardiac troponin T (cTNT) exon 5 inclusion. In addition, CELF-2 possesses a typical arginine and lysine-rich nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the C-terminus, within RRM3. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн║вА0А0АаАВLcd12639, RRM3_CELF3_4_5_6, RNA recognition motif 2 in CUGBP Elav-like family member CELF-3, CELF-4, CELF-5, CELF-6 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of CELF-3, CELF-4, CELF-5, and CELF-6, all of which belong to the CUGBP1 and ETR-3-like factors (CELF) or BRUNOL (Bruno-like) family of RNA-binding proteins that display dual nuclear and cytoplasmic localizations and have been implicated in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing and in the control of mRNA translation and deadenylation. CELF-3, expressed in brain and testis only, is also known as bruno-like protein 1 (BRUNOL-1), or CAG repeat protein 4, or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 3, or embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV)-type RNA-binding protein 1 (ETR-1), or expanded repeat domain protein CAG/CTG 4, or trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 4 protein (TNRC4). It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of tauopathies. CELF-3 contains three highly conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains): two consecutive RRMs (RRM1 and RRM2) situated in the N-terminal region followed by a linker region and the third RRM (RRM3) close to the C-terminus of the protein.The effect of CELF-3 on tau splicing is mediated mainly by the RNA-binding activity of RRM2. The divergent linker region might mediate the interaction of CELF-3 with other proteins regulating its activity or involved in target recognition. CELF-4, highly expressed throughout the brain and in glandular tissues, moderately expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, and liver, is also known as bruno-like protein 4 (BRUNOL-4), or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 4. Like CELF-3, CELF-4 also contains three highly conserved RRMs. The splicing activation or repression activity of CELF-4 on some specific substrates is mediated by its RRM1/RRM2. Both, RRM1 and RRM2 of CELF-4, can activate cardiac troponin T (cTNT) exon 5 inclusion. CELF-5, expressed in brain, is also known as bruno-like protein 5 (BRUNOL-5), or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 5. Although its biological role remains unclear, CELF-5 shares same domain architecture with CELF-3. CELF-6, strongly expressed in kidney, brain, and testis, is also known as bruno-like protein 6 (BRUNOL-6), or CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like factor 6. It activates exon inclusion of a cardiac troponin T minigene in transient transfection assays in an muscle-specific splicing enhancer (MSE)-dependent manner and can activate inclusion via multiple copies of a single element, MSE2. CELF-6 also promotes skipping of exon 11 of insulin receptor, a known target of CELF activity that is expressed in kidney. In addition to three highly conserved RRMs, CELF-6 also possesses numerous potential phosphorylation sites, a potential nuclear localization signal (NLS) at the C terminus, and an alanine-rich region within the divergent linker region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╗вА0А0АаАВ7cd12640, RRM3_Bruno_like, RNA recognition motif 3 in Drosophila melanogaster Bruno protein and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of Bruno protein, a Drosophila RNA recognition motif (RRM)-containing protein that plays a central role in regulation of Oskar (Osk) expression. It mediates repression by binding to regulatory Bruno response elements (BREs) in the Osk mRNA 3' UTR. The full-length Bruno protein contains three RRMs, two located in the N-terminal half of the protein and the third near the C-terminus, separated by a linker region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╝вА0А0АаАВ~cd12641, RRM_TRA2B, RNA recognition motif in Transformer-2 protein homolog beta (TRA-2 beta) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of TRA2-beta or TRA-2-beta, also termed splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 10 (SFRS10), or transformer-2 protein homolog B, a mammalian homolog of Drosophila transformer-2 (Tra2). TRA2-beta is a serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein that controls the pre-mRNA alternative splicing of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) protein and the tau protein. It contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), flanked by the N- and C-terminal arginine/serine (RS)-rich regions. TRA2-beta specifically binds to two types of RNA sequences, the CAA and (GAA)2 sequences, through the RRMs in different RNA binding modes. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╜вА0А0АаАВЭcd12642, RRM_TRA2A, RNA recognition motif in transformer-2 protein homolog alpha (TRA-2 alpha) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of TRA2-alpha or TRA-2-alpha, also termed transformer-2 protein homolog A, a mammalian homolog of Drosophila transformer-2 (Tra2). TRA2-alpha is a 40-kDa serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein (SRp40) that specifically binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) exonic splicing enhancer on exon 4 (ESE4) and is necessary for enhanced GnRH pre-mRNA splicing. It strongly stimulates GnRH intron A excision in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, TRA2-alpha can interact with either 9G8 or SRp30c, which may also be crucial for ESE-dependent GnRH pre-mRNA splicing. TRA2-alpha contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), flanked by the N- and C-terminal arginine/serine (RS)-rich regions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╛вА0А0АаАВЕcd12643, RRM_CFIm68, RNA recognition motif of pre-mRNA cleavage factor Im 68 kDa subunit (CFIm68 or CPSF6) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of CFIm68. Cleavage factor Im (CFIm) is a highly conserved component of the eukaryotic mRNA 3' processing machinery that functions in UGUA-mediated poly(A) site recognition, the regulation of alternative poly(A) site selection, mRNA export, and mRNA splicing. It is a complex composed of a small 25 kDa (CFIm25) subunit and a larger 59/68/72 kDa subunit. Two separate genes, CPSF6 and CPSF7, code for two isoforms of the large subunit, CFIm68 and CFIm59. The family includes CFIm68, also termed cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6 (CPSF6), or cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 68 kDa subunit (CPSF68), or protein HPBRII-4/7. CFIm68 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a central proline-rich region, and a C-terminal RS-like domain. The N-terminal RRM of CFIm68 mediates the interaction with CFIm25. It also serves to enhance RNA binding and facilitate RNA looping. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн┐вА0А0АаАВrcd12644, RRM_CFIm59, RNA recognition motif of pre-mRNA cleavage factor Im 59 kDa subunit (CFIm59 or CPSF7) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of CFIm59. Cleavage factor Im (CFIm) is a highly conserved component of the eukaryotic mRNA 3' processing machinery that functions in UGUA-mediated poly(A) site recognition, the regulation of alternative poly(A) site selection, mRNA export, and mRNA splicing. It is a complex composed of a small 25 kDa (CFIm25) subunit and a larger 59/68/72 kDa subunit. The two separate genes, CPSF6 and CPSF7, code for two isoforms of the large subunit, CFIm68 and CFIm59. The family includes CFIm59, also termed cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6 (CPSF7), or cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 59 kDa subunit (CPSF59). CFIm59 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a central proline-rich region, and a C-terminal RS-like domain. The N-terminal RRM of CFIm59 mediates the interaction with CFIm25. It also serves to enhance RNA binding and facilitate RNA looping. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн└вА0А0АаАВ╩cd12645, RRM_SRSF3, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SRSF3, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp20, a splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that modulates alternative splicing by interacting with RNA cis-elements in a concentration- and cell differentiation-dependent manner. It is also involved in termination of transcription, alternative RNA polyadenylation, RNA export, and protein translation. SRSF3 is critical for cell proliferation and tumor induction and maintenance. SRSF3 can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. It contains a single N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal RS domain rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. The RRM domain is involved in RNA binding, and the RS domain has been implicated in protein shuttling and protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн┴вА0А0АаАВ╠cd12646, RRM_SRSF7, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7 (SRSF7). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SRSF7, also termed splicing factor 9G8, is a splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that plays a crucial role in both constitutive splicing and alternative splicing of many pre-mRNAs. Its localization and functions are tightly regulated by phosphorylation. SRSF7 is predominantly present in the nuclear and can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. It cooperates with the export protein, Tap/NXF1, helps mRNA export to the cytoplasm, and enhances the expression of unspliced mRNA. SRSF7 inhibits tau E10 inclusion through directly interacting with the proximal downstream intron of E10, a clustering region for frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism (FTDP) mutations. SRSF7 contains a single N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a CCHC-type zinc knuckle motif in its median region, and a C-terminal RS domain rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. The RRM domain is involved in RNA binding, and the RS domain has been implicated in protein shuttling and protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн┬вА0А0АаАВTcd12647, RRM_UHM_SPF45, RNA recognition motif in UHM domain of 45 kDa-splicing factor (SPF45) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SPF45, also termed RNA-binding motif protein 17 (RBM17), an RNA-binding protein consisting of an unstructured N-terminal region, followed by a G-patch motif and a C-terminal U2AF (U2 auxiliary factor) homology motifs (UHM) that harbors a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain) and an Arg-Xaa-Phe sequence motif. SPF45 regulates alternative splicing of the apoptosis regulatory gene FAS (also known as CD95). It induces exon 6 skipping in FAS pre-mRNA through the UHM domain that binds to tryptophan-containing linear peptide motifs (UHM ligand motifs, ULMs) present in the 3' splice site-recognizing factors U2AF65, SF1 and SF3b155. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн├вА0А0АаАВ═cd12648, RRM3_UHM_PUF60, RNA recognition motif 3 in UHM domain of poly(U)-binding-splicing factor PUF60 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of PUF60, also termed FUSE-binding protein-interacting repressor (FBP-interacting repressor or FIR), or Ro-binding protein 1 (RoBP1), or Siah-binding protein 1 (Siah-BP1), an essential splicing factor that functions as a poly-U RNA-binding protein required to reconstitute splicing in depleted nuclear extracts. Its function is enhanced through interaction with U2 auxiliary factor U2AF65. PUF60 also controls human c-myc gene expression by binding and inhibiting the transcription factor far upstream sequence element (FUSE)-binding-protein (FBP), an activator of c-myc promoters. PUF60 contains two central RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a C-terminal U2AF (U2 auxiliary factor) homology motifs (UHM) that harbors another RRM and binds to tryptophan-containing linear peptide motifs (UHM ligand motifs, ULMs) in several nuclear proteins. The research indicates that PUF60 binds FUSE as a dimer, and only the first two RRM domains participate in the single-stranded DNA recognition. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн─вА0А0АаАВ]cd12649, RRM1_SXL, RNA recognition motif 1 in Drosophila sex-lethal (SXL) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of SXL which governs sexual differentiation and X chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila melanogaster. It induces female-specific alternative splicing of the transformer (tra) pre-mRNA by binding to the tra uridine-rich polypyrimidine tract at the non-sex-specific 3' splice site during the sex-determination process. SXL binds also to its own pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing. SXL contains an N-terminal Gly/Asn-rich domain that may be responsible for the protein-protein interaction, and tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), that show high preference to bind single-stranded, uridine-rich target RNA transcripts. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн┼вА0А0АаАВ ╡cd12650, RRM1_Hu, RNA recognition motif 1 in the Hu proteins family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of the Hu proteins family which represents a group of RNA-binding proteins involved in diverse biological processes. Since the Hu proteins share high homology with the Drosophila embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) protein, the Hu family is sometimes referred to as the ELAV family. Drosophila ELAV is exclusively expressed in neurons and is required for the correct differentiation and survival of neurons in flies. The neuronal members of the Hu family include Hu-antigen B (HuB or ELAV-2 or Hel-N1), Hu-antigen C (HuC or ELAV-3 or PLE21), and Hu-antigen D (HuD or ELAV-4), which play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads. Hu-antigen R (HuR or ELAV-1 or HuA) is the ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. HuR has an anti-apoptotic function during early cell stress response. It binds to mRNAs and enhances the expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, such as p21waf1, p53, and prothymosin alpha. HuR also has pro-apoptotic function by promoting apoptosis when cell death is unavoidable. Furthermore, HuR may be important in muscle differentiation, adipogenesis, suppression of inflammatory response and modulation of gene expression in response to chronic ethanol exposure and amino acid starvation. Hu proteins perform their cytoplasmic and nuclear molecular functions by coordinately regulating functionally related mRNAs. In the cytoplasm, Hu proteins recognize and bind to AU-rich RNA elements (AREs) in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain target mRNAs, such as GAP-43, vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), the glucose transporter GLUT1, eotaxin and c-fos, and stabilize those ARE-containing mRNAs. They also bind and regulate the translation of some target mRNAs, such as neurofilament M, GLUT1, and p27. In the nucleus, Hu proteins function as regulators of polyadenylation and alternative splicing. Each Hu protein contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an ARE. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╞вА0А0АаАВvcd12651, RRM2_SXL, RNA recognition motif 2 in Drosophila sex-lethal (SXL) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of the sex-lethal protein (SXL) which governs sexual differentiation and X chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila melanogaster. It induces female-specific alternative splicing of the transformer (tra) pre-mRNA by binding to the tra uridine-rich polypyrimidine tract at the non-sex-specific 3' splice site during the sex-determination process. SXL binds also to its own pre-mRNA and promotes female-specific alternative splicing. SXL contains an N-terminal Gly/Asn-rich domain that may be responsible for the protein-protein interaction, and tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), that show high preference to bind single-stranded, uridine-rich target RNA transcripts. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╟вА0А0АаАВ ╗cd12652, RRM2_Hu, RNA recognition motif 2 in the Hu proteins family. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of Hu proteins family which represents a group of RNA-binding proteins involved in diverse biological processes. Since the Hu proteins share high homology with the Drosophila embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) protein, the Hu family is sometimes referred to as the ELAV family. Drosophila ELAV is exclusively expressed in neurons and is required for the correct differentiation and survival of neurons in flies. The neuronal members of the Hu family include Hu-antigen B (HuB or ELAV-2 or Hel-N1), Hu-antigen C (HuC or ELAV-3 or PLE21), and Hu-antigen D (HuD or ELAV-4), which play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads. Hu-antigen R (HuR or ELAV-1 or HuA) is the ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. Moreover, HuR has an anti-apoptotic function during early cell stress response. It binds to mRNAs and enhances the expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, such as p21waf1, p53, and prothymosin alpha. HuR also has pro-apoptotic function by promoting apoptosis when cell death is unavoidable. Furthermore, HuR may be important in muscle differentiation, adipogenesis, suppression of inflammatory response and modulation of gene expression in response to chronic ethanol exposure and amino acid starvation. Hu proteins perform their cytoplasmic and nuclear molecular functions by coordinately regulating functionally related mRNAs. In the cytoplasm, Hu proteins recognize and bind to AU-rich RNA elements (AREs) in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain target mRNAs, such as GAP-43, vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), the glucose transporter GLUT1, eotaxin and c-fos, and stabilize those ARE-containing mRNAs. They also bind and regulate the translation of some target mRNAs, such as neurofilament M, GLUT1, and p27. In the nucleus, Hu proteins function as regulators of polyadenylation and alternative splicing. Each Hu protein contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an ARE. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╚вА0А0АаАВ╚cd12653, RRM3_HuR, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate Hu-antigen R (HuR). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of HuR, also termed ELAV-like protein 1 (ELAV-1), the ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. HuR has an anti-apoptotic function during early cell stress response. It binds to mRNAs and enhances the expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, such as p21waf1, p53, and prothymosin alpha. HuR also has pro-apoptotic function by promoting apoptosis when cell death is unavoidable. Furthermore, HuR may be important in muscle differentiation, adipogenesis, suppression of inflammatory response and modulation of gene expression in response to chronic ethanol exposure and amino acid starvation. Like other Hu proteins, HuR contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╔вА0А0АаАВЕcd12654, RRM3_HuB, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate Hu-antigen B (HuB). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of HuB, also termed ELAV-like protein 2 (ELAV-2), or ELAV-like neuronal protein 1, or nervous system-specific RNA-binding protein Hel-N1 (Hel-N1), one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads. It is up-regulated during neuronal differentiation of embryonic carcinoma P19 cells. Like other Hu proteins, HuB contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╩вА0А0АаАВicd12655, RRM3_HuC, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate Hu-antigen C (HuC). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of HuC, also termed ELAV-like protein 3 (ELAV-3), or paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration-associated antigen, or paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis antigen 21 (PLE21), one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. Like other Hu proteins, HuC contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). The AU-rich element binding of HuC can be inhibited by flavonoids. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╦вА0А0АаАВЇcd12656, RRM3_HuD, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate Hu-antigen D (HuD). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of HuD, also termed ELAV-like protein 4 (ELAV-4), or paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen HuD, one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuD has been implicated in various aspects of neuronal function, such as the commitment and differentiation of neuronal precursors as well as synaptic remodeling in mature neurons. HuD also functions as an important regulator of mRNA expression in neurons by interacting with AU-rich RNA element (ARE) and stabilizing multiple transcripts. Moreover, HuD regulates the nuclear processing/stability of N-myc pre-mRNA in neuroblastoma cells. And it also regulates the neurite elongation and morphological differentiation. HuD specifically bound poly(A) RNA. Like other Hu proteins, HuD contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an ARE. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╠вА0А0АаАВЎcd12657, RRM1_hnRNPM, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP M, a pre-mRNA binding protein that may play an important role in the pre-mRNA processing. It also preferentially binds to poly(G) and poly(U) RNA homopolymers. Moreover, hnRNP M is able to interact with early spliceosomes, further influencing splicing patterns of specific pre-mRNAs. hnRNP M functions as the receptor of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) that contains the penta-peptide sequence PELPK signaling motif. In addition, hnRNP M and another splicing factor Nova-1 work together as dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) pre-mRNA-binding proteins. They regulate alternative splicing of D2R pre-mRNA in an antagonistic manner. hnRNP M contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an unusual hexapeptide-repeat region rich in methionine and arginine residues (MR repeat motif). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн═вА0А0АаАВIcd12658, RRM1_MYEF2, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate myelin expression factor 2 (MEF-2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of MEF-2, also termed MyEF-2 or MST156, a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that binds specifically to ssDNA derived from the proximal (MB1) element of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter and represses transcription of the MBP gene. MEF-2 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which may be responsible for its ssDNA binding activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╬вА0А0АаАВчcd12659, RRM2_hnRNPM, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP M, a pre-mRNA binding protein that may play an important role in the pre-mRNA processing. It also preferentially binds to poly(G) and poly(U) RNA homopolymers. hnRNP M is able to interact with early spliceosomes, further influencing splicing patterns of specific pre-mRNAs. It functions as the receptor of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) that contains the penta-peptide sequence PELPK signaling motif. In addition, hnRNP M and another splicing factor Nova-1 work together as dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) pre-mRNA-binding proteins. They regulate alternative splicing of D2R pre-mRNA in an antagonistic manner. hnRNP M contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an unusual hexapeptide-repeat region rich in methionine and arginine residues (MR repeat motif). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╧вА0А0АаАВIcd12660, RRM2_MYEF2, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate myelin expression factor 2 (MEF-2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of MEF-2, also termed MyEF-2 or MST156, a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that binds specifically to ssDNA derived from the proximal (MB1) element of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter and represses transcription of the MBP gene. MEF-2 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which may be responsible for its ssDNA binding activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╨вА0А0АаАВЎcd12661, RRM3_hnRNPM, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP M, a pre-mRNA binding protein that may play an important role in the pre-mRNA processing. It also preferentially binds to poly(G) and poly(U) RNA homopolymers. Moreover, hnRNP M is able to interact with early spliceosomes, further influencing splicing patterns of specific pre-mRNAs. hnRNP M functions as the receptor of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) that contains the penta-peptide sequence PELPK signaling motif. In addition, hnRNP M and another splicing factor Nova-1 work together as dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) pre-mRNA-binding proteins. They regulate alternative splicing of D2R pre-mRNA in an antagonistic manner. hnRNP M contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and an unusual hexapeptide-repeat region rich in methionine and arginine residues (MR repeat motif). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╤вА0А0АаАВIcd12662, RRM3_MYEF2, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate myelin expression factor 2 (MEF-2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of MEF-2, also termed MyEF-2 or MST156, a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that binds specifically to ssDNA derived from the proximal (MB1) element of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter and represses transcription of the MBP gene. MEF-2 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which may be responsible for its ssDNA binding activity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╥вА0А0АаАВmcd12663, RRM1_RAVER1, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate ribonucleoprotein PTB-binding 1 (raver-1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of raver-1, a ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) that serves as a co-repressor of the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-directed splicing of select mRNAs. It shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and can accumulate in the perinucleolar compartment, a dynamic nuclear substructure that harbors PTB. Raver-1 also modulates focal adhesion assembly by binding to the cytoskeletal proteins, including alpha-actinin, vinculin, and metavinculin (an alternatively spliced isoform of vinculin) at adhesion complexes, particularly in differentiated muscle tissue. Raver-1 contains three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) at the N- and C-termini, a central leucine-rich region, and a C-terminal region harboring two PTB-binding [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs. Raver1 binds to PTB through the PTB-binding motifs at its C-terminal half, and binds to other partners, such as RNA having the sequence UCAUGCAGUCUG, through its N-terminal RRMs. Interestingly, the 12-nucleotide RNA having the sequence UCAUGCAGUCUG with micromolar affinity is found in vinculin mRNA. Additional research indicates that the RRM1 of raver-1 directs its interaction with the tail domain of activated vinculin. Then the raver1/vinculin tail (Vt) complex binds to vinculin mRNA, which is permissive for vinculin binding to F-actin. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╙вА0А0АаАВ cd12664, RRM1_RAVER2, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate ribonucleoprotein PTB-binding 2 (raver-2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of raver-2, a novel member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family. It is present in vertebrates and shows high sequence homology to raver-1, a ubiquitously expressed co-repressor of the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-directed splicing of select mRNAs. In contrast, raver-2 exerts a distinct spatio-temporal expression pattern during embryogenesis and is mainly limited to differentiated neurons and glia cells. Although it displays nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling in heterokaryons, raver2 localizes to the nucleus in glia cells and neurons. Raver-2 can interact with PTB and may participate in PTB-mediated RNA-processing. However, there is no evidence indicating that raver-2 can bind to cytoplasmic proteins. Raver-2 contains three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) at the N- and C-termini, a central leucine-rich region, and a C-terminal region harboring two [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs. Raver-2 binds to PTB through the SLLGEPP motif only, and binds to RNA through its RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╘вА0А0АаАВscd12665, RRM2_RAVER1, RNA recognition motif 2 found in vertebrate ribonucleoprotein PTB-binding 1 (raver-1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of raver-1, a ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) that serves as a co-repressor of the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-directed splicing of select mRNAs. It shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and can accumulate in the perinucleolar compartment, a dynamic nuclear substructure that harbors PTB. Raver-1 also modulates focal adhesion assembly by binding to the cytoskeletal proteins, including alpha-actinin, vinculin, and metavinculin (an alternatively spliced isoform of vinculin) at adhesion complexes, particularly in differentiated muscle tissue. Raver-1 contains three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) at the N- and C-termini, a central leucine-rich region, and a C-terminal region harboring two PTB-binding [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs. Raver1 binds to PTB through the PTB-binding motifs at its C-terminal half, and binds to other partners, such as RNA having the sequence UCAUGCAGUCUG, through its N-terminal RRMs. Interestingly, the 12-nucleotide RNA having the sequence UCAUGCAGUCUG with micromolar affinity is found in vinculin mRNA. Additional research indicates that the RRM1 of raver-1 directs its interaction with the tail domain of activated vinculin. Then the raver1/vinculin tail (Vt) complex binds to vinculin mRNA, which is permissive for vinculin binding to F-actin. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╒вА0А0АаАВ cd12666, RRM2_RAVER2, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate ribonucleoprotein PTB-binding 2 (raver-2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of raver-2, a novel member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family. It is present in vertebrates and shows high sequence homology to raver-1, a ubiquitously expressed co-repressor of the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-directed splicing of select mRNAs. In contrast, raver-2 exerts a distinct spatio-temporal expression pattern during embryogenesis and is mainly limited to differentiated neurons and glia cells. Although it displays nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling in heterokaryons, raver2 localizes to the nucleus in glia cells and neurons. Raver-2 can interact with PTB and may participate in PTB-mediated RNA-processing. However, there is no evidence indicating that raver-2 can bind to cytoplasmic proteins. Raver-2 contains three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) at the N- and C-termini, a central leucine-rich region, and a C-terminal region harboring two [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs. Raver-2 binds to PTB through the SLLGEPP motif only, and binds to RNA through its RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╓вА0А0АаАВmcd12667, RRM3_RAVER1, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate ribonucleoprotein PTB-binding 1 (raver-1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of raver-1, a ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) that serves as a co-repressor of the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-directed splicing of select mRNAs. It shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus and can accumulate in the perinucleolar compartment, a dynamic nuclear substructure that harbors PTB. Raver-1 also modulates focal adhesion assembly by binding to the cytoskeletal proteins, including alpha-actinin, vinculin, and metavinculin (an alternatively spliced isoform of vinculin) at adhesion complexes, particularly in differentiated muscle tissue. Raver-1 contains three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) at the N- and C-termini, a central leucine-rich region, and a C-terminal region harboring two PTB-binding [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs. Raver1 binds to PTB through the PTB-binding motifs at its C-terminal half, and binds to other partners, such as RNA having the sequence UCAUGCAGUCUG, through its N-terminal RRMs. Interestingly, the 12-nucleotide RNA having the sequence UCAUGCAGUCUG with micromolar affinity is found in vinculin mRNA. Additional research indicates that the RRM1 of raver-1 directs its interaction with the tail domain of activated vinculin. Then the raver1/vinculin tail (Vt) complex binds to vinculin mRNA, which is permissive for vinculin binding to F-actin. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╫вА0А0АаАВ&cd12668, RRM3_RAVER2, RNA recognition motif 3 found in vertebrate ribonucleoprotein PTB-binding 2 (raver-2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of raver-2, a novel member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family. It is present in vertebrates and shows high sequence homology to raver-1, a ubiquitously expressed co-repressor of the nucleoplasmic splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-directed splicing of select mRNAs. In contrast, raver-2 exerts a distinct spatio-temporal expression pattern during embryogenesis and is mainly limited to differentiated neurons and glia cells. Although it displays nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling in heterokaryons, raver2 localizes to the nucleus in glia cells and neurons. Raver-2 can interact with PTB and may participate in PTB-mediated RNA-processing. However, there is no evidence indicating that raver-2 can bind to cytoplasmic proteins. Raver-2 contains three N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) at the N- and C-termini, a central leucine-rich region, and a C-terminal region harboring two [SG][IL]LGxxP motifs. Raver-2 binds to PTB through the SLLGEPP motif only, and binds to RNA through its RRMs. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн╪вА0А0АаАВўcd12669, RRM1_Nop12p_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast nucleolar protein 12 (Nop12p) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of Nop12p which is encoded by YOL041C from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a novel nucleolar protein required for pre-25S rRNA processing and normal rates of cell growth at low temperatures. Nop12p shares high sequence similarity with nucleolar protein 13 (Nop13p). Both, Nop12p and Nop13p, are not essential for growth. However, unlike Nop13p that localizes primarily to the nucleolus but also present in the nucleoplasm to a lesser extent, Nop12p is localized to the nucleolus. Nop12p contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн┘вА0А0АаАВ√cd12670, RRM2_Nop12p_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast nucleolar protein 12 (Nop12p) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Nop12p, which is encoded by YOL041C from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a novel nucleolar protein required for pre-25S rRNA processing and normal rates of cell growth at low temperatures. Nop12p shares high sequence similarity with nucleolar protein 13 (Nop13p). Both, Nop12p and Nop13p, are not essential for growth. However, unlike Nop13p that localizes primarily to the nucleolus but is also present in the nucleoplasm to a lesser extent, Nop12p is localized to the nucleolus. Nop12p contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн┌вА0А0АаАВ9cd12671, RRM_CSTF2_CSTF2T, RNA recognition motif in cleavage stimulation factor subunit 2 (CSTF2), cleavage stimulation factor subunit 2 tau variant (CSTF2T) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM domain of CSTF2, its tau variant and eukaryotic homologs. CSTF2, also termed cleavage stimulation factor 64 kDa subunit (CstF64), is the vertebrate conterpart of yeast mRNA 3'-end-processing protein RNA15. It is expressed in all somatic tissues and is one of three cleavage stimulatory factor (CstF) subunits required for polyadenylation. CstF64 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a CstF77-binding domain, a repeated MEARA helical region and a conserved C-terminal domain reported to bind the transcription factor PC-4. During polyadenylation, CstF interacts with the pre-mRNA through the RRM of CstF64 at U- or GU-rich sequences within 10 to 30 nucleotides downstream of the cleavage site. CSTF2T, also termed tauCstF64, is a paralog of the X-linked cleavage stimulation factor CstF64 protein that supports polyadenylation in most somatic cells. It is expressed during meiosis and subsequent haploid differentiation in a more limited set of tissues and cell types, largely in meiotic and postmeiotic male germ cells, and to a lesser extent in brain. The loss of CSTF2T will cause male infertility, as it is necessary for spermatogenesis and fertilization. Moreover, CSTF2T is required for expression of genes involved in morphological differentiation of spermatids, as well as for genes having products that function during interaction of motile spermatozoa with eggs. It promotes germ cell-specific patterns of polyadenylation by using its RRM to bind to different sequence elements downstream of polyadenylation sites than does CstF64. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн█вА0А0АаАВ┌cd12672, RRM_DAZL, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate deleted in azoospermia-like (DAZL) proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of DAZL, also termed SPGY-like-autosomal, encoded by the autosomal homolog of DAZ gene, DAZL. It is ancestral to the deleted in azoospermia (DAZ) protein. DAZL is germ-cell-specific RNA-binding protein that contains a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a DAZ motif, a protein-protein interaction domain. Although their specific biochemical functions remain to be investigated, DAZL proteins may interact with poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), and act as translational activators of specific mRNAs during gametogenesis. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн▄вА0А0АаАВъcd12673, RRM_BOULE, RNA recognition motif in protein BOULE. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of BOULE, the founder member of the human DAZ gene family. Invertebrates contain a single BOULE, while vertebrates, other than catarrhine primates, possess both BOULE and DAZL genes. The catarrhine primates possess BOULE, DAZL, and DAZ genes. BOULE encodes an RNA-binding protein containing an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a single copy of the DAZ motif. Although its specific biochemical functions remains to be investigated, BOULE protein may interact with poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), and act as translational activators of specific mRNAs during gametogenesis. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн▌вА0А0АаАВтcd12674, RRM1_Nop4p, RNA recognition motif 1 in yeast nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of Nop4p (also known as Nop77p), encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн▐вА0А0АаАВтcd12675, RRM2_Nop4p, RNA recognition motif 2 in yeast nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Nop4p (also known as Nop77p), encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн▀вА0А0АаАВтcd12676, RRM3_Nop4p, RNA recognition motif 3 in yeast nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of Nop4p (also known as Nop77p), encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнрвА0А0АаАВтcd12677, RRM4_Nop4p, RNA recognition motif 4 in yeast nucleolar protein 4 (Nop4p) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of Nop4p (also known as Nop77p), encoded by YPL043W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential nucleolar protein involved in processing and maturation of 27S pre-rRNA and biogenesis of 60S ribosomal subunits. Nop4p has four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнсвА0А0АаАВ╓cd12678, RRM_SLTM, RNA recognition motif in Scaffold attachment factor (SAF)-like transcription modulator (SLTM) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM domain of SLTM, also termed modulator of estrogen-induced transcription, which shares high sequence similarity with scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1). It contains a scaffold attachment factor-box (SAF-box, also known as SAP domain) DNA-binding motif, an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a region rich in glutamine and arginine residues. To a large extent, SLTM co-localizes with SAFB1 in the nucleus, which suggests that they share similar functions, such as the inhibition of an oestrogen reporter gene. However, rather than mediating a specific inhibitory effect on oestrogen action, SLTM is shown to exert a generalized inhibitory effect on gene expression associated with induction of apoptosis in a wide range of cell lines. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнтвА0А0АаАВgcd12679, RRM_SAFB1_SAFB2, RNA recognition motif in scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1), scaffold attachment factor B2 (SAFB2), and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to RRM of SAFB1, also termed scaffold attachment factor B (SAF-B), heat-shock protein 27 estrogen response element ERE and TATA-box-binding protein (HET), or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP A1- associated protein (HAP), a large multi-domain protein with well-described functions in transcriptional repression, RNA splicing and metabolism, and a proposed role in chromatin organization. Based on the numerous functions, SAFB1 has been implicated in many diverse cellular processes including cell growth and transformation, stress response, and apoptosis. SAFB1 specifically binds to AT-rich scaffold or matrix attachment region DNA elements (S/MAR DNA) by using its N-terminal scaffold attachment factor-box (SAF-box, also known as SAP domain), a homeodomain-like DNA binding motif. The central region of SAFB1 is composed of an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a nuclear localization signal (NLS). The C-terminus of SAFB1 contains Glu/Arg- and Gly-rich regions that might be involved in protein-protein interaction. Additional studies indicate that the C-terminal region contains a potent and transferable transcriptional repression domain. Another family member is SAFB2, a homolog of SAFB1. Both SAFB1 and SAFB2 are ubiquitously coexpressed and share very high sequence similarity, suggesting that they might function in a similar manner. However, unlike SAFB1, exclusively existing in the nucleus, SAFB2 is also present in the cytoplasm. The additional cytoplasmic localization of SAFB2 implies that it could play additional roles in the cytoplasmic compartment which are distinct from the nuclear functions shared with SAFB1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнувА0А0АаАВ╒cd12680, RRM_THOC4, RNA recognition motif in THO complex subunit 4 (THOC4) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of THOC4, also termed transcriptional coactivator Aly/REF, or ally of AML-1 and LEF-1, or bZIP-enhancing factor BEF, an mRNA transporter protein with a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It is involved in RNA transportation from the nucleus. THOC4 was initially identified as a transcription coactivator of LEF-1 and AML-1 for the TCRalpha enhancer function. In addition, THOC4 specifically binds to rhesus (RH) promoter in erythroid. It might be a novel transcription cofactor for erythroid-specific genes. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнфвА0А0АаАВ▄cd12681, RRM_SKAR, RNA recognition motif in S6K1 Aly/REF-like target (SKAR) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of SKAR, also termed polymerase delta-interacting protein 3 (PDIP3), 46 kDa DNA polymerase delta interaction protein (PDIP46), belonging to the Aly/REF family of RNA binding proteins that have been implicated in coupling transcription with pre-mRNA splicing and nucleo-cytoplasmic mRNA transport. SKAR is widely expressed and localizes to the nucleus. It may be a critical player in the function of S6K1 in cell and organism growth control by binding the activated, hyperphosphorylated form of S6K1 but not S6K2. Furthermore, SKAR functions as a protein partner of the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase delta. In addition, SKAR may have particular importance in pancreatic beta cell size determination and insulin secretion. SKAR contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнхвА0А0АаАВДcd12682, RRM_RBPMS, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBP-MS). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBP-MS, also termed heart and RRM expressed sequence (hermes), an RNA-binding proteins found in various vertebrate species. It contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). RBP-MS physically interacts with Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 and plays a role in regulation of Smad-mediated transcriptional activity. In addition, RBP-MS may be involved in regulation of mRNA translation and localization during Xenopus laevis development. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнцвА0А0АаАВ╣cd12683, RRM_RBPMS2, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing 2 (RBP-MS2). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBP-MS2, encoded by RBPMS2 gene, a paralog of RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBP-MS). The biological function of RBP-MS2 remains unclear. Like RBP-MS, RBP-MS2 contains an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнчвА0А0АаАВюcd12684, RRM_cpo, RNA recognition motif in Drosophila couch potato (cpo) coding RNA-binding protein and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Cpo, an RNA-binding protein encoded by Drosophila couch potato (cpo) gene. Cpo contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). It may control the processing of RNA molecules required for the proper functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАншвА0А0АаАВ^cd12685, RRM_RBM20, RNA recognition motif of vertebrate RNA-binding protein 20 (RBM20). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM20, an alternative splicing regulator associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). It contains only one copy of RNA-recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнщвА0А0АаАВ╠cd12686, RRM1_PTBPH1_PTBPH2, RNA recognition motif 1 in plant polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 1 and 2 (PTBPH1 and PTBPH2). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of PTBPH1 and PTBPH2. Although their biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH1 and PTBPH2 show significant sequence similarity to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) that is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. Both, PTBPH1 and PTBPH2, contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнъвА0А0АаАВХcd12687, RRM1_PTBPH3, RNA recognition motif 1 in plant polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of PTBPH3. Although its biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH3 shows significant sequence similarity to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) that is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. Like PTB, PTBPH3 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнывА0А0АаАВ╟cd12688, RRM1_PTBP1_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 or nPTB), regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1), and similar proteins found in Metazoa. PTB is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and functions at several aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTBP2 is highly homologous to PTB and is perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 also contains four RRMs. ROD1 coding protein Rod1 is a mammalian PTB homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein and negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It may play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. All members in this family contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАньвА0А0АаАВ╗cd12689, RRM1_hnRNPL_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL), and similar proteins. hnRNP-L is a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-LL plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to hnRNP-L, which contains three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнэвА0А0АаАВ╠cd12690, RRM3_PTBPH1_PTBPH2, RNA recognition motif 3 in plant polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 1 and 2 (PTBPH1 and PTBPH2). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of PTBPH1 and PTBPH2. Although their biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH1 and PTBPH2 show significant sequence similarity to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) that is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. Both, PTBPH1 and PTBPH2, contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнювА0А0АаАВ╩cd12691, RRM2_PTBPH1_PTBPH2, RNA recognition motif 2 in plant polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 1 and 2 (PTBPH1 and PTBPH2). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of PTBPH1 and PTBPH2. Although their biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH1 and PTBPH2 show significant sequence similarity to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) that is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. Both, PTBPH1 and PTBPH2, contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнявА0А0АаАВХcd12692, RRM2_PTBPH3, RNA recognition motif 2 in plant polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3). This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of PTBPH3. Although its biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH3 shows significant sequence similarity to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) that is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. Like PTB, PTBPH3 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЁвА0А0АаАВ╬cd12693, RRM2_PTBP1_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB or hnRNP I), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2 or nPTB), regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1), and similar proteins found in Metazoa. PTB is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTBP2 is highly homologous to PTB and is perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 also contains four RRMs. ROD1 coding protein Rod1 is a mammalian PTB homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It may play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. All members in this family contain four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнёвА0А0АаАВ╣cd12694, RRM2_hnRNPL_like, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL), and similar proteins. hnRNP-L is a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both nuclear and cytoplasmic roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-LL plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to hnRNP-L, which contains three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЄвА0А0АаАВ+cd12695, RRM3_PTBP1, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of PTB, also known as 58 kDa RNA-binding protein PPTB-1 or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I), an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells. PTB also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTB contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). RRM1 and RRM2 are independent from each other and separated by flexible linkers. By contrast, there is an unusual and conserved interdomain interaction between RRM3 and RRM4. It is widely held that only RRMs 3 and 4 are involved in RNA binding and RRM2 mediates PTB homodimer formation. However, new evidence show that the RRMs 1 and 2 also contribute substantially to RNA binding. Moreover, PTB may not always dimerize to repress splicing. It is a monomer in solution. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнєвА0А0АаАВcd12696, RRM3_PTBP2, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of PTBP2, also known as neural polypyrimidine tract-binding protein or neurally-enriched homolog of PTB (nPTB), highly homologous to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЇвА0А0АаАВ╟cd12697, RRM3_ROD1, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of ROD1 coding protein Rod1, a mammalian polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It might play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. Rod1 contains four repeats of RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain) and does have RNA binding activities. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнївА0А0АаАВФcd12698, RRM3_PTBPH3, RNA recognition motif 3 in plant polypyrimidine tract-binding protein homolog 3 (PTBPH3). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of PTBPH3. Although its biological roles remain unclear, PTBPH3 shows significant sequence similarity to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) that is an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells and also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. Like PTB, PTBPH3 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнЎвА0А0АаАВcd12699, RRM3_hnRNPL, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP-L, a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-L shows significant sequence homology with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB or hnRNP I). Both, hnRNP-L and PTB, are localized in the nucleus but excluded from the nucleolus. hnRNP-L is an RNA-binding protein with three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнўвА0А0АаАВlcd12700, RRM3_hnRPLL, RNA recognition motif 3 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL). The subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP-LL which plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), which is an abundant nuclear, multifunctional RNA-binding protein with three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн°вА0А0АаАВ,cd12701, RRM4_PTBP1, RNA recognition motif 4 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of PTB, also known as 58 kDa RNA-binding protein PPTB-1 or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I), an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells. PTB also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTB contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). RRM1 and RRM2 are independent from each other and separated by flexible linkers. By contrast, there is an unusual and conserved interdomain interaction between RRM3 and RRM4. It is widely held that only RRMs 3 and 4 are involved in RNA binding and RRM2 mediates PTB homodimer formation. However, new evidence shows that the RRMs 1 and 2 also contribute substantially to RNA binding. Moreover, PTB may not always dimerize to repress splicing. It is a monomer in solution. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн∙вА0А0АаАВcd12702, RRM4_PTBP2, RNA recognition motif 4 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of PTBP2, also known as neural polypyrimidine tract-binding protein or neurally-enriched homolog of PTB (nPTB), highly homologous to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн·вА0А0АаАВ╠cd12703, RRM4_ROD1, RNA recognition motif 4 in vertebrate regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of ROD1 coding protein Rod1, a mammalian polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein that negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It might play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. Rod1 contains four repeats of RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain) and does have RNA binding activities. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн√вА0А0АаАВcd12704, RRM4_hnRNPL, RNA recognition motif 4 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of hnRNP-L, a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-L shows significant sequence homology with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB or hnRNP I). Both hnRNP-L and PTB are localized in the nucleus but excluded from the nucleolus. hnRNP-L is an RNA-binding protein with three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн№вА0А0АаАВlcd12705, RRM4_hnRPLL, RNA recognition motif 4 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL). The subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of hnRNP-LL which plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), which is an abundant nuclear, multifunctional RNA-binding protein with three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн¤вА0А0АаАВюcd12706, RRM_LARP5, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate La-related protein 5 (LARP5 or LARP4B). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of LARP5, a cytosolic protein that co-sediments with polysomes and accumulates upon stress induction in cellular stress granules. It can interact with the cytosolic poly(A) binding protein 1 (PABPC1) and the receptor for activated C Kinase (RACK1), a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. LARP5 may function as a stimulatory factor of translation through bridging mRNA factors of the 3' end with initiating ribosomes. Like other La-related proteins (LARPs) family members, LARP5 contains a La motif (LAM) and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн■вА0А0АаАВ!cd12707, RRM_LARP4, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate La-related protein 4 (LARP4). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of LARP4, a cytoplasmic factor that can bind poly(A) RNA and interact with poly(A) binding protein (PABP). It may play a role in promoting translation by stabilizing mRNA. LARP4 is structurally related to the La autoantigen. Like other La-related proteins (LARPs) family members, LARP4 contains a La motif (LAM) and an RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАн вА0А0АаАВ7cd12708, RRM_RCAN1, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of RCAN1, also termed calcipressin-1, or Adapt78, or Down syndrome critical region protein 1, or myocyte-enriched calcineurin-interacting protein 1 (MCIP1), encoded by the Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1) gene that is abundantly expressed in human brain, heart and muscles. Overexpressed RCAN1 functions as an inhibitor of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (also termed PP2B or PP3C), and is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). RCAN1 can be phosphorylated by several kinases such as big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK), and protein kinase A (PKA). The phosphorylation of RCAN1 can positively or negatively regulate calcineurin-mediated gene transcription, and also affect its protein stability in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. RCAN1 consists of an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a highly conserved SP repeat domain containing the phosphorylation site by GSK-3, a well-known PxIxIT motif responsible for docking many substrates to calcineurin, and an unrecognized C-terminal TxxP motif of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ°cd12709, RRM_RCAN2, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate regulator of calcineurin 2 (RCAN2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of RCAN2, also termed calcipressin-2, or Down syndrome candidate region 1-like 1 (DSCR1L1), or myocyte-enriched calcineurin-interacting protein 2 (MCIP2), or thyroid hormone-responsive protein ZAKI-4, encoded by a novel thyroid hormone-responsive gene ZAKI-4 that is abundantly expressed in human brain, heart and muscles. RCAN2 binds to the catalytic subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (also termed PP2B or PP3C), calcineurin A, and inhibits its phosphatase activity through its C-terminal region. RCAN2 consists of an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a highly conserved SP repeat domain containing the phosphorylation site by GSK-3, a well-known PxIxIT motif responsible for docking many substrates to calcineurin, and an unrecognized C-terminal TxxP motif of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВicd12710, RRM_RCAN3, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate regulator of calcineurin 3 (RCAN3). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of RCAN3, also termed calcipressin-3, or Down syndrome candidate region 1-like protein 2 (DSCR1L2), or myocyte-enriched calcineurin-interacting protein 3 (MCIP3), encoded by a ubiquitously expressed DSCR1L2 gene. Overexpressed RCAN3 binds and inhibits the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (also termed PP2B or PP3C), and further down-regulates nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-dependent cytokine gene expression in activated human Jurkat T cells. Moreover, RCAN3 interacts with cardiac troponin I (TNNI3), a heart-specific inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex, and may play a role in cardiac contraction. RCAN3 consists of an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a highly conserved SP repeat domain containing the phosphorylation site by GSK-3, a well-known PxIxIT motif responsible for docking many substrates to calcineurin, and an unrecognized C-terminal TxxP motif of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВcd12711, RRM_TNRC6A, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate GW182 autoantigen. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of the GW182 autoantigen, also termed trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6A protein (TNRC6A), or CAG repeat protein 26, or EMSY interactor protein, or protein GW1, or glycine-tryptophan protein of 182 kDa, a phosphorylated cytoplasmic autoantigen involved in stabilizing and/or regulating translation and/or storing several different mRNAs. GW182 is characterized by multiple glycine/tryptophan (G/W) repeats and is a critical component of GW bodies (GWBs, also called mammalian processing bodies, or P bodies). The mRNAs associated with GW182 are presumed to reside within GWBs. GW182 has been shown to bind multiple Ago-miRNA complexes, and thus plays a key role in miRNA-mediated translational repression and mRNA degradation. In the absence of Ago2, GW182 may induce translational silencing effect. GW182 is composed of an N-terminal G/W-rich region containing an Ago hook responsible for Ago protein-binding; a ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain and a glutamine (Q)-rich region in the middle region; a middle G/W-rich region, a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal G/W-rich region, at the C-terminus. A bipartite C-terminal region including the middle and C-terminal G/W-rich regions is referred to as silencing domain that triggers silencing of bound transcripts by inhibiting protein expression and promoting mRNA decay via deadenylation. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВcd12712, RRM_TNRC6B, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6B protein (TNRC6B). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of TNRC6B, one of three GW182 paralogs in mammalian genomes. It is involved in miRNA-mediated mRNA degradation. TNRC6B is composed of an N-terminal glycine/tryptophan (G/W)-rich region; a ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain and a glutamine (Q)-rich region in the middle region; a middle G/W-rich region, a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal G/W-rich region, at the C-terminus. TNRC6B directly interacts with Argonaute (Ago) proteins through its N-terminal glycine/tryptophan (G/W)-rich region that is called Ago protein-binding domain. TNRC6B is enriched in P-bodies and its Q-rich domain is responsible for P-body localization. A bipartite C-terminal region including the middle and C-terminal G/W-rich regions is referred as silencing domain that triggers silencing of bound transcripts by inhibiting protein expression and promoting mRNA decay via deadenylation. The C-terminal half of TNRC6B comprising an RRM domain exerts a strong translation inhibition potential, which does not require either association with Agos or localization to P-bodies. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ.cd12713, RRM_TNRC6C, RNA recognition motif in vertebrate trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6C protein (TNRC6C). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of TNRC6C, one of three GW182 paralogs in mammalian genomes. It is enriched in P-bodies and important for efficient miRNA-mediated repression. TNRC6C is composed of an N-terminal glycine/tryptophan (G/W)-rich region containing an Ago hook responsible for Ago protein-binding; a ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain and a glutamine (Q)-rich region in the middle region; a middle G/W-rich region, a RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal G/W-rich region, at the C-terminus. A bipartite C-terminal region including the middle and C-terminal G/W-rich regions is referred as silencing domain that triggers silencing of bound transcripts by inhibiting protein expression and promoting mRNA decay via deadenylation. The C-terminal half containing the RRM domain functions as a key effector domain mediating protein synthesis repression by TNRC6C. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ▐cd12714, RRM1_MATR3, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate matrin-3. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of Matrin 3 (MATR3 or P130), a highly conserved inner nuclear matrix protein with a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS), two zinc finger domains predicted to bind DNA, and two RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), that are known to interact with RNA. MATR3 has been implicated in various biological processes. It is involved in RNA processing by interacting with other nuclear proteins to anchor hyperedited RNAs to the nuclear matrix. It plays a role in mRNA stabilization through maintaining the stability of certain mRNA species. Besides, it modulates the activity of proximal promoters by binding to highly repetitive sequences of matrix/scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR). The phosphorylation of MATR3 is assumed to cause neuronal death. It is phosphorylated by the protein kinase ATM, which activates the cellular response to double strand breaks in the DNA. Its phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) is responsible for the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Furthermore, MATR3 has been identified as both a Ca2+-dependent CaM-binding protein and a downstream substrate of caspases. Additional research indicates that matrin 3 also binds Rev/Rev responsive element (RRE)-containing viral RNA and functions as a cofactor that mediates the post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ▐cd12715, RRM2_MATR3, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate matrin-3. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Matrin 3 (MATR3 or P130), a highly conserved inner nuclear matrix protein with a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS), two zinc finger domains predicted to bind DNA, and two RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), that are known to interact with RNA. MATR3 has been implicated in various biological processes. It is involved in RNA processing by interacting with other nuclear proteins to anchor hyperedited RNAs to the nuclear matrix. It plays a role in mRNA stabilization through maintaining the stability of certain mRNA species. Besides, it modulates the activity of proximal promoters by binding to highly repetitive sequences of matrix/scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR). The phosphorylation of MATR3 is assumed to cause neuronal death. It is phosphorylated by the protein kinase ATM, which activates the cellular response to double strand breaks in the DNA. Its phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) is responsible for the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Furthermore, MATR3 has been identified as both a Ca2+-dependent CaM-binding protein and a downstream substrate of caspases. Additional research indicates that matrin 3 also binds Rev/Rev responsive element (RRE)-containing viral RNA and functions as a cofactor that mediates the post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ.cd12716, RRM1_2_NP220, RNA recognition motif 1 and 2 in vertebrate nuclear protein 220 (NP220). This subgroup corresponds to RRM1 and RRM2 of NP220, also termed zinc finger protein 638 (ZN638), or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-associated antigen se33-1, or zinc finger matrin-like protein, a large nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein that binds to cytidine-rich sequences, such as CCCCC (G/C), in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). NP220 contains multiple domains, including MH1, MH2, and MH3, domains homologous to the acidic nuclear protein matrin 3; RS, an arginine/serine-rich domain commonly found in pre-mRNA splicing factors; PstI-HindIII, a domain essential for DNA binding; acidic repeat, a domain with nine repeats of the sequence LVTVDEVIEEEDL; and a Cys2-His2 zinc finger-like motif that is also present in matrin 3. It may be involved in packaging, transferring, or processing transcripts. This subgroup corresponds to the domain of MH2 that contains two tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ╩cd12717, RRM_ETP1, RNA recognition motif in yeast RING finger protein ETP1 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of ETP1, also termed BRAP2 homolog, or ethanol tolerance protein 1, the yeast homolog of BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP2) found in vertebrates. It may be involved in ethanol and salt-induced transcriptional activation of the NHA1 promoter and heat shock protein genes (HSP12 and HSP26), and participate in ethanol-induced turnover of the low-affinity hexose transporter Hxt3p. ETP1 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a C3HC4-type ring finger domain and a UBP-type zinc finger. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо вА0А0АаАВ3cd12718, RRM_BRAP2, RNA recognition motif in BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of BRAP2, also termed impedes mitogenic signal propagation (IMP), or ring finger protein 52, or renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-63, a novel cytoplasmic protein interacting with the two functional nuclear localisation signal (NLS) motifs of BRCA1, a nuclear protein linked to breast cancer. It also binds to the SV40 large T antigen NLS motif and the bipartite NLS motif found in mitosin. BRAP2 may serve as a cytoplasmic retention protein and play a role in the regulation of nuclear protein transport. It contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), followed by a C3HC4-type ring finger domain and a UBP-type zinc finger. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо вА0А0АаАВ-cd12719, RRM_SYNJ1, RNA recognition motif in synaptojanin-1 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of synaptojanin-1, also termed synaptojanin, or synaptic inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1, originally identified as one of the major Grb2-binding proteins that may participate in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. It also acts as a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-binding brain-specific inositol 5-phosphatase with a putative role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Synaptojanin-1 contains an N-terminal domain homologous to the cytoplasmic portion of the yeast protein Sac1p, a central inositol 5-phosphatase domain followed by a putative RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal proline-rich region mediating the binding of synaptojanin-1 to various SH3 domain-containing proteins including amphiphysin, SH3p4, SH3p8, SH3p13, and Grb2. Synaptojanin-1 has two tissue-specific alternative splicing isoforms, synaptojanin-145 expressed in brain and synaptojanin-170 expressed in peripheral tissues. Synaptojanin-145 is very abundant in nerve terminals and may play an essential role in the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. In contrast to synaptojanin-145, synaptojanin-170 contains three unique asparagine-proline-phenylalanine (NPF) motifs in the C-terminal region and may functions as a potential binding partner for Eps15, a clathrin coat-associated protein acting as a major substrate for the tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВncd12720, RRM_SYNJ2, RNA recognition motif in synaptojanin-2 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of synaptojanin-2, also termed synaptic inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2, an ubiquitously expressed central regulatory enzyme in the phosphoinositide-signaling cascade. As a novel Rac1 effector regulating the early step of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, synaptojanin-2 acts as a polyphosphoinositide phosphatase directly and specifically interacting with Rac1 in a GTP-dependent manner. It mediates the inhibitory effect of Rac1 on endocytosis and plays an important role in the Rac1-mediated control of cell growth. Synaptojanin-2 shows high sequence homology to the N-terminal Sac1p homology domain, the central inositol 5-phosphatase domain, the putative RNA recognition motif (RRM) of synaptojanin-1, but differs in the proline-rich region. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ▐cd12721, RRM_Nup53p_fungi, RNA recognition motif in yeast nucleoporin Nup53p and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nup53p, the ortholog of vertebrate nucleoporin Nup53. A unique property of yeast Nup53p is that it contains an additional Kap121p-binding domain and interacts specifically with the karyopherin Kap121p, which is involved in the assembly of Nup53p into NPCs. Like vertebrate Nup35, yeast Nup53p contains an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a C-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix and several FG repeats. The RRM domain lacks the conserved residues that typically bind RNA in canonical RRM domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо вА0А0АаАВbcd12722, RRM_Nup53, RNA recognition motif in nucleoporin Nup53. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM of nucleoporin Nup53, also termed mitotic phosphoprotein 44 (MP-44), or nuclear pore complex protein Nup53, required for normal cell growth and nuclear morphology in vertebrate. It tightly associates with the nuclear envelope membrane and the nuclear lamina where it interacts with lamin B. It may also interact with a group of nucleoporins including Nup93, Nup155, and Nup205 and play a role in the association of the mitotic checkpoint protein Mad1 with the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Nup35 contains an atypical RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a C-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix and several FG repeats. This RRM lacks the conserved residues that typically bind RNA in canonical RRM domains.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВucd12723, RRM1_CPEB1, RNA recognition motif 1 in cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1 (CPEB-1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of CPEB-1 (also termed CPE-BP1 or CEBP), an RNA-binding protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), a short U-rich motif in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain mRNAs. It functions as a translational regulator that plays a major role in the control of maternal CPE-containing mRNA in oocytes, as well as of subsynaptic CPE-containing mRNA in neurons. Once phosphorylated and recruiting the polyadenylation complex, CPEB-1 may function as a translational activator stimulating polyadenylation and translation. Otherwise, it may function as a translational inhibitor when dephosphorylated and bound to a protein such as maskin or neuroguidin, which blocks translation initiation through interfering with the assembly of eIF-4E and eIF-4G. Although CPEB-1 is mainly located in cytoplasm, it can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. CPEB-1 contains an N-terminal unstructured region, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a Zn-finger motif. Both of the RRMs and the Zn finger are required for CPEB-1 to bind CPE. The N-terminal regulatory region may be responsible for CPEB-1 interacting with other proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВИcd12724, RRM1_CPEB2_like, RNA recognition motif 1 in cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein CPEB-2, CPEB-3, CPEB-4 and similar protiens. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of the paralog proteins CPEB-2, CPEB-3 and CPEB-4, all well-conserved in both, vertebrates and invertebrates. Due to the high sequence similarity, members in this family may share similar expression patterns and functions. CPEB-2 is an RNA-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in testis and localized in cytoplasm in transfected HeLa cells. It preferentially binds to poly(U) RNA oligomers and may regulate the translation of stored mRNAs during spermiogenesis. Moreover, CPEB-2 impedes target RNA translation at elongation; it directly interacts with the elongation factor, eEF2, to reduce eEF2/ribosome-activated GTP hydrolysis in vitro and inhibit peptide elongation of CPEB2-bound RNA in vivo. CPEB-3 is a sequence-specific translational regulatory protein that regulates translation in a polyadenylation-independent manner. It functions as a translational repressor that governs the synthesis of the AMPA receptor GluR2 through binding GluR2 mRNA. It also represses translation of a reporter RNA in transfected neurons and stimulates translation in response to NMDA. CPEB-4 is an RNA-binding protein that mediates meiotic mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation. It is essential for neuron survival and present on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is accumulated in the nucleus upon ischemia or the depletion of ER calcium. CPEB-4 is overexpressed in a large variety of tumors and is associated with many mRNAs in cancer cells. All family members contain an N-terminal unstructured region, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a Zn-finger motif. In addition, they do have conserved nuclear export signals that are not present in CPEB-1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВucd12725, RRM2_CPEB1, RNA recognition motif 2 in cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1 (CPEB-1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of CPEB-1 (also termed CPE-BP1 or CEBP), an RNA-binding protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), a short U-rich motif in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of certain mRNAs. It functions as a translational regulator that plays a major role in the control of maternal CPE-containing mRNA in oocytes, as well as of subsynaptic CPE-containing mRNA in neurons. Once phosphorylated and recruiting the polyadenylation complex, CPEB-1 may function as a translational activator stimulating polyadenylation and translation. Otherwise, it may function as a translational inhibitor when dephosphorylated and bound to a protein such as maskin or neuroguidin, which blocks translation initiation through interfering with the assembly of eIF-4E and eIF-4G. Although CPEB-1 is mainly located in cytoplasm, it can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. CPEB-1 contains an N-terminal unstructured region, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a Zn-finger motif. Both of the RRMs and the Zn finger are required for CPEB-1 to bind CPE. The N-terminal regulatory region may be responsible for CPEB-1 interacting with other proteins. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВОcd12726, RRM2_CPEB2_like, RNA recognition motif 2 found in cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein CPEB-2, CPEB-3, CPEB-4 and similar protiens. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of the paralog proteins CPEB-2, CPEB-3 and CPEB-4, all well conserved in both, vertebrates and invertebrates. Due to the high sequence similarity, members in this family may share similar expression patterns and functions. CPEB-2 is an RNA-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in testis and localized in cytoplasm in transfected HeLa cells. It preferentially binds to poly(U) RNA oligomers and may regulate the translation of stored mRNAs during spermiogenesis. Moreover, CPEB-2 impedes target RNA translation at elongation; it directly interacts with the elongation factor, eEF2, to reduce eEF2/ribosome-activated GTP hydrolysis in vitro and inhibit peptide elongation of CPEB2-bound RNA in vivo. CPEB-3 is a sequence-specific translational regulatory protein that regulates translation in a polyadenylation-independent manner. It functions as a translational repressor that governs the synthesis of the AMPA receptor GluR2 through binding GluR2 mRNA. It also represses translation of a reporter RNA in transfected neurons and stimulates translation in response to NMDA. CPEB-4 is an RNA-binding protein that mediates meiotic mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation. It is essential for neuron survival and present on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is accumulated in the nucleus upon ischemia or the depletion of ER calcium. CPEB-4 is overexpressed in a large variety of tumors and is associated with many mRNAs in cancer cells. All family members contain an N-terminal unstructured region, two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a Zn-finger motif. In addition, they do have conserved nuclear export signals that are not present in CPEB-1. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВcd12727, RRM_like_Smg4_UPF3A, RNA recognition motif-like Smg4_UPF3 domain in up-frameshift suppressor 3 homolog A (Upf3A). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM-like Smg4_UPF3 domain in Upf3A, also termed regulator of nonsense transcripts 3A, or nonsense mRNA reducing factor 3A, a human ortholog of yeast Upf3p and Caenorhabditis elegans SMG-4. It derives from gene UPF3A and is required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in human. Upf3A is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that associates selectively with spliced beta-globin mRNA in vivo. Like other Upf3 proteins, Upf3A contains nuclear import and export signals, and a conserved Smg4_UPF3 domain with some similarity to an RNA recognition motif (RRM), indicating that it may be an RNA binding protein. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВcd12728, RRM_like_Smg4_UPF3B, RNA recognition motif-like Smg4_UPF3 domain in up-frameshift suppressor 3 homolog B on chromosome X (Upf3B). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM-like Smg4_UPF3 domain in Upf3B, also termed regulator of nonsense transcripts 3B, or nonsense mRNA reducing factor 3B, a human ortholog of yeast Upf3p and Caenorhabditis elegans SMG-4. It derives from X-linked gene UPF3B and is required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in human. Upf3B is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that associates selectively with spliced beta-globin mRNA in vivo. Like other Upf3 proteins, Upf3B contains nuclear import and export signals, and a conserved Smg4_UPF3 domain with some similarity to an RNA recognition motif (RRM), indicating that it may be an RNA binding protein. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ`cd12729, RRM1_hnRNPH_hnRNPH2_hnRNPF, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP H , hnRNP H2, hnRNP F and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H') and hnRNP F. These represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that play important roles in the regulation of alternative splicing decisions. hnRNP H and hnRNP F are two closely related proteins, both of which bind to the RNA sequence DGGGD. They are present in a complex with the tissue-specific splicing factor Fox2, and regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts. The presence of Fox 2 can allows hnRNP H and hnRNP F to better compete with the SR protein ASF/SF2 for binding to FGFR2 exon IIIc. Thus, hnRNP H and hnRNP F can function as potent silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc inclusion through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. Furthermore, hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical. Both of them have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. Members in this family contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. In addition, the family members have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ∙cd12730, RRM1_GRSF1, RNA recognition motif 1 in G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of GRSF-1, a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. GRSF-1 contains three potential RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which are responsible for the RNA binding. In addition, GRSF-1 has two auxiliary domains, an acidic alpha-helical domain and an N-terminal alanine-rich region, that may play a role in protein-protein interactions and provide binding specificity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВWcd12731, RRM2_hnRNPH_hnRNPH2_hnRNPF, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP H, hnRNP H2, hnRNP F and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H') and hnRNP F. These represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that play important roles in the regulation of alternative splicing decisions. hnRNP H and hnRNP F are two closely related proteins, both of which bind to the RNA sequence DGGGD. They are present in a complex with the tissue-specific splicing factor Fox2, and regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts. The presence of Fox 2 can allows hnRNP H and hnRNP F to better compete with the SR protein ASF/SF2 for binding to FGFR2 exon IIIc. Thus, hnRNP H and hnRNP F can function as potent silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc inclusion through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. Furthermore, hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; both have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. Members in this family contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. In addition, the family members have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВМcd12732, RRM2_hnRNPH3, RNA recognition motif 2 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3 (hnRNP H3) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), a nuclear RNA binding protein that belongs to the hnRNP H protein family that also includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H') and hnRNP F. This family is involved in mRNA processing and exhibit extensive sequence homology. Currently, little is known about the functions of hnRNP H3 except for its role in the splicing arrest induced by heat shock. In addition, the typical hnRNP H proteins contain contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), except for hnRNP H3, in which the RRM1 is absent. RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. Members in this family can regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts, and function as silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. The lack of RRM1 could account for the reduced silencing activity within hnRNP H3. In addition, like other hnRNP H protein family members, hnRNP H3 has an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow it to homo- or heterodimerize. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВcd12733, RRM3_GRSF1, RNA recognition motif 3 in G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF-1), a cytoplasmic poly(A)+ mRNA binding protein which interacts with RNA in a G-rich element-dependent manner. It may function in RNA packaging, stabilization of RNA secondary structure, or other macromolecular interactions. GRSF-1 contains three potential RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which are responsible for the RNA binding. In addition, GRSF-1 has two auxiliary domains, an acidic alpha-helical domain and an N-terminal alanine-rich region, that may play a role in protein-protein interactions and provide binding specificity. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВYcd12734, RRM3_hnRNPH_hnRNPH2_hnRNPF, RNA recognition motif 3 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hnRNP H , hnRNP H2, hnRNP F and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H') and hnRNP F, which represent a group of nuclear RNA binding proteins that play important roles in the regulation of alternative splicing decisions. hnRNP H and hnRNP F are two closely related proteins, both of which bind to the RNA sequence DGGGD. They are present in a complex with the tissue-specific splicing factor Fox2, and regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts. The presence of Fox 2 can allows hnRNP H and hnRNP F to better compete with the SR protein ASF/SF2 for binding to FGFR2 exon IIIc. Thus, hnRNP H and hnRNP F can function as potent silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc inclusion through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. Furthermore, hnRNP H and hnRNP H2 are almost identical; bothe have been found to bind nuclear-matrix proteins. hnRNP H activates exon inclusion by binding G-rich intronic elements downstream of the 5' splice site in the transcripts of c-src, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Bcl-X, GRIN1, and myelin. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the transcripts of beta-tropomyosin, HIV-1, and alpha-tropomyosin. hnRNP H2 has been implicated in pre-mRNA 3' end formation. Members in this family contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. In addition, the family members have an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow them to homo- or heterodimerize. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВТcd12735, RRM3_hnRNPH3, RNA recognition motif 3 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3 (hnRNP H3) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of hnRNP H3 (also termed hnRNP 2H9), a nuclear RNA binding protein that belongs to the hnRNP H protein family that also includes hnRNP H (also termed mcs94-1), hnRNP H2 (also termed FTP-3 or hnRNP H'), and hnRNP F. This family is involved in mRNA processing and exhibit extensive sequence homology. Currently, little is known about the functions of hnRNP H3 except for its role in the splicing arrest induced by heat shock. In addition, the typical hnRNP H proteins contain contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), except for hnRNP H3, in which the RRM1 is absent. RRM1 and RRM2 are responsible for the binding to the RNA at DGGGD motifs, and they play an important role in efficiently silencing the exon. Members in this family can regulate the alternative splicing of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) transcripts, and function as silencers of FGFR2 exon IIIc through an interaction with the exonic GGG motifs. The lack of RRM1 could account for the reduced silencing activity within hnRNP H3. In addition, like other hnRNP H protein family members, hnRNP H3 has an extensive glycine-rich region near the C-terminus, which may allow it to homo- or heterodimerize. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВтcd12736, RRM1_ESRP1, RNA recognition motif 1 in epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of ESRP1, also termed RNA-binding motif protein 35A (RBM35A), which has been identified as an epithelial cell type-specific regulator of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing. It is required for expression of epithelial FGFR2-IIIb and the regulation of CD44, CTNND1 (p120-Catenin) and ENAH (hMena) splicing. It enhances epithelial-specific exons of CD44 and ENAH, silences mesenchymal exons of CTNND1, or both within FGFR2. Additional research indicated that ESRP1 functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer cells. It may be involved in posttranscriptional regulation of various genes by exerting a differential effect on protein translation via 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs. ESRP1 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВюcd12737, RRM1_ESRP2, RNA recognition motif 1 in epithelial splicing regulatory protein 2 (ESRP2) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of ESRP2, also termed RNA-binding motif protein 35B (RBM35B), which has been identified as an epithelial cell type-specific regulator of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing. It is required for expression of epithelial FGFR2-IIIb and the regulation of CD44, CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) and ENAH (also termed hMena) splicing. It enhances epithelial-specific exons of CD44 and ENAH, silences mesenchymal exons of CTNND1, or both within FGFR2. ESRP2 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ░cd12738, RRM1_Fusilli, RNA recognition motif 1 in Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RNA-binding protein Fusilli which is encoded by Drosophila fusilli (fus) gene. Loss of Fusilli activity causes lethality during embryogenesis in flies. Drosophila Fusilli can regulate endogenous fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing and functions as a splicing factor. Fusilli contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), an N-terminal domain with unknown function and a C-terminal domain particularly rich in alanine, glutamine, and serine. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВ·cd12739, RRM2_ESRP1, RNA recognition motif 2 in epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of ESRP1, also termed RNA-binding motif protein 35A (RBM35A), which has been identified as an epithelial cell type-specific regulator of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing. It is required for expression of epithelial FGFR2-IIIb and the regulation of CD44, CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) and ENAH (also termed hMena) splicing. It enhances epithelial-specific exons of CD44 and ENAH, silences mesenchymal exons of CTNND1, or both within FGFR2. Additional research indicated that ESRP1 functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer cells. It may be involved in posttranscriptional regulation of various genes by exerting a differential effect on protein translation via 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs. ESRP1 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВюcd12740, RRM2_ESRP2, RNA recognition motif 2 in epithelial splicing regulatory protein 2 (ESRP2) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of ESRP2, also termed RNA-binding motif protein 35B (RBM35B), which has been identified as an epithelial cell type-specific regulator of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing. It is required for expression of epithelial FGFR2-IIIb and the regulation of CD44, CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) and ENAH (also termed hMena) splicing. It enhances epithelial-specific exons of CD44 and ENAH, silences mesenchymal exons of CTNND1, or both within FGFR2. ESRP2 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо вА0А0АаАВ░cd12741, RRM2_Fusilli, RNA recognition motif 2 in Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RNA-binding protein Fusilli which is encoded by Drosophila fusilli (fus) gene. Loss of Fusilli activity causes lethality during embryogenesis in flies. Drosophila Fusilli can regulate endogenous fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing and functions as a splicing factor. Fusilli contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), an N-terminal domain with unknown function and a C-terminal domain particularly rich in alanine, glutamine, and serine. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо!вА0А0АаАВиcd12742, RRM3_ESRP1_ESRP2, RNA recognition motif in epithelial splicing regulatory protein ESRP1, ESRP2 and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of ESRP1 (also termed RBM35A) and ESRP2 (also termed RBM35B). These are epithelial-specific RNA binding proteins that promote splicing of the epithelial variant of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), ENAH (also termed hMena), CD44 and CTNND1 (also termed p120-Catenin) transcripts. They are highly conserved paralogs and specifically bind to GU-rich binding site. ESRP1 and ESRP2 contain three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо"вА0А0АаАВ░cd12743, RRM3_Fusilli, RNA recognition motif 3 in Drosophila RNA-binding protein Fusilli and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM3 of RNA-binding protein Fusilli which is encoded by Drosophila fusilli (fus) gene. Loss of Fusilli activity causes lethality during embryogenesis in flies. Drosophila Fusilli can regulate endogenous fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) splicing and functions as a splicing factor. Fusilli contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), an N-terminal domain with unknown function and a C-terminal domain particularly rich in alanine, glutamine, and serine. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо#вА0А0АаАВCcd12744, RRM1_RBM12B, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо$вА0А0АаАВцcd12745, RRM1_RBM12, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins. This subgrup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. The biological role of RBM12 remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо%вА0А0АаАВCcd12746, RRM2_RBM12B, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо&вА0А0АаАВэcd12747, RRM2_RBM12, RNA recognition motif 2 in RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), which is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. The biological role of RBM12 remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо'вА0А0АаАВCcd12748, RRM4_RBM12B, RNA recognition motif 4 in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо(вА0А0АаАВэcd12749, RRM4_RBM12, RNA recognition motif 4 in RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM4 of RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), which is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. The biological role of RBM12 remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо)вА0А0АаАВCcd12750, RRM5_RBM12B, RNA recognition motif 5 in RNA-binding protein 12B (RBM12B) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM5 of RBM12B which contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). Its biological role remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо*вА0А0АаАВэcd12751, RRM5_RBM12, RNA recognition motif 5 in RNA-binding protein 12 (RBM12) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM5 of RBM12, also termed SH3/WW domain anchor protein in the nucleus (SWAN), which is ubiquitously expressed. It contains five distinct RNA binding motifs (RBMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two proline-rich regions, and several putative transmembrane domains. The biological role of RBM12 remains unclear. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо+вА0А0АаАВ┤cd12752, RRM1_RBM5, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM5, also termed protein G15, or putative tumor suppressor LUCA15, or renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-9, a known modulator of apoptosis. It may also act as a tumor suppressor or an RNA splicing factor. RBM5 shows high sequence similarity to RNA-binding protein 6 (RBM6 or NY-LU-12 or g16 or DEF-3). Both, RBM5 and RBM6, specifically bind poly(G) RNA. They contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two C2H2-type zinc fingers, a nuclear localization signal, and a G-patch/D111 domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо,вА0А0АаАВ4cd12753, RRM1_RBM10, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 10 (RBM10). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of RBM10, also termed G patch domain-containing protein 9, or RNA-binding protein S1-1 (S1-1), a paralog of putative tumor suppressor RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5 or LUCA15 or H37). It may play an important role in mRNA generation, processing and degradation in several cell types. The rat homolog of human RBM10 is protein S1-1, a hypothetical RNA binding protein with poly(G) and poly(U) binding capabilities. RBM10 is structurally related to RBM5 and RNA-binding protein 6 (RBM6 or NY-LU-12 or g16 or DEF-3). It contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two C2H2-type zinc fingers, and a G-patch/D111 domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо-вА0А0АаАВ4cd12754, RRM2_RBM10, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 10 (RBM10). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM10, also termed G patch domain-containing protein 9, or RNA-binding protein S1-1 (S1-1), a paralog of putative tumor suppressor RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5 or LUCA15 or H37). It may play an important role in mRNA generation, processing and degradation in several cell types. The rat homolog of human RBM10 is protein S1-1, a hypothetical RNA binding protein with poly(G) and poly(U) binding capabilities. RBM10 is structurally related to RBM5 and RNA-binding protein 6 (RBM6 or NY-LU-12 or g16 or DEF-3). It contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two C2H2-type zinc fingers, and a G-patch/D111 domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо.вА0А0АаАВ┤cd12755, RRM2_RBM5, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate RNA-binding protein 5 (RBM5). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM5, also termed protein G15, or putative tumor suppressor LUCA15, or renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-9, a known modulator of apoptosis. It may also act as a tumor suppressor or an RNA splicing factor. RBM5 shows high sequence similarity to RNA-binding protein 6 (RBM6 or NY-LU-12 or g16 or DEF-3). Both, RBM5 and RBM6, specifically bind poly(G) RNA. They contain two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), two C2H2-type zinc fingers, a nuclear localization signal, and a G-patch/D111 domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо/вА0А0АаАВycd12756, RRM1_hnRNPD, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 (hnRNP D0) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP D0, also termed AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1, which is a UUAG-specific nuclear RNA binding protein that may be involved in pre-mRNA splicing and telomere elongation. hnRNP D0 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), in the middle and an RGG box rich in glycine and arginine residues in the C-terminal part. Each of RRMs can bind solely to the UUAG sequence specifically. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо0вА0А0АаАВёcd12757, RRM1_hnRNPAB, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B (hnRNP A/B) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP A/B, also termed APOBEC1-binding protein 1 (ABBP-1), which is an RNA unwinding protein with a high affinity for G- followed by U-rich regions. hnRNP A/B has also been identified as an APOBEC1-binding protein that interacts with apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA transcripts around the editing site and thus plays an important role in apoB mRNA editing. hnRNP A/B contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long C-terminal glycine-rich domain that contains a potential ATP/GTP binding loop. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо1вА0А0АаАВFcd12758, RRM1_hnRPDL, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D-like (hnRNP D-like or hnRNP DL) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP DL (or hnRNP D-like), also termed AU-rich element RNA-binding factor, or JKT41-binding protein (protein laAUF1 or JKTBP), which is a dual functional protein that possesses DNA- and RNA-binding properties. It has been implicated in mRNA biogenesis at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. hnRNP DL binds single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in a non-sequencespecific manner, and interacts with poly(G) and poly(A) tenaciously. It contains two putative two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glycine- and tyrosine-rich C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо2вА0А0АаАВcd12759, RRM1_MSI1, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1 (Musashi-1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of Musashi-1. The mammalian MSI1 gene encoding Musashi-1 (also termed Msi1) is a neural RNA-binding protein putatively expressed in central nervous system (CNS) stem cells and neural progenitor cells and associated with asymmetric divisions in neural progenitor cells. Musashi-1 is evolutionarily conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. It is a homolog of Drosophila Musashi and Xenopus laevis nervous system-specific RNP protein-1 (Nrp-1). Musashi-1 has been implicated in the maintenance of the stem-cell state, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. It translationally regulates the expression of a mammalian numb gene by binding to the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA of Numb, encoding a membrane-associated inhibitor of Notch signaling, and further influences neural development. Moreover, it represses translation by interacting with the poly(A)-binding protein and competes for binding of the eukaryotic initiation factor-4G (eIF-4G). Musashi-1 contains two conserved N-terminal tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), along with other domains of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо3вА0А0АаАВЄcd12760, RRM1_MSI2, RNA recognition motif 1 in RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 2 (Musashi-2 ) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of Musashi-2 (also termed Msi2) which has been identified as a regulator of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and of leukemic stem cells after transplantation of cells with loss and gain of function of the gene. It influences proliferation and differentiation of HSCs and myeloid progenitors, and further modulates normal hematopoiesis and promotes aggressive myeloid leukemia. Musashi-2 contains two conserved N-terminal tandem RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), along with other domains of unknown function. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо4вА0А0АаАВЄcd12761, RRM1_hnRNPA1, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP A1, also termed helix-destabilizing protein, or single-strand RNA-binding protein, or hnRNP core protein A1, and is an abundant eukaryotic nuclear RNA-binding protein that may modulate splice site selection in pre-mRNA splicing. hnRNP A1 has been characterized as a splicing silencer, often acting in opposition to an activating hnRNP H. It silences exons when bound to exonic elements in the alternatively spliced transcripts of c-src, HIV, GRIN1, and beta-tropomyosin. hnRNP A1 can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Thus, it may be involved in transport of cellular RNAs, including the packaging of pre-mRNA into hnRNP particles and transport of poly A+ mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic hnRNP A1 has high affinity with AU-rich elements, whereas the nuclear hnRNP A1 has high affinity with a polypyrimidine stretch bordered by AG at the 3' ends of introns. hnRNP A1 is also involved in the replication of an RNA virus, such as mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), through an interaction with the transcription-regulatory region of viral RNA. hnRNP A1, together with the scaffold protein septin 6, serves as host protein to form a complex with NS5b and viral RNA, and further plays important roles in the replication of Hepatitis C virus (HCV). hnRNP A1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. The RRMs of hnRNP A1 play an important role in silencing the exon and the glycine-rich domain is responsible for protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо5вА0А0АаАВюcd12762, RRM1_hnRNPA2B1, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP A2/B1 which is an RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that interacts with the hnRNP A2 response element (A2RE). Many mRNAs, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP), carboxyanhydrase II (CAII), microtubule-associated protein tau, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) are trafficked by hnRNP A2/B1. hnRNP A2/B1 also functions as a splicing factor that regulates alternative splicing of the tumor suppressors, such as BIN1, WWOX, the antiapoptotic proteins c-FLIP and caspase-9B, the insulin receptor (IR), and the RON proto-oncogene among others. Moreover, the overexpression of hnRNP A2/B1 has been described in many cancers. It functions as a nuclear matrix protein involving in RNA synthesis and the regulation of cellular migration through alternatively splicing pre-mRNA. It may play a role in tumor cell differentiation. hnRNP A2/B1 contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо6вА0А0АаАВtcd12763, RRM1_hnRNPA3, RNA recognition motif 1 in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 (hnRNP A3) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP A3 which is a novel RNA trafficking response element-binding protein that interacts with the hnRNP A2 response element (A2RE) independently of hnRNP A2 and participates in the trafficking of A2RE-containing RNA. hnRNP A3 can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It contains two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a long glycine-rich region at the C-terminus. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо7вА0А0АаАВ┴cd12764, RRM2_SRSF4, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 (SRSF4). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of SRSF4, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp75, or SRP001LB, or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 4 (SFRS4), a splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that plays an important role in both constitutive splicing and alternative splicing of many pre-mRNAs. For instance, it interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, hnRNP G and hnRNP E2, and further regulates the 5' splice site of tau exon 10, whose misregulation causes frontotemporal dementia. SFRS4 also induces production of HIV-1 vpr mRNA through the inhibition of the 5'-splice site of exon 3. In addition, SRSF4 activates splicing of the cardiac troponin T (cTNT) alternative exon by direct interactions with the cTNT exon 5 enhancer RNA. SRSF4 can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. It contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a glycine-rich region, an internal region homologous to the RRM, and a very long, highly phosphorylated C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо8вА0А0АаАВ·cd12765, RRM2_SRSF5, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 5 (SRSF5). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of SRSF5, also termed delayed-early protein HRS, or pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp40, or splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 5 (SFRS5), is an essential splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that regulates both alternative splicing and basal splicing. It is the only SR protein efficiently selected from nuclear extracts (NE) by the splicing enhancer (ESE) and it is necessary for enhancer activation. SRSF5 also functions as a factor required for insulin-regulated splice site selection for protein kinase C (PKC) betaII mRNA. It is involved in the regulation of PKCbetaII exon inclusion by insulin via its increased phosphorylation by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) signaling pathway. Moreover, SRSF5 can regulate alternative splicing in exon 9 of glucocorticoid receptor pre-mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. SRSF5 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. The specific RNA binding by SRSF5 requires the phosphorylation of its SR domain. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо9вА0А0АаАВGcd12766, RRM2_SRSF6, RNA recognition motif 2 found in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 6 (SRSF6). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of SRSF6, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp55, an essential splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that preferentially interacts with a number of purine-rich splicing enhancers (ESEs) to activate splicing of the ESE-containing exon. It is the only protein from HeLa nuclear extract or purified SR proteins that specifically binds B element RNA after UV irradiation. SRSF6 may also recognize different types of RNA sites. For instance, it does not bind to the purine-rich sequence in the calcitonin-specific ESE, but binds to a region adjacent to the purine tract. Moreover, cellular levels of SRSF6 may control tissue-specific alternative splicing of the calcitonin/ calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pre-mRNA. SRSF6 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by a C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо:вА0А0АаАВPcd12767, RRM2_SRSF1, RNA recognition motif 2 in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) and similar proteins. This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of SRSF1, also termed alternative-splicing factor 1 (ASF-1), or pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF2, P33 subunit, a splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein involved in constitutive and alternative splicing, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), mRNA export and translation. It also functions as a splicing-factor oncoprotein that regulates apoptosis and proliferation to promote mammary epithelial cell transformation. SRSF1 is a shuttling SR protein and contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), separated by a long glycine-rich spacer, and a C-terminal SR domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо;вА0А0АаАВQcd12768, RRM2_SRSF9, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 (SRSF9). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of SRSF9, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp30C, an essential splicing regulatory serine/arginine (SR) protein that has been implicated in the activity of many elements that control splice site selection, the alternative splicing of the glucocorticoid receptor beta in neutrophils and in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pre-mRNA. SRSF9 can also interact with other proteins implicated in alternative splicing, including YB-1, rSLM-1, rSLM-2, E4-ORF4, Nop30, and p32. SRSF9 contains two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), followed by an unusually short C-terminal RS domains rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо<вА0А0АаАВ╤cd12769, RRM1_HuR, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate Hu-antigen R (HuR). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of HuR, also termed ELAV-like protein 1 (ELAV-1), a ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. HuR has an anti-apoptotic function during early cell stress response; it binds to mRNAs and enhances the expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, such as p21waf1, p53, and prothymosin alpha. Meanwhile, HuR also has pro-apoptotic function by promoting apoptosis when cell death is unavoidable. Furthermore, HuR may be important in muscle differentiation, adipogenesis, suppression of inflammatory response and modulation of gene expression in response to chronic ethanol exposure and amino acid starvation. Like other Hu proteins, HuR contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо=вА0А0АаАВщcd12770, RRM1_HuD, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate Hu-antigen D (HuD). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of HuD, also termed ELAV-like protein 4 (ELAV-4), or paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen HuD, one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuD has been implicated in various aspects of neuronal function, such as the commitment and differentiation of neuronal precursors as well as synaptic remodeling in mature neurons. HuD also functions as an important regulator of mRNA expression in neurons by interacting with AU-rich RNA element (ARE) and stabilizing multiple transcripts. Moreover, HuD regulates the nuclear processing/stability of N-myc pre-mRNA in neuroblastoma cells, as well as the neurite elongation and morphological differentiation. HuD specifically binds poly(A) RNA. Like other Hu proteins, HuD contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an ARE. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо>вА0А0АаАВЕcd12771, RRM1_HuB, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate Hu-antigen B (HuB). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of HuB, also termed ELAV-like protein 2 (ELAV-2), or ELAV-like neuronal protein 1, or nervous system-specific RNA-binding protein Hel-N1 (Hel-N1), one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads and is up-regulated during neuronal differentiation of embryonic carcinoma P19 cells. Like other Hu proteins, HuB contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо?вА0А0АаАВicd12772, RRM1_HuC, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate Hu-antigen C (HuC). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of HuC, also termed ELAV-like protein 3 (ELAV-3), or paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration-associated antigen, or paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis antigen 21 (PLE21), one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. Like other Hu proteins, HuC contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). The AU-rich element binding of HuC can be inhibited by flavonoids. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАо@вА0А0АаАВ╚cd12773, RRM2_HuR, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate Hu-antigen R (HuR). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of HuR, also termed ELAV-like protein 1 (ELAV-1), the ubiquitously expressed Hu family member. It has a variety of biological functions mostly related to the regulation of cellular response to DNA damage and other types of stress. HuR has an anti-apoptotic function during early cell stress response. It binds to mRNAs and enhances the expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, such as p21waf1, p53, and prothymosin alpha. HuR also has pro-apoptotic function by promoting apoptosis when cell death is unavoidable. Furthermore, HuR may be important in muscle differentiation, adipogenesis, suppression of inflammatory response and modulation of gene expression in response to chronic ethanol exposure and amino acid starvation. Like other Hu proteins, HuR contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоAвА0А0АаАВЁcd12774, RRM2_HuD, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate Hu-antigen D (HuD). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of HuD, also termed ELAV-like protein 4 (ELAV-4), or paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen HuD, one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuD has been implicated in various aspects of neuronal function, such as the commitment and differentiation of neuronal precursors as well as synaptic remodeling in mature neurons. HuD also functions as an important regulator of mRNA expression in neurons by interacting with AU-rich RNA element (ARE) and stabilizing multiple transcripts. Moreover, HuD regulates the nuclear processing/stability of N-myc pre-mRNA in neuroblastoma cells and also regulates the neurite elongation and morphological differentiation. HuD specifically binds poly(A) RNA. Like other Hu proteins, HuD contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an ARE. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоBвА0А0АаАВЕcd12775, RRM2_HuB, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate Hu-antigen B (HuB). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of HuB, also termed ELAV-like protein 2 (ELAV-2), or ELAV-like neuronal protein 1, or nervous system-specific RNA-binding protein Hel-N1 (Hel-N1), one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. HuB is also expressed in gonads. It is up-regulated during neuronal differentiation of embryonic carcinoma P19 cells. Like other Hu proteins, HuB contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоCвА0А0АаАВicd12776, RRM2_HuC, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate Hu-antigen C (HuC). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of HuC, also termed ELAV-like protein 3 (ELAV-3), or paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration-associated antigen, or paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis antigen 21 (PLE21), one of the neuronal members of the Hu family. The neuronal Hu proteins play important roles in neuronal differentiation, plasticity and memory. Like other Hu proteins, HuC contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). RRM1 and RRM2 may cooperate in binding to an AU-rich RNA element (ARE). The AU-rich element binding of HuC can be inhibited by flavonoids. RRM3 may help to maintain the stability of the RNA-protein complex, and might also bind to poly(A) tails or be involved in protein-protein interactions. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоDвА0А0АаАВ,cd12777, RRM1_PTBP1, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of PTB, also known as 58 kDa RNA-binding protein PPTB-1 or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I), an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells. PTB also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTB contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). RRM1 and RRM2 are independent from each other and separated by flexible linkers. By contrast, there is an unusual and conserved interdomain interaction between RRM3 and RRM4. It is widely held that only RRMs 3 and 4 are involved in RNA binding and RRM2 mediates PTB homodimer formation. However, new evidence shows that the RRMs 1 and 2 also contribute substantially to RNA binding. Moreover, PTB may not always dimerize to repress splicing. It is a monomer in solution. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоEвА0А0АаАВcd12778, RRM1_PTBP2, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of PTBP2, also known as neural polypyrimidine tract-binding protein or neurally-enriched homolog of PTB (nPTB), highly homologous to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоFвА0А0АаАВ╠cd12779, RRM1_ROD1, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of ROD1 coding protein Rod1, a mammalian polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein that negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It might play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. Rod1 contains four repeats of RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain) and does have RNA binding activities. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоGвА0А0АаАВcd12780, RRM1_hnRNPL, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP-L, a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-L shows significant sequence homology to polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB or hnRNP I). Both, hnRNP-L and PTB, are localized in the nucleus but excluded from the nucleolus. hnRNP-L is an RNA-binding protein with three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоHвА0А0АаАВncd12781, RRM1_hnRPLL, RNA recognition motif 1 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM1 of hnRNP-LL, which plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), which is an abundant nuclear, multifunctional RNA-binding protein with three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоIвА0А0АаАВ,cd12782, RRM2_PTBP1, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTB). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of PTB, also known as 58 kDa RNA-binding protein PPTB-1 or heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNP I), an important negative regulator of alternative splicing in mammalian cells. PTB also functions at several other aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA localization, stabilization, polyadenylation, and translation. PTB contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). RRM1 and RRM2 are independent from each other and separated by flexible linkers. By contrast, there is an unusual and conserved interdomain interaction between RRM3 and RRM4. It is widely held that only RRMs 3 and 4 are involved in RNA binding and RRM2 mediates PTB homodimer formation. However, new evidence shows that the RRMs 1 and 2 also contribute substantially to RNA binding. Moreover, PTB may not always dimerize to repress splicing. It is a monomer in solution. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоJвА0А0АаАВcd12783, RRM2_PTBP2, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 2 (PTBP2). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of PTBP2, also known as neural polypyrimidine tract-binding protein or neurally-enriched homolog of PTB (nPTB), highly homologous to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and perhaps specific to the vertebrates. Unlike PTB, PTBP2 is enriched in the brain and in some neural cell lines. It binds more stably to the downstream control sequence (DCS) RNA than PTB does but is a weaker repressor of splicing in vitro. PTBP2 also greatly enhances the binding of two other proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H and KH-type splicing-regulatory protein (KSRP), to the DCS RNA. The binding properties of PTBP2 and its reduced inhibitory activity on splicing imply roles in controlling the assembly of other splicing-regulatory proteins. PTBP2 contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоKвА0А0АаАВ╦cd12784, RRM2_ROD1, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate regulator of differentiation 1 (Rod1). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of ROD1 coding protein Rod1, a mammalian polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) homolog of a regulator of differentiation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nrd1 gene encodes an RNA binding protein and negatively regulates the onset of differentiation. ROD1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells or organs. It might play a role controlling differentiation in mammals. Rod1 contains four repeats of RNA recognition motifs (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain) and does have RNA binding activities. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоLвА0А0АаАВcd12785, RRM2_hnRNPL, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L). This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP-L, a higher eukaryotic specific subunit of human KMT3a (also known as HYPB or hSet2) complex required for histone H3 Lys-36 trimethylation activity. It plays both, nuclear and cytoplasmic, roles in mRNA export of intronless genes, IRES-mediated translation, mRNA stability, and splicing. hnRNP-L shows significant sequence homology to polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB or hnRNP I). Both hnRNP-L and PTB are localized in the nucleus but excluded from the nucleolus. hnRNP-L is an RNA-binding protein with three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоMвА0А0АаАВlcd12786, RRM2_hnRPLL, RNA recognition motif 2 in vertebrate heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNP-LL). The subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of hnRNP-LL which plays a critical and unique role in the signal-induced regulation of CD45 and acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. It is closely related in domain structure and sequence to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP-L), which is an abundant nuclear, multifunctional RNA-binding protein with three RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАоNвА0А0АаАВЬcd12787, RasGAP_plexin_B, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of type B plexins. Plexins form a conserved family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and may be the ancestors of semaphorins. Plexins are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity.There are three members of the Plexin-B subfamily, namely B1, B2 and B3. Plexins-B1, B2 and B3 are receptors for Sema4D, Sema4C and Sema4G, and Sema5A, respectively. The activation of plexin-B1 by Sema4D produces an acute collapse of axonal growth cones in hippocampal and retinal neurons over the early stages of neurite outgrowth and promotes branching and complexity. By signaling the effect of Sema4C and Sema4G, the plexin-B2 receptor is critically involved in neural tube closure and cerebellar granule cell development. Plexin-B3, the receptor of Sema5A, is a highly potent stimulator of neurite outgrowth of primary murine cerebellar neurons. Plexin-B3 has been linked to verbal performance and white matter volume in human brain. Small GTPases play important roles in plexin-B signaling. Plexin-B1 activates Rho through Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors, leading to neurite retraction. Plexin-B1 possesses an intrinsic GTPase-activating protein activity for R-Ras and induces growth cone collapse through R-Ras inactivation. Plexins contain a C-terminal RasGAP domain, which functions as an enhancer of the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Ras-GTPases. Plexins display GAP activity towards the Ras homolog Rap. Although the Rho (Ras homolog) GTPases are most closely related to members of the Ras family, RhoGAP and RasGAP show no sequence homology at their amino acid level. RasGTPases function as molecular switches in a large number of of signaling pathways. When bound to GTP they are in the on state and when bound to GDP they are in the off state. The RasGAP domain speeds up the hydrolysis of GTP in Ras-like proteins acting as a negative regulator.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAcвА0А0АаАВ)cd12788, RasGAP_plexin_D1, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of plexin-D1. Plexins form a conserved family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and may be the ancestors of semaphorins. Plexins are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity. Plexin-D1 has been identified as the receptor of Sema3E. It binds to Sema3E directly with high affinity. Sema3E is implicated in axonal path finding and inhibition of developmental and postischemic angiogenesis. Plexin-D1 is broadly expressed on tumor vessels and tumor cells in a number of different types of human tumors. The Plexin-D1 and Sema3E interaction inhibits tumor growth but promotes invasiveness and metastasis. Plexins contain a C-terminal RasGAP domain, which functions as an enhancer of the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Ras-GTPases. Plexins display GAP activity towards the Ras homolog Rap. Although the Rho (Ras homolog) GTPases are most closely related to members of the Ras family, RhoGAP and RasGAP show no sequence homology at their amino acid level. RasGTPases function as molecular switches in a large number of of signaling pathways. When bound to GTP they are in the on state and when bound to GDP they are in the off state. The RasGAP domain speeds up the hydrolysis of GTP in Ras-like proteins acting as a negative regulator.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAdвА0А0АаАВNcd12789, RasGAP_plexin_C1, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of plexin-C1. Plexins form a conserved family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and may be the ancestors of semaphorins. Plexins are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity. Plexin-C1 has been identified as the receptor of semaphorin 7A, which plays regulatory roles in both the immune and nervous systems. Unlike other semaphorins which act as repulsive guidance cues, Sema7A enhances central and peripheral axon growth and is required for proper axon tract formation during embryonic development. Plexin-C1 is a potential tumor suppressor for melanoma progression. The expression of Plexin-C1 is diminished or absent in human melanoma cell lines. Cofilin, an actin-binding protein involved in cell migration, is a downstream target of Sema7A and Plexin-C1 signaling. Melanoma invasion and metastasis may be promoted through the loss of Plexin-C1 inhibitory signaling on cofilin activation. Plexins contain a C-terminal RasGAP domain, which functions as an enhancer of the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Ras-GTPases. Plexins display GAP activity towards the Ras homolog Rap. Although the Rho (Ras homolog) GTPases are most closely related to members of the Ras family, RhoGAP and RasGAP show no sequence homology at their amino acid level. RasGTPases function as molecular switches in a large number of of signaling pathways. When bound to GTP they are in the on state and when bound to GDP they are in the off state. The RasGAP domain speeds up the hydrolysis of GTP in Ras-like proteins acting as a negative regulator.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAeвА0А0АаАВ∙cd12790, RasGAP_plexin_A, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of type A plexins. Plexins form a conserved family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and may be the ancestors of semaphorins. They are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity. In vertebrates, there are four type A plexins (A1-A4) that serve as the co-receptors for neuropilins to mediate the signaling of class 3 semaphorins except Sema3E, which signals through Plexin-D1. Plexins serve as direct receptors for several other members of the semaphorin family: class 1 and class 6 semaphorins signal through type A plexins, which mediate diverse biological functions including axon guidance, cardiovascular development, and immune function. Guanylyl cyclase Gyc76C and Off-track kinase (OTK), a putative receptor tyrosine kinase, modulate Sema1a and Plexin-A mediated axon repulsion. In their complex with Sema6s, type A plexins serve as signal-transducing subunits. An increasing number of molecules that interact with the intracellular region of Plexin-A have been identified; among them are IgCAMs (in axon guidance events) and Trem2-DAP12 (in immune responses). Plexins contain a C-terminal RasGAP domain, which functions as an enhancer of the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Ras-GTPases. Plexins display GAP activity towards the Ras homolog Rap. Although the Rho (Ras homolog) GTPases are most closely related to members of the Ras family, RhoGAP and RasGAP show no sequence homology at their amino acid level. RasGTPases function as molecular switches in a large number of of signaling pathways. When bound to GTP they are in the on state and when bound to GDP they are in the off state. The RasGAP domain speeds up the hydrolysis of GTP in Ras-like proteins acting as a negative regulator.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAfвА0А0АаАВccd12791, RasGAP_plexin_B3, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of plexin-B3. Plexins form a conserved family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and may be the ancestors of semaphorins. Plexins are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity. Plexin-B3 is the receptor of semaphorin 5A. It is a highly potent stimulator of neurite outgrowth of primary murine cerebellar neurons. Plexin-B3 has been linked to verbal performance and white matter volume in human brain. Furthermore, Sema5A and plexin-B3 have been implicated in the progression of various types of cancer. They play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. The protein and mRNA expression of Sema5A and its receptor plexin-B3 increased gradually in non-neoplastic mucosa, primary gastric carcinoma, and lymph node metastasis, and their expression is correlated. The stimulation of plexin-B3 by Sema5A binding in human glioma cells results in the inhibition of cell migration and invasion. Plexins contain a C-terminal RasGAP domain, which functions as an enhancer of the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Ras-GTPases. Plexins display GAP activity towards the Ras homolog Rap. Although the Rho (Ras homolog) GTPases are most closely related to members of the Ras family, RhoGAP and RasGAP show no sequence homology at their amino acid level. RasGTPases function as molecular switches in a large number of of signaling pathways. When bound to GTP they are in the on state and when bound to GDP they are in the off state. The RasGAP domain speeds up the hydrolysis of GTP in Ras-like proteins acting as a negative regulator.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAgвА0А0АаАВ▄cd12792, RasGAP_plexin_B2, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of plexin-B2. Plexins form a conserved family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and may be the ancestors of semaphorins. Plexins are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity. Plexin-B2 serves as the receptor of Sema4C and Sema4G. By signaling the effect of Sema4C and Sema4G, the plexin-B2 receptor is critically involved in neural tube closure and cerebellar granule cell development. Mice lacking Plexin-B2 demonstrated defects in closure of the neural tube and disorganization of the embryonic brain. In developing kidney, Sema4C and Plexin-B2 signaling modulates ureteric branching. Plexin-B2 is expressed both in the pretubular aggregates and the ureteric epithelium in the developing kidney. Deletion of Plexin-B2 results in renal hypoplasia and occasional double ureters. Plexins contain a C-terminal RasGAP domain, which functions as an enhancer of the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Ras-GTPases. Plexins display GAP activity towards the Ras homolog Rap. Although the Rho (Ras homolog) GTPases are most closely related to members of the Ras family, RhoGAP and RasGAP show no sequence homology at their amino acid level. RasGTPases function as molecular switches in a large number of of signaling pathways. When bound to GTP they are in the on state and when bound to GDP they are in the off state. The RasGAP domain speeds up the hydrolysis of GTP in Ras-like proteins acting as a negative regulator.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAhвА0А0АаАВ┤cd12793, RasGAP_plexin_B1, Ras-GTPase Activating Domain of plexin-B1. Plexins form a conserved family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and may be the ancestors of semaphorins. Plexins are divided into four types (A-D) according to sequence similarity. Plexin-B1 serves as the Semaphorin 4D receptor and functions as a regulator of developing neurons and a tumor suppressor protein for melanoma. The Sema4D and plexin-B1 signaling complex regulates dendritic and axonal complexity. The activation of Plexin-B1 by Sema4D produces an acute collapse of axonal growth cones in hippocampal and retinal neurons over the early stages of neurite outgrowth and promotes branching and complexity. As a tumor suppressor, plexin-B1 abrogates activation of the oncogenic receptor, c-Met, by its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), in melanoma. Furthermore, plexin-B1 suppresses integrin-dependent migration and activation of pp125FAK and inhibits Rho activity. Plexin-B1 is highly expressed in endothelial cells and its activation by Sema4D elicits a potent proangiogenic response. Plexins contain a C-terminal RasGAP domain, which functions as an enhancer of the hydrolysis of GTP that is bound to Ras-GTPases. Plexins display GAP activity towards the Ras homolog Rap. Although the Rho (Ras homolog) GTPases are most closely related to members of the Ras family, RhoGAP and RasGAP show no sequence homology at their amino acid level. RasGTPases function as molecular switches in a large number of of signaling pathways. When bound to GTP they are in the on state and when bound to GDP they are in the off state. The RasGAP domain speeds up the hydrolysis of GTP in Ras-like proteins acting as a negative regulator.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAiвА0А0АаАВїcd12794, Hsm3_like, Hsm3 is a yeast Proteasome chaperone of the 19S regulatory particle and related proteins. This group contains proteins related to the Hsm3 protein (Yeast Proteasome Interacting Protein) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae Hsm3 is a chaperone of regulatory particles involved in proteasome assembly. The 26S Proteasome is a large, 2.5 MDa complex comprised of at least 33 subunits, and relies on chaperones to facilitate correct assembly. The proteasome contains a cylindrical 20S core particle and 1-2 19S regulatory particles, comprised of AAA-ATPase and non-ATPase subunits. The proteasome acts in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. The 19S RP targets and opens the the ubiquitin-tagged substrate and releases ubiquitin. Hsm3 acts as a 19S chaperone, binding to the C-terminal domain of Rpt1 (the 6 ATPase subunits of the 19 S regulatory particle(s). Hsm3 has a C-shape composed of 11 HEAT repeats. Mutations in the Hsm3-Rpt interface disrupt formation of the 26 S Proteasome complex.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлцвА0А0АаАВ╧cd12795, FILIA_N_like, FILIA-N KH-like domain. This group contains the N-terminal atypical KH domain of FILIA and related domains. FILIA is expressed in oocytes and embryo, and contains an atypical KH domain at the N-terminus with an N-terminal extension that interacts with RNA. RNA-binding may mediate RNA transcript regulation in oogenesis and embryogenesis. FILIA-N differs from typical KH domains by forming a stable dimer in solution and crystal structure.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлхвА0А0АаАВСcd12796, LbR_Ice_bind, Ice-binding protein, left-handed beta-roll. The ice-binding protein of the grass Lolium perenne (LpIBP) discourages the recrystallization of ice. Ice-binding proteins produced by organisms to prevent the growing of ice are termed to anti-freeze proteins. LpIBP consists of an unusual left-handed beta roll. Ice-binding is mediated by a flat beta-sheet on one side of the helix.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлсвА0А0АаАВicd12798, Alt_A1, Alternaria alternata allergen Alt a 1. Alt a 1 defines a new homologous protein family with unknown function exclusively found in fungi. The unique structure of Alt a 1 contains intramolecular disulfide bonds that are conserved among the Alt a 1 homologs. Residues reported to be IgE antibody-binding epitopes are exposed through dimerization via a conserved disulfide bond and hydrophobic and polar interactions. Further mechanistic structure/function studies will give insight into immunologic studies directed toward new forms of immunotherapy for Alternaria species-sensitive allergic patients.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCювА0А0АаАВ╫cd12800, Sol_i_2, Sol i 2, a major allergen from fire ant venom. Sol i 2, one of four known potent allergens from the venom of red imported fire ant, is a powerful trigger of anaphylaxis. It causes production of IgE antibody in many individuals stung by fire ants. The closest structure homolog of Sol I 2 is the sequence-unrelated odorant binding protein and pheromone binding protein LUSH of the fruit fly Drosophila, suggesting a possible similar biological function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCявА0А0АаАВеcd12801, HopAB_KID, Kinase-interacting domains of the HopAB family of Type III Effector proteins. HopAB family members are type III effector proteins that are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae into the host plant to inhibit its immune system and facilitate the spread of the pathogen. AvrPtoB, also called HopAB3, is the best studied member of the family. It suppresses host basal defenses by interfering with PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular signature)-triggered immunity (PTI) through binding and inhibiting BAK1, a kinase which serves to activate defense signaling. It also recognizes the kinase Pto to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). AvrPtoB contains an N-terminal region that contains two kinase-interacting domains (KID) and a C-terminal E3 ligase domain. The first KID recognizes the PTI-associated kinase Bti9 as well as Pto, and is referred to as the Pto-binding domain (PID). The second KID interacts with BAK1 and FLS2, which are leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, and is called the BAK1-interacting domain (BID). This family also contains a unique member, HopPmaL, which is shorter and lacks the C-terminal E3 ligase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCЁвА0А0АаАВбcd12802, HopAB_PID, Pto-interacting domain of the HopAB family of Type III Effector proteins. HopAB family members are type III effector proteins that are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae into the host plant to inhibit its immune system and facilitate the spread of the pathogen. AvrPtoB, also called HopAB3, is the best studied member of the family. It suppresses host basal defenses by interfering with PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular signature)-triggered immunity (PTI) through binding and inhibiting BAK1, a kinase which serves to activate defense signaling. It also recognizes the kinase Pto to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). AvrPtoB contains an N-terminal region that contains two kinase-interacting domains (KID) and a C-terminal E3 ligase domain. The first KID recognizes the PTI-associated kinase Bti9 as well as Pto, and is referred to as the Pto-binding domain (PID). The second KID interacts with BAK1 and FLS2, which are leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, and is called the BAK1-interacting domain (BID). This family also contains a unique member, HopPmaL, which is shorter and lacks the C-terminal E3 ligase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCёвА0А0АаАВвcd12803, HopAB_BID, BAK1-interacting domain of the HopAB family of Type III Effector proteins. HopAB family members are type III effector proteins that are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae into the host plant to inhibit its immune system and facilitate the spread of the pathogen. AvrPtoB, also called HopAB3, is the best studied member of the family. It suppresses host basal defenses by interfering with PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular signature)-triggered immunity (PTI) through binding and inhibiting BAK1, a kinase which serves to activate defense signaling. It also recognizes the kinase Pto to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). AvrPtoB contains an N-terminal region that contains two kinase-interacting domains (KID) and a C-terminal E3 ligase domain. The first KID recognizes the PTI-associated kinase Bti9 as well as Pto, and is referred to as the Pto-binding domain (PID). The second KID interacts with BAK1 and FLS2, which are leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, and is called the BAK1-interacting domain (BID). This family also contains a unique member, HopPmaL, which is shorter and lacks the C-terminal E3 ligase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCЄвА0А0АаАВ╘cd12804, AKAP10_AKB, PKA-binding (AKB) domain of A Kinase Anchor Protein 10. AKAPs coordinate the specificity of PKA signaling by facilitating the localization of the kinase to subcellular sites through their binding to regulatory (R) subunits of PKA. AKAP-10, also called PRKA10 or Dual-specific AKAP 2 (D-AKAP2), is a multisubunit protein containing two regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)-like domains and a PKA-binding (AKB) domain. The AKB domain of AKAP10 can bind to the dimerization/docking (D/D) domains of both RI and RII regulatory subunits of PKA. This model also includes a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif that binds to PDZK1 and NHERF-1, allowing AKAP10 to link indirectly to membrane proteins. Mutations in AKAP10 can alter its binding to R subunits, which may alter the targeting of PKA; some AKAP10 mutations are associated with abnormalities including hypertension, increased risk of severe arrhythmias during kidney transplantation, and familial breast cancer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCєвА0А0АаАВэcd12805, Allergen_V_VI, Group V, VI major allergens from grass, including Phlp 5, Phlp 6, Pha a 5 and Lol p 5. This family contains major allergens from various grass pollen, including Phl p 5 and Phl p 6 (timothy grass), Lol p 5 (rye grass) and Pha a 5 (canary grass). They induce allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in millions of allergic patients worldwide. These group V and group VI grass-pollen allergens belong to a new class of protease-resistant four-helix-bundle domains, which also have internal helix-turn-helix homology pointing to a special type of four-helix bundle topology, defined as twinned two-helix bundle. IgE binding experiments with recombinant Phl p 6 fragments indicated that the N terminus of the allergen is required for IgE recognition. Immunotherapy treatment for these allergies generally involves administration of grass pollen extracts which induce an initial rise in specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) production followed by a progressive decline during the treatment.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCЇвА0А0АаАВ╤cd12806, Esterase_713_like, Novel bacterial esterase that cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds. This family contains proteins similar to a novel bacterial esterase (Alcaligenes esterase 713) with the alpha/beta hydrolase fold but does not contain the GXSXXG pentapeptide around the active site serine residue as commonly seen in other enzymes of this class. Esterase 713 shows negligible sequence homology to other esterase and lipase enzymes. It is active as a dimer and cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds though its natural substrate is unknown. This enzyme is possibly exported from the cytosol to the periplasmic space. A large majority of sequences in this family have yet to be characterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCївА0А0АаАВЫcd12807, Esterase_713, Novel bacterial esterase 713 that cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds. This family contains proteins similar to a novel bacterial esterase (esterase 713) with the alpha/beta hydrolase fold that cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds. This Alcaligenes esterase, however, does not contain the GXSXXG pentapeptide around the active site serine residue as seen in other esterase families. This enzyme is active as a dimer though its natural substrate is unknown. It has two distinct disulfide bridges; one formed between adjacent cysteines appears to facilitate the correct formation of the oxyanion cleft in the catalytic site. Esterase 713 also resembles human pancreatic lipase in its location of the acidic residue of the catalytic triad. It is possibly exported from the cytosol to the periplasmic space. A large majority of sequences in this family have yet to be characterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCЎвА0А0АаАВocd12808, Esterase_713_like-1, Uncharacterized enzymes similar to novel bacterial esterase that cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds. This family contains uncharacterized proteins similar to a novel bacterial esterase (Alcaligenes esterase 713) with the alpha/beta hydrolase fold but does not contain the GXSXXG pentapeptide around the active site serine residue as commonly seen in other enzymes of this class. Esterase 713 shows negligible sequence homology to other esterase and lipase enzymes. It is active as a dimer and cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds though its natural substrate is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАCўвА0А0АаАВocd12809, Esterase_713_like-2, Uncharacterized enzymes similar to novel bacterial esterase that cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds. This family contains uncharacterized proteins similar to a novel bacterial esterase (Alcaligenes esterase 713) with the alpha/beta hydrolase fold but does not contain the GXSXXG pentapeptide around the active site serine residue as commonly seen in other enzymes of this class. Esterase 713 shows negligible sequence homology to other esterase and lipase enzymes. It is active as a dimer and cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds though its natural substrate is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC°вА0А0АаАВocd12810, Esterase_713_like-3, Uncharacterized enzymes similar to novel bacterial esterase that cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds. This family contains uncharacterized proteins similar to a novel bacterial esterase (Alcaligenes esterase 713) with the alpha/beta hydrolase fold but does not contain the GXSXXG pentapeptide around the active site serine residue as commonly seen in other enzymes of this class. Esterase 713 shows negligible sequence homology to other esterase and lipase enzymes. It is active as a dimer and cleaves esters on halogenated cyclic compounds though its natural substrate is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC∙вА0А0АаАВмcd12812, BPSL1549, Burkholderia Lethal Factor 1. BPSL1549, also suggested to be called Burkholderia lethal factor 1, is a protein of unknown function from Burkholderia pseudomallei, a causative agent of melioidosis (also called Whitmore's disease). This protein shows similarity to Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 which has been found to act as a potent cytotoxin against eukaryotic cells and is lethal when administered to mice. BPSL1549 expression levels correlate with suppression or promotion of pathogenic conditions. BPSL1549 inhibits helicase activity of translation initiation factor eIF4A. As yet, there is no vaccine and the organism is multidrug resistant.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC·вА0А0АаАВяcd12813, LbR-like, Left-handed beta-roll, including virulence factors and various other proteins. This family contains a variety of protein domains with a left-handed beta-roll structure including cell surface adhesion proteins, bacterial virulence factors, and ice-binding proteins, and other activities. UspA1 Head And Neck Domain and YadA of Yersinia are part of a class of pathogenicity factors that act as cell surface adhesion molecules, in which N-terminal head and neck domains extend from the bacterial outer membrane. The UspA1 head domain of Moraxella catarrhalis, is formed from trimeric beta-rolls of 14-16 amino acid repeats. The UspA1 head domain connects to a neck region of large extended, charged loops that maybe be ligand binding, which is in turn connected to an extended coiled coil domain that tethers the head and neck region to the cell surface via a transmembrane region. The collagen-binding domain virulence factor YadA an adhesion proteins of several Yersinia species, and related cell surface proteins. The collagen-binding portion is found in the hydrophobic N-terminal region. YadA forms a matrix on the bacterial outer membrane, which mediates binding to collagen and epithelial cells. YadA inhibits the complement-activating pathway with the coating of the cell surface with factor H, which impedes C3b molecules. The ice-binding protein of the grass Lolium perenne (LpIBP) discourages the recrystallization of ice. Ice-binding proteins produced by organisms to prevent the growing of ice are termed to anti-freeze proteins. LpIBP consists of an unusual left-handed beta roll. Ice-binding is mediated by a flat beta-sheet on one side of the helix. These domains form a left handed beta roll made up of a series of short repeated elements. .бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлтвА0А0АаАВYcd12819, LbR_vir_like, Cell adhesion-like domain, left-handed beta-roll. This group contains proteins of unknown function related to characterized cell surface adhesion proteins with a left-handed beta-roll, like the UspA1 Head And Neck Domain and YadA of Yersinia. UspA1 and UspA2 are part of a class of pathogenicity factors that act as cell surface adhesion molecules, in which N-terminal head and neck domains extend from the bacterial outer membrane. The UspA1 head domain of Moraxella catarrhalis, is formed from trimeric beta-helices of 14-16 amino acid repeats. The UspA1 head domain connects to a neck region of large extended, charged loops that maybe be ligand binding, which is in turn connected to an extended coiled coil domain that tethers the head and neck region to the cell surface via a transmembrane region. The collagen-binding domain virulence factor YadA an adhesion proteins of several Yersinia species, and related cell surface proteins. The collagen-binding portion is found in the hydrophobic N-terminal region. YadA forms a matrix on the bacterial outer membrane, which mediates binding to collagen and epithelial cells. YadA inhibits the complement-activating pathway with the coating of the cell surface with factor H, which impedes C3b molecules. These domains form a left handed beta roll made up of a series of short repeated elements.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлувА0А0АаАВцcd12820, LbR_YadA-like, YadA-like, left-handed beta-roll. This group contains the collagen-binding domain virulence factor YadA an adhesion proteins of several Yersinia species, and related cell surface proteins, including Moraxella catarrhalis UspA-like proteins. The collagen-binding portion is found in the hydrophobic N-terminal region. YadA forms a matrix on the bacterial outer membrane, which mediates binding to collagen and epithelial cells. YadA inhibits the complement-activating pathway with the coating of the cell surface with factor H, which impedes C3b molecules. These domains form a left handed beta roll made up of a series of short repeated elements. UspA1 and UspA2 are part of a class of pathogenicity factors that act as cell surface adhesion molecules, in which N-terminal head and neck domains extend from the bacterial outer membrane. The UspA1 head domain of Moraxella catarrhalis, is formed from trimeric left-handed parallel beta-helices of 14-16 amino acid repeats. The UspA1 head domain connects to a neck region of large extended, charged loops that maybe be ligand binding, which is in turn connected to an extended coiled coil domain that tethers the head and neck region to the cell surface via a transmembrane region.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлфвА0А0АаАВ^cd12821, EcCorA_ZntB-like, Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB_like family. A family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. Members of this family are found in all three kingdoms of life. It is a functionally diverse family, including the Mg2+ transporters Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium CorAs (which can also transport Co2+, and Ni2+ ), and the Zn2+ transporter Salmonella typhimurium ZntB which mediates the efflux of Zn2+ (and Cd2+). It also includes two Saccharomyces cerevisiae members: the inner membrane Mg2+ transporters Mfm1p/Lpe10p, and Mrs2p, and a family of Arabidopsis thaliana members (AtMGTs) some of which are localized to distinct tissues, and not all of which can transport Mg2+. Structures of the intracellular domain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA, and Mrs2p. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, such as occur in some ZntB family proteins, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAkвА0А0АаАВcd12822, TmCorA-like, Thermotoga maritima CorA-like family. This family belongs to the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. Members of the Thermotoga maritima CorA_like family are found in all three kingdoms of life. It is a functionally diverse family, in addition to the CorA Co2+ transporter from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima, it includes three Saccharomyces cerevisiae members: two plasma membrane proteins, the Mg2+ transporter Alr1p/Swc3p and the putative Mg2+ transporter, Alr2p, and the vacuole membrane protein Mnr2p, a putative Mg2+ transporter. Thermotoga maritima CorA forms funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport by Alr1p. Natural variants in this signature sequence may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations. The functional diversity of the MIT superfamily may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAlвА0А0АаАВcd12823, Mrs2_Mfm1p-like, Saccharomyces cerevisiae inner mitochondrial membrane Mg2+ transporters Mfm1p and Mrs2p-like family. A eukaryotic subfamily belonging to the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB_like family (EcCorA_ZntB-like) family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. This functionally diverse subfamily includes the inner mitochondrial membrane Mg2+ transporters Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mfm1p/Lpe10p, Mrs2p, and human MRS2/ MRS2L. It also includes a family of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins (AtMGTs) some of which are localized to distinct tissues, and not all of which can transport Mg2+. Structures of the intracellular domain of two EcCorA_ZntB-like family transporters: Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA, and Mrs2p. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, as in some ZntB family proteins, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAmвА0А0АаАВcd12824, ZntB-like, Salmonella typhimurium Zn2+ transporter ZntB-like subfamily. A bacterial subfamily belonging to the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB_like family (EcCorA_ZntB-like) family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. This subfamily includes the Zn2+ transporter Salmonella typhimurium ZntB which mediates the efflux of Zn2+ (and Cd2+). Structures of the intracellular domain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA, and Mrs2p. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, which occur in proteins belonging to this subfamily, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAnвА0А0АаАВcd12825, EcCorA-like, Escherichia coli Mg2+ transporter CorA_like subfamily. A bacterial subfamily of the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB_like(EcCorA_ZntB-like) family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. This subfamily includes the Mg2+ transporters Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Helicobacter pylori CorAs (which can also transport Co2+, and Ni2+). Structures of the intracellular domain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA, and Mrs2p. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, such as occur in some ZntB family proteins, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAoвА0А0АаАВEcd12826, EcCorA_ZntB-like_u1, uncharacterized bacterial subfamily of the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB family. A uncharacterized subfamily of the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB (EcCorA-ZntB_like) family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. The EcCorA-ZntB_like family includes the Mg2+ transporters Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium CorAs, which can also transport Co2+, and Ni2+. Structures of the intracellular domain of EcCorA-ZntB_like family members, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB, form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, as in some ZntB family proteins, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАApвА0А0АаАВOcd12827, EcCorA_ZntB-like_u2, uncharacterized bacterial subfamily of the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB family. A uncharacterized subfamily of the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB (EcCorA-ZntB_like) family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes.The EcCorA-ZntB-like family includes the Mg2+ transporters Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium CorAs, which can also transport Co2+, and Ni2+. Structures of the intracellular domain of EcCorA-ZntB-like family members, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB, form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, such as occur in some ZntB family proteins, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAqвА0А0АаАВЁcd12828, TmCorA-like_1, Thermotoga maritima CorA_like subfamily. This subfamily belongs to the Thermotoga maritima CorA (TmCorA)-family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. Members of this subfamily are found in all three kingdoms of life. It is functionally diverse subfamily, in addition to the CorA Co2+ transporter from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima, it includes Methanosarcina mazei CorA which may be involved in transport of copper and/or other divalent metal ions. Thermotoga maritima CorA forms funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport by a related protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Alr1p. Natural variants in this signature sequence may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations. The functional diversity of the MIT superfamily may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАArвА0А0АаАВЙcd12829, Alr1p-like, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Alr1p-like subfamily. This eukaryotic subfamily belongs to the Thermotoga maritima CorA (TmCorA)-family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. This subfamily includes three Saccharomyces cerevisiae members: two plasma membrane proteins, the Mg2+ transporter Alr1p/Swc3p and the putative Mg2+ transporter, Alr2p, and the vacuole membrane protein Mnr2p, a putative Mg2+ transporter. Thermotoga maritima CorA forms funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport by Alr1p. Natural variants in this signature sequence may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations. The functional diversity of the MIT superfamily may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAsвА0А0АаАВ8cd12830, MtCorA-like, Mycobacterium tuberculosis CorA-like subfamily. This bacterial subfamily belongs to the Thermotoga maritima CorA (TmCorA)-like family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. This subfamily includes the Mg2+ transporter Mycobacterium tuberculosis CorA (which also transports Co2+). Thermotoga maritima CorA forms funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport by a related protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Alr1p. Natural variants in this signature sequence may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations. The functional diversity of the MIT superfamily may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAtвА0А0АаАВРcd12831, TmCorA-like_u2, Uncharacterized bacterial subfamily of the Thermotoga maritima CorA-like family. This subfamily belongs to the Thermotoga maritima CorA (TmCorA)-like family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. Members of the TmCorA-like family are found in all three kingdoms of life. It is a functionally diverse family which includes the CorA Co2+ transporter from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima, and three Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins: two located in the plasma membrane: the Mg2+ transporter Alr1p/Swc3p and the putative Mg2+ transporter, Alr2p, and the vacuole membrane protein Mnr2p, a putative Mg2+ transporter. Thermotoga maritima CorA forms funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport by a related protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Alr1p. Natural variants in this signature sequence may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations. The functional diversity of the MIT superfamily may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAuвА0А0АаАВЖcd12832, TmCorA-like_u3, Uncharacterized subfamily of the Thermotoga maritima CorA-like family. This subfamily belongs to the Thermotoga maritima CorA (TmCorA)-like family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. Members of the TmCorA-like family are found in all three kingdoms of life. It is a functionally diverse family which includes the CorA Co2+ transporter from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima, and three Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins: two located in the plasma membrane: the Mg2+ transporter Alr1p/Swc3p and the putative Mg2+ transporter, Alr2p, and the vacuole membrane protein Mnr2p, a putative Mg2+ transporter. Thermotoga maritima CorA forms funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport by a related protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Alr1p. Natural variants in this signature sequence may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations. The functional diversity of the MIT superfamily may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAvвА0А0АаАВ°cd12833, ZntB-like_1, Salmonella typhimurium Zn2+ transporter ZntB-like subgroup. A bacterial subgroup belonging to the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB_like family (EcCorA_ZntB-like) of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. This subgroup includes the Zn2+ transporter Salmonella typhimurium ZntB which mediates the efflux of Zn2+ (and Cd2+). Structures of the intracellular domain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA, and Mrs2p. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, which occur in proteins belonging to this subfamily, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAwвА0А0АаАВ▒cd12834, ZntB_u1, Uncharacterized bacterial subgroup of the Salmonella typhimurium Zn2+ transporter ZntB-like subfamily. The MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins is involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. The ZntB-like subfamily includes the Zn2+ transporter Salmonella typhimurium ZntB which mediates the efflux of Zn2+ (and Cd2+). Structures of the intracellular domain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA, and Mrs2p. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN which occur in proteins belonging to this subfamily, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAxвА0А0АаАВ∙cd12835, EcCorA-like_1, Escherichia coli Mg2+ transporter CorA_like subgroup. A bacterial subgroup of the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB_like (EcCorA_ZntB-like) family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. This subgroup includes the Mg2+ transporters Escherichia coli CorA and Salmonella typhimurium CorA (which can also transport Co2+, and Ni2+). Structures of the intracellular domain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA, and Mrs2p. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, such as occur in some ZntB family proteins, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAyвА0А0АаАВFcd12836, HpCorA-like, Mg2+ transporter Helicobacter pylori CorA-like subgroup. A bacterial subgroup of the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB_like (EcCorA_ZntB-like) family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. This subgroup includes the Mg2+ transporter Helicobacter pylori CorAs (which can also transport Co2+, and Ni2+); CorA plays an important role in the viability of this pathogen. Structures of the intracellular domain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB (members of the EcCorA_ZntB-like family) form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA, and Mrs2p. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, such as occur in some ZntB family proteins, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАAzвА0А0АаАВHcd12837, EcCorA-like_u1, uncharacterized subgroup of the Escherichia coli Mg2+ transporter CorA_like subfamily. A uncharacterized subgroup of the Escherichia coli CorA-Salmonella typhimurium ZntB_like family (EcCorA_ZntB-like) family of the MIT superfamily of essential membrane proteins involved in transporting divalent cations (uptake or efflux) across membranes. The EcCorA_ZntB-like family includes the Mg2+ transporters Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium CorAs, which can also transport Co2+, and Ni2+. Structures of the intracellular domain of EcCorA_ZntB-like family members, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhimurium ZntB, form funnel-shaped homopentamers, the tip of the funnel is formed from two C-terminal transmembrane (TM) helices from each monomer, and the large opening of the funnel from the N-terminal cytoplasmic domains. The GMN signature motif of the MIT superfamily occurs just after TM1, mutation within this motif is known to abolish Mg2+ transport through Salmonella typhimurium CorA. Natural variants such as GVN and GIN, such as occur in some ZntB family proteins, may be associated with the transport of different divalent cations, such as zinc and cadmium. The functional diversity of MIT transporters may also be due to minor structural differences regulating gating, substrate selection, and transport.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАA{вА0А0АаАВcd12838, Killer_toxin_alpha, Alpha subunit of killer toxin from halotolerant yeast. This family contains the alpha subunit of killer toxins that are secreted by several strains of yeasts and fungi. These toxins are proteinous substances that kill sensitive strains. The halotolerant yeast Pichia farinosa KK1 strain produces the SMK toxin, with maximum killer activity under acidic pH and high salt concentration. This toxin is composed of alpha and beta subunits that interact tightly with each other under acidic conditions but easily dissociated and lose activity under neutral conditions. It shares topology to that of the fungal killer toxin, KP4, which contains a rare structural motif, suggesting that these toxins may be evolutionally and/or functionally related.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC√вА0А0АаАВcd12839, Killer_toxin_beta, Beta subunit of killer toxin from halotolerant yeast. This family contains the beta subunit of killer toxins that are secreted by several strains of yeasts and fungi. These toxins are proteinous substances that kill sensitive strains. The halotolerant yeast Pichia farinosa KK1 strain produces the SMK toxin, with maximum killer activity under acidic pH and high salt concentration. This toxin is composed of alpha and beta subunits that interact tightly with each other under acidic conditions but easily dissociated and loose activity under neutral conditions. It shares topology to that of the fungal killer toxin, KP4, which contains a rare structural motif, suggesting that these toxins may be evolutionally and/or functionally related.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC№вА0А0АаАВщcd12840, CarS, Antirepressor CarS. CarS, an antirepressor present in Cystobacterineae, recognizes repressors to turn on the photo-inducible promoter P(B). In the dark, access to the P(B) promoter is blocked by the repressor CarA. Blue light causes expression of CarS, leading the way to the CarA-CarS interaction which dismantles the CarA-operator complex, resulting in the derepression of the P(B) promoter. A parallel pathway for regulating P(B) involves the interaction of CarS with the repressor CarH, which shares the domain architecture of CarA. CarH and CarA contain an N-terminal, MerR-type winged-helix DNA-binding domain that recognizes CarS. CarS adopts an SH3-like fold with loop length variations and acts as an operator DNA mimic.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC¤вА0А0АаАВЕcd12841, TM_EphA1, Transmembrane domain of Ephrin Receptor A1 Protein Tyrosine Kinase. Ephrin receptors (EphRs) comprise the largest subfamily of receptor PTKs, and are classified into two classes (EphA and EphB), corresponding to binding preferences for either GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands or transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. Vertebrates have ten EphA and six EphB receptors, which display promiscuous ligand interactions within each class. EphA1 has been associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease and certain cancers such as colorectal and gastric carcinomas. EphRs contain an ephrin binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a single-span transmembrane (TM) domain, and a cytoplasmic tyr kinase domain. Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. This allows ephrin/EphR dimers to form, leading to the activation of the intracellular tyr kinase domain. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). The main effect of ephrin/EphR interaction is cell-cell repulsion or adhesion. Ephrin/EphR signaling is important in neural development and plasticity, cell morphogenesis and proliferation, cell-fate determination, embryonic development, tissue patterning, and angiogenesis. The TM domain mediates dimerization.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC■вА0А0АаАВ.cd12843, Bvu_2165_C_like, The C-terminal domain of uncharacterized bacterial proteins. This family contains the C-terminal domain of uncharacterized hypothetical proteins from bacteria, including Bacteroides vulgatus Bvu_2165. The structure of Bvu_2165 is dimeric, with an extensive binding interface.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлрвА0А0АаАВ?cd12869, MqsR, Motility quorum-sensing regulator (MqsR). This family includes domains similar to the motility quorum-sensing regulator MqsR, a toxin that is highly upregulated in persisters (dormant cells found in biofilms that are a source of antibiotic resistance). MqsR pairs with its antitoxin MqsA, forming a unique family of toxin:antitoxin (TA) systems. MqsR has been found to be structurally homologous to the bacterial ribonuclease (RelE) toxins; however, its sequence is not similar to any other known toxins and therefore its molecular function is as yet unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл▀вА0А0АаАВКcd12870, MqsA, antitoxin MqsA for MqsR toxin. This family includes domains similar to the antitoxin MqsA that binds motility quorum-sensing regulator MqsR, a toxin that is highly upregulated in persisters (dormant cells found in biofilms that are a source of antibiotic resistance), thus forming a unique toxin:antitoxin (TA) pair. MqsA neutralizes MsqR toxicity. It binds its own promoter as well as those of genes important for E. coli physiology, such as mcbR and spy. It also binds zinc and has been shown to coordinate DNA via its C-terminal domain. This family also includes the B. subtilis YokU protein, which is functionally uncharacterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл▐вА0А0АаАВcd12871, Bacuni_01323_like, Uncharacterized protein conserved in Bacteroidetes. A well-conserved family of 16-stranded beta barrels resembling outer membrane porins. The interior of the barrels is mostly occupied by an insert with partially helical structure.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАC вА0А0АаАВ[cd12872, SPRY_Ash2, SPRY domain in Ash2. This SPRY domain is found at the C-terminus of Ash2 (absent, small, or homeotic discs 2) -like proteins, core components of all mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) family histone methyltransferases. Ash2 is a member of the trithorax group of transcriptional regulators of the Hox genes. Recent studies show that the SPRY domain of Ash2 mediates the interaction with RbBP5 and has an important role in regulating the methyltransferase activity of MLL complexes. In yeast, Ash2 is involved in histone methylation and is required for the earliest stages of embryogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|,вА0А0АаАВЙcd12873, SPRY_DDX1, SPRY domain associated with DEAD box gene DDX1. This SPRY domain is associated with the DEAD box gene, DDX1, an RNA-dependent ATPase involved in HIV-1 Rev function and virus replication. It is suggested that DDX1 acts as a cellular cofactor by promoting oligomerization of Rev on the Rev response element (RRE). DDX1 RNA is overexpressed in breast cancer, data showing a strong and independent association between poor prognosis and deregulation of the DEAD box protein DDX1, thus potentially serving as an effective prognostic biomarker for early recurrence in primary breast cancer. DDX1 also interacts with RelA and enhances nuclear factor kappaB-mediated transcription. DEAD-box proteins are associated with all levels of RNA metabolism and function, and have been implicated in translation initiation, transcription, RNA splicing, ribosome assembly, RNA transport, and RNA decay.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|-вА0А0АаАВХcd12874, SPRY_PRY, PRY/SPRY domain, also known as B30.2. This domain contains residues in the N-terminus that form a distinct PRY domain structure such that the B30.2 domain consists of PRY and SPRY subdomains. B30.2 domains comprise the C-terminus of three protein families: BTNs (receptor glycoproteins of immunoglobulin superfamily); several TRIM proteins (composed of RING/B-box/coiled-coil core); Stonutoxin (secreted poisonous protein of the stonefish Synanceia horrida). While SPRY domains are evolutionarily ancient, B30.2 domains are a more recent adaptation where the SPRY/PRY combination is a possible component of immune defense. Among the TRIM proteins, also known as the N-terminal RING finger/B-box/coiled coil (RBCC) family, only Classes I and II contain the B30.2 domain that has evolved under positive selection. Class I TRIM proteins include multiple members involved in antiviral immunity at various levels of interferon signaling cascade. Among the 75 human TRIMs, roughly half enhance immune response, which they do at multiple levels in signaling pathways. The PRY-SPRY domain in these TRIM families is suggested to serve as the target binding site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|.вА0А0АаАВscd12875, SPRY_SOCS_Fbox, SPRY domain in Fbxo45 and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. This family consists of the SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein family (SPSB1-4, also known as SSB-1 to -4) as well as F-box protein 45 (Fbxo45), a novel synaptic E3 and ubiquitin ligase. The SPSB protein is composed of a central SPRY protein interaction domain and a C-terminal SOCS box. SPSB1, SPSB2, and SPSB4 interact with prostate apoptosis response protein 4 (Par-4) and are negative regulators that recruit the ECS E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to polyubiquitinate inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), resulting in its proteasomal degradation. Fbxo45 is related to this family; it is located N-terminal to the SPRY domain, and known to induce the degradation of a synaptic vesicle-priming factor, Munc13-1, via the SPRY domain, thus playing an important role in the regulation of neurotransmission by modulating Munc13-1 at the synapse. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins negatively regulate signaling from JAK-associated cytokine receptor complexes, and play key roles in the regulation of immune homeostasis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|/вА0А0АаАВБcd12876, SPRY_SOCS3, SPRY domain in the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) family. The SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein family (SPSB1-4, also known as SSB-1 to -4) is composed of a central SPRY protein interaction domain and a C-terminal SOCS box. All four SPSB proteins interact with c-Met, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, but SOCS3 regulates cellular response to a variety of cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin 6. SOCS3, along with SOCS1, are expressed by immune cells and cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and have the potential to impact immune processes within the CNS. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), SOCS3 is silenced and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is over-expressed; it has been suggested that SOCS3 could be an effective way to prevent the progression of NSCLC due to its role in regulating Pyk2 expression.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|0вА0А0АаАВ"cd12877, SPRY1_RyR, SPRY domain 1 (SPRY1) of ryanodine receptor (RyR). This SPRY domain is the first of three structural repeats in all three isoforms of the ryanodine receptor (RyR), which are the major Ca2+ release channels in the membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). There are three RyR genes in mammals; the skeletal RyR1, the cardiac RyR2 and the brain RyR3. The three SPRY domains are located in the N-terminal part of the cytoplasmic region of the RyRs, but no specific function has been found for this first SPRY domain of the RyRs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлIвА0А0АаАВRcd12878, SPRY2_RyR, SPRY domain 2 (SPRY2) of ryanodine receptor (RyR). This SPRY domain (SPRY2) is the second of three structural repeats in all three isoforms of the ryanodine receptor (RyR), which are the major Ca2+ release channels in the membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). There are three RyR genes in mammals; the skeletal RyR1, the cardiac RyR2 and the brain RyR3. The three SPRY domains are located in the N-terminal part of the cytoplasmic region of the RyRs, The SPRY2 domain has been shown to bind to the dihydropryidine receptor (DHPR) II-III loop and the ASI region of RyR1.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлJвА0А0АаАВ*cd12879, SPRY3_RyR, SPRY domain 3 (SPRY3) of ryanodine receptor (RyR). This SPRY domain (SPRY3) is the third of three structural repeats in all three isoforms of the ryanodine receptor (RyR), which are the major Ca2+ release channels in the membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). There are three RyR genes in mammals; the skeletal RyR1, the cardiac RyR2 and the brain RyR3. The three SPRY domains are located in the N-terminal part of the cytoplasmic region of the RyRs, but no specific function has been found for this third SPRY domain of the RyRs.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|1вА0А0АаАВЄcd12880, SPRYD7, SPRY domain-containing protein 7. This family contains SPRY domain-containing protein 7 (also known as SPRY domain-containing protein 7 or CLL deletion region gene 6 protein homolog or CLLD6 or chronic lymphocytic leukemia deletion region gene 6 protein homolog). In humans, CLLD6 is highly expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, and testis as well as cancer cell lines. It also has cross-species conservation, suggesting that it is likely to carry out important cellular processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|2вА0А0АаАВЎcd12881, SPRY_HERC1, SPRY domain in HERC1. This SPRY domain is found in the HERC1, a large protein related to chromosome condensation regulator RCC1. It is widely expressed in many tissues, playing an important role in intracellular membrane trafficking in the cytoplasm as well as Golgi apparatus. HERC1 also interacts with tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2, tuberin), which suppresses cell growth, and results in the destabilization of TSC2. However, the biological function of HERC1 has yet to be defined.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|3вА0А0АаАВ╒cd12882, SPRY_RNF123, SPRY domain at N-terminus of ring finger protein 123. This SPRY domain is found at the N-terminus of RING finger protein 123 domain (also known as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF123). The ring finger domain motif is present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. RNF123 displays E3 ubiquitin ligase activity toward the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (Kip1).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|4вА0А0АаАВёcd12883, SPRY_RING, SPRY domain at N-terminus of Really Interesting New Gene (RING) finger domain. This SPRY domain is found at the N-terminus of RING finger domains which are present in a variety of functionally distinct proteins and known to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. RING-finger domain is a type of Zn-finger that binds two Zn atoms and is identified in proteins with a wide range of functions such as viral replication, signal transduction, and development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|5вА0А0АаАВКcd12884, SPRY_hnRNP, SPRY domain in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U-like (hnRNP) protein 1. This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U-like (hnRNP) protein 1 (also known as HNRPUL1 ) which is a major constituent of nuclear matrix or scaffold and binds directly to DNA sequences through the N-terminal acidic region named serum amyloid P (SAP). Its function is specifically modulated by E1B-55kDa in adenovirus-infected cells. HNRPUL1 also participates in ATR protein kinase signaling pathways during adenovirus infection. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. When associated with bromodomain-containing protein 7 (BRD7), it activates transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive promoter in the absence of ligand-stimulation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|6вА0А0АаАВqcd12885, SPRY_RanBP_like, SPRY domain in Ran binding proteins, SSH4, HECT E3 and SPRYD3. This family includes SPRY domains found in Ran binding proteins (RBP or RanBPM) 9 and 10, SSH4 (suppressor of SHR3 null mutation protein 4), SPRY domain-containing protein 3 (SPRYD3) as well as HECT, a C-terminal catalytic domain of a subclass of ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). RanBP9 and RanBP10 act as androgen receptor (AR) coactivators. Both consist of the N-terminal proline- and glutamine-rich regions, the SPRY domain, and LisH-CTLH and CRA motifs. The SPRY domain in SSH4 may be involved in cargo recognition, either directly or by combination with other adaptors, possibly leading to a higher selectivity. SPRYD3 is highly expressed in most tissues in humans, possibly involved in important cellular processes. HECT E3 mediates the direct transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to substrate.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|7вА0А0АаАВМcd12886, SPRY_like, SPRY domain-like in bacteria. This family contains SPRY-like domains that are found only in bacterial and are mostly uncharacterized. SPRY domains, first identified in the SP1A kinase of Dictyostelium and rabbit Ryanodine receptor (hence the name), are homologous to B30.2. SPRY domains have been identified in at least 11 eukaryotic protein families, covering a wide range of functions, including regulation of cytokine signaling (SOCS), RNA metabolism (DDX1 and hnRNP), immunity to retroviruses (TRIM5alpha), intracellular calcium release (ryanodine receptors or RyR) and regulatory and developmental processes (HERC1 and Ash2L).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|8вА0А0АаАВ╠cd12887, SPRY_NHR_like, SPRY domain in neuralized homology repeat. This family contains the neuralized homology repeat 1 (NHR1) domain similar to the SPRY domain (known to mediate specific protein-protein interactions) at the C-terminus of a conserved region within eukaryotic neuralized and neuralized-like proteins. In Drosophila, the neuralized protein (Neur) belongs to a group of ubiquitin ligases and is required in a subset of Notch pathway-mediated cell fate decisions during development of the nervous system. Neur binds to the Notch receptor ligand Delta through its first NHR1 domain and mediates its ubiquitination for endocytosis. Multiple copies of this region are found in some members of the family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|9вА0А0АаАВcd12888, SPRY_PRY_TRIM7_like, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-binding protein 7 (TRIM7)-like, including TRIM7, TRIM10, TRIM15, TRIM26, TRIM39, TRIM41. This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of several tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins, including TRIM7 (also referred to as glycogenin-interacting protein, RING finger protein 90 or RNF90), TRIM10, TRIM15, TRIM26, TRIM39 and TRIM41. TRIM7 or GNIP interacts with glycogenin and stimulates its self-glucosylating activity via its SPRY domain. TRIM10 (also known as hematopoietic RING finger 1 (HERF1) or TRIM10/HERF1) plays a key role in definitive erythroid development; downregulation of the Spi-1/PU.1 oncogene induces the expression of TRIM10/HERF1, a key factor required for terminal erythroid cell differentiation and survival. Antiviral activity of TRIM15 is dependent on the ability of its B-box to interact with the MLV Gag precursor protein; downregulation of TRIM15, along with TRIM11, enhances virus release suggesting that these proteins contribute to the endogenous restriction of retroviruses in cells. Tripartite motif-containing 26 (TRIM26) function is as yet unknown; however, since it is localized in the human histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region, TRIM26 may play a role in immune response although studies show no association between TRIM26 polymorphisms and the risk of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. TRIM39 is a MOAP-1 (Modulator of Apoptosis)-binding protein that stabilizes MOAP-1 through inhibition of its poly-ubiquitination process. TRIM41 (also known as RING finger-interacting protein with C kinase or RINCK) functions as an E3 ligase that catalyzes the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of protein kinase C.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|:вА0А0АаАВFcd12889, SPRY_PRY_TRIM67_9, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-containing proteins, TRIM9 and TRIM67. This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of TRIM9 proteins. TRIM9 protein is expressed mainly in the cerebral cortex, and functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. It has been shown that TRIM9 is localized to the neurons in the normal human brain and its immunoreactivity in affected brain areas in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies is severely decreased, possibly playing an important role in the regulation of neuronal function and participating in pathological process of Lewy body disease through its ligase. TRIM67 negatively regulates Ras activity via degradation of 80K-H, leading to neural differentiation, including neuritogenesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|;вА0А0АаАВocd12890, SPRY_PRY_TRIM16, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-containing protein 16 (TRIM16). This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of TRIM16 and TRIM-like proteins. TRIM16 (also known as estrogen-responsive B box protein or EBBP) does not possess a RING domain like the other TRIM proteins, but contains two B-box domains and can heterodimerize with other TRIM proteins such as TRIM24, Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein and Midline-1 (MID1 or TRIM18). It is a regulator of keratinocyte differentiation and a tumor suppressor in retinoid-sensitive neuroblastoma. It has been shown that loss of TRIM16 expression plays an important role in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and is a determinant of retinoid sensitivity. TRIM16 also has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|<вА0А0АаАВўcd12891, SPRY_PRY_C-I_2, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins, including TRIM14-like, TRIM16-like, TRIM25-like, TRIM47-like, TRIM65 and RNF135, and stonustoxin. This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of several Class I TRIM proteins, including TRIM14, TRIM16 and TRIM25, TRIM47 as well as RING finger protein RNF135 and stonustoxin, a secreted poisonous protein of the stonefish Synanceja horrida. TRIM16 (also known as estrogen-responsive B box protein or EBBP) has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. It is a regulator of keratinocyte differentiation and a tumor suppressor in retinoid-sensitive neuroblastoma. TRIM25 (also called Efp) ubiquitinates the N terminus of the viral RNA receptor retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) in response to viral infection, leading to activation of the RIG-I signaling pathway, thus resulting in type I interferon production to limit viral replication. It has been shown that the influenza A virus targets TRIM25 and disables its antiviral function. TRIM47, also known as GOA (Gene overexpressed in astrocytoma protein) or RNF100 (RING finger protein 100), is highly expressed in kidney tubular cells, but low expressed in most tissue. It is overexpressed in astrocytoma tumor cells and plays an important role in the process of dedifferentiation that is associated with astrocytoma tumorigenesis. RNF135 ubiquitinates RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I) to promote interferon-beta induction during the early phase of viral infection. Stonustoxin (STNX) is a hypotensive and lethal protein factor that also possesses other biological activities such as species-specific hemolysis (due to its ability to form pores in the cell membrane) and platelet aggregation, edema-induction, and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (mediated by the nitric oxide pathway and activation of potassium channels). The PRY-SPRY domain in these TRIM families is suggested to serve as the target binding site.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|=вА0А0АаАВAcd12892, SPRY_PRY_TRIM18, PRY/SPRY domain of TRIM18/MID1, also known as FXY or RNF59. This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is at the C-terminus of the overall domain architecture of MID1 (also known as FXY, RNF59, TRIM18) gene represented by a RING finger domain (RING), two B-box motifs (BBOX), coiled-coil C-terminal to Bbox domain (BBC) and fibronectin type 3 domain (FN3). Mutations in the human MID1 gene result in X-linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome (OS), a disorder affecting development of midline structures, causing craniofacial, urogenital, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular abnormalities. A unique MID1 gene mutation located in a variable loop in the SPRY domain alters conformation of the binding pocket and may affect the binding affinity to the PRY/SPRY domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлXвА0А0АаАВеcd12893, SPRY_PRY_TRIM35, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-containing protein 35 (TRIM35). This PRY/SPRY domain is found at the C-terminus of the overall domain architecture of tripartite motif 35, TRIM35 (also known as hemopoietic lineage switch protein), which includes a RING finger domain (RING) and a B-box motif (BBOX). TRIM35 may play a role as a tumor suppressor and is implicated in the cell death mechanism.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|>вА0А0АаАВ╢cd12894, SPRY_PRY_TRIM36, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-containing protein 36 (TRIM36). This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of TRIM36, a Class I TRIM protein. TRIM36 (also known as Haprin or RNF98) has a ubiquitin ligase activity and interacts with centromere protein-H, one of the kinetochore proteins. It has been shown that TRIM36 is potentially associated with chromosome segregation and that an excess of TRIM36 may cause chromosomal instability. In Xenopus laevis, TRIM36 is expressed during early embryogenesis and plays an important role in the arrangement of somites during their formation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|?вА0А0АаАВ░cd12895, SPRY_PRY_TRIM46, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-containing protein 46 (TRIM46). This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of TRIM46 proteins (composed of RING/B-box/coiled-coil core and also known as RBCC proteins). The SPRY/PRY combination is a possible component of immune defense. This protein family has not yet been characterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|@вА0А0АаАВлcd12896, SPRY_PRY_TRIM65, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-containing domain 65 (TRIM65). This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of TRIM65 proteins (composed of RING/B-box/coiled-coil core and also known as RBCC proteins). The SPRY/PRY combination is a possible component of immune defense. This protein family has not been characterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|AвА0А0АаАВEcd12897, SPRY_PRY_TRIM50_72, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-binding (TRIM) proteins TRIM50 and TRIM72. This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of several TRIM proteins, including TRIM72 and TRIM50. TRIM72 (also known as MG53) has been shown to perform a critical function in membrane repair following acute muscle injury by nucleating the assembly of the repair machinery at injury sites. It is expressed specifically in skeletal muscle and heart, and tethered to the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic vesicles via its interaction with phosphatidylserine. TRIM50, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is deleted in Williams-Beuren (WBS) syndrome, a multi-system neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the deletion of contiguous genes at chromosome region 7q11.23.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|BвА0А0АаАВГcd12898, SPRY_PRY_TRIM76, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-containing protein 76 (TRIM76), also called cardiomyopathy-associated protein 5. This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of TRIM76, a Class I TRIM protein. TRIM76 (also known as cardiomyopathy-associated protein 5 or CMYA5 or myospryn or SPRYD2) is a muscle-specific member of the TRIM superfamily, but lacks the RING domain. It has been suggested that TRIM76 is involved in two distinct processes, protein kinase A signaling and vesicular trafficking. It has also been implicated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and cardiac disease; gene polymorphism of TRIM76 is associated with left ventricular wall thickness in patients with hypertension while its interactions with M-band titin and calpain 3 link it to tibial and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|CвА0А0АаАВcd12899, SPRY_PRY_TRIM76_like, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-containing protein 76 (TRIM76)-like. This domain is similar to the distinct PRY/SPRY subdomain found at the C-terminus of TRIM76, a Class I TRIM protein. TRIM76 (also known as cardiomyopathy-associated protein 5 or CMYA5 or myospryn or SPRYD2) is a muscle-specific member of the TRIM superfamily, but lacks the RING domain. It has been suggested that TRIM76 is involved in two distinct processes, protein kinase A signaling and vesicular trafficking.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|DвА0А0АаАВ,cd12900, SPRY_PRY_TRIM21, PRY/SPRY domain in tripartite motif-binding protein 21 (TRIM21) also known as 52kD Ribonucleoprotein Autoantigen (Ro52). This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of TRIM21, which is also known as Sjogren Syndrome Antigen A (SSA), SSA1, 52kD Ribonucleoprotein Autoantigen (Ro52, Ro/SSA, SS-A/Ro) or RING finger protein 81 (RNF81). TRIM21 domains are composed of RING/B-box/coiled-coil core and also known as RBCC proteins. As an E3 ligase, TRIM21 mediates target specificity in ubiquitination; it regulates type 1 interferon and proinflammatory cytokines via ubiquitination of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). It is up-regulated at the site of autoimmune inflammation, such as cutaneous lupus lesions, indicating a central role in the tissue destructive inflammatory process. It interacts with auto-antigens in patients with Sjogren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus, a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against the protein component of the human intracellular ribonucleoprotein-RNA complexes and more specifically TRIM21, Ro60/TROVE2 and La/SSB proteins. It binds the Fc part of IgG molecules via its PRY-SPRY domain with unexpectedly high affinity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|EвА0А0АаАВWcd12901, SPRY_PRY_FSD1, Fibronectin type III and SPRY containing 1 (FSD1) domain includes PRY at the N-terminus. This domain is part of the fibronectin type III and SPRY domain containing 1 (FSD1) and FSD1-like (FSD1L) proteins. These are centrosome-associated proteins that are characterized by an N-terminal coiled-coil region downstream of B-box (BBC) domain, a central fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and C-terminal repeats in PRY/SPRY domain. The FSD1 protein associates with a subset of microtubules and may be involved in the stability and organization of microtubules during cytokinesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|FвА0А0АаАВ8cd12902, SPRY_PRY_RNF135, PRY/SPRY domain in RING finger protein RNF135. This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of the RING finger protein RNF135 (also known as Riplet/RNF135), which ubiquitinates RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I) to promote interferon-beta induction during the early phase of viral infection. Normally, RIG-I is activated by TRIM25 in response to viral infection, leading to activation of the RIG-I signaling pathway, thus resulting in type I interferon production to limit viral replication. However, RNF135, consisting of an N-terminal RING finger domain, C-terminal SPRY and PRY motifs and showing sequence similarity to TRIM25, acts as an alternative factor that promotes RIG-I activation independent of TRIM25.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|GвА0А0АаАВcd12903, SPRY_PRY_SPRYD4, PRY/SPRY domain containing protein 4 (SPRYD4). This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain and is encoded by the SPRYD4 gene. SPRYD4 (SPRY containing domain 4) is ubiquitously expressed in many human tissues, most strongly in kidney, bladder, brain, thymus and stomach. Subcellular localization demonstrates that SPRYD4 protein is localized in the nucleus when overexpressed in COS-7 green monkey cell. It has remained uncharacterized thus far.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|HвА0А0АаАВ├cd12904, SPRY_BSPRY, SPRY domain in Ro-Ret family. This domain, named BSPRY, has been identified in the Ro-Ret family, since the protein is composed of a B-box, an alpha-helical coiled coil and a SPRY domain. The gene for BSPRY resides on human chromosome 9 and is specifically expressed in testis. The function of BSPRY is not known, but several related proteins of the RING-Box-coiled-coil (RBCC) family have been implicated in cell transformation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|IвА0А0АаАВ\cd12905, SPRY_PRY_A33L, zinc-binding protein A33-like. This domain, consisting of the distinct N-terminal PRY subdomain followed by the SPRY subdomain, is found at the C-terminus of TRIM69 and TRIM proteins NF7 and bloodthirsty (bty). TRIM69 is a novel testis E3 ubiquitin ligase that may function to ubiquitinate its particular substrates during spermatogenesis. In humans, TRIM69 localizes in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and requires an intact RING finger domain to function. TRIM protein NF7, which also contains a chromodomain (CHD) at the N-terminus and an RFP (Ret finger protein)-like domain at the C-terminus, is required for its association with transcriptional units of RNA polymerase II which is mediated by a trimeric B box. In Xenopus oocyte, xNF7 has been identified as a nuclear microtubule-associated protein (MAP) whose microtubule-bundling activity, but not E3-ligase activity, contributes to microtubule organization and spindle integrity. Bloodthirsty (bty) is a novel gene identified in zebrafish and has been shown to likely play a role in in regulation of the terminal steps of erythropoiesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|JвА0А0АаАВecd12906, SPRY_SOCS1-2-4, SPRY domain in the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, 2, 4 families (SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS4). The SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein family (SPSB1-4, also known as SSB-1 to -4) is composed of a central SPRY protein interaction domain and a C-terminal SOCS box. All four SPSB proteins interact with c-Met, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, but only SPSB1, SPSB2, and SPSB4 interact with prostate apoptosis response protein 4 (Par-4). They are negative regulators that recruit the ECS E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to polyubiquitinate inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), resulting in its proteasomal degradation, thus contributing to protection against the cytotoxic effect of iNOS in activated macrophages. It has been shown that SPSB1 and SPSB4 induce the degradation of iNOS more strongly than SPSB2. The Drosophila melanogaster SPSB1 homolog, GUSTAVUS, interacts with the DEAD box RNA helicase Vasa. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins negatively regulate signaling from JAK-associated cytokine receptor complexes, and play key roles in the regulation of immune homeostasis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|KвА0А0АаАВ9cd12907, SPRY_Fbox, SPRY domain in the F-box family Fbxo45. Fbxo45 is a novel synaptic E3 and ubiquitin ligase, related to the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins and located N-terminal to a SPRY (SPla and the ryanodine receptor) domain. Fbxo45 induces the degradation of a synaptic vesicle-priming factor, Munc13-1, via the SPRY domain, thus playing an important role in the regulation of neurotransmission by modulating Munc13-1 at the synapse. F-box motifs are found in proteins that function as the substrate recognition component of SCF E3 complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|LвА0А0АаАВ^cd12908, SPRYD3, SPRY domain-containing protein 3. This family contains SPRY domain-containing protein 3 (SPRYD3). In humans, it is highly expressed in most tissues, including brain, kidney, heart, intestine, skeletal muscle, and testis. It also has cross-species conservation, suggesting that it is likely to carry out important cellular processes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|MвА0А0АаАВнcd12909, SPRY_RanBP9_10, SPRY domain in Ran binding proteins 9 and 10. This family includes SPRY domain in Ran binding protein (RBP or RanBPM) 9 and 10, and similar proteins. RanBP9 (also known as RanBPM), a binding partner of Ran, is a small Ras-like GTPase that exerts multiple functions via interactions with various proteins. RanBP9 and RanBP10 also act as androgen receptor (AR) coactivators. Both consist of the N-terminal proline- and glutamine-rich regions, the SPRY domain, and LisH-CTLH and CRA motifs. SPRY domain of RanBPM forms a complex with CD39, a prototypic member of the NTPDase family, thus down-regulating activity substantially. RanBP10 enhances the transcriptional activity of AR in a ligand-dependent manner and exhibits a protein expression pattern different from RanBPM in various cell lines. RanBP10 is highly expressed in AR-positive prostate cancer LNCaP cells, while RanBPM is abundant in WI-38 and MCF-7 cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|NвА0А0АаАВ&cd12910, SPRY_SSH4_like, SPRY domain in SSH4 and similar proteins. This family includes SPRY domain in SSH4 (suppressor of SHR3 null mutation protein 4) and similar proteins. SSH4 is a component of the endosome-vacuole trafficking pathway that regulates nutrient transport and may be involved in processes determining whether plasma membrane proteins are degraded or routed to the plasma membrane. The SPRY domain in SSH4 may be involved in cargo recognition, either directly or by combination with other adaptors, possibly leading to a higher selectivity. In yeast, SSH4 and the homologous protein EAR1 (endosomal adapter of RSP5) recruit Rsp5p, an essential ubiquitin ligase of the Nedd4 family, and assist it in its function at multivesicular bodies by directing the ubiquitylation of specific cargoes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА|OвА0А0АаАВcd12916, VKOR_1, Vitamin K epoxide reductase family in bacteria and plants. This family includes vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) present in bacteria and plant. VKOR (also named VKORC1) is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide and vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone, an essential co-factor subsequently used in the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in blood coagulation enzymes. All homologs of VKOR contain an active site CXXC motif, which is switched between reduced and disulfide-bonded states during the reaction cycle. In some plant and bacterial homologs, the VKOR domain is fused with domains of the thioredoxin family of oxidoreductases which may function as redox partners in initiating the reduction cascade.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╫вА0А0АаАВ┴cd12917, VKOR_euk, Vitamin K epoxide reductase family in eukaryotes, excluding plants. This family includes vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) present in bacteria and plant. VKOR (also named VKORC1) is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide and vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone, an essential co-factor subsequently used in the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in blood coagulation enzymes. All homologs of VKOR contain an active site CXXC motif, which is switched between reduced and disulfide-bonded states during the reaction cycle. Warfarin, a widely used oral anticoagulant used in medicine as well as rodenticides, inhibits the activity of VKOR, resulting in decreased levels of reduced vitamin K, which is required for the function of several clotting factors. However, anticoagulation effect of warfarin is significantly associated with polymorphism of certain genes, including VKORC1. Interestingly, in rodents, an adaptive trait appears to have evolved convergently by selection on new or standing genetic polymorphisms in VKORC1 as well as by adaptive introgressive hybridization between species, likely brought about by human-mediated dispersal.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╪вА0А0АаАВcd12918, VKOR_arc, Vitamin K epoxide reductase family in archaea and some bacteria. This family includes vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) mostly present in archaea and some bacteria. VKOR (also named VKORC1) is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide and vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone, an essential co-factor subsequently used in the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in blood coagulation enzymes. All homologs of VKOR contain an active site CXXC motif, which is switched between reduced and disulfide-bonded states during the reaction cycle. In some bacterial homologs, the VKOR domain is fused with domains of the thioredoxin family of oxidoreductases which may function as redox partners in initiating the reduction cascade.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл┘вА0А0АаАВёcd12919, VKOR_2, Vitamin K epoxide reductase family in bacteria. This family includes vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) present only in bacteria. VKOR (also named VKORC1) is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide and vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone, an essential co-factor subsequently used in the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in blood coagulation enzymes. All homologs of VKOR contain an active site CXXC motif, which is switched between reduced and disulfide-bonded states during the reaction cycle. In some bacterial homologs, the VKOR domain is fused with domains of the thioredoxin family of oxidoreductases which may function as redox partners in initiating the reduction cascade.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл┌вА0А0АаАВcd12920, VKOR_3, Vitamin K epoxide reductase family in bacteria. This family includes vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) present in proteobacteria and spirochetes. VKOR (also named VKORC1) is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide and vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone, an essential co-factor subsequently used in the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in blood coagulation enzymes. All homologs of VKOR contain an active site CXXC motif, which is switched between reduced and disulfide-bonded states during the reaction cycle. In some bacterial homologs, the VKOR domain is fused with domains of the thioredoxin family of oxidoreductases which may function as redox partners in initiating the reduction cascade.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл█вА0А0АаАВWcd12921, VKOR_4, Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) family in bacteria. This family includes vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) present only in bacteria. VKOR (also named VKORC1) is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide and vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone, an essential co-factor subsequently used in the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in blood coagulation enzymes. All homologs of VKOR contain an active site CXXC motif, which is switched between reduced and disulfide-bonded states during the reaction cycle. In some bacterial homologs, the VKOR domain is fused with domains of the thioredoxin family of oxidoreductases which may function as redox partners in initiating the reduction cascade. This family also has a cysteine peptidase domain present at the N-terminus of the VKOR domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл▄вА0А0АаАВ∙cd12922, VKOR_5, Vitamin K epoxide reductase family in bacteria. This family includes vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) mostly present in actinobacteria. VKOR (also named VKORC1) is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide and vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone, an essential co-factor subsequently used in the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in blood coagulation enzymes. All homologs of VKOR contain an active site CXXC motif, which is switched between reduced and disulfide-bonded states during the reaction cycle. In some bacterial homologs, the VKOR domain is fused with domains of the thioredoxin family of oxidoreductases which may function as redox partners in initiating the reduction cascade.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл▌вА0А0АаАВacd12923, iSH2_PI3K_IA_R, Inter-Src homology 2 (iSH2) helical domain of Class IA Phosphoinositide 3-kinase Regulatory subunits. PI3Ks catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to the 3-hydroxyl of the inositol ring of D-myo-phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) or its derivatives. They play an important role in a variety of fundamental cellular processes, including cell motility, the Ras pathway, vesicle trafficking and secretion, immune cell activation, and apoptosis. They are classified according to their substrate specificity, regulation, and domain structure. Class IA PI3Ks are heterodimers of a p110 catalytic (C) subunit and a p85-related regulatory (R) subunit. The R subunit down-regulates PI3K basal activity, stabilizes the C subunit, and plays a role in the activation downstream of tyrosine kinases. All R subunits contain two SH2 domains that flank an intervening helical domain (iSH2), which binds to the N-terminal adaptor-binding domain (ABD) of the catalytic subunit. In vertebrates, there are three genes (PIK3R1, PIK3R2, and PIK3R3) that encode for different Class IA PI3K R subunits.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАDвА0А0АаАВcd12924, iSH2_PIK3R1, Inter-Src homology 2 (iSH2) helical domain of Class IA Phosphoinositide 3-kinase Regulatory subunit 1, PIK3R1, also called p85alpha. PI3Ks catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to the 3-hydroxyl of the inositol ring of D-myo-phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) or its derivatives. They play an important role in a variety of fundamental cellular processes, including cell motility, the Ras pathway, vesicle trafficking and secretion, immune cell activation and apoptosis. They are classified according to their substrate specificity, regulation, and domain structure. Class IA PI3Ks are heterodimers of a p110 catalytic (C) subunit and a p85-related regulatory (R) subunit. The R subunit down-regulates PI3K basal activity, stabilizes the C subunit, and plays a role in the activation downstream of tyrosine kinases. All R subunits contain two SH2 domains that flank an intervening helical domain (iSH2), which binds to the N-terminal adaptor-binding domain (ABD) of the catalytic subunit. In addition, p85alpha, also called PIK3R1, contains N-terminal SH3 and GAP domains. p85alpha carry functions independent of its PI3K regulatory role. It can independently stimulate signaling pathways involved in cytoskeletal rearrangements. Insulin-sensitive tissues express splice variants of the PIK3R1 gene, p50alpha and p55alpha, which may play important roles in insulin signaling during lipid and glucose metabolism. Mice deficient with PIK3R1 die perinatally, indicating its importance in development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАDвА0А0АаАВ╣cd12925, iSH2_PIK3R3, Inter-Src homology 2 (iSH2) helical domain of Class IA Phosphoinositide 3-kinase Regulatory subunit 3, PIK3R3, also called p55gamma. PI3Ks catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to the 3-hydroxyl of the inositol ring of D-myo-phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) or its derivatives. They play an important role in a variety of fundamental cellular processes, including cell motility, the Ras pathway, vesicle trafficking and secretion, immune cell activation, and apoptosis. They are classified according to their substrate specificity, regulation, and domain structure. Class IA PI3Ks are heterodimers of a p110 catalytic (C) subunit and a p85-related regulatory (R) subunit. The R subunit down-regulates PI3K basal activity, stabilizes the C subunit, and plays a role in the activation downstream of tyrosine kinases. All R subunits contain two SH2 domains that flank an intervening helical domain (iSH2), which binds to the N-terminal adaptor-binding domain (ABD) of the catalytic subunit. p55gamma, also called PIK3R3 or p55PIK, also contains a unique N-terminal 24-amino acid residue (N24) that interacts with cell cycle modulators to promote cell cycle progression.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАDвА0А0АаАВcd12926, iSH2_PIK3R2, Inter-Src homology 2 (iSH2) helical domain of Class IA Phosphoinositide 3-kinase Regulatory subunit 2, PIK3R2, also called p85beta. PI3Ks catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to the 3-hydroxyl of the inositol ring of D-myo-phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) or its derivatives. They play an important role in a variety of fundamental cellular processes, including cell motility, the Ras pathway, vesicle trafficking and secretion, immune cell activation, and apoptosis. They are classified according to their substrate specificity, regulation, and domain structure. Class IA PI3Ks are heterodimers of a p110 catalytic (C) subunit and a p85-related regulatory (R) subunit. The R subunit down-regulates PI3K basal activity, stabilizes the C subunit, and plays a role in the activation downstream of tyrosine kinases. All R subunits contain two SH2 domains that flank an intervening helical domain (iSH2), which binds to the N-terminal adaptor-binding domain (ABD) of the catalytic subunit. p85beta, also called PIK3R2, contains N-terminal SH3 and GAP domains. It is expressed ubiquitously but at lower levels than p85alpha. Its expression is increased in breast and colon cancer, correlates with tumor progression, and enhanced invasion. During viral infection, the viral nonstructural (NS1) protein binds p85beta specifically, which leads to PI3K activation and the promotion of viral replication. Mice deficient with PIK3R2 develop normally and exhibit moderate metabolic and immunological defects.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАDвА0А0АаАВ|cd12927, MMP_TTHA0227_like, Minimal MMP-like domain found in Thermus thermophilus TTHA0227, Acidothermus cellulolyticus ACEL2062 and similar proteins. The family includes hypothetical proteins from bacteria that contain a minimal metalloprotease (MMP)-like domain consisting of 3-stranded mixed 2-beta sheets.These proteins may belong to a superfamily of bacterial zinc metallo-peptidases, which is characterized by a conserved HExxHxxGxxD (x could be any amino acid) motif. However, some family members carry a shorter HExxHxxG motif or HExxH motif. Some others do not have such a motif, but still share very high sequence similarity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╗вА0А0АаАВ╛cd12929, GUCT, RNA-binding GUCT domain found in the RNA helicase II/Gu protein family. This family includes vertebrate RNA helicase II/Gualpha (RH-II/Gualpha) and RNA helicase II/Gubeta (RH-II/Gubeta), both of which consist of a DEAD box helicase domain (DEAD), a helicase conserved C-terminal domain, and a Gu C-terminal (GUCT) domain. They localize to nucleoli, suggesting roles in ribosomal RNA production, but RH-II/Gubeta also localizes to nuclear speckles containing the splicing factor SC35, suggesting its possible involvement in pre-mRNA splicing. In contrast to RH-II/Gualpha, RH-II/Gubeta has RNA-unwinding activity, but no RNA-folding activity. The family also contains plant DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 7 (RH7 or PRH75), Thermus thermophilus heat resistant RNA-dependent ATPase (Hera) and similar proteins. RH7 is a new nucleus-localized member of the DEAD-box protein family from higher plants. It displays a weak ATPase activity which is barely stimulated by RNA ligands. RH7 contains an N-terminal KDES domain rich in lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and serine residues, seven highly conserved helicase motifs in the central region, a GUCT domain, and a C-terminal GYR domain harboring a large number of glycine residues interrupted by either arginines or tyrosines. Thermus thermophilus Hera is a DEAD box helicase that binds fragments of 23S rRNA and RNase P RNA via its C-terminal domain. It contains a helicase core that harbors two RecA-like domains termed RecA_N and RecA_C, a dimerization domain (DD), and a C-terminal RNA-binding domain (RBD) that reveals a compact, RRM-like fold and shows sequence similarity with the typical GUCT domain found in the RNA helicase II/Gu protein family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╨вА0А0АаАВ┐cd12930, GAT_SF, GAT domain found in eukaryotic ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)-binding proteins (GGAs), metazoan myb protein 1 (Tom1)-like proteins, and similar proteins. The GAT (GGA and Tom1) domain superfamily includes GGAs found in eukaryotes, Tom1-like proteins from metazoa, and LAS seventeen-binding protein 5 (Lsb5p)-like proteins from fungi. GGAs, also termed Golgi-localized gamma-ear-containing Arf-binding proteins, belong to a family of ubiquitously expressed, monomeric, motif-binding cargo/clathrin adaptor proteins that regulate clathrin-mediated trafficking of cargo proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to endosomes. GGAs play important roles in ubiquitin-dependent sorting of cargo proteins both in biosynthetic and endocytic pathways. Tom1 and its related proteins, Tom1L1 and Tom1L2, form a protein family sharing an N-terminal VHS-domain followed by a GAT domain. The Tom1 family proteins bind to ubiquitin, ubiquitinated proteins, and Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) through its GAT domain. They do not associate with either Arf GTPases through its GAT domain nor with acidic cluster-dileucine sequences through its VHS domain. In addition, the Tom1 family proteins recruit clathrin onto endosomes through their C-terminal region. However, in the C-terminal clathrin-binding region, Tom1 and Tom1L2 are similar to each other, but distinguishable from Tom1L1. The yeast S. cerevisiae does not contain homologous proteins of the Tom1 family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўўвА0А0АаАВ ╥cd12931, eNOPS_SF, NOPS domain, including C-terminal helical extension region, in the p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 family. All members in this family contain a DBHS domain (for Drosophila behavior, human splicing), which comprises two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRM1 and RRM2), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a charged protein-protein interaction NOPS (NONA and PSP1) domain with a long helical C-terminal extension. The NOPS domain specifically binds to RRM2 domain of the partner DBHS protein via a substantial interaction surface. Its highly conserved C-terminal residues are critical for functional DBHS dimerization while the highly conserved C-terminal helical extension, forming a right-handed antiparallel heterodimeric coiled-coil, is essential for localization of these proteins to subnuclear bodies. PSF has an additional large N-terminal domain that differentiates it from other family members. The p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 family includes 54 kDa nuclear RNA- and DNA-binding protein (p54nrb), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-associated-splicing factor (PSF) and paraspeckle protein 1 (PSP1), which are ubiquitously expressed and are well conserved in vertebrates. p54nrb, also termed NONO or NMT55, is a multi-functional protein involved in numerous nuclear processes including transcriptional regulation, splicing, DNA unwinding, nuclear retention of hyperedited double-stranded RNA, viral RNA processing, control of cell proliferation, and circadian rhythm maintenance. PSF, also termed POMp100, is also a multi-functional protein that binds RNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and many factors, and mediates diverse activities in the cell. PSP1, also termed PSPC1, is a novel nucleolar factor that accumulates within a new nucleoplasmic compartment, termed paraspeckles, and diffusely distributes in the nucleoplasm. The cellular function of PSP1 remains unknown currently. The family also includes some p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 homologs from invertebrate species. For instance, the Drosophila melanogaster gene no-ontransient A (nonA) encoding puff-specific protein Bj6 (also termed NONA) and Chironomus tentans hrp65 gene encoding protein Hrp65. D. melanogaster NONA is involved in eye development and behavior and may play a role in circadian rhythm maintenance, similar to vertebrate p54nrb. C. tentans Hrp65 is a component of nuclear fibers associated with ribonucleoprotein particles in transit from the gene to the nuclear pore.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл├вА0А0АаАВcd12932, RRP7_like, RRP7 domain ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 (Rrp7p), ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 homolog A (Rrp7A), and similar proteins. This CD corresponds to the RRP7 domain of Rrp7p and Rrp7A. Rrp7p is encoded by YCL031C gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential yeast protein involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly, and is speculated to be required for correct assembly of rpS27 into the pre-ribosomal particle. Rrp7A, also termed gastric cancer antigen Zg14, is the Rrp7p homolog mainly found in Metazoans. The cellular function of Rrp7A remains unclear currently. Both Rrp7p and Rrp7A harbor an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal RRP7 domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл└вА0А0АаАВ|cd12933, eIF3G, eIF3G domain found in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit G (eIF-3G) and similar proteins. eIF-3G, also termed eIF-3 subunit 4, or eIF-3-delta, or eIF3-p42, or eIF3-p44, is the RNA-binding subunit of eIF3. eIF3 is a large multi-subunit complex that plays a central role in the initiation of translation by binding to the 40 S ribosomal subunit and promoting the binding of methionyl-tRNAi and mRNA. eIF-3G binds 18 S rRNA and beta-globin mRNA, and therefore appears to be a nonspecific RNA-binding protein. Besides, eIF-3G is one of the cytosolic targets; it interacts with mature apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). This family also includes yeast eIF3-p33, a homolog of vertebrate eIF-3G; it plays an important role in the initiation phase of protein synthesis in yeast. It binds both mRNA and rRNA fragments due to an RNA recognition motif near its C-terminus.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╒вА0А0АаАВWcd12934, LEM, LEM (Lap2/Emerin/Man1) domain found in emerin, lamina-associated polypeptide 2 (LAP2), inner nuclear membrane protein Man1 and similar proteins. The family corresponds to a group of inner nuclear membrane proteins containing LEM domain. Emerin occurs in four phosphorylated forms and plays a role in cell cycle-dependent events. It is absent from the inner nuclear membrane in most patients with X-linked muscular dystrophy. Emerin interacts with A-type and B-type lamins. Man1, also termed LEM domain-containing protein 3 (LEMD3) is an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane that binds to nuclear lamins and emerin, thus playing a role in nuclear organization. LAP2, also termed thymopoietin (TP), or thymopoietin-related peptide (TPRP), is composed of isoform alpha and isoforms beta/gamma and may be involved in chromatin organization and post-mitotic reassembly. Some LAP2 isoforms are inner nuclear membrane proteins that can bind to nuclear lamins and chromatin, while others are non-membrane nuclear polypeptides. This family also contains LEM domain-containing protein LEMP-1 and LEM2. LEMP-1, also termed cancer/testis antigen 50 (CT50), is encoded by LEMD1, a novel testis-specific gene expressed in colorectal cancers. LEMP-1 may function as a cancer-testis antigen for immunotherapy of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). LEM2, also termed LEMD2, is a novel Man1-related ubiquitously expressed inner nuclear membrane protein required for normal nuclear envelope morphology. Association with lamin A is required for its proper nuclear envelope localization while its binding to lamin C plays an important role in the organization of lamin A/C complexes. Some uncharacterized LEM domain-containing proteins are also included in this family. Unlike other family members, these harbor an ankyrin repeat region that may mediate protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╔вА0А0АаАВ═cd12935, LEM_like, LEM-like domain of lamina-associated polypeptide 2 (LAP2) and similar proteins. LAP2, also termed thymopoietin (TP), or thymopoietin-related peptide (TPRP), is composed of isoform alpha and isoforms beta/gamma and may be involved in chromatin organization and postmitotic reassembly. Some of the LAP2 isoforms are inner nuclear membrane proteins that can bind to nuclear lamins and chromatin, while others are nonmembrane nuclear polypeptides. All LAP2 isoforms contain an N-terminal lamina-associated polypeptide-Emerin-MAN1 (LEM)-domain that is connected to a highly divergent LEM-like domain by an unstructured linker. Both LEM and LEM-like domains share the same structural fold, mainly composed of two large parallel alpha helices. However, their biochemical nature of the solvent-accessible residues is completely different, which indicates the two domains may target different protein surfaces. The LEM domain is responsible for the interaction with the nonspecific DNA binding protein barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), and the LEM-like domain is involved in chromosome binding. The family also includes the yeast helix-extension-helix domain-containing proteins, Heh1p (formerly called Src1p) and Heh2p, and their uncharacterized homologs found mainly in fungi and several in bacteria. Heh1p and Heh2p are inner nuclear membrane proteins that might interact with nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Heh1p is involved in mitosis. It functions at the interface between subtelomeric gene expression and transcription export (TREX)-dependent messenger RNA export through NPCs. The function of Heh2p remains ill-defined. Both Heh1p and Heh2p contain a LEM-like domain (also termed HeH domain), but lack a LEM domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╘вА0А0АаАВkcd12936, GUCT_RHII_Gualpha_beta, RNA-binding GUCT domain found in vertebrate RNA helicase II/Gualpha (RH-II/Gualpha), RNA helicase II/Gubeta (RH-II/Gubeta) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the Gu C-terminal (GUCT) domain of RH-II/Gualpha and RH-II/Gubeta, two paralogues found in vertebrates. RH-II/Gualpha, also termed nucleolar RNA helicase 2, or DEAD box protein 21, or nucleolar RNA helicase Gu, is a bifunctional enzyme that displays independent RNA-unwinding and RNA-folding activities. It unwinds double-stranded RNA in the 5' to 3' direction in the presence of Mg2+ through the domains in its N-terminal region. In contrast, it folds single-stranded RNA in an ATP-dependent manner and its C-terminal region is responsible for the Mg2+ independent RNA-foldase activity. RH-II/Gualpha consists of a DEAD box helicase domain (DEAD), a helicase conserved C-terminal domain (helicase_C), and a GUCT followed by three FRGQR repeats and one PRGQR sequence. The DEAD and helicase_C domains may play critical roles in the RNA-helicase activity of RH-II/Gualpha. The function of GUCT domain remains unclear. The C-terminal region responsible for the RNA-foldase activity does not overlap with the GUCT domain. RH-II/Gubeta, also termed ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX50, or DEAD box protein 50, or nucleolar protein Gu2, shows significant sequence homology with RH-II/Gualpha. It contains a DEAD domain, a helicase_C domain, and a GUCT domain followed by an arginine-serine-rich sequence but not (F/P)RGQR repeats in RH-II/Gualpha. Both RH-II/Gualpha and RH-II/Gubeta localize to nucleoli, suggesting roles in ribosomal RNA production, but RH-II/Gubeta also localizes to nuclear speckles containing the splicing factor SC35, suggesting its possible involvement in pre-mRNA splicing. In contrast to RH-II/Gualpha, RH-II/Gubeta has RNA-unwinding activity, but no RNA-folding activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╤вА0А0АаАВlcd12937, GUCT_RH7_like, RNA-binding GUCT domain found in plant DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 7 (RH7) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the Gu C-terminal (GUCT) domain of RH7 and similar proteins. RH7, also termed plant RNA helicase 75 (PRH75), is a new nucleus-localized member of the DEAD-box protein family from higher plants. It displays a weak ATPase activity which is barely stimulated by RNA ligands. RH7 contains an N-terminal KDES domain rich in lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and serine residues, seven highly conserved helicase motifs in the central region, a GUCT domain, and a C-terminal GYR domain harboring a large number of glycine residues interrupted by either arginines or tyrosines. RH7 is RNA specific and harbors two possible RNA-binding motifs, the helicase motif VI (HRIGRTGR) and the C-terminal glycine-rich GYR domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╥вА0А0АаАВcd12938, GUCT_Hera, RNA-binding GUCT-like domain found in Thermus thermophilus heat resistant RNA-dependent ATPase (Hera) and similar proteins. This subfamily corresponds to the Gu C-terminal (GUCT)-like domain of Hera and similar proteins. Thermus thermophilus Hera is a DEAD box helicase that binds fragments of 23S rRNA and RNase P RNA via its C-terminal domain. It contains a helicase core that harbors two RecA-like domains termed RecA_N and RecA_C, a dimerization domain (DD), and a C-terminal RNA-binding domain (RBD) that reveals a compact, RRM-like fold and shows sequence similarity with GUCT domain found in vertebrate RNA helicase II/Gualpha (RH-II/Gualpha), RNA helicase II/Gubeta (RH-II/Gubeta) and plant DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 7 (RH7 or PRH75).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╙вА0А0АаАВcd12939, LEM_emerin, LEM (Lap2/Emerin/Man1) domain found in emerin. This CD corresponds to the LEM domain that is critical for binding to lamin A/C and is also involved in interaction with the DNA binding protein barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF). Emerin is an inner nuclear membrane protein that occurs in four differently phosphorylated forms and plays a role in cell cycle-dependent events. It is absent from the inner nuclear membrane in most patients with X-linked muscular dystrophy. Emerin interacts with A-type and B-type lamins. It contains an N-terminal LEM domain followed by a poly-serine segment, a region rich in hydrophobic amino acids comprising the nuclear localization signal (NLS) followed by another poly-serine segment, and a C-terminal transmembrane region.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╩вА0А0АаАВбcd12940, LEM_LAP2_LEMD1, LEM (Lap2/Emerin/Man1) domain found in lamina-associated polypeptide 2 (LAP2), LEM domain-containing protein 1 (LEMP-1) and similar proteins. This CD corresponds to the LEM domain of LAP2, LEMP-1 and similar proteins. LAP2, also termed thymopoietin (TP), or thymopoietin-related peptide (TPRP), is composed of isoform alpha and isoforms beta/gamma and may be involved in chromatin organization and post-mitotic reassembly. Some of LAP2 isoforms are inner nuclear membrane proteins that can bind to nuclear lamins and chromatin, while others are non-membrane nuclear polypeptides. All LAP2 isoforms contain an N-terminal LEM domain that is connected to a highly divergent LEM-like domain by an unstructured linker. Although LEM and LEM-like domains share the same structural fold composed of two large parallel alpha helices, the biochemical nature of the solvent-accessible residues is completely different, indicating that the two domains may target different protein surfaces. The LEM domain interacts with the nonspecific DNA binding protein barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) while the LEM-like domain is involved in chromosome binding. LEMP-1, also termed cancer/testis antigen 50 (CT50), is encoded by LEMD1, a novel testis-specific gene expressed in colorectal cancers. It may function as a cancer-testis antigen for immunotherapy of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). LEMP-1 contains an N-terminal LEM domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╦вА0А0АаАВЎcd12941, LEM_LEMD2, LEM (Lap2/Emerin/Man1) domain found in LEM domain-containing protein 2 (LEM2). This CD corresponds to the LEM domain that is responsible for the interaction with chromatin protein barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF). LEM2, also termed LEMD2, is a novel Man1-related ubiquitously expressed inner nuclear membrane protein required for normal nuclear envelope morphology. Association with lamin A is required for its proper nuclear envelope localization. It also binds to lamin C and plays an important role in the organization of lamin A/C complexes. LEM2 contains an N-terminal LEM domain, two putative transmembrane domains and a MAN1-Src1p C-terminal (MSC) domain, but lacks the Man1-specific C-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╠вА0А0АаАВccd12942, LEM_Man1, LEM (Lap2/Emerin/Man1) domain found in inner nuclear membrane protein Man1. This CD corresponds to the LEM domain of Man1 and similar proteins. Man1, also termed LEM domain-containing protein 3 (LEMD3), is an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane that binds to nuclear lamins and emerin, thus playing a role in nuclear organization. It is part of a protein complex essential for chromatin organization and cell division. It also functions as an important negative regulator for the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) /activin/Nodal signaling pathway and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway by directly interacting with chromatin-associated proteins and transcriptional regulators, including the R-Smads, Smad1, Smad2, and Smad3. Man1 is a unique type of left/right (LR) signaling regulator that acts on the inner nuclear membrane. Furthermore, Man1 plays a crucial role in angiogenesis. The vascular remodeling can be regulated at the inner nuclear membrane through interactions between Man1 and Smads. Man1 contains an N-terminal LEM domain, two putative transmembrane domains, a Man1-Src1p C-terminal (MSC) domain, and a C-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain). The LEM domain interacts with DNA and chromatin-binding protein Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor, and is also necessary for efficient localization of Man1 in the inner nuclear membrane. It has been shown that the C-terminal nucleoplasmic region of Man1 exhibits a DNA binding winged helix domain and is responsible for both, DNA- and Smad-binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл═вА0А0АаАВtcd12943, LEM_ANKL1, LEM (Lap2/Emerin/Man1) domain found in ankyrin repeat and LEM domain-containing protein 1 (ANKL1). The family includes ANKL1, also termed ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 41 (ANKRD41), or LEM-domain containing protein 3 (LEM3), and similar proteins. Although their biological roles remain unclear, the family members contain an N-terminal ankyrin repeat region, LEM domain and C-terminal GIY-YIG nuclease domain. The ankyrin repeats are unique motifs mediating protein-protein interactions. The LEM domain, mainly found in inner nuclear membrane proteins, may be involved in protein- or DNA-binding.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╬вА0А0АаАВтcd12944, LEM_ANKL2, LEM (Lap2/Emerin/Man1) domain found in ankyrin repeat and LEM domain-containing protein 2 (ANKL2). The family includes ANKL2 and similar proteins. Although their biological roles remain unclear, the family members share an N-terminal LEM domain and an ankyrin repeat region. The LEM domain, mainly found in inner nuclear membrane proteins, may be involved in protein- or DNA-binding. The ankyrin repeats are unique motifs mediating protein-protein interactions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╧вА0А0АаАВЗcd12945, NOPS_NONA_like, NOPS domain, including C-terminal coiled-coil region, in p54nrb/PSF/PSP1 homologs from invertebrate species. The family contains a DBHS domain (for Drosophila behavior, human splicing), which comprises two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a charged protein-protein interaction NOPS (NONA and PSP1) domain. This model corresponds to the NOPS domain, with a long helical C-terminal extension , found in Drosophila melanogaster gene no-ontransient A (nonA) encoding puff-specific protein Bj6 (also termed NONA), Chironomus tentans hrp65 gene encoding protein Hrp65 and similar proteins. D. melanogaster NONA is involved in eye development and behavior, and may play a role in circadian rhythm maintenance, similar to vertebrate p54nrb. C. tentans hrp65 is a component of nuclear fibers associated with ribonucleoprotein particles in transit from the gene to the nuclear pore. The NOPS domain specifically binds to the second RNA recognition motif (RRM2) domain of the partner DBHS protein via a substantial interaction surface. Its highly conserved C-terminal residues are critical for functional DBHS dimerization while the highly conserved C-terminal helical extension, forming a right-handed antiparallel heterodimeric coiled-coil, is essential for localization of these proteins to subnuclear bodies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл─вА0А0АаАВcd12946, NOPS_p54nrb_PSF_PSPC1, NOPS domain, including C-terminal coiled-coil region, in p54nrb/PSF/PSPC1 family proteins. The family contains a DBHS domain (for Drosophila behavior, human splicing), which comprises two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a charged protein-protein interaction NOPS (NONA and PSP1) domain. This model corresponds to the NOPS domain, with a long helical C-terminal extension, found in the p54nrb/PSF/PSPC1 proteins. The NOPS domain specifically binds to the second RNA recognition motif (RRM2) domain of the partner DBHS protein via a substantial interaction surface. Its highly conserved C-terminal residues are critical for functional DBHS dimerization while the highly conserved C-terminal helical extension, forming a right-handed antiparallel heterodimeric coiled-coil, is essential for localization of these proteins to subnuclear bodies. Members in the family include 54 kDa nuclear RNA- and DNA-binding protein (p54nrb), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-associated-splicing factor (PSF) and paraspeckle protein component 1 (PSPC1 or PSP1), which are ubiquitously expressed and are conserved in vertebrates. p54nrb, also termed NONO or NMT55, is a multi-functional protein involved in numerous nuclear processes including transcriptional regulation, splicing, DNA unwinding, nuclear retention of hyperedited double-stranded RNA, viral RNA processing, control of cell proliferation, and circadian rhythm maintenance. PSF, also termed POMp100, is a multi-functional protein that binds RNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and many factors, and mediates diverse activities in the cell. PSPC1 is a novel nucleolar factor that accumulates within a new nucleoplasmic compartment, termed paraspeckles, and diffusely distributes in the nucleoplasm. The cellular function of PSPC1 remains unknown currently. PSF has an additional large N-terminal domain that differentiates it from other family members.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл┼вА0А0АаАВcd12947, NOPS_p54nrb, NOPS domain, including C-terminal coiled-coil region, in 54 kDa nuclear RNA- and DNA-binding protein (p54nrb) and similar proteins. The family contains a DBHS domain (for Drosophila behavior, human splicing), which comprises two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a charged protein-protein interaction NOPS (NONA and PSP1) domain. This model corresponds to the NOPS domain, with a long helical C-terminal extension, found in p54nrb, also termed non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NONO), or 55 kDa nuclear protein (NMT55), or DNA-binding p52/p100 complex 52 kDa subunit. It is a multi-functional protein involved in numerous nuclear processes including transcriptional regulation, splicing, DNA unwinding, nuclear retention of hyperedited double-stranded RNA, viral RNA processing, control of cell proliferation, and circadian rhythm maintenance. p54nrb is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved in vertebrates. It binds both single- and double-stranded RNA and DNA, and also possesses inherent carbonic anhydrase activity. p54nrb forms a heterodimer with paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1 or PSP1), localizing to paraspeckles in an RNA-dependent manner. It also forms a heterodimer with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated-splicing factor (PSF). The NOPS domain specifically binds to the second RNA recognition motif (RRM2) domain of the partner DBHS protein via a substantial interaction surface. Its highly conserved C-terminal residues are critical for functional DBHS dimerization while the highly conserved C-terminal helical extension, forming a right-handed antiparallel heterodimeric coiled-coil, is essential for paraspeckle localization to subnuclear bodies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╞вА0А0АаАВ лcd12948, NOPS_PSF, NOPS domain, including C-terminal coiled-coil region, in polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB)-associated-splicing factor (PSF) and similar proteins. This model contains the NOPS (NONA and PSP1) domain PSF (also termed proline- and glutamine-rich splicing factor, or 100 kDa DNA-pairing protein (POMp100), or 100 kDa subunit of DNA-binding p52/p100 complex), with a long helical C-terminal extension. PSF is a multifunctional protein that mediates diverse activities in the cell. It is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved in vertebrates. PSF binds not only RNA but also single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as well as double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and facilitates the renaturation of complementary ssDNAs. Additionally, it promotes the formation of D-loops in superhelical duplex DNA, and is involved in cell proliferation. PSF can also interact with multiple factors. It is an RNA-binding component of spliceosomes and binds to insulin-like growth factor response element (IGFRE). Moreover, PSF functions as a transcriptional repressor interacting with Sin3A and mediating silencing through the recruitment of histone deacetylases (HDACs) to the DNA binding domain (DBD) of nuclear hormone receptors. As an RNA-binding component of spliceosomes, PSF binds to the insulin-like growth factor response element (IGFRE), and acts as an independent negative regulator of the transcriptional activity of the porcine P-450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme gene (P450scc) IGFRE. PSF is an essential pre-mRNA splicing factor and is dissociated from PTB and binds to U1-70K and serine-arginine (SR) proteins during apoptosis. In addition, PSF forms a heterodimer with the nuclear protein p54nrb, also known as non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NONO). The PSF/p54nrb complex displays a variety of functions, such as DNA recombination and RNA synthesis, processing, and transport. PSF contains two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), which are responsible for interactions with RNA and for the localization of the protein in speckles. It also contains an N-terminal region rich in proline, glycine, and glutamine residues, which may play a role in interactions recruiting other molecules. The NOPS domain specifically binds to the second RNA recognition motif (RRM2) domain of the partner DBHS protein via a substantial interaction surface. Its highly conserved C-terminal residues are critical for functional DBHS dimerization while the highly conserved C-terminal helical extension, forming a right-handed antiparallel heterodimeric coiled-coil, is essential for localization of these proteins to subnuclear bodies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╟вА0А0АаАВ╖cd12949, NOPS_PSPC1, NOPS domain, including C-terminal coiled-coil region, in paraspeckle protein component 1 (PSPC1) and similar proteins. The family contains a DBHS domain (for Drosophila behavior, human splicing), which comprises two conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a charged protein-protein interaction NOPS (NONA and PSP1) domain. This model corresponds to the NOPS domain, with a long helical C-terminal extension, of paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1, also termed PSP1), a novel nucleolar factor that accumulates within a new nucleoplasmic compartment, termed paraspeckles, and diffusely distributes in the nucleoplasm. It is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved in vertebrates. Although its cellular function remains unknown currently, PSPC1 forms a novel heterodimer with the nuclear protein p54nrb, also known as non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NONO), which localizes to paraspeckles in an RNA-dependent manner. The NOPS domain specifically binds to the second RNA recognition motif (RRM2) domain of the partner DBHS protein via a substantial interaction surface. Its highly conserved C-terminal residues are critical for functional DBHS dimerization while the highly conserved C-terminal helical extension, forming a right-handed antiparallel heterodimeric coiled-coil, is essential for localization of these proteins to subnuclear bodies.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╚вА0А0АаАВ╦cd12950, RRP7_Rrp7p, RRP7 domain ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 (Rrp7p) and similar proteins. This CD corresponds to the RRP7 domain of Rrp7p. Rrp7p is encoded by YCL031C gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an essential yeast protein involved in pre-rRNA processing and ribosome assembly. Rrp7p contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal RRP7 domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл┴вА0А0АаАВcd12951, RRP7_Rrp7A, RRP7 domain ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 homolog A (Rrp7A) and similar proteins. The family corresponds to the RRP7 domain of Rrp7A, also termed gastric cancer antigen Zg14, and similar proteins which are yeast ribosomal RNA-processing protein 7 (Rrp7p) homologs mainly found in Metazoans. The cellular function of Rrp7A remains unclear currently. Rrp7A harbors an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal RRP7 domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл┬вА0А0АаАВScd12952, MMP_ACEL2062, Minimal MMP-like domain found in Acidothermus cellulolyticus hypothetical protein ACEL2062 and similar protein. The subfamily includes an uncharacterized protein from Acidothermus cellulolyticus (ACEL2062) and its homologs from bacteria. Although its biological role remains unclear, ACEL2062 contains a minimal metalloprotease (MMP)-like domain consisting of 3-stranded mixed 2-beta sheets and a HExxHxxGxxD/S (x could be any amino acid) motif. It may belong to a superfamily of bacterial zinc metallo-peptidases, which is characterized by a conserved HExxHxxGxxD motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╝вА0А0АаАВ>cd12953, MMP_TTHA0227, Minimal MMP-like domain found in Thermus thermophilus hypothetical protein TTHA0227 and similar proteins. The subfamily includes an uncharacterized protein from Thermus thermophilus (TTHA0227) and its homologs from bacteria. Although its biological role remains unclear, TTHA0227 contains a minimal metalloprotease (MMP)-like domain consisting of 3-stranded mixed 2-beta sheets and a HExxH (x could be any amino acid) motif. It may belong to a superfamily of bacterial zinc metallo-peptidases, which is characterized by a conserved HExxHxxGxxD motif.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╜вА0А0АаАВ┤cd12954, MMP_TTHA0227_like_1, Minimal MMP-like domain found in a group of hypothetical proteins from alphaproteobacteria and actinobacteria. The subfamily includes some uncharacterized bacterial proteins which show high sequence similarity with Thermus thermophilus hypothetical protein TTHA0227. However, they do not contain the conserved HExxH (x could be any amino acid) motif. They may not have any zinc metallo-peptidase activity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╛вА0А0АаАВИcd12955, SKA2, Spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 2. SKA2, also called FAM33A, is a component of the SKA complex, which is formed by the association of three subunits (SKA1, SKA2, annd SKA3). The SKA complex is essential for accurate cell division. It functions with the Ndc80 network to establish stable kinetochore-microtubule interactions, which are crucial for the highly orchestrated chromosome movements during mitosis. The biological unit is a W-shaped homodimer of the three-subunit complex. SKA2 has also been identified as a glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein and may be involved in regulating cancer cell proliferation.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАDвА0А0АаАВЯcd12956, CBM_SusE-F_like, carbohydrate-binding modules from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron SusE, SusF and similar proteins. This group includes five starch-specific CBMs (carbohydrate-binding modules) of SusE and SusF, two cell surface lipoproteins within the Sus (Starch-utilization system) system of the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These CBMs have no enzymatic activity. The precise mechanistic roles of SusE and SusF in starch metabolism are unclear. Both proteins contain an N-terminal domain which may belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), followed by two or three tandem starch-binding CBMs. SusF has three CBMs (CBM-Fa, -Fb, and -Fc; F denotes SusF, and they are labeled alphabetically from the N- to C- terminus). SusE has two CBMs (CBM-Eb and -Ec, corresponding to CBM-Fb and -Fc). Each starch-binding site contains an arc of aromatic amino acids for hydrophobic stacking with glucose, and hydrogen-bonding acceptors and donors for interacting with the O-2 and O-3 of glucose. These five CBMs show differences in their affinity for various different starch oligosaccharides, and they also contribute differently to binding insoluble starch. CBM-Fa (the CBM unique to SusF), does not bind insoluble starch; CBM-Fb and CBM-Fc both do, deletion of one or the other results in a decrease in the overall affinity of SusF for starch. Both CBM-Eb and CBM-Ec are needed for SusE to bind tightly to starch. CBM-Ec has an additional starch-binding loop that may mediate interactions with partially unwound single helical forms of starch or small starch-breakdown products. Proteins in this group are present in the species of the Gram-negative Bacteroidetes phylum.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл▓вА0А0АаАВVcd12957, SKA3_N, Spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 3, N-terminal domain. SKA3, also called RAMA1 or C13orf3, is a component of the SKA complex, which is formed by the association of three subunits (SKA1, SKA2, and SKA3). The SKA complex is essential for accurate cell division. It functions with the Ndc80 network to establish stable kinetochore-microtubule interactions, which are crucial for the highly orchestrated chromosome movements during mitosis. The biological unit is a W-shaped homodimer of the three-subunit complex. SKA3 contributes to SAC (spindle-assembly checkpoint) signaling through its interaction with Bub3. This model represents the N-terminal domain of SKA3, which is involved in interactions with SKA1 and SKA2 to form the SKA complex. The C-terminal portion of SKA3 is involved in creating a microtubule-binding surface.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл║вА0А0АаАВ╒cd12958, SKA1_N, Spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 1, N-terminal domain. SKA1 is a component of the SKA complex, which is formed by the association of three subunits (SKA1, SKA2, annd SKA3). The SKA complex is essential for accurate cell division. It functions with the Ndc80 network to establish stable kinetochore-microtubule interactions, which are crucial for the highly orchestrated chromosome movements during mitosis. The biological unit is a W-shaped homodimer of the three-subunit complex. This model represents the N-terminal domain of SKA1, which is involved in interactions with SKA2 and SKA3 to form the SKA complex. The C-terminal portion of SKA1 is involved in creating a microtubule-binding surface.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАDвА0А0АаАВ}cd12959, MMACHC-like, Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C protein and similar proteins. MMACHC, also called CblC, is involved in the intracellular processing of vitamin B12 by catalyzing two reactions: the reductive decyanation of cyanocobalamin in the presence of a flavoprotein oxidoreductase and the dealkylation of alkylcobalamins through the nucleophilic displacement of the alkyl group by glutathione. Mutations in MMACHC cause combined methylmalonic acidemia/aciduria and homocystinuria (CblC type), the most common inherited disorder of cobalamin metabolism. The structure of MMACHC reveals it to be the most divergent member of the NADPH-dependent flavin reductase family that can use FMN or FAD to catalyze reductive decyanation; it is also the first enzyme with glutathione transferase (GST) activity that is unrelated to the GST superfamily in structure and sequence.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАDвА0А0АаАВЛcd12960, Spider_toxin, Spider neurotoxins including agatoxin, purotoxin and ctenitoxin. This domain family contains spider toxins that include the omega-Aga-IVB, a P-type calcium channel antagonist from venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta, as well as purotoxin-1 (PT1), a spider peptide venom of the Central Asian spider Geolycosa sp., which specifically exerts inhibitory action on P2X3 purinoreceptors at nanomolar concentrations. These spider toxins, which are ion channel blockers, share a common structural motif composed of a triple-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, stabilized by internal disulfide bonds known as cystine knots.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл┐вА0А0АаАВcd12961, CBM58_SusG, Carbohydrate-binding module 58 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron SusG and similar CBMs. This group includes the starch-specific CBM (carbohydrate-binding module) of SusG, a cell surface lipoprotein within the Sus (Starch-utilization system) system of the Human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. It represents the CBM58 class of CBMs in the carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZy) database. SusG is an alpha-amylase, and is essential for growth on high molecular weight starch. SusG-CBM58 binds maltooligosaccharide distal to, and on the opposite side of, the amylase catalytic site; it is one of two starch-binding sites in SusG, the other being adjacent to the active site. SusG-CBM58 is required for efficient degradation of insoluble starch by the purified enzyme. Its starch-binding site contains an arc of aromatic amino acids for hydrophobic stacking with glucose, and hydrogen-bonding acceptors and donors for interacting with the O-2 and O-3 of glucose. It may play a role in product exchange with other Sus components.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╣вА0А0АаАВicd12962, X25_BaPul_like, X25 domain of Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase and similar proteins. Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) cleaves 1,6-alpha-glucosidic linkages in pullulan, amylopectin, and glycogen, and in alpha-and beta-amylase limit-dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen. BaPul is used industrially in the production of high fructose corn syrup, high maltose content syrups and low calorie and ''light'' beers. Pullulanases, in addition to the catalytic domain, include several carbohydrate-binding domains (CBMs) as well as domains of unknown function (termed ''X'' modules). X25 was identified in Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase, and splits another domain of unknown function (X45). X25 is present in multiple copy in some pullulanases. It has been suggested that X25 and X45 are CBMs which target mixed alpha-1,6/alpha-1,4 linked D-glucan polysaccharides.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл╕вА0А0АаАВ3 transpeptide linkages. LdtMt2 is associated with virulence and resistance to amoxicillin. This domain may occur in a tandem-repeat arrangement and is found N-terminal to the catalytic L,D-transpeptidase domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл=вА0А0АаАВ/cd13431, LDT_IgD_like_1, IgD-like repeat domain of mycobacterial L,D-transpeptidases. Immunoglobulin-like domain found in actinobacterial L,D-transpeptidases, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis LdtMt2, which is a non-classical transpeptidase that generates 3->3 transpeptide linkages. LdtMt2 is associated with virulence and resistance to amoxicillin. This domain may occur in a tandem-repeat arrangement and is found N-terminal to the catalytic L,D-transpeptidase domain; this model represents the first (N-terminal) repeat in LdtMt2 and related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл>вА0А0АаАВcd13432, LDT_IgD_like_2, IgD-like repeat domain of mycobacterial L,D-transpeptidases. Immunoglobulin-like domain found in actinobacterial L,D-transpeptidases, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis LdtMt2, which is a non-classical transpeptidase that generates 3->3 transpeptide linkages. LdtMt2 is associated with virulence and resistance to amoxicillin. This domain may occur in a tandem-repeat arrangement and is found N-terminal to the catalytic L,D-transpeptidase domain; this model represents the repeat adjacent to the catalytic domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл?вА0А0АаАВKcd13433, Na_channel_gate, Inactivation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunits. This region is part of the intracellular linker between domains III and IV of the alpha subunits of voltage-gated sodium channels. It is responsible for fast inactivation of the channel and essential for proper physiological function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл9вА0А0АаАВЭcd13434, SPFH_SLPs, Stomatin-like proteins (slipins) family; SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) superfamily. This model summarizes proteins similar to stomatin, podocin, and other members of the stomatin-like protein family (SLPs or slipins). The conserved domain common to the SPFH superfamily has also been referred to as the Band 7 domain. Individual proteins of the SPFH superfamily may cluster to form membrane microdomains which may in turn recruit multiprotein complexes. Stomatin interacts with and regulates members of the degenerin/epithelia Na+ channel family in mechanosensory cells of Caenorhabditis elegans and vertebrate neurons and participates in trafficking of Glut1 glucose transporters. Mutations in the podocin gene give rise to autosomal recessive steroid resistant nephritic syndrome. Bacterial and archaebacterial SLPs and many of the eukaryotic family members remain uncharacterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎфвА0А0АаАВ,cd13435, SPFH_SLP-4, Slipin-4 (SLP-4), an uncharacterized subgroup of the stomatin-like proteins (slipins) family; belonging to the SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) superfamily. This model summarizes a subgroup of the stomatin-like protein family (SLPs or slipins) that is found in arthropods. The conserved domain common to the SPFH superfamily has also been referred to as the Band 7 domain. Individual proteins of the SPFH superfamily may cluster to form membrane microdomains which may in turn recruit multiprotein complexes. Members of this divergent slipin subgroup remain largely uncharacterized. It contains Drosophila Mec2, the gene for which was identified in a screen for genes required for nephrocyte function; it may function together with Sns in maintaining nephrocyte diaphragm.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎхвА0А0АаАВЕcd13436, SPFH_SLP-1, Stomatin-like protein 1 (SLP-1), a subgroup of the stomatin-like proteins (slipins) family; belonging to the SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) superfamily. This model summarizes a subgroup of the stomatin-like protein family (SLPs or slipins) that is found in animals. The conserved domain common to the SPFH superfamily has also been referred to as the Band 7 domain. Individual proteins of the SPFH superfamily may cluster to form membrane microdomains which may in turn recruit multiprotein complexes. The family contains human SLP-1, which has been found to be expressed in the brain, and Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-24, which is a lipid raft-associated protein required for normal locomotion. It may mediate the correct localization of UNC-1. Mutations in the unc-24 gene result in abnormal motion and altered patterns of sensitivity to volatile anesthetics.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎцвА0А0АаАВlcd13437, SPFH_alloslipin, Alloslipin, a subgroup of the stomatin-like proteins (slipins) familyfamily; belonging to the SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) superfamily. This model summarizes a subgroup of the stomatin-like protein family (SLPs or slipins) that is found in some eukaryotes and viruses. The conserved domain common to the SPFH superfamily has also been referred to as the Band 7 domain. Individual proteins of the SPFH superfamily may cluster to form membrane microdomains which may in turn recruit multiprotein complexes. This diverse subgroup of the SLPs remains largely uncharacterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎчвА0А0АаАВGcd13438, SPFH_eoslipins_u2, Uncharacterized prokaryotic subgroup of the stomatin-like proteins (slipins) family; belonging to the SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, and HflK/C) superfamily. This model summarizes a subgroup of the stomatin-like protein family (SLPs or slipins) that is found in bacteria. The conserved domain common to the SPFH superfamily has also been referred to as the Band 7 domain. Individual proteins of the SPFH superfamily may cluster to form membrane microdomains which may in turn recruit multiprotein complexes. Bacterial SLPs remain uncharacterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎшвА0А0АаАВ╩cd13439, CamS_repeat, Repeat domain of CamS sex pheromone cAM373 precursor and related proteins. This family includes CamS, from which Staphylococcus aureus sex pheromone staph-cAM373 is processed. The protein contains two structurally similar repeats in a tandem arrangement. The heptapeptide cAM373 is a Streptococcus faecalis pheromone, secreted by recipient cells, which induces a mating response in donor cells that contain particular conjugative plasmids. cAM373 is also excreted by Staphylococcus aureus. The family also contains sex hormone precursors from other bacteria and an uncharacterized protein with a single repeat from Desulfovibrio piger, which is structurally similar and might be homologous.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл:вА0А0АаАВ>cd13440, CamS_repeat_2, C-terminal repeat domain of CamS sex pheromone cAM373 precursor. This family includes CamS, from which Staphylococcus aureus sex pheromone staph-cAM373 is processed. The protein contains two structurally similar repeats in a tandem arrangement. The heptapeptide cAM373 is a Streptococcus faecalis pheromone, secreted by recipient cells, which induces a mating response in donor cells that contain particular conjugative plasmids. cAM373 is also excreted by Staphylococcus aureus. The family also contains sex hormone precursors from other bacteria.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл;вА0А0АаАВ>cd13441, CamS_repeat_1, N-terminal repeat domain of CamS sex pheromone cAM373 precursor. This family includes CamS, from which Staphylococcus aureus sex pheromone staph-cAM373 is processed. The protein contains two structurally similar repeats in a tandem arrangement. The heptapeptide cAM373 is a Streptococcus faecalis pheromone, secreted by recipient cells, which induces a mating response in donor cells that contain particular conjugative plasmids. cAM373 is also excreted by Staphylococcus aureus. The family also contains sex hormone precursors from other bacteria.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАл<вА0А0АаАВ∙cd13442, CDI_toxin_Bp1026b_like, Mg-dependent tRNAse of the contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) system of Burkholderia pseudomallei 1026b, and related proteins. CDI toxins are expressed by gram-negative bacteria as part of a mechanism to inhibit the growth of neighboring cells. This model represents the C-terminal toxin domain of CdiA effector proteins. CdiA secretion is dependent on the outer membrane protein CdiB. Upon binding to a receptor on the surface of target bacteria, the CDI toxin is delivered. A wide variety of C-terminal toxin domains appear to exist; this particular example from Burkholderia pseudomallei 1026b and other bacteria appears to function as a Mg2+-dependent RNAse cleaving tRNA, most likely in the aminoacyl acceptor stem.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎ√вА0А0АаАВВcd13443, CDI_inhibitor_Bp1026b_like, Inhibitor of the contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) system of Burkholderia pseudomallei 1026b, and related proteins. CDI toxins are expressed by gram-negative bacteria as part of a mechanism to inhibit the growth of neighboring cells. This model represents the inhibitor of the CdiA effector protein from Burkholderia pseudomallei 1026b (which is a tRNAse). CdiA secretion is dependent on the outer membrane protein CdiB. Upon binding to a receptor on the surface of target bacteria, the CDI toxin is delivered. The inhibitors are intracellular proteins that inactivate the toxin/effector protein.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎ№вА0А0АаАВ╥cd13444, CDI_toxin_EC869_like, Zn-dependent DNAse of the contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) system of Escherichia coli EC869, and related proteins. CDI toxins are expressed by gram-negative bacteria as part of a mechanism to inhibit the growth of neighboring bacteria. This model represents the C-terminal toxin domain of CdiA effector proteins. CdiA secretion is dependent on the outer membrane protein CdiB. Upon binding to a receptor on the surface of target bacteria, the CDI toxin is delivered. A wide variety of C-terminal toxin domains appear to exist; this particular example from Escherichia coli EC869 and other bacteria appears to function as a Zn2+-dependent DNAse degrading the genome of target cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎ¤вА0А0АаАВЦcd13445, CDI_inhibitor_EC869_like, Inhibitor of the contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) system of Escherichia coli EC869, and related proteins. CDI toxins are expressed by gram-negative bacteria as part of a mechanism to inhibit the growth of neighboring bacteria. This model represents the inhibitor of the CdiA effector protein from Escherichia coli EC869 (which is a DNAse). CdiA secretion is dependent on the outer membrane protein CdiB. Upon binding to a receptor on the surface of target bacteria, the CDI toxin is delivered. The inhibitors are intracellular proteins that inactivate the toxin/effector protein. This domain is also known as DUF1436.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎ■вА0А0АаАВcd13516, HHD_CCM2, harmonin-homology domain (harmonin_N_like domain) of malcavernin (CCM2). CCM2 (also called malcavernin; C7orf22/chromosome 7 open reading frame 22; OSM) along with CCM1 and CCM3 constitutes a set of proteins which when mutated are responsible for cerebral cavernous malformations, an autosomal dominant neurovascular disease characterized by cerebral hemorrhages and vascular malformations in the central nervous system. CCM2 plays many functional roles. CCM2 functions as a scaffold involved in small GTPase Rac-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation when the cell is under hyperosmotic stress. It associates with CCM1 in the signaling cascades that regulate vascular integrity and participates in HEG1 (the transmembrane receptor heart of glass 1) mediated endothelial cell junctions. CCM proteins also inhibit the activation of small GTPase RhoA and its downstream effector Rho kinase (ROCK) to limit vascular permeability. CCM2 mediates TrkA-dependent cell death via its N-terminal PTB domain in pediatric neuroblastic tumours. CCM2 possesses an N-terminal PTB domain. The C-terminal domain of malcavernin, which is represented here, appears similar to the N-terminal domain of the scaffolding protein harmonin. It has also been referred to as the Karet domain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎёвА0А0АаАВ╝cd13517, PBP2_ModA3_like, Substrate binding domain of molybdate binding protein-like (ModA3), a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. This subfamily contains molybdate binding protein-like (ModA3) domain of an ABC-type transporter. Molybdate transport system is comprised of a periplasmic binding protein, an integral membrane protein, and an energizer protein. These three proteins are coded by modA, modB, and modC genes, respectively. ModA proteins serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of molybdate mostly in eubacteria and archaea. ModA transporters import molybdenum and tungsten from the environment in the form of the oxyanions molybdate (MoO(4) (2-)) and tungstate (WO(4) (2-)). After binding molybdate with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. In contrast to the structure of the two ModA homologs from Escherichia coli and Azotobacter vinelandii, where the oxygen atoms are tetrahedrally arrangted around the metal center, the structure of Pyrococcus furiosus ModA/WtpA (PfModA) has shown that a binding site for molybdate and tungstate where the central metal atom is in a hexacoordinate configuration. The ModA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЫвА0А0АаАВтcd13518, PBP2_Fe3_thiamine_like, Substrate binding domain of iron and thiamine transporters-like, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. On the other hand, thiamin is an essential cofactor in all living systems. Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes play an important role in carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Most prokaryotes, plants, and fungi can synthesize thiamin, but it is not synthesized in vertebrates. These periplasmic domains have high affinities for their respective substrates and serve as the primary receptor for transport. After binding iron and thiamine with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The iron- and thiamine-binding proteins belong to the PBPI2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЬвА0А0АаАВЬcd13519, PBP2_PEB3_AcfC, Ligand-binding domain of a glycoprotein adhesion and an accessory colonization factor, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. PEB3 is a glycoprotein adhesion from Campylobacter jejuni whose structure suggests a functional role in transport, and resembles PEB1a, an Asp/Glu transporter and an adhesin. The overall structure of PEB3 is a dimer and is similar to that of other type 2 periplasmic transport proteins such as the molybdate/tungstate, sulfate, and ferric iron transporters. PEB3 has high sequence identity to Paa, an Escherichia coli adhesin, and to AcfC, an accessory colonization factor from Vibrio cholera.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЭвА0А0АаАВcd13520, PBP2_TAXI_TRAP, Substrate binding domain of TAXI proteins of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporters; the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This group includes Thermus thermophilus GluBP (TtGluBP) of TAXI-TRAP family and closely related proteins. TRAP transporters are ubiquitous in prokaryotes, but absent from eukaryotes. They are comprised of an SBP (substrate-binding protein) of the DctP or TAXI families and two unequally sized integral membrane components. Although TtGluBP is predicted to be an L-glutamate and/or an L-glutamine-binding protein, the substrate spectrum of TAXI proteins remains to be defined. A sequence-homology search also shows that TtGluBP shares low sequence homology with putative immunogenic proteins of uncharacterized function. The substrate-binding domain of TAXI proteins belongs to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold protein (PBP2) superfamily, whose members are involved in chemotaxis and uptake of nutrients and other small molecules from the extracellular space as a primary receptor. PBP2 typically comprises of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and tworeceptor cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЮвА0А0АаАВКcd13521, PBP2_AlgQ_like, Periplasmic-binding component of alginate-specific ABC uptake system-like; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the periplasmic-binding component of high molecular weight (HMW) alginate uptake system found in gram-negative soil bacteria and related proteins. The HMW alginate uptake system is composed of a novel pit formed on the cell surface and a pit-dependent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in the inner membrane. In Sphingomonas sp. A1, the transportation of HMW alginate from the pit to the ABC transporter is mediated by periplasmic HMW alginate-binding proteins AlgQ1 and AlgQ2. Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide that is made up of alpha-L-mannuronate and its 5'-epimer, alpha-L-guluronate. Alginate is present in the cell walls of brown seaweeds, where it forms a viscous gum by binding water. Alginate is also produced by two bacteria genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter. AlgQ1 and AlgQ2 belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. However, unlike other bacterial periplasmic-binding proteins that deliver small solutes to ABC transporters, AlgQ1/2 can bind a macromolecule and may have specificity for either sugar or a certain type of polysaccharide.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЯвА0А0АаАВcd13522, PBP2_ABC_oligosaccharides, The periplasmic-binding component of ABC transport systems specific for maltose and related oligosaccharides; possess type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the periplasmic binding component of ABC transport systems involved in uptake of oligosaccharides including maltose, trehalose, maltodextrin, and cyclodextrin. Members of this family belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАавА0А0АаАВcd13523, PBP2_polyamines, The periplasmic-binding component of ABC transporters involved in uptake of polyamines; possess the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the periplasmic substrate-binding proteins that function as the primary high-affinity receptors of ABC-type polyamine transport systems. Polyamine transport plays an essential role in the regulation of intracellular polyamine levels which are known to be elevated in rapidly proliferating cells and tumors. Natural polyamines are putrescine, spermindine, and spermine. They are polycations that play multiple roles in cell growth, survival and proliferation, as well as plant stress and disease resistance. They can interact with negatively charged molecules, such as nucleic acids, to modulate their functions. Members of this family belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАбвА0А0АаАВBcd13524, PBP2_Thiaminase_I, Thiaminase-I has high structural homology to the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins of active transport systems. Thiaminase-I, a thiamin-(vitamin B1) degrading enzyme, is a monomer in its biologically active form, with two distinct globular domains (N- and C-domains) separated by a deep groove. It has a structural topology similar to the periplasmic substrate-domains of ABC-type transport systems, such as thiamin-binding protein (TbpA), that possess the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАввА0А0АаАВсcd13525, PBP2_ATP-Prtase_HisG, The catalytic domain of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase contains the type 2 periplasmic substrate-binding fold. Encoded by the hisG gene, the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (ATP-PRT, EC 2.4.2.17) is the first enzyme in histidine biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the condensation of ATP and PRPP (5'-phosphoribosyl 1'-pyrophosphate), and is regulated by a feedback inhibition from the product histidine. ATP-PRT has two distinct forms: a hexameric long form, HisGL, containing two catalytic domains and a C-terminal regulatory domain; and a hetero-octomeric short form, HisGs, without the regulatory domain. HisGL is catalytically competent, but the hetero-octameric HisGs requires the second subunit HisZ, a paralog to the catalytic domain of functional histidyl-tRNA synthetases (HisRSs), for the enzyme activity. This catalytic domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАгвА0А0АаАВ2cd13526, PBP2_lipoprotein_MetQ_like, The periplasmic-binding component of ABC-type methionine uptake transporter system and its related lipoproteins; the type 2 periplasmic-binding protein fold. This family represents the periplasmic substrate-binding domain of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter involved in uptake of methionine (MetQ) and its related homologs. Members of the MetQ-like family include the 32-kilodalton lipoprotein (Tp32) from Treponema pallidum, the membrane-associated lipoprotein-9 GmpC from Staphylococcus aureus, and Toll-like receptor 2-activating lipoprotein IlpA from Vibrio vulnificus. They all function as a receptor for methionine. This substrate-binding domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАдвА0А0АаАВдcd13527, PBP2_TRAP, Substrate-binding component of Tripartite ATP-independent Periplasmic transporters and related proteins; contains the type 2 periplasmic-binding protein fold. This family represents the TRAP Transporters that are specific to various ligands, including sialic acid (N-acetyl neuraminic acid), glutamate, ectoine, xylulose, C4-dicarboxylates such as succinate, malate and fumarate, and keto acids such as pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate. TRAP transporters are a large family of solute transporters ubiquitously found in bacteria and archaea. This family also includes some eukaryotic homologs that have not been functionally characterized. TRAP transporters are comprised of a periplasmic substrate-binding protein (SBP; often called the P subunit) and two unequally sized integral membrane components: a large transmembrane subunit involved in the translocation process (the M subunit) and a smaller membrane of unknown function (the Q subunit). The driving force of TRAP transporters is provided by electrochemical ion gradients (either protons or sodium ions) across the cytoplasmic membrane, rather than ATP hydrolysis. This substrate-binding domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАевА0А0АаАВBcd13528, PBP2_osmoprotectants, Substrate-binding domain of osmoregulatory ABC-type transporters; the type 2 periplasmic-binding protein fold. This family represents the periplasmic substrate-binding component of ABC transport systems that are involved in uptake of osmoprotectants (also termed compatible solutes) such as betaine, choline, proline betaine, carnitine, and L-proline. To counteract the efflux of water, bacteria and archaea accumulate the compatible solutes for a sustained adjustment to high osmolarity surroundings. This substrate-binding domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАжвА0А0АаАВ2cd13529, PBP2_transferrin, Transferrin family of the type 2 periplasmic-binding protein superfamily. Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that regulate the level of free iron in biological fluids. Vertebrate transferrins are made of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 80 kDa. The polypeptide is folded into two homologous lobes (the N-lobe and C-lobe), and each lobe is further subdivided into two similar alpha helical and beta sheet domains separated by a deep cleft that forms the binding site for ferric iron. Thus, the transferrin protein contains two homologous metal-binding sites with high affinities for ferric iron. The modern transferrin proteins are thought to be evolved from an ancestral gene coding for a protein of 40 kDa containing a single binding site by means of a gene duplication event. Vertebrate transferrins are found in a variety of bodily fluids, including serum transferrins, ovotransferrins, lactoferrins, and melanotransferrins. Transferrin-like proteins are also found in the circulatory fluid of certain invertebrates. The transferrins have the same structural fold as the type 2 periplasmic-binding proteins, many of which are involved in chemotaxis and uptake of nutrients and other small molecules from the extracellular space as a primary receptor.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАзвА0А0АаАВlcd13530, PBP2_peptides_like, Peptide-binding protein and related homologs; type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This domain is found in solute binding proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport, signal transduction and channel gating. The PBP2 proteins share the same architecture as periplasmic binding proteins type 1, but have a different topology. They are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically-located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the family includes ionotropic glutamate receptors and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАивА0А0АаАВ╘cd13531, PBP2_MxaJ, Methanol oxidation system protein MoxJ; the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This predicted periplasmic protein, called MoxJ or MxaJ, is required for methanol oxidation in Methylobacterium extorquens. Homology suggests it is the substrate-binding protein of an ABC transporter associated with methanol oxidation. Other evidence also suggests that MoxJ is an accessory factor or additional subunit of methanol dehydrogenase itself. Mutational studies show a dependence on this protein for expression of the PQQ-dependent, two-subunit methanol dehydrogenase (MxaF and MxaI) in Methylobacterium extorquens, as if it is a chaperone for enzyme assembly or a third subunit. A homologous N-terminal sequence was found in Paracoccus denitrificans as a 32Kd third subunit. MoxJ may be both, a component of a periplasmic enzyme that converts methanol to formaldehyde and a component of an ABC transporter that delivers the resulting formaldehyde to the cell's interior.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАйвА0А0АаАВ}cd13532, PBP2_PDT_like, Catalytic domain of prephenate dehydratase and similar proteins; the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. Prephenate dehydratase (PDT, EC:4.2.1.51) converts prephenate to phenylpyruvate through dehydration and decarboxylation reactions. PDT plays a key role in the biosynthesis of L-Phe in organisms that utilize the shikimate pathway. PDT is allosterically regulated by L-Phe and other amino acids. The catalytic PDT domain consists of two similar subdomains with a cleft in between, which hosts the highly conserved active site. In gram-postive bacteria and archaea, PDT is a monofunctional enzyme, consisting of a catalytic domain (PDT domain) and a regulatory domain (ACT) (aspartokinase, chorismate mustase domain). In gram-negative bacteria, PDT exists as fusion protein with chorismate mutase (CM), forming a bifunctional enzyme, P-protein (PheA). The CM in the P-protein catalyzes the pericycle isomerization of chorismate to prephenate that serves as a substrate for PDT. The CM and PDT are essentail enzymes for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in microorganisms but are not found in humans. Thus, both CM and PDT can potentially serve as drug targets against microbial pathogens. The PDT domain has the same structural fold as the type 2 periplasmic binding proteins (PBP2), many of which are involved in chemotaxis and uptake of nutrients and other small molecules from the extracellular space as a primary receptor. The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАквА0А0АаАВ┌cd13533, PBP2_Yhfz, Substrate-binding domain of uncharacterized protein Yhfz from Shigella Flexneri; the type 2 periplasmic-binding protein fold. This subfamily contains periplasmic binding protein type II (BPBII). This domain is found in solute binding proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport, signal transduction and channel gating. The PBPII proteins share the same architecture as periplasmic binding proteins type I (PBPI), but have a different topology. They are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBPII proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. Besides transport proteins, the family includes ionotropic glutamate receptors and unorthodox sensor proteins involved in signal transduction.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАлвА0А0АаАВўcd13534, PBP2_MqnD_like, Menaquinone biosynthetic enzyme and related hypothetical proteins; the type 2 periplasmic-binding protein fold. This family represents MqnD, an enzyme within the alternative menaquinone biosynthetic pathway, and related conserved hypothetical proteins. Menaquinone (MK; vitamin K) is an essential lipid-soluble carrier that shuttles electrons between membrane-bound protein complexes in the electron transport chain. The members include Ttha1568, MqnD from Thermus thermophiles HB8, and the conserved hypothetical proteins SCO4506 from Streptomyces coelicolor, Af1704 from Archaeoglobus DSM 4304, Dr0370 from Deinococcus radiodurans, and Ca3427 from candida albicans. They all have significant structural homology with the members of type 2 periplasmic-binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАмвА0А0АаАВcd13535, PBP2_Osm_BCP_like, Substrate binding domain of osmoregulatory ABC-type glycine betaine/choline/L-proline transport system and related proteins; the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This family is part of a high affinity multicomponent binding-protein-dependent ATP-binding cassette transport system specific to certain quaternary ammonium compounds for osmoregulation. The periplasmic substrate-binding domain, which is often fused to the permease component of the ATP-binding cassette transporter complex, is involved in uptake of osmoprotectants (also termed compatible solutes) such as betaines, choline, and L-proline. Many microorganisms accumulate these compatible solutes in response to high osmolarity to offset the loss of cell water. This domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАнвА0А0АаАВлcd13536, PBP2_EcModA, Substrate binding domain of ModA from Escherichia coli and its closest homologs;the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily contains domains found in ModA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of molybdate in eubacteria and archaea. After binding molybdate with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ModA proteins belong to the PBPII superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАовА0А0АаАВЙcd13537, PBP2_YvgL_like, Substrate binding domain of putative molybdate-binding protein YvgL and similar proteins;the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily contains domains found in ModA proteins of putative ABC-type transporter. ModA proteins serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of molybdate in eubacteria and archaea. Bacteria and archaea import molybdenum and tungsten from the environment in the form of the oxyanions molybdate (MoO(4) (2-)) and tungstate (WO(4) (2-)). After binding molybdate and tungstate with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ModA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАпвА0А0АаАВЯcd13538, PBP2_ModA_like_1, Substrate binding domain of putative molybdate-binding protein;the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily contains domains found in ModA proteins of putative ABC-type transporter. Molybdate transport system is comprised of a periplasmic binding protein, an integral membrane protein, and an energizer protein. These three proteins are coded by modA, modB, and modC genes, respectively. ModA proteins serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of molybdate mostly in eubacteria and archaea. After binding molybdate with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ModA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА░вА0А0АаАВыcd13539, PBP2_AvModA, Substrate binding domain of ModA/WtpA from Azotobacter vinelandii and its closest homologs;the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily contains domains found in ModA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of molybdate in eubacteria and archaea. Bacteria and archaea import molybdenum and tungsten from the environment in the form of the oxyanions molybdate (MoO(4) (2-)) and tungstate (WO(4) (2-)). After binding molybdate with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. In contrast to the structure of the two ModA homologs from Escherichia coli and Azotobacter vinelandii, where the oxygen atoms are tetrahedrally arranged around the metal center, the structure of Pyrococcus furiosus ModA/WtpA (PfModA) has shown that a binding site for molybdate and tungstate is where the central metal atom is in a hexacoordinate configuration. This octahedral geometry was rather unexpected. The ModA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▒вА0А0АаАВ╕cd13540, PBP2_ModA_WtpA, Substrate binding domain of ModA/WtpA from Pyrococcus furiosus and its closest homologs;the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily contains domains found in ModA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of molybdate in eubacteria and archaea. Bacteria and archaea import molybdenum and tungsten from the environment in the form of the oxyanions molybdate (MoO(4) (2-)) and tungstate (WO(4) (2-)). After binding molybdate with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. In contrast to the structure of the two ModA homologs from Escherichia coli and Azotobacter vinelandii, where the oxygen atoms are tetrahedrally arranged around the metal center, the structure of Pyrococcus furiosus ModA/WtpA (PfModA) has shown that a binding site for molybdate and tungstate where the central metal atom is in a hexacoordinate configuration. The ModA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▓вА0А0АаАВicd13541, PBP2_ModA_like_2, Substrate binding domain of molybdate-binding proteins;the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily contains domains found in ModA proteins of putative ABC-type transporter. ModA proteins serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of molybdate in eubacteria and archaea. Bacteria and archaea import molybdenum and tungsten from the environment in the form of the oxyanions molybdate (MoO(4) (2-)) and tungstate (WO(4) (2-)). After binding molybdate and tungstate with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ModA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА│вА0А0АаАВecd13542, PBP2_FutA1_ilke, Substrate binding domain of ferric iron-binding protein, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. FutA1 is the periplasmic component of an ABC-type iron transporter and serves as the primary receptor in Synerchosystis species. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. After binding iron with high affinity, FutA1 interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The iron- and thiamine-binding proteins belong to the PBPI2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┤вА0А0АаАВycd13543, PBP2_Fbp, Substrate binding domain of ferric iron transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. This periplasmic protein (Fbp) has high affinities for ferric iron and serves as the primary receptor for transport. After binding iron with high affinity, Fbp interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ferric iron-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╡вА0А0АаАВ╦cd13544, PBP2_Fbp_like_1, Substrate binding domain of a putative ferric iron transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The substrate domain of this group shows a high homology to the periplasmic component of ferric iron transporter (Fbp), but its biochemical characterization has not been performed. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. After binding iron with high affinity, Fbp interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ferric iron-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╢вА0А0АаАВcd13545, PBP2_TbpA, Substrate binding domain of thiamin transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. Thiamin-binding protein TbpA is the periplasmic component of ABC-type transporter in E. coli, while the transmembrane permease and ATPase are ThiP and ThiQ, respectively. Thiamin (vitamin B1) is an essential confactor in all living systems that most prokaryotes, plants, and fungi can synthesized thiamin. However, in vertebrates, thiamine cannot be synthesized and must therefore be obtained through dietary absorption. In addition to thiamin biosynthesis, most organisms can import thiamin using specific transporters. After binding thiamine with high affinity, TbpA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The thiamine-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╖вА0А0АаАВ├cd13546, PBP2_BitB, Substrate binding domain of a putative iron transporter BitB, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The substrate domain of this group shows a high homology to the periplasmic component of ferric iron transporter (Fbp), but its biochemical characterization has not been performed. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. After binding iron with high affinity, Fbp interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ferric iron-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╕вА0А0АаАВРcd13547, PBP2_Fbp_like_2, Substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized ferric iron transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. This periplasmic domain (Fbp) has high affinity for ferric iron and serves as the primary receptor for transport. After binding iron with high affinity, Fbp interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ferric iron-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╣вА0А0АаАВ▀cd13548, PBP2_AEPn_like, Substrate binding domain of a putative 2-amnioethylphosphonate-bindinig transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The substrate domain of this group shows a high homology to the periplasmic component of ferric iron transporter (Fbp), but its biochemical characterization has not been performed. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. After binding iron with high affinity, Fbp interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ferric iron-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА║вА0А0АаАВРcd13549, PBP2_Fbp_like_3, Substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized ferric iron transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. This periplasmic domain (Fbp) has high affinity for ferric iron and serves as the primary receptor for transport. After binding iron with high affinity, Fbp interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ferric iron-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╗вА0А0АаАВРcd13550, PBP2_Fbp_like_4, Substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized ferric iron transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. This periplasmic domain (Fbp) has high affinity for ferric iron and serves as the primary receptor for transport. After binding iron with high affinity, Fbp interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ferric iron-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╝вА0А0АаАВРcd13551, PBP2_Fbp_like_5, Substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized ferric iron transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. This periplasmic domain (Fbp) has high affinity for ferric iron and serves as the primary receptor for transport. After binding iron with high affinity, Fbp interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ferric iron-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╜вА0А0АаАВРcd13552, PBP2_Fbp_like_6, Substrate binding domain of an uncharacterized ferric iron transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. The periplasmic iron binding protein plays an essential role in the iron uptake pathway of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae families and is critical for survival of these pathogens within the host. This periplasmic domain (Fbp) has high affinity for ferric iron and serves as the primary receptor for transport. After binding iron with high affinity, Fbp interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ferric iron-binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╛вА0А0АаАВ╖cd13553, PBP2_NrtA_CpmA_like, Substrate binding domain of ABC-type nitrate/bicarbonate transporters, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. This subfamily includes nitrate (NrtA) and bicarbonate (CmpA) receptors. These domains are found in eubacterial perisplamic-binding proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding their ligand with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. These binding proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┐вА0А0АаАВ╔cd13554, PBP2_DszB, Substrate binding domain of 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. This subfamily includes DszB, which converts 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate to 2-hydroxybiphenyl and sulfinate at the rate-limiting step of the microbial dibenzothiophene desulfurization pathway. The overall fold of DszB is highly similar to those of periplasmic substrate-binding proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates. After binding their ligand with high affinity, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The DszB protein belongs to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА└вА0А0АаАВКcd13555, PBP2_sulfate_ester_like, Sulfate ester binding protein-like, the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily includes the periplasmic component of putative ABC-type sulfonate transport system similar to SsuA. These domains are found in eubacterial SsuA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding the ligand, SsuA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The SsuA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┴вА0А0АаАВоcd13556, PBP2_SsuA_like_1, Substrate binding domain of putative sulfonate binding protein, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. This subfamily includes the periplasmic component of putative ABC-type sulfonate transport system similar to SsuA. These domains are found in eubacterial SsuA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding the ligand, SsuA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The SsuA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┬вА0А0АаАВUcd13557, PBP2_SsuA, Substrate binding domain of sulfonate binding protein, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. This subfamily includes the sulfonate binding domains SsuA found in eubacterial SsuA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding the ligand, SsuA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The SsuA proteins belong to the PBPII superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА├вА0А0АаАВЮcd13558, PBP2_SsuA_like_2, Putative substrate binding domain of sulfonate binding protein, the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily includes the periplasmic component of putative ABC-type sulfonate transport system similar to SsuA. These domains are found in eubacterial SsuA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding the ligand, SsuA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The SsuA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА─вА0А0АаАВгcd13559, PBP2_SsuA_like_3, Putative substrate binding domain of sulfonate binding protein-like, the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily includes the periplasmic component of putative ABC-type sulfonate transport system similar to SsuA. These domains are found in eubacterial SsuA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding the ligand, SsuA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The SsuA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┼вА0А0АаАВcd13560, PBP2_taurine, Taurine-binding periplasmic protein; the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily includes the periplasmic component of putative ABC-type sulfonate transport system similar to SsuA. These domains are found in eubacterial SsuA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding the ligand, SsuA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The SsuA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╞вА0А0АаАВгcd13561, PBP2_SsuA_like_4, Putative substrate binding domain of sulfonate binding protein-like, the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily includes the periplasmic component of putative ABC-type sulfonate transport system similar to SsuA. These domains are found in eubacterial SsuA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding the ligand, SsuA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The SsuA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╟вА0А0АаАВPcd13562, PBP2_SsuA_like_5, Putative substrate binding domain of sulfonate binding protein-like, the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily includes sulfonate binding domains found in eubacterial SsuA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding the ligand, SsuA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The SsuA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╚вА0А0АаАВпcd13563, PBP2_SsuA_like_6, Putative substrate binding domain of sulfonate binding protein-like, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily includes the periplasmic component of putative ABC-type sulfonate transport system similar to SsuA. These domains are found in eubacterial SsuA proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of bicarbonate, nitrate, taurine, or a wide range of aliphatic sulfonates, while other closest homologs are involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthetic pathway and desulfurization (DszB). After binding the ligand, SsuA interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The SsuA proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╔вА0А0АаАВmcd13564, PBP2_ThiY_THI5_like, Substrate binding domain of ABC-type transporter for thiamin biosynthetic pathway intermediates and similar proteins; the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. ThiY is the periplasmic N-formyl-4-amino-5-(aminomethyl)-2-methylpyrimidine (FAMP) binding component of the ABC transport system (ThiXYZ). FAMP is imported into cell by the transporter, where it is then incorporated into the thiamin biosynthetic pathway. The closest structural homologs of ThiY are THI5, which is responsible for the synthesis of 4-amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P) in the thiamin biosynthetic pathway of eukaryotes, and periplasmic binding proteins involved in alkanesulfonate/nitrate and bicarbonate transport. After binding the ligand, they interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The ThiY/THI5 proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╩вА0А0АаАВнcd13565, PBP2_PstS, Substrate binding domain of ABC-type phosphate transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. This subfamily contians phosphate binding domain found in PstS proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of phosphate in eubacteria and archaea. After binding the ligand, PstS interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The PstS proteins belong to the PBPII superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╦вА0А0АаАВ╠cd13566, PBP2_phosphate, Substrate binding domain of putative ABC-type phosphate transporter, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold superfamily. This subfamily contains uncharacterized phosphate binding domains found in PstS proteins that serve as initial receptors in the ABC transport of phosphate in eubacteria and archaea. After binding the ligand, PstS interacts with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis. The PstS proteins belong to the PBPII superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╠вА0А0АаАВ╧cd13567, PBP2_TtGluBP, Substrate binding domain of Thermus thermophilus GluBP (TtGluBP) of TAXI family of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporters; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subgroup includes TtGluBP of TAXI-TRAP family and closely related proteins. TRAP transporters are comprised of an SBP (substrate-binding protein) and two unequally sized integral membrane components. Although TtGluBP is predicted to be an L-glutamate and/or an L-glutamine-binding protein, the substrate spectrum of TAXI proteins remains to be defined. A sequence-homology search also shows that TtGluBP shares low sequence homology with putative immunogenic proteins of uncharacterized function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА═вА0А0АаАВєcd13568, PBP2_TAXI_TRAP_like_3, Substrate binding domain of putative TAXI proteins of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporters; the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subgroup includes uncharacterized periplasmic binding proteins that are related to Thermus thermophilus GluBP (TtGluBP) of TAXI-TRAP family. TRAP transporters are comprised of an SBP (substrate-binding protein) and two unequally sized integral membrane components. Although TtGluBP is predicted to be an L-glutamate and/or an L-glutamine-binding protein, the substrate spectrum of TAXI proteins remains to be defined. A sequence-homology search also shows that TtGluBP shares low sequence homology with putative immunogenic proteins of uncharacterized function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╬вА0А0АаАВєcd13569, PBP2_TAXI_TRAP_like_1, Substrate binding domain of putative TAXI proteins of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporters; the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subgroup includes uncharacterized periplasmic binding proteins that are related to Thermus thermophilus GluBP (TtGluBP) of TAXI-TRAP family. TRAP transporters are comprised of an SBP (substrate-binding protein) and two unequally sized integral membrane components. Although TtGluBP is predicted to be an L-glutamate and/or an L-glutamine-binding protein, the substrate spectrum of TAXI proteins remains to be defined. A sequence-homology search also shows that TtGluBP shares low sequence homology with putative immunogenic proteins of uncharacterized function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╧вА0А0АаАВєcd13570, PBP2_TAXI_TRAP_like_2, Substrate binding domain of putative TAXI proteins of the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporters; the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subgroup includes uncharacterized periplasmic binding proteins that are related to Thermus thermophilus GluBP (TtGluBP) of TAXI-TRAP family. TRAP transporters are comprised of an SBP (substrate-binding protein) and two unequally sized integral membrane components. Although TtGluBP is predicted to be an L-glutamate and/or an L-glutamine-binding protein, the substrate spectrum of TAXI proteins remains to be defined. A sequence-homology search also shows that TtGluBP shares low sequence homology with putative immunogenic proteins of uncharacterized function.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╨вА0А0АаАВ)cd13571, PBP2_PnhD_1, Substrate binding domain of uncharacterized ABC-type phosphonate-like transporter; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subfamily includes putative periplasmic binding components of an ABC transport system similar to alkylphosphonate binding domain PnhD. These domains are found in PnhD-like proteins that are predicted to function as initial receptors in hypophosphite, phosphonate, or phosphate ABC transport in archaea and eubacteria. They belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╤вА0А0АаАВ(cd13572, PBP2_PnhD_2, Substrate binding domain of uncharacterized ABC-type phosphonate-like transporter; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subfamily includes putative periplasmic binding component of an ABC transport system similar to alkylphosphonate binding domain PnhD. These domains are found in PnhD-like proteins that are predicted to function as initial receptors in hypophosphite, phosphonate, or phosphate ABC transport in archaea and eubacteria. They belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╥вА0А0АаАВ(cd13573, PBP2_PnhD_3, Substrate binding domain of uncharacterized ABC-type phosphonate-like transporter; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subfamily includes putative periplasmic binding component of an ABC transport system similar to alkylphosphonate binding domain PnhD. These domains are found in PnhD-like proteins that are predicted to function as initial receptors in hypophosphite, phosphonate, or phosphate ABC transport in archaea and eubacteria. They belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╙вА0А0АаАВ(cd13574, PBP2_PnhD_4, Substrate binding domain of uncharacterized ABC-type phosphonate-like transporter; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subfamily includes putative periplasmic binding component of an ABC transport system similar to alkylphosphonate binding domain PnhD. These domains are found in PnhD-like proteins that are predicted to function as initial receptors in hypophosphite, phosphonate, or phosphate ABC transport in archaea and eubacteria. They belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╘вА0А0АаАВЇcd13575, PBP2_PnhD, Substrate binding domain of ABC-type phosphonate uptake system; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subfamily includes the Escherichia coli PhnD (EcPhnD) which exhibits high affinity for the environmentally abundant 2-aminoethylphosphonate (2-AEP), a precursor in the biosynthesis of phosphonolipids, phosphonoproteins, and phosphonoglycans. The Escherichia coli phn operon encodes 14 genes involved in binding, uptake and metabolism of phosphonate, and is activated under phophophate-limiting conditions. PhnD belongs to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. The PBP2 have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. PhnD is the periplasmic binding component of an ABC-type phosphonate uptake system (PhnCDE) that recognizes and binds phosphonate.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╒вА0А0АаАВ|cd13576, PBP2_BugD_Asp, Aspartic acid transporter of Bug (Bordetella uptake gene) protein family; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. The Bug (Bordetella uptake gene) protein family is a large family of periplasmic solute-binding (PBP) receptors present in a number of bacterial species, but mainly in proteobacteria. Bug proteins are the PBP components of the tripartite carboxylate transporters (TTT). Their expansive expansion in proteobacteria indicates a large functional diversity. The best studied examples are Bordetella pertussis BugD, which is an aspartic acid transporter, and BugE, which is glutamate transporter.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╓вА0А0АаАВxcd13577, PBP2_BugE_Glu, Glutamate transporter of Bug (Bordetella uptake gene) protein family; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. The Bug (Bordetella uptake gene) protein family is a large family of periplasmic solute-binding (PBP) receptors present in a number of bacterial species, but mainly in proteobacteria. Bug proteins are the PBP components of the tripartite carboxylate transporters (TTT). Their expansive expansion in proteobacteria indicates a large functional diversity. The best studied examples are Bordetella pertussis BugD, which is an aspartic acid transporter, and BugE, which is glutamate transporter.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╫вА0А0АаАВжcd13578, PBP2_Bug27, Aromatic solutes transporter of Bug (Bordetella uptake gene) protein family; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. Bug27 binds non-carboxylated solute nicotinamide, in contrast to BugD (aspartic acid transporter) and BugE (glutamate transporter) which both bind aliphatic carboxylated ligands. The Bug (Bordetella uptake gene) protein family is a large family of periplasmic solute-binding (PBP) receptors present in a number of bacterial species, but mainly in proteobacteria. Bug proteins are the PBP components of the tripartite carboxylate transporters (TTT). Their expansive expansion in proteobacteria indicates a large functional diversity.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА╪вА0А0АаАВДcd13579, PBP2_Bug_NagM, Uncharacterized NagM-like protein of Bug (Bordetella uptake gene) protein family; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. The Bug (Bordetella uptake gene) protein family is a large family of periplasmic solute-binding (PBP) receptors present in a number of bacterial species, but mainly in proteobacteria. Bug proteins are the PBP components of the tripartite carboxylate transporters (TTT). Their expansive expansion in proteobacteria indicates a large functional diversity. The best studied examples are Bordetella pertussis BugD, which is an aspartic acid transporter, and BugE, which is glutamate transporter.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┘вА0А0АаАВЪcd13580, PBP2_AlgQ_like_1, Periplasmic-binding component of alginate-specific ABC uptake system-like; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subgroup includes uncharacterized periplasmic-binding proteins that are closely related to high molecular weight (HMW) alginate bining proteins (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2) found in gram-negative soil bacteria. The HMW alginate uptake system is composed of a novel pit formed on the cell surface and a pit-dependent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in the inner membrane. The transportation of HMW alginate from the pit to the ABC transporter is mediated by periplasmic HMW alginate-binding proteins (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2). Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide that is made up of alpha-L-mannuronate and its 5'-epimer, alpha-L-guluronate. Alginate is present in the cell walls of brown seaweeds, where it forms a viscous gum by binding water. Alginate is also produced by two bacteria genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter. AlgQ1 and AlgQ2 belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. However, unlike other bacterial periplasmic-binding proteins that deliver small solutes to ABC transporters, AlgQ1/2 can bind a macromolecule and may have specificity for either sugar or a certain type of polysaccharide.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА┌вА0А0АаАВЪcd13581, PBP2_AlgQ_like_2, Periplasmic-binding component of alginate-specific ABC uptake system-like; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subgroup includes uncharacterized periplasmic-binding proteins that are closely related to high molecular weight (HMW) alginate bining proteins (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2) found in gram-negative soil bacteria. The HMW alginate uptake system is composed of a novel pit formed on the cell surface and a pit-dependent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in the inner membrane. The transportation of HMW alginate from the pit to the ABC transporter is mediated by periplasmic HMW alginate-binding proteins (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2). Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide that is made up of alpha-L-mannuronate and its 5'-epimer, alpha-L-guluronate. Alginate is present in the cell walls of brown seaweeds, where it forms a viscous gum by binding water. Alginate is also produced by two bacteria genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter. AlgQ1 and AlgQ2 belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. However, unlike other bacterial periplasmic-binding proteins that deliver small solutes to ABC transporters, AlgQ1/2 can bind a macromolecule and may have specificity for either sugar or a certain type of polysaccharide.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА█вА0А0АаАВЪcd13582, PBP2_AlgQ_like_3, Periplasmic-binding component of alginate-specific ABC uptake system-like; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subgroup includes uncharacterized periplasmic-binding proteins that are closely related to high molecular weight (HMW) alginate bining proteins (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2) found in gram-negative soil bacteria. The HMW alginate uptake system is composed of a novel pit formed on the cell surface and a pit-dependent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in the inner membrane. The transportation of HMW alginate from the pit to the ABC transporter is mediated by periplasmic HMW alginate-binding proteins (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2). Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide that is made up of alpha-L-mannuronate and its 5'-epimer, alpha-L-guluronate. Alginate is present in the cell walls of brown seaweeds, where it forms a viscous gum by binding water. Alginate is also produced by two bacteria genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter. AlgQ1 and AlgQ2 belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. However, unlike other bacterial periplasmic-binding proteins that deliver small solutes to ABC transporters, AlgQ1/2 can bind a macromolecule and may have specificity for either sugar or a certain type of polysaccharide.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▄вА0А0АаАВЪcd13583, PBP2_AlgQ_like_4, Periplasmic-binding component of alginate-specific ABC uptake system-like; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subgroup includes uncharacterized periplasmic-binding proteins that are closely related to high molecular weight (HMW) alginate bining proteins (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2) found in gram-negative soil bacteria. The HMW alginate uptake system is composed of a novel pit formed on the cell surface and a pit-dependent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in the inner membrane. The transportation of HMW alginate from the pit to the ABC transporter is mediated by periplasmic HMW alginate-binding proteins (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2). Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide that is made up of alpha-L-mannuronate and its 5'-epimer, alpha-L-guluronate. Alginate is present in the cell walls of brown seaweeds, where it forms a viscous gum by binding water. Alginate is also produced by two bacteria genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter. AlgQ1 and AlgQ2 belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. However, unlike other bacterial periplasmic-binding proteins that deliver small solutes to ABC transporters, AlgQ1/2 can bind a macromolecule and may have specificity for either sugar or a certain type of polysaccharide.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▌вА0А0АаАВncd13584, PBP2_AlgQ1_2, Periplasmic-binding component of alginate-specific ABC uptake system; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This group represents the periplasmic-binding component of high molecular weight (HMW) alginate uptake system found in gram-negative soil bacteria such as Sphingomonas sp. A1. The HMW alginate uptake system is composed of a novel pit formed on the cell surface and a pit-dependent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in the inner membrane. The transportation of HMW alginate from the pit to the ABC transporter is mediated by periplasmic HMW alginate-binding proteins (AlgQ1 and AlgQ2). Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide that includes alpha-L-mannuronate and its 5'-epimer, alpha-L-guluronate. Alginate is present in the cell walls of brown seaweeds, where it forms a viscous gum by binding water. Alginate is also produced by two bacteria genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter. AlgQ1 and AlgQ2 belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. However, unlike other bacterial periplasmic-binding proteins that deliver small solutes to ABC transporters, AlgQ1/2 can bind a macromolecule and may have specificity for either sugar or a certain type of polysaccharide.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▐вА0А0АаАВЎcd13585, PBP2_TMBP_like, The periplasmic-binding component of ABC transport systems specific for trehalose/maltose and similar oligosaccharides; possess type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family includes the periplasmic trehalose/maltose-binding component of an ABC transport system and related proteins from archaea and bacteria. Members of this group belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА▀вА0А0АаАВcd13586, PBP2_Maltose_binding_like, The periplasmic-binding component of ABC transport systems specific for maltose and related polysaccharides; possess type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This subfamily represents the periplasmic binding component of ABC transport systems involved in uptake of polysaccharides including maltose, maltodextrin, and cyclodextrin. Members of this family belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea. After binding their specific ligand with high affinity, they can interact with a cognate membrane transport complex comprised of two integral membrane domains and two cytoplasmically located ATPase domains. This interaction triggers the ligand translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane energized by ATP hydrolysis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАрвА0А0АаАВcd13587, PBP2_polyamine_2, The periplasmic-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC transporter involved in uptake of polyamines; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the periplasmic binding domain that functions as the primary polyamine receptor of an uncharacterized ABC-type transport system. Polyamine transport plays an essential role in the regulation of intracellular polyamine levels which are known to be elevated in rapidly proliferating cells and tumors. Natural polyamines are putrescine, spermindine, and spermine. They are polycations that play multiple roles in cell growth, survival and proliferation, and plant stress and disease resistance. They can interact with negatively charged molecules, such as nucleic acids, to modulate their functions. Members of this family belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАсвА0А0АаАВ+cd13588, PBP2_polyamine_1, The periplasmic-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC transporter involved in uptake of polyamines; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This group represents the periplasmic binding domain that functions as the primary high-affinity receptor of an uncharactertized ABC-type polyamine transport system. Polyamine transport plays an essential role in the regulation of intracellular polyamine levels which are known to be elevated in rapidly proliferating cells and tumors. Natural polyamines are putrescine, spermindine, and spermine. They are polycations that play multiple roles in cell growth, survival and proliferation, and plant stress and disease resistance. They can interact with negatively charged molecules, such as nucleic acids, to modulate their functions. Members of this family belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтвА0А0АаАВЩcd13589, PBP2_polyamine_RpCGA009, The periplasmic-binding component of an uncharacterized ABC transport system from Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 and related proteins; contains the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold. This group represents the periplasmic binding domain that serves as the primary high-affinity receptor of an uncharacterized ABC-type polyamine transporter from Rhodopseudomonas palustris Cga009 and related proteins from other bacteria. Polyamine transport plays an essential role in the regulation of intracellular polyamine levels which are known to be elevated in rapidly proliferating cells and tumors. Natural polyamines are putrescine, spermindine, and spermine. They are polycations that play multiple roles in cell growth, survival and proliferation, and plant stress and disease resistance. They can interact with negatively charged molecules, such as nucleic acids, to modulate their functions. Members of this family belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАувА0А0АаАВcd13590, PBP2_PotD_PotF_like, The periplasmic-binding component of ABC transporters involved in uptake of polyamines; possess the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. This family represents the periplasmic substrate-binding domain that functions as the primary high-affinity receptors of ABC-type polyamine transport systems. Polyamine transport plays an essential role in the regulation of intracellular polyamine levels which are known to be elevated in rapidly proliferating cells and tumors. Natural polyamines are putrescine, spermindine, and spermine. They are polycations that play multiple roles in cell growth, survival and proliferation, and plant stress and disease resistance. They can interact with negatively charged molecules, such as nucleic acids, to modulate their functions. Members of this family belong to the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold superfamily. PBP2 is comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАфвА0А0АаАВ╘cd13591, PBP2_HisGL1, The catalytic domain of hexameric long form HisGL1; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. Encoded by the hisG gene, the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (ATP-PRT, EC 2.4.2.17) is the first enzyme in histidine biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the condensation of ATP and PRPP (5'-phosphoribosyl 1'-pyrophosphate), and is regulated by a feedback inhibition from the product histidine. ATP-PRT has two distinct forms: a hexameric long form, HisGL, containing two catalytic domains and a C-terminal regulatory domain; and a hetero-octomeric short form, HisGs, without the regulatory domain. HisGL is catalytically competent, but the hetero-octameric HisGs requires the second subunit HisZ, a paralog to the catalytic domain of functional histidyl-tRNA synthetases (HisRSs), for the enzyme activity. This catalytic domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАхвА0А0АаАВ╘cd13592, PBP2_HisGL2, The catalytic domain of hexameric long form HisGL2; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. Encoded by the hisG gene, the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (ATP-PRT, EC 2.4.2.17) is the first enzyme in histidine biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the condensation of ATP and PRPP (5'-phosphoribosyl 1'-pyrophosphate), and is regulated by a feedback inhibition from the product histidine. ATP-PRT has two distinct forms: a hexameric long form, HisGL, containing two catalytic domains and a C-terminal regulatory domain; and a hetero-octomeric short form, HisGs, without the regulatory domain. HisGL is catalytically competent, but the hetero-octameric HisGs requires the second subunit HisZ, a paralog to the catalytic domain of functional histidyl-tRNA synthetases (HisRSs), for the enzyme activity. This catalytic domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАцвА0А0АаАВ╘cd13593, PBP2_HisGL3, The catalytic domain of hexameric long form HisGL3; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. Encoded by the hisG gene, the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (ATP-PRT, EC 2.4.2.17) is the first enzyme in histidine biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the condensation of ATP and PRPP (5'-phosphoribosyl 1'-pyrophosphate), and is regulated by a feedback inhibition from the product histidine. ATP-PRT has two distinct forms: a hexameric long form, HisGL, containing two catalytic domains and a C-terminal regulatory domain; and a hetero-octomeric short form, HisGs, without the regulatory domain. HisGL is catalytically competent, but the hetero-octameric HisGs requires the second subunit HisZ, a paralog to the catalytic domain of functional histidyl-tRNA synthetases (HisRSs), for the enzyme activity. This catalytic domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАчвА0А0АаАВ╠cd13594, PBP2_HisGL4, The catalytic domain of hexameric long form HisGL4; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding fold. Encoded by the hisG gene, the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (ATP-PRT, EC 2.4.2.17) is the first enzyme in histidine biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the condensation of ATP and PRPP (5'-phosphoribosyl 1'-pyrophosphate), and is regulated by a feedback inhibition from the product histidine. ATP-PRT has two distinct forms: a hexameric long form, HisGL, containing two catalytic domains and a C-terminal regulatory domain; and a hetero-octomeric short form, HisGs, without the regulatory domain. HisGL is catalytically competent, but the hetero-octameric HisGs requires the second subunit HisZ, a paralog to the catalytic domain of functional histidyl-tRNA synthetases (HisRSs), for the enzyme activity. This catalytic domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАшвА0А0АаАВ┌cd13595, PBP2_HisGs, The catalytic domain of hetero-octomeric short form HisGs; contains the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. Encoded by the hisG gene, the ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (ATP-PRT, EC 2.4.2.17) is the first enzyme in histidine biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the condensation of ATP and PRPP (5'-phosphoribosyl 1'-pyrophosphate), and is regulated by a feedback inhibition from the product histidine. ATP-PRT has two distinct forms: a hexameric long form, HisGL, containing two catalytic domains and a C-terminal regulatory domain; and a hetero-octomeric short form, HisGs, without the regulatory domain. HisGL is catalytically competent, but the hetero-octameric HisGs requires the second subunit HisZ, a paralog to the catalytic domain of functional histidyl-tRNA synthetases (HisRSs), for the enzyme activity. This catalytic domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap. The majority of PBP2 proteins function in the uptake of small soluble substrates in eubacteria and archaea.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАщвА0А0АаАВвА0А0АаАВГcd13681, PBP2_TRAP_lactate, Substrate-binding component of a lactate binding Tripartite ATP-independent Periplasmic transporter and related proteins; the type 2 periplasmic-binding protein fold. This subgroup includes a lactate binding TRAP transporter and its similar proteins. TRAP transporters are a large family of solute transporters ubiquitously found in bacteria and archaea. They are comprised of a periplasmic substrate-binding protein (SBP; often called the P subunit) and two unequally sized integral membrane components: a large transmembrane subunit involved in the translocation process (the M subunit) and a smaller membrane of unknown function (the Q subunit). The driving force of TRAP transporters is provided by electrochemical ion gradients (either protons or sodium ions) across the cytoplasmic membrane, rather than ATP hydrolysis. This substrate-binding domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА ?вА0А0АаАВ╓cd13682, PBP2_TRAP_alpha-ketoacid, Substrate-binding component of an alpha-keto acid binding Tripartite ATP-independent Periplasmic transporter and related proteins; contains the type 2 periplasmic-binding protein fold. This subgroup includes TRAP transporters that bind to ketoacids such as pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate, xylulose, and other unknown ligands. TRAP transporters are a large family of solute transporters ubiquitously found in bacteria and archaea. They are comprised of a periplasmic substrate-binding protein (SBP; often called the P subunit) and two unequally sized integral membrane components: a large transmembrane subunit involved in the translocation process (the M subunit) and a smaller membrane of unknown function (the Q subunit). The driving force of TRAP transporters is provided by electrochemical ion gradients (either protons or sodium ions) across the cytoplasmic membrane, rather than ATP hydrolysis. This substrate-binding domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА @вА0А0АаАВcd13683, PBP2_TRAP_DctP6_7, Substrate-binding domain of Tripartite ATP-independent Periplasmic transporter DctP6 and DctP7; type 2 periplasmic-binding protein fold. This subgroup includes TRAP-type mannitol/chloroaromatic compound transport system (Dctp6) and similar proteins. TRAP transporters are a large family of solute transporters ubiquitously found in bacteria and archaea. They are comprised of a periplasmic substrate-binding protein (SBP) and two unequally sized integral membrane components: a large transmembrane subunit involved in the translocation process and a smaller membrane of unknown function. The driving force of TRAP transporters is provided by electrochemical ion gradients (either protons or sodium ions) across the cytoplasmic membrane, rather than ATP hydrolysis. This substrate-binding domain belongs to the PBP2 superfamily. The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА AвА0А0АаАВocd13684, PBP2_TRAP_Dctp5_like, Substrate-binding component of Tripartite ATP-independent Periplasmic transporter DctP5 and related proteins; the type 2 periplasmic-binding protein fold. This subgroup includes TRAP transporter DctP5 and its similar proteins. TRAP transporters are a large family of solute transporters ubiquitously found in bacteria and archaea. They are comprised of a periplasmic substrate-binding protein (SBP; often called the P subunit) and two unequally sized integral membrane components: a large transmembrane subunit involved in the translocation process (the M subunit) and a smaller membrane of unknown function (the Q subunit). The driving force of TRAP transporters is provided by electrochemical ion gradients (either protons or sodium ions) across the cytoplasmic membrane, rather than ATP hydrolysis. This substrate-binding domain belongs to the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily (PBP2). The PBP2 proteins are typically comprised of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge and bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА BвА0А0АаАВСcd13685, PBP2_iGluR_non_NMDA_like, The ligand-binding domain of non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) type ionotropic glutamate receptors, a member of the type 2 periplasmic-binding fold protein superfamily. This subfamily represents the ligand-binding domain of non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) type ionotropic glutamate receptors including AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors (GluR1-4), kainate receptors (GluR5-7 and KA1/2), and orphan receptors delta 1/2. iGluRs form tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels, which are concentrated at postsynaptic sites in excitatory synapses where they fulfill a variety of different functions. While this ligand-binding domain of iGluRs is structurally homologous to the periplasmic binding fold type II superfamily, the N-terminal leucine/isoleucine/valine#binding protein (LIVBP)-like domain belongs to the periplasmic-binding fold type I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА CвА0А0АаАВUcd13686, GluR_Plant, Plant glutamate receptor domain; the type 2 periplasmic binding protein fold. This subfamily contains the glutamate receptor domain GluR. These domains are found in the GluR proteins that have been shown to function as L-glutamate activated potassium channels, also known ionotropic glutamate receptors or iGluRs. In addition to two ligand binding core domains, iGluRs typically have a channel-like domain inserted in the middle of the GluR-like domain. Animal iGluRs mediate the ion flux in the synapses of the CNS and can be subdivided into several classes depending on the neurotransmitter specificity and ion conductance properties. Their plant homologs have been shown to function in light signal transduction and calcium homeostasis. The GluR proteins belong to the PBP2 superfamily of periplasmic binding proteins that differ in size and ligand specificity, but have similar tertiary structures consisting of two globular subdomains connected by a flexible hinge. They have been shown to bind their ligand in the cleft between these domains in a manner resembling a Venus flytrap.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА DвА0А0АаАВ}cd13687, PBP2_iGluR_NMDA, The ligand-binding domain of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors, a member of the type 2 periplasmic binding fold protein superfamily. The ligand-binding domain of the ionotropic NMDA subtype is structurally homologous to the periplasmic-binding fold type II superfamily, while the N-terminal domain belongs to the periplasmic-binding fold type I. The function of the NMDA subtype receptor serves critical functions in neuronal development, functioning, and degeneration in the mammalian central nervous system. The functional NMDA receptor is a heterotetramer comprising two NR1 and two NR2 (A, B, C, and D) or NR3 (A and B) subunits. The receptor controls a cation channel that is highly permeable to monovalent ions and calcium and exhibits voltage-dependent inhibition by magnesium. Dual agonists, glutamate and glycine, are required for efficient activation of the NMDA receptor. Among NMDA receptor subtypes, the NR2B subunit containing receptors appear particularly important for pain perception; thus NR2B-selective antagonists may be useful in the treatment of chronic pain.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА EвА0А0АаАВcd13832, IHF, Integration host factor (IHF) and similar proteins. This subfamily includes integration host factor (IHF) and IHF-like domains. IHF is a nucleoid-associated protein (NAP) that binds and sharply bends many DNA targets in a sequence specific manner. It is a heterodimeric protein composed of two highly homologous subunits IHFA (IHF-alpha) and IHFB (IHF-beta). It is known to act as a transcription factor at many gene regulatory regions in E. coli. IHF is an essential cofactor in phage lambda site-specific recombination, having an architectural role during assembly of specialized nucleoprotein structures (snups). IHF is also involved in formation as well as maintenance of bacterial biofilms since it is found in complex with extracellular DNA (eDNA) within the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix of many biofilms. This subfamily also includes the protein Hbb from tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, responsible for causing Lyme disease in humans. Hbb, a homodimer, shows DNA sequence preferences that are related, yet distinct from those of IHF.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўвА0А0АаАВфcd13833, HU_IHF_like, Uncharacterized proteins similar to DNA sequence specific (IHF) and non-specific (HU) domains. This subfamily consists of uncharacterized proteins similar to integration host factor (IHF) and HU domains, including hypothetical protein Bvu_2165 from Bacteroides vulgatus. IHF is a nucleoid-associated protein (NAP) that binds and sharply bends many DNA targets in a sequence specific manner. It is a heterodimeric protein composed of two highly homologous subunits IHFA (IHF-alpha) and IHFB (IHF-beta). It is known to act as a transcription factor at many gene regulatory regions in E. coli. IHF is an essential cofactor in phage lambda site-specific recombination, having an architectural role during assembly of specialized nucleoprotein structures (snups). IHF is also involved in formation as well as maintenance of bacterial biofilms since it is found in complex with extracellular DNA (eDNA) within the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix of many biofilms.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўвА0А0АаАВ┘cd13834, HU_like, DNA-binding proteins similar to HU domains. This subfamily consists of DNA-binding proteins similar to HU domains. HU is a conserved nucleoid-associated protein (NAP) which binds non-specifically to duplex DNA with a particular preference for targeting nicked and bent DNA. It is highly basic and contributes to chromosomal compaction and maintenance of negative supercoiling, thus often referred to as histone-like protein. HU can induce DNA bends, condense DNA in a fiber and also interact with single stranded DNA. It contains two homologous subunits, alpha and beta, typically forming homodimers (alpha-alpha and beta-beta), except in E. coli and other enterobacteria, which form heterodimers (alpha-beta).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўвА0А0АаАВdcd13835, IHF_A, Alpha subunit of integration host factor (IHFA). This subfamily consists of the alpha subunit of integration host factor (IHF) and IHF-like domains. IHF is a nucleoid-associated protein (NAP) that binds and sharply bends many DNA targets in a sequence specific manner. It is a heterodimeric protein composed of two highly homologous subunits IHFA (IHF-alpha) and IHFB (IHF-beta). It is known to act as a transcription factor at many gene regulatory regions in E. coli. IHF is an essential cofactor in phage lambda site-specific recombination, having an architectural role during assembly of specialized nucleoprotein structures (snups). IHF is also involved in formation as well as maintenance of bacterial biofilms since it is found in complex with extracellular DNA (eDNA) within the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix of many biofilms.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўвА0А0АаАВbcd13836, IHF_B, Beta subunit of integration host factor (IHFB). This subfamily consists of the beta subunit of integration host factor (IHF) and IHF-like domains. IHF is a nucleoid-associated protein (NAP) that binds and sharply bends many DNA targets in a sequence specific manner. It is a heterodimeric protein composed of two highly homologous subunits IHFA (IHF-alpha) and IHFB (IHF-beta). It is known to act as a transcription factor at many gene regulatory regions in E. coli. IHF is an essential cofactor in phage lambda site-specific recombination, having an architectural role during assembly of specialized nucleoprotein structures (snups). IHF is also involved in formation as well as maintenance of bacterial biofilms since it is found in complex with extracellular DNA (eDNA) within the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix of many biofilms.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўвА0А0АаАВcd13861, CuRO_1_CumA_like, The first cupredoxin domain of CumA like multicopper oxidase. This multicopper oxidase (MCO) subfamily includes CumA from Pseudomonas putida, which is involved in the oxidation of Mn(II). However, the cumA gene has been identified in a variety of bacterial species, including both Mn(II)-oxidizing and non-Mn(II)-oxidizing strains. Thus, the proteins in this family may catalyze the oxidation of other substrates. MCO catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water and has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 1 of 3-domain MCOs contains part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўZвА0А0АаАВ5cd13862, CuRO_1_MCO_like_1, The first cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This subfamily of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains. The cupredoxin domain 1 of 3-domain MCOs contains part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў[вА0А0АаАВ6cd13864, CuRO_1_MCO_like_2, The second cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This subfamily of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains. The cupredoxin domain 1 of 3-domain MCOs contains part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў\вА0А0АаАВ6cd13865, CuRO_1_LCC_like_3, The second cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This subfamily of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains. The cupredoxin domain 1 of 3-domain MCOs contains part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў]вА0А0АаАВcd13866, CuRO_2_BOD, The second cupredoxin domain of Bilirubin oxidase (BOD). Bilirubin oxidase (BOD) catalyzes the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin and the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It is used in diagnosing jaundice through the determination of bilirubin in serum. BOD is a member of the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family that also includes laccase, ascorbate oxidase and ceruloplasmin. MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic compounds to inorganic compounds such as metals. Although the members of this family have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў^вА0А0АаАВzcd13867, CuRO_2_CueO_FtsP, The second Cupredoxin domain of the multicopper oxidase CueO, the cell division protein FtsP, and similar proteins. CueO is a multicopper oxidase (MCO) that is part of the copper-regulatory cue operon, which employs a cytosolic metalloregulatory protein CueR that induces expression of CopA and CueO under copper stress conditions. CueO is a periplasmic multicopper oxidase that is stimulated by exogenous copper(II). FtsP (also named SufI) is a component of the cell division apparatus. It is involved in protecting or stabilizing the assembly of divisomes under stress conditions. FtsP belongs to the multicopper oxidase superfamily but lacks metal cofactors. The protein is localized at septal rings and may serve as a scaffolding function. Members of this subfamily contain three cupredoxin domains and this model represents the second domain. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў_вА0А0АаАВ&cd13868, CuRO_2_CotA_like, The second Cupredoxin domain of bacterial laccases including CotA, a bacterial endospore coat component. CotA protein is an abundant component of the outer coat layer in bacterial endospore coat and it is required for spore resistance against hydrogen peroxide and UV light. Laccase is composed of three cupredoxin-like domains and includes one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. It is a member of the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family, which couples the oxidation of a substrate with a four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў`вА0А0АаАВcd13869, CuRO_2_PHS, The second Cupredoxin domain of phenoxazinone synthase (PHS). Phenoxazinone synthase (PHS, 2-aminophenol:oxygen oxidoreductase) catalyzes the oxidative coupling of substituted o-aminophenols to produce phenoxazinones. PHS participates in diverse biological functions such as spore pigmentation and biosynthesis of the antibiotic grixazone. It is a member of the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family, which couples the oxidation of a substrate with a four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўaвА0А0АаАВ·cd13870, CuRO_2_CopA_like_1, The second cupredoxin domain of CopA copper resistance protein like family. The members of this family are copper resistance protein (CopA) homologs. CopA is multicopper oxidase (MCO) related to laccase and L-ascorbate oxidase, both copper-containing enzymes. CopA is involved in copper resistance in bacteria. CopA mutant causes a loss of function, including copper tolerance and oxidase activity, and copA transcription is inducible in the presence of copper. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўbвА0А0АаАВ┌cd13871, CuRO_2_AAO, The second cupredoxin domain of plant Ascorbate oxidase. Ascorbate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. This multicopper oxidase (MCO) is found in cucurbitaceous plants such as pumpkin, cucumber, and melon. It can detect levels of ascorbic acid and eliminate it. The biological function of ascorbate oxidase is still not clear. MCOs couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўcвА0А0АаАВScd13872, CuRO_2_AAO_like_1, The second cupredoxin domain of plant pollen multicopper oxidase homologous to ascorbate oxidase. The proteins in this subfamily are expressed in plant pollen. They share homology to ascorbate oxidase and other members of the blue copper oxidase family. The expression of the protein is detected during germination and pollen tube growth. Ascorbate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. It is a member of the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family that couples oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўdвА0А0АаАВcd13873, CuRO_2_AAO_like_2, The second cupredoxin domain of plant Ascorbate oxidase homologs. This family includes plant laccases similar to ascorbate oxidase. Ascorbate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. It can detect levels of ascorbic acid and eliminate it. The biological function of ascorbate oxidase is still not clear. Ascorbate oxidase belongs to multicopper oxidase (MCO) family which couples oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўeвА0А0АаАВкcd13874, CuRO_2_CopA, The second cupredoxin domain of CopA copper resistance protein family. CopA is a multicopper oxidase (MCO) related to laccase and L-ascorbate oxidase, both copper-containing enzymes. It is part of the copper-regulatory cue operon, which employs a cytosolic metalloregulatory protein CueR that induces expression of CopA and CueO under copper stress conditions. CopA is a copper efflux P-type ATPase that is located in the inner cell membrane and is is involved in copper resistance in bacteria. CopA mutant causes a loss of function including copper tolerance and oxidase activity and copA transcription is inducible in the presence of copper. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўfвА0А0АаАВ9cd13875, CuRO_2_LCC_plant, The second cupredoxin domain of the plant laccases. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Laccase has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism. Plants usually express multiple laccase genes, but their precise physiological/biochemical roles remain largely unclear. Like other related multicopper oxidases (MCOs), laccase is composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўgвА0А0АаАВScd13876, CuRO_2_Abr2_like, The second cupredoxin domain of a group of fungal Laccases similar to Abr2 from Aspergillus fumigatus. Abr2 is involved in conidial pigment biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Laccase has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism in fungi and plants. Like other related multicopper oxidases (MCOs), laccase is composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўhвА0А0АаАВБcd13877, CuRO_2_Fet3p_like, The second Cupredoxin domain of multicopper oxidase Fet3P. Fet3p catalyzes the ferroxidase reaction, which couples the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) with the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Fet3p is a type I membrane protein with the amino-terminal oxidase domain in the extracellular space and the carboxyl terminus in the cytoplasm. The periplasmic produced Fe(III) is transferred to the permease Ftr1p for import into the cytosol. The four copper ions are inserted post-translationally and are essential for catalytic activity, thus linking copper and iron homeostasis. Like other related multicopper oxidases (MCOs), Fet3p is composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўiвА0А0АаАВ╓cd13879, CuRO_2_McoP_like, The second cupredoxin domain of multicopper oxidase McoP and similar proteins. This family includes archaeal and bacterial multicopper oxidases (MCOs), represented by the extremely thermostable McoP from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum. McoP is an efficient metallo-oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of cuprous and ferrous ions. It is noteworthy that McoP has three-fold higher catalytic efficiency when using nitrous oxide as electron acceptor than when using dioxygen, the typical oxidizing substrate of multicopper oxidases. McoP may function as a novel archaeal nitrous oxide reductase that is probably involved in the denitrification pathway in archaea. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўjвА0А0АаАВ╖cd13880, CuRO_2_MaLCC_like, The second cupredoxin domain of the fungal laccases similar to Ma-LCC from Melanocarpus albomyces. The subfamily of fungal laccases includes Ma-LCC and similar proteins. Ma-LCC is a multicopper oxidase (MCO) from Melanocarpus albomyces. Its crystal structure contains all four coppers at the mono- and trinuclear copper centers. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism in fungi and plants. Laccase is composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўkвА0А0АаАВЭcd13881, CuRO_2_McoC_like, The second cupredoxin domain of a multicopper oxidase McoC and similar proteins. This family includes bacterial multicopper oxidases (MCOs) represented by McoC from the pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni. McoC is a periplasmic MCO, which has been characterized to be associated with copper homeostasis. McoC may also function to protect against oxidative stress as it may convert metallic ions into their less toxic form. MCOs are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with the reduction of dioxygen to water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. They are composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўlвА0А0АаАВ]cd13882, CuRO_2_Tv-LCC_like, The second cupredoxin domain of the fungal laccases similar to Tv-LCC from Trametes versicolor. This subfamily of fungal laccases includes Tv-LCC from Trametes versicolor and Rs-LCC2 from plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism. Laccase is a multicopper oxidase (MCO) composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўmвА0А0АаАВcd13883, CuRO_2_Diphenol_Ox, The second cupredoxin domain of fungal laccase, diphenol oxidase. Diphenol oxidase belongs to the laccase family. It catalyzes the initial steps in melanin biosynthesis from diphenols. Melanin is one of the virulence factors of infectious fungi. In the pathogenesis of C. neoformans, melanin pigments have been shown to protect the fungal cells from oxidative and microbicidal activities of host defense systems. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism. Laccase is a multicopper oxidase (MCO) composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўnвА0А0АаАВ$cd13884, CuRO_2_tcLCC_insect_like, The second cupredoxin domain of the insect laccases similar to laccase 2 in Tribolium castaneum. This multicopper oxidase (MCO) subfamily includes the majority of insect laccases. One member is laccase 2 from Tribolium castaneum, which is required for beetle cuticle tanning. Laccase (polyphenol oxidase EC 1.10.3.2) is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic substrates coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It displays broad substrate specificity, catalyzing the oxidation of a wide variety of aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances. Laccase has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism in fungi, plants and insects. Laccase is composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўoвА0А0АаАВ∙cd13885, CuRO_2_CumA_like, The second cupredoxin domain of CumA like multicopper oxidase. This multicopper oxidase (MCO) subfamily includes CumA from Pseudomonas putida. CumA is involved in the oxidation of Mn(II) in Pseudomonas putida; however, the cumA gene has been identified in a variety of bacterial species, including both Mn(II)-oxidizing and non-Mn(II)-oxidizing strains. Thus, the proteins in this family may catalyze the oxidation of other substrates. MCOs catalyze the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water and has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism. The MCOs in this subfamily are composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўpвА0А0АаАВTcd13886, CuRO_2_MCO_like_1, The second cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidise their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This family of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўqвА0А0АаАВUcd13887, CuRO_2_MCO_like_2, The second cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidise their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This family of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 2 of 3-domain MCOs has lost the ability to bind copper.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўrвА0А0АаАВыcd13888, CuRO_3_McoP_like, The third cupredoxin domain of multicopper oxidase McoP and similar proteins. This subfamily includes archaeal and bacterial multicopper oxidases (MCOs), represented by the extremely thermostable McoP from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum. McoP is an efficient metallo-oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of cuprous and ferrous ions. It is noteworthy that McoP has three-fold higher catalytic efficiency when using nitrous oxide as electron acceptor than when using dioxygen, the typical oxidizing substrate of multicopper oxidases. McoP may function as a novel archaeal nitrous oxide reductase that is probably involved in the denitrification pathway in archaea. Members of this subfamily contain three cupredoxin domain repeats. The copper ions are bound in several sites; Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўsвА0А0АаАВucd13889, CuRO_3_BOD, The third cupredoxin domain of Bilirubin oxidase (BOD). Bilirubin oxidase (BOD) catalyzes the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin and the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It is used in diagnosing jaundice through the determination of bilirubin in serum. BOD is a member of the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family that also includes laccase, ascorbate oxidase and ceruloplasmin. MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic compounds to inorganic compounds such as metals. Although the members of this family have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўtвА0А0АаАВcd13890, CuRO_3_CueO_FtsP, The third Cupredoxin domain of the multicopper oxidase CueO, the cell division protein FtsP, and similar proteins. CueO is a multicopper oxidase (MCO) that is part of the copper-regulatory cue operon, which employs a cytosolic metalloregulatory protein CueR that induces expression of CopA and CueO under copper stress conditions. CueO is a periplasmic multicopper oxidase that is stimulated by exogenous copper(II). FtsP (also named SufI) is a component of the cell division apparatus. It is involved in protecting or stabilizing the assembly of divisomes under stress conditions. FtsP belongs to the multicopper oxidase superfamily but lacks metal cofactors. The protein is localized at septal rings and may serve as a scaffolding function. Members of this subfamily contain three cupredoxin domains and this model represents the first domain. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3. FtsP does not contain any copper binding sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўuвА0А0АаАВЦcd13891, CuRO_3_CotA_like, The third Cupredoxin domain of bacterial laccases including CotA, a bacterial endospore coat component. CotA protein is an abundant component of the outer coat layer in bacterial endospore coat and is required for spore resistance against hydrogen peroxide and UV light. CotA belongs to the laccase-like multicopper oxidase (MCO) family, which are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic compounds to inorganic compounds such as metals. Although the members of this family have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўvвА0А0АаАВщcd13892, CuRO_3_PHS, The third Cupredoxin domain of phenoxazinone synthase (PHS). Phenoxazinone synthase (PHS, 2-aminophenol:oxygen oxidoreductase) catalyzes the oxidative coupling of substituted o-aminophenols to produce phenoxazinones. PHS has been shown to participate in diverse biological functions such as spore pigmentation and biosynthesis of the antibiotic grixazone. PHS is a member of the laccase-like multicopper oxidase (MCO) family, which are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic compounds to inorganic compounds such as metals. Although the members of this family have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўwвА0А0АаАВ╞cd13893, CuRO_3_AAO, The third cupredoxin domain of plant Ascorbate oxidase. Ascorbate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. This multicopper oxidase (MCO) is found in cucurbitaceous plants such as pumpkin, cucumber, and melon. It can detect levels of ascorbic acid and eliminate it. The biological function of ascorbate oxidase is still not clear. Ascorbate oxidase belongs to MCO family which couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic compounds to inorganic compounds such as metals. Although the members of this family have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўxвА0А0АаАВГcd13894, CuRO_3_AAO_like_1, The third cupredoxin domain of plant Ascorbate oxidase homologs. This subfamily is composed of plant pollen multicopper oxidase homologous to ascorbate oxidase. Ascorbate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. This multicopper oxidase (MCO) is found in cucurbitaceous plants such as pumpkin, cucumber, and melon. It can detect levels of ascorbic acid and eliminate it. The biological function of ascorbate oxidase is still not clear. Ascorbate oxidase belongs to MCO family which couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic compounds to inorganic compounds such as metals. Although the members of this family have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3. This subfamily does not harbor T1 copper or trinuclear copper binding sites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўyвА0А0АаАВ╩cd13895, CuRO_3_AAO_like_2, The third cupredoxin domain of Ascorbate oxidase homologs. This family includes fungal proteins with similarity to ascorbate oxidase. Ascorbate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. It can detect levels of ascorbic acid and eliminate it. The biological function of ascorbate oxidase is still not clear. Ascorbate oxidase belongs to multicopper oxidase (MCO) family which couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic compounds to inorganic compounds such as metals. Although the members of this family have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўzвА0А0АаАВcd13896, CuRO_3_CopA, The third cupredoxin domain of CopA copper resistance protein family. CopA is a multicopper oxidase (MCO) related to laccase and L-ascorbate oxidase, both copper-containing enzymes. It is part of the copper-regulatory cue operon, which employs a cytosolic metalloregulatory protein CueR that induces expression of CopA and CueO under copper stress conditions. CopA is a copper efflux P-type ATPase that is located in the inner cell membrane and is is involved in copper resistance in bacteria. CopA mutant causes a loss of function including copper tolerance and oxidase activity and copA transcription is inducible in the presence of copper. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў{вА0А0АаАВ cd13897, CuRO_3_LCC_plant, The third cupredoxin domain of the plant laccases. Laccase is a blue multicopper oxidase (MCO) which catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Laccase has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism. Plants usually express multiple laccase genes, but their precise physiological/biochemical roles remain largely unclear. MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic compounds to inorganic compounds such as metals. Although the members of this family have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў|вА0А0АаАВ╜cd13898, CuRO_3_Abr2_like, The third cupredoxin domain of a group of fungal Laccases similar to Abr2 from Aspergillus fumigatus. Abr2 is involved in conidial pigment biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Laccase has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism in fungi and plants. Like other related multicopper oxidases (MCOs), laccase is composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў}вА0А0АаАВцcd13899, CuRO_3_Fet3p, The third Cupredoxin domain of multicopper oxidase Fet3p. Fet3p catalyzes the ferroxidase reaction, which couples the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) with the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Fet3p is a type I membrane protein with the amino-terminal oxidase domain in the extracellular space and the carboxyl terminus in the cytoplasm. The periplasmic produced Fe(III) is transferred to the permease Ftr1p for import into the cytosol. The four copper ions are inserted post-translationally and are essential for catalytic activity, thus linking copper and iron homeostasis. Like other related multicopper oxidases (MCOs), Fet3p is composed of three cupredoxin domains that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАў~вА0А0АаАВ cd13900, CuRO_3_Tth-MCO_like, The third cupredoxin domain of the bacterial laccases similar to Tth-MCO from Thermus Thermophilus. The subfamily of bacterial laccases includes Tth-MCO and similar proteins. Tth-MCO is a hyperthermophilic multicopper oxidase (MCO) from thermus thermophilus HB27. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism in fungi and plants. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўвА0А0АаАВMcd13901, CuRO_3_MaLCC_like, The third cupredoxin domain of the fungal laccases similar to Ma-LCC from Melanocarpus albomyces. The subfamily of fungal laccases includes Ma-LCC and similar proteins. Ma-LCC is a multicopper oxidase (MCO) from Melanocarpus albomyces. Its crystal structure contains all four coppers at the mono- and trinuclear copper centers. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism in fungi and plants. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўАвА0А0АаАВcd13902, CuRO_3_McoC_like, The third cupredoxin domain of a multicopper oxidase McoC and similar proteins. This family includes bacteria multicopper oxidases (MCOs) represented by McoC from pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni. McoC is a periplasmic multicopper oxidase, which has been characterized to be associated with copper homeostasis. McoC may also function to protect against oxidative stress as it may convert metallic ions into their less toxic form. MCOs are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. They are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic compunds to inorganic compounds such as metals. Most MCOs have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўБвА0А0АаАВ╫cd13903, CuRO_3_Tv-LCC_like, The third cupredoxin domain of the fungal laccases similar to Tv-LCC from Trametes Versicolor. This subfamily of fungal laccases includes Tv-LCC from Trametes versicolor and Rs-LCC2 from plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Laccase is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўВвА0А0АаАВУcd13904, CuRO_3_Diphenol_Ox, The third cupredoxin domain of fungal laccase, diphenol oxidase. Diphenol oxidase belongs to the laccase family. It catalyzes the initial steps in melanin biosynthesis from diphenols. Melanin is one of the virulence factors of infectious fungi. In the pathogenesis of C. neoformans, melanin pigments have been shown to protect the fungal cells from oxidative and microbicidal activities of host defense systems. Laccase is a blue multicopper oxidase (MCO) which catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўГвА0А0АаАВ╩cd13905, CuRO_3_tcLLC2_insect_like, The third cupredoxin domain of the insect laccases similar to laccase 2 in Tribolium castaneum. This multicopper oxidase (MCO) family includes the majority of insect laccases. One member of the family is laccase 2 from Tribolium castaneum. Laccase 2 is required for beetle cuticle tanning. Laccase (polyphenol oxidase EC 1.10.3.2) is a blue multi-copper enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic substrates coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. It displays broad substrate specificity, catalyzing the oxidation of a wide variety of aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances. Laccase has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism in fungi, plants and insects. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўДвА0А0АаАВfcd13906, CuRO_3_CumA_like, The third cupredoxin domain of CumA like multicopper oxidase. This multicopper oxidase (MCO) subfamily includes CumA from Pseudomonas putida, which is involved in the oxidation of Mn(II). However, the cumA gene has been identified in a variety of bacterial species, including both Mn(II)-oxidizing and non-Mn(II)-oxidizing strains. Thus, the proteins in this family may catalyze the oxidation of other substrates. MCO catalyzes the oxidation of a variety aromatic - notably phenolic and inorganic substances coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water and has been implicated in a wide spectrum of biological activities and, in particular, plays a key role in morphogenesis, development and lignin metabolism. Although MCOs have diverse functions, majority of them have three cupredoxin domain repeats that include one mononuclear and one trinuclear copper center. The copper ions are bound in several sites: Type 1, Type 2, and/or Type 3. The ensemble of types 2 and 3 copper is called a trinuclear cluster. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper center and transferring them to the active site trinuclear copper center. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўЕвА0А0АаАВ]cd13907, CuRO_3_MCO_like_1, The third cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This subfamily of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўЖвА0А0АаАВ]cd13908, CuRO_3_MCO_like_2, The third cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This subfamily of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўЗвА0А0АаАВ]cd13909, CuRO_3_MCO_like_3, The third cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This subfamily of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўИвА0А0АаАВ]cd13910, CuRO_3_MCO_like_4, The third cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This subfamily of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўЙвА0А0АаАВ]cd13911, CuRO_3_MCO_like_5, The third cupredoxin domain of uncharacterized multicopper oxidase. Multicopper Oxidases (MCOs) are multi-domain enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. MCOs oxidize their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre which binds a dioxygen. The dioxygen, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. These MCOs are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. This subfamily of MCOs is composed of three cupredoxin domains. The cupredoxin domain 3 of 3-domain MCOs contains the Type 1 (T1) copper binding site and part the trinuclear copper binding site, which is located at the interface of domains 1 and 3.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўКвА0А0АаАВucd13912, CcO_II_C, C-terminal domain of Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit II. Cytochrome c Oxidase (CcO), the terminal oxidase in the respiratory chains of eukaryotes and most bacteria, is a multi-chain transmembrane protein located in the inner membrane of mitochondria and the cell membrane of prokaryotes. It catalyzes the reduction of O2 and simultaneously pumps protons across the membrane. The number of subunits varies from three to five in bacteria and up to 13 in mammalian mitochondria. Only subunits I and II are essential for function. Subunits I, II, and III of mammalian CcO are encoded within the mitochondrial genome and the remaining 10 subunits are encoded within the nuclear genome. Subunit II contains a copper-copper binuclear site called CuA, which is believed to be involved in electron transfer from cytochrome c to the binuclear center (active site) in subunit I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўЛвА0А0АаАВрcd13913, ba3_CcO_II_C, C-terminal cupredoxin domain of Ba3-like heme-copper oxidase subunit II. The ba3 family of heme-copper oxidases are transmembrane protein complexes in the respiratory chains of prokaryotes and some archaea, which catalyze the reduction of O2 and simultaneously pump protons across the membrane. It has been proposed that archaea acquired heme-copper oxidases through gene transfer from gram-positive bacteria. The ba3 family contains oxidases that lack the conserved residues that form the D- and K-pathways in CcO and ubiquinol oxidase. Instead, they contain a potential alternative K-pathway. Additional proton channels have been proposed for this family of oxidases but none have been identified definitively.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўМвА0А0АаАВчcd13914, CuRO_HCO_II_like_3, Uncharacterized subfamily with similarity to Heme-copper oxidase subunit II cupredoxin domain. Heme-copper oxidases are transmembrane protein complexes in the respiratory chains of prokaryotes and mitochondria which catalyze the reduction of O2 and simultaneously pump protons across the membrane. The superfamily is diverse in terms of electron donors, subunit composition, and heme types. The number of subunits varies from two to five in bacteria and up to 13 in mammalian mitochondria. Subunits I, II, and III of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) are encoded within the mitochondrial genome and the remaining 10 subunits are encoded within the nuclear genome. It has been proposed that archaea acquired heme-copper oxidases through gene transfer from gram-positive bacteria. Subunit II is found in CcO, ubiquinol oxidase, and the ba3-like oxidases, while the cbb3 oxidases contain alternative additional subunits. Additionally, nitrous oxide reductase contains the globular portion of subunit II as a domain within its structure. In some families, subunit II contains a copper-copper binuclear center that is involved in the transfer of electrons from the substrate to the binuclear center (active site) in subunit I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўНвА0А0АаАВчcd13915, CuRO_HCO_II_like_2, Uncharacterized subfamily with similarity to Heme-copper oxidase subunit II cupredoxin domain. Heme-copper oxidases are transmembrane protein complexes in the respiratory chains of prokaryotes and mitochondria which catalyze the reduction of O2 and simultaneously pump protons across the membrane. The superfamily is diverse in terms of electron donors, subunit composition, and heme types. The number of subunits varies from two to five in bacteria and up to 13 in mammalian mitochondria. Subunits I, II, and III of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) are encoded within the mitochondrial genome and the remaining 10 subunits are encoded within the nuclear genome. It has been proposed that archaea acquired heme-copper oxidases through gene transfer from gram-positive bacteria. Subunit II is found in CcO, ubiquinol oxidase, and the ba3-like oxidases, while the cbb3 oxidases contain alternative additional subunits. Additionally, nitrous oxide reductase contains the globular portion of subunit II as a domain within its structure. In some families, subunit II contains a copper-copper binuclear center that is involved in the transfer of electrons from the substrate to the binuclear center (active site) in subunit I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўОвА0А0АаАВчcd13916, CuRO_HCO_II_like_1, Uncharacterized subfamily with similarity to Heme-copper oxidase subunit II cupredoxin domain. Heme-copper oxidases are transmembrane protein complexes in the respiratory chains of prokaryotes and mitochondria which catalyze the reduction of O2 and simultaneously pump protons across the membrane. The superfamily is diverse in terms of electron donors, subunit composition, and heme types. The number of subunits varies from two to five in bacteria and up to 13 in mammalian mitochondria. Subunits I, II, and III of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) are encoded within the mitochondrial genome and the remaining 10 subunits are encoded within the nuclear genome. It has been proposed that archaea acquired heme-copper oxidases through gene transfer from gram-positive bacteria. Subunit II is found in CcO, ubiquinol oxidase, and the ba3-like oxidases, while the cbb3 oxidases contain alternative additional subunits. Additionally, nitrous oxide reductase contains the globular portion of subunit II as a domain within its structure. In some families, subunit II contains a copper-copper binuclear center that is involved in the transfer of electrons from the substrate to the binuclear center (active site) in subunit I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўПвА0А0АаАВчcd13917, CuRO_HCO_II_like_4, Uncharacterized subfamily with similarity to Heme-copper oxidase subunit II cupredoxin domain. Heme-copper oxidases are transmembrane protein complexes in the respiratory chains of prokaryotes and mitochondria which catalyze the reduction of O2 and simultaneously pump protons across the membrane. The superfamily is diverse in terms of electron donors, subunit composition, and heme types. The number of subunits varies from two to five in bacteria and up to 13 in mammalian mitochondria. Subunits I, II, and III of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) are encoded within the mitochondrial genome and the remaining 10 subunits are encoded within the nuclear genome. It has been proposed that archaea acquired heme-copper oxidases through gene transfer from gram-positive bacteria. Subunit II is found in CcO, ubiquinol oxidase, and the ba3-like oxidases, while the cbb3 oxidases contain alternative additional subunits. Additionally, nitrous oxide reductase contains the globular portion of subunit II as a domain within its structure. In some families, subunit II contains a copper-copper binuclear center that is involved in the transfer of electrons from the substrate to the binuclear center (active site) in subunit I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўРвА0А0АаАВчcd13918, CuRO_HCO_II_like_6, Uncharacterized subfamily with similarity to Heme-copper oxidase subunit II cupredoxin domain. Heme-copper oxidases are transmembrane protein complexes in the respiratory chains of prokaryotes and mitochondria which catalyze the reduction of O2 and simultaneously pump protons across the membrane. The superfamily is diverse in terms of electron donors, subunit composition, and heme types. The number of subunits varies from two to five in bacteria and up to 13 in mammalian mitochondria. Subunits I, II, and III of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) are encoded within the mitochondrial genome and the remaining 10 subunits are encoded within the nuclear genome. It has been proposed that archaea acquired heme-copper oxidases through gene transfer from gram-positive bacteria. Subunit II is found in CcO, ubiquinol oxidase, and the ba3-like oxidases, while the cbb3 oxidases contain alternative additional subunits. Additionally, nitrous oxide reductase contains the globular portion of subunit II as a domain within its structure. In some families, subunit II contains a copper-copper binuclear center that is involved in the transfer of electrons from the substrate to the binuclear center (active site) in subunit I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўСвА0А0АаАВчcd13919, CuRO_HCO_II_like_5, Uncharacterized subfamily with similarity to Heme-copper oxidase subunit II cupredoxin domain. Heme-copper oxidases are transmembrane protein complexes in the respiratory chains of prokaryotes and mitochondria which catalyze the reduction of O2 and simultaneously pump protons across the membrane. The superfamily is diverse in terms of electron donors, subunit composition, and heme types. The number of subunits varies from two to five in bacteria and up to 13 in mammalian mitochondria. Subunits I, II, and III of mammalian cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) are encoded within the mitochondrial genome and the remaining 10 subunits are encoded within the nuclear genome. It has been proposed that archaea acquired heme-copper oxidases through gene transfer from gram-positive bacteria. Subunit II is found in CcO, ubiquinol oxidase, and the ba3-like oxidases, while the cbb3 oxidases contain alternative additional subunits. Additionally, nitrous oxide reductase contains the globular portion of subunit II as a domain within its structure. In some families, subunit II contains a copper-copper binuclear center that is involved in the transfer of electrons from the substrate to the binuclear center (active site) in subunit I.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўТвА0А0АаАВюcd13920, Stellacyanin, Stellacyanin is a subclass of phytocyanins, a plant type I copper protein. Stellacyanin is a subclass of the phytocyanins, a ubiquitous family of plant cupredoxins. Stellacyanin is involved in electron transfer reactions with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form. The copper is tetrahedrally coordinated by a cysteine, 2 histidines, and a glutamine residue. The glutamine residue substitutes for a methione ligand typically found in other blue copper proteins. The exact function of stellacyanin is unknown. However, stellacyanin appears to be associated with the plant cell wall; it may be involved in oxidative reactions to build polymeric material making up the cell wall.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўУвА0А0АаАВjcd13921, Amicyanin, Amicyanin is a type I blue copper protein that plays an essential role in electron transfer. In Paracoccus denitrificans bacteria, amicyanin acts as an intermediary of a three-member redox complex along with methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) and cytochrome c-551i. The electron is transferred from the active site of MADH via the amicyanin copper ion to the cytochrome heme iron. The electron transfer from MADH to cytochrome c-551i does not involve a ternary complex but occurs via a ping-pong mechanism in which amicyanin uses the same interface for the reactions with MADH and cytochrome c-551i.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўФвА0А0АаАВecd13922, Azurin, Azurin is a redox partner for enzymes such as nitrite reductase or arsenite oxidase. Azurin is a bacterial blue copper-binding protein. It serves as a redox partner to enzymes such as nitrite reductase or arsenite oxidase. The copper of Azurin is tetrahedrally coordinated by a cysteine, 2 histidines, and a methionine residue. The electron transfer reactions are carried out with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form. Azurin can function as a tumor suppressor; it forms a complex with p53 that triggers apoptosis in various human cancer cells.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўХвА0А0АаАВЪcd13929, PT-DMATS_CymD, aromatic prenyltransferases (PTases) of the DMATS/CymD familiy. Members of the DMATS/CymD family of ABBA prenyltransferases prenylate indole, tyrosine, and xanthone derivatives. This family of fungal proteins includes cyclic dipeptide N-prenyltransferase (CdpNPT), Brevianamide F prenyltransferase (ftmPT1), fumigaclavine C synthase (FgaPT1), dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (DMATS) and related proteins. CdpNPT accepts a variety of tryptophan-containing cyclic dipeptides, including L-tryptophan itself, and prenylates these substrates inverse at the N-1 position of the indole group. FtmPT1 catalyzes the prenylation of brevianamide F in the biosynthesis of fumitremorgin-type alkaloids. FgaPT1 catalyses the prenylation of fumigaclavine A. Dimethylallyltryptophan synthases (DMATS) catalyzes the prenylation of L-tryptophan at C-4 of the indole ring during the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА° вА0А0АаАВbcd13930, PT-Tnase, Aromatic Prenyltransferases (PTases) associated with tryptophanase. This group of bacterial and fungal proteins shows homology to the DMATS/CymD family of ABBA prenyltransferases, which prenylates indole, tyrosine, and xanthone derivatives. Some of the members, mostly fungal proteins, are associated with tryptophanase-like domains (Tnase) which catalyzes the degradation of L-tryptophan to yield indole, pyruvate and ammonia, or the degradation of L-tyrosine to yield phenol, pyruvate and ammonia. This suggest that these otherwise uncharacterized proteins may exhibit multiple functions.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВScd13931, PT-CloQ_NphB, Aromatic Prenyltransferases (PTases) of the CloQ/NphB family. Members of the CloQ/NphB family of ABBA prenyltransferases catalyze the prenylation of phenols, naphthalenes, and phenazines. This family of fungal and bacterial proteins includes dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylate dimethylallyltransferase PpzP, the aromatic prenyltransferase from the clorobiocin biosynthetic pathway CloQ, and related proteins. CloQ catalyzes the attachment of a dimethylallyl moiety to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, part of the biosynthetic pathway of the Streptomyces roseochromogenes antibiotic clorobiocin. PpzP, as well as EpzP, are important for the biosynthesis of endophenazines; they catalyze the prenylation of 5,10-dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylic acid (dhPCA). Streptomyces NphB catalyzes the addition of a 10-carbon geranyl group to small organic aromatic substrates and is involved in the biosynthesis of the antioxidant naphterpin. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto aromatic substrates in biosynthetic pathways of microbial secondary metabolites.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВ┤cd13932, HN_RTEL1, harmonin_N_like domain of regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1 (also known as RTEL). Mouse Rtel is an essential protein required for the maintenance of both telomeric and genomic stability. RTEL1 appears to maintain genome stability by suppressing homologous recombination (HR). In vitro, purified human and insect RTEL1 have been shown to promote the disassembly of D loop recombination intermediates, in a reaction dependent upon ATP hydrolysis. Human RTEL1 is implicated in the etiology of Dyskeratosis congenital (DC, is an inherited bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition syndrome). Point mutations in its helicase domains, and truncations which result in loss of its C-terminus have been discovered in DC families. RTEL1 is also a candidate gene influencing glioma susceptibility. The C-terminal domain of RTEL1, represented here, appears similar to the N-terminal domain of the scaffolding protein harmonin.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎЄвА0А0АаАВ7cd13933, harmonin_N_like_u1, domain similar to the N-terminal protein-binding module of harmonin; uncharacterized subgroup. This domain is a putative protein-binding module based on its sequence similarity to the N-terminal domain of harmonin. Harmonin (not belonging to this group) is a postsynaptic density-95/discs-large/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing scaffold protein, which organizes the Usher protein network of the inner ear and the retina. This domain is also related to domains found in several other scaffold proteins which organize supramolecular complexes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАЎєвА0А0АаАВцcd13934, RNase_H_Dikarya_like, Fungal (dikarya) Ribonuclease H, uncharacterized. This family contains dikarya RNase H, many of which are uncharacterized. Ribonuclease H (RNase H) enzymes are divided into two major families, Type 1 and Type 2, based on amino acid sequence similarities and biochemical properties. RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner in the presence of divalent cations. It is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Most prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes contain multiple RNase H genes. Despite the lack of amino acid sequence homology, type 1 and type 2 RNase H share a main-chain fold and steric configurations of the four acidic active-site residues and have the same catalytic mechanism and functions in cells. RNase H is involved in DNA replication, repair and transcription. An important RNase H function is to remove Okazaki fragments during DNA replication.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўовА0А0АаАВСcd13935, RNase_H_bacteria_like, RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner. This family includes bacterial ribonuclease H (RNase H) enzymes. RNases are divided into two major families, Type 1 and Type 2, based on amino acid sequence similarities and biochemical properties. RNase H is an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA/DNA hybrid in a sequence non-specific manner in the presence of divalent cations. RNase H is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Most prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes contain multiple RNase H genes. Despite the lack of amino acid sequence homology, type 1 and type 2 RNase H share a main-chain fold and steric configurations of the four acidic active-site residues and have the same catalytic mechanism and functions in cells. RNase H is involved in DNA replication, repair and transcription. One of the important functions of RNase H is to remove Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. RNase H inhibitors have been explored as an anti-HIV drug target because RNase H inactivation inhibits reverse transcription.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАўпвА0А0АаАВ┤cd13936, PANDER_like, Domains similar to the Pancreatic-derived factor. FAM3B or PANDER (PANcreatic DERived factor) has been identifed as a regulator of glucose homeostasis and beta cell function. The protein is expressed in the endocrine pancreas and co-secreted with insulin in response to glucose, particularly under conditions of insulin resistance. The protein had initially been predicted to be a member of the four-helical cytokine family, hence the FAM3B designation. This wider family contains FAM3B and FAM4C, N-terminal domains of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases, and domains in poorly characterized proteins that have been associated with deafness and the progression of cancer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВ╝cd13937, PANDER_GnT-1_2_like, PANDER-like domain of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases. O-linked-mannose beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 participates in O-mannosyl glycosylation and may be responsible for creating GlcNAc(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-)O-Ser/Thr moieties on alpha dystroglycan and other O-mannosylated proteins. The domain characterized by this model lies N-terminal to the catalytic domain. Its function has not been determined.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВЙcd13938, PANDER_like_TMEM2, PANDER-like domain of the transmembrane protein TMEM2. TMEM2 has been characterized as a transmembrane protein that maps to the DFNB7-DFNB11 deafness locus on human chromosome 9. It contains a domain similar to the Pancreatic-derived factor PANDER, C-terminal to a glycine rich G8-domain. The function of the PANDER-like domain in TMEM2 has not been characterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВоcd13939, PANDER_FAM3B, Pancreatic derived factor. FAM3B or PANDER (PANcreatic DERived factor) has been identifed as a regulator of glucose homeostasis and beta cell function. The protein is expressed in the endocrine pancreas and co-secreted with insulin in response to glucose, particularly under conditions of insulin resistance. The protein had initially been predicted to be a member of the four-helical cytokine family, hence the FAM3B designation. PANDER induces apoptosis of insulin-secreting beta-cells when over-expressed in vitro. It has been associated with the progression of type 2 diabetes by downregulating beta cell function as well as insulin sensitivity in the liver.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВЄcd13940, ILEI_FAM3C, Interleukin-like EMT inducer. The secreted factor FAM3C or ILEI (InterLeukin-like Emt Inducer) has been identifed as a protein involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and in processes associated with metastasis formation and the progression of cancer. The protein had initially been predicted to be a member of the four-helical cytokine family, hence the FAM3C designation. ILEI has been found to be widely expressed, and to be involved in retinal development.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВСcd13941, PANDER_like_KIAA1199, PANDER-like domain of KIAA1199 and similar proteins. KIAA1199 has been characterized as a protein associated with poor survival when upregulated in human cancer, as well as with nonsyndromic loss of hearing when mutated. It contains a C-terminal domain similar to the Pancreatic-derived factor PANDER; the function of this PANDER-like domain has not been characterized.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВєcd13944, lytB_ispH, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase. The 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) reductase (called lytB or ispH) is the terminal enzyme of the mevalonate-independent 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, one of the two metabolic routes for isoprenoid biosynthesis. The MEP pathway is essential in many eubacteria, plants, and the malaria parasite. LytB converts HMBPP into isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВгcd13945, Chs5_N, N-terminal dimerization domain of Chs5 and similar proteins. Chs5/6 is a multi-protein complex conserved in fungi that interacts with chitin synthase III (Chs3p) and is involved in its transport to the cell surface from the trans-Golgi network, functioning as an exomer cargo adapter. Chs5p appears to form a complex with Chs6p and its paralogs Bch1p, Bud7p, and Bch2p. In this complex, Chs5p may act as a central scaffold. The N-terminal domain characterized by this model forms a homodimer and has been shown to interact with Chs6p and Bch1p. It may function as a flexible hinge domain that allows the exomer to interact with both proteins and the Golgi membrane as the latter undergoes changes in curvature during the formation of transport vesicles. The dimerization domain sits N-terminally to a conserved FBE (FN3-BRCT) unit, which binds Arf1 an is involved in the recruitment of the exomer to the membrane.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВ┴cd13946, LysW, Lysine biosynthesis protein LysW. LysW functions as a carrier protein in the biosynthesis pathway of lysine. The C-terminal glutamate sidechain of LysW attaches to the amino group of alpha-aminoadipate (AAA); this peptide bond formation is catalyzed by the ligase LysX. AAA remains associated with LysW throughout its biosynthetic conversion to lysine. LysW also acts to protect the amino group of glutamate in arginine biosynthesis.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВКcd13949, 7tm_V1R_pheromone, vomeronasal organ pheromone receptor type-1 family, member of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. This family represents vomeronasal type-1 receptors (V1Rs) that are specifically expressed in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which is the sensory organ of the accessory olfactory system present in amphibians, reptiles, and non-primate mammals such as mice and rodents, but it is non-functional or absent in humans, apes and monkeys. The VNO detects pheromones, chemicals released from animals that can influence social and reproductive behaviors, such as male-male aggression or sexual mating, in other members of the same species. On the other hand, the olfactory epithelium, which contains olfactory receptor neurons inside the nasal cavity, is responsible for detecting odor molecules (smells). There are two types of vertebrate pheromones: (1) small volatile molecules such as 2-heptanone, a substance in the urine of both male and female that extends estrous cycle length in female mice; and (2) water-soluble molecules such as the major histocompatibility complex (HMC) class-I peptide, which can induce the pregnancy block effect, the tendency for female rodents to abort their pregnancies upon exposure to the scent of an unknown male. While V1Rs and G-alpha(i2) protein are co-expressed in the apical neurons of the VNO, V2Rs (type-2 vomeronasal receptors) and G-alpha(o) protein are coexpressed in the basal layer of the VNO. Activation of V1R or V2R causes stimulation of phospholipase pathway, generating diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3). V1Rs have a short N-terminal extracellular domain, whereas V2Rs contain a long N-terminal extracellular domain, which is believed to bind pheromones. Although V1Rs share the seven-transmembrane domain structure with V1Rs and olfactory receptors, they share little sequence similarity with each other.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтWвА0А0АаАВHcd13950, 7tm_TAS2R, mammalian taste receptors type 2, member of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. This group represents a family of mammalian taste receptors (TAS2Rs), which function as bitter taste receptors. The human TAS2R family contains about 25 functional members, which are glycoproteins and have the ability to form both homomeric and heteromeric receptor complexes. Five basic tastes are perceived by animals: bitter, sweet, sour, salty, and umami (the taste of glutamate, MSG). Among these, sour and salty are mediated by ion channels, while the perception of umami and sweet tastes is mediated by the TAS1R taste receptors, which belong to the class C GPCR family. The TAS2Rs in humans have a short extracellular N-terminus and the ligand binds within the transmembrane domain, whereas the TAS1Rs have a large N-terminal extracellular domain composed of the Venus flytrap module that forms the orthosteric (primary) ligand binding site. Signal transduction of bitter taste involves binding of bitter compounds to TAS2Rs linked to the alpha-subunit of gustaducin, a heterotrimeric G protein expressed in taste receptor cells. This G-alpha subunit stimulates phosphodiesterase and decreases cAMP and cGMP levels. Further steps in the signaling cascade is still unknown. The beta-gamma-subunit of gustducin also mediates bitter taste transduction by activating phospholipase C, which leads to an increased formation of IP3 (inositol triphosphate) and DAG (diacylglycerol), thereby causing release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and enhanced neurotransmitter release.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтXвА0А0АаАВАcd13951, 7tmF_Frizzled_SMO, class F frizzled/smoothened family, member of the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The class F G protein-coupled receptors includes the frizzled (FZD) family of seven-transmembrane proteins consisting of 10 isoforms (FZD1-10) in mammals. The FZDs are activated by the wingless/int-1 (WNT) family of secreted lipoglycoproteins and preferentially couple to stimulatory G proteins of the Gs family, which activate adenylate cyclase, but can also couple to G proteins of the Gi/Gq families. In the WNT/beta-catenin signaling pathway, the WNT ligand binds to FZD and a lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) co-receptor. This leads to the stabilization and translocation of beta-catenin to the nucleus, where it induces the activation of TCF/LEF family transcription factors. The conserved cytoplasmic motif of FZD, Lys-Thr-X-X-X-Trp, is required for activation of the WNT/beta-catenin pathway, and for membrane localization and phosphorylation of Dsh (dishevelled) protein, a key component of the WNT pathway that relays the WNT signals from the activated receptor to downstream effector proteins. Also included in the class F family is the closely related smoothened (SMO), which is a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor that acts as the transducer of the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. SMO is activated by the hedgehog (HH) family of proteins acting on the 12-transmembrane domain receptor patched (PTCH), which constitutively inhibits SMO. Thus, in the absence of HH proteins, PTCH inhibits SMO signaling. On the other hand, binding of HH to the PTCH receptor activates its internalization and degradation, thereby releasing the PTCH inhibition of SMO. This allows SMO to trigger intracellular signaling and the subsequent activation of the Gli family of zinc finger transcriptional factors and induction of HH target gene expression (PTCH, Gli1, cyclin, Bcl-2, etc). The WNT and HH signaling pathways play critical roles in many developmental processes, such as cell-fate determination, cell proliferation, neural patterning, stem cell renewal, tissue homeostasis and repair, and tumorigenesis, among many others.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтYвА0А0АаАВ ёcd13952, 7tm_classB, class B family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. The class B of seven-transmembrane GPCRs is classified into three major subfamilies: subfamily B1 (secretin-like receptor family), B2 (adhesion family), and B3 (Methuselah-like family). The class B receptors have been identified in all the vertebrates, from fishes to mammals, as well as invertebrates including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, but are not present in plants, fungi or prokaryotes. The B1 subfamily comprises receptors for polypeptide hormones of 27-141 amino-acid residues such as secretin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP), calcitonin gene-related peptide, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and corticotropin-releasing factor. These receptors contain the large N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD), which plays a critical role in hormone recognition by binding to the C-terminal portion of the peptide. On the other hand, the N-terminal segment of the hormone induces receptor activation by interacting with the receptor transmembrane domains and connecting extracellular loops, triggering intracellular signaling pathways. All members of the subfamily B1 receptors preferentially couple to G proteins of G(s) family, which positively stimulate adenylate cyclase, leading to increased intracellular cAMP formation and calcium influx. The subfamily B2 consists of cell-adhesion receptors with 33 members in humans and vertebrates. The adhesion receptors are characterized by the presence of large N-terminal extracellular domains containing a variety of structural motifs, which play critical roles in cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions, linked to a class B seven-transmembrane domain. These include, for example, EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like domains in CD97, Celsr1 (cadherin family member), Celsr2, Celsr3, EMR1 (EGF-module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1), EMR2, EMR3, and Flamingo; two laminin A G-type repeats and nine cadherin domains in Flamingo and its human orthologs Celsr1, Celsr2 and Celsr3; olfactomedin-like domains in the latrotoxin receptors; and five or four thrombospondin type 1 repeats in BAI1 (brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1), BAI2 and BAI3. Almost all adhesion receptors, except GPR123, contain an evolutionarily conserved GPCR- autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain that undergoes autoproteolytic processing at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif located immediately N-terminal to the first transmembrane region, to generate N- and C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF), which may serve important biological functions. Furthermore, the subfamily B3 includes Methuselah (Mth) protein, which was originally identified in Drosophila as a GPCR affecting stress resistance and aging, and its closely related proteins.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАтZвА0А0АаАВЫcd13953, 7tm_classC_mGluR-like, metabotropic glutamate receptor-like class C family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors superfamily. The class C GPCRs consist of glutamate receptors (mGluR1-8), the extracellular calcium-sensing receptors (caSR), the gamma-amino-butyric acid type B receptors (GABA-B), the vomeronasal type-2 pheromone receptors (V2R), the type 1 taste receptors (TAS1R), and the promiscuous L-alpha-amino acid receptor (GPRC6A), as well as several orphan receptors. Structurally, these receptors are typically composed of a large extracellular domain containing a Venus flytrap module which possesses the orthosteric agonist-binding site, a cysteine-rich domain (CRD) with the exception of GABA-B receptors, and the seven-transmembrane domains responsible for G protein activation. Moreover, the Venus flytrap module shows high structural homology with bacterial periplasmic amino acid-binding proteins, which serve as primary receptors in transport of a variety of soluble substrates such as amino acids and polysaccharides, among many others. The class C GPCRs exist as either homo- or heterodimers, which are essential for their function. The GABA-B1 and GABA-B2 receptors form a heterodimer via interactions between the N-terminal Venus flytrap modules and the C-terminal coiled-coiled domains. On the other hand, heterodimeric CaSRs and Tas1Rs and homodimeric mGluRs utilize Venus flytrap interactions and intermolecular disulphide bonds between cysteine residues located in the cysteine-rich domain (CRD), which can also acts as a molecular link to mediate the signal between the Venus flytrap and the 7TMs. Furthermore, members of the class C GPCRs bind a variety of endogenous ligands, ranging from amino acids, ions, to pheromones and sugar molecules, and play important roles in many physiological processes such as synaptic transmission, calcium homeostasis, and the sensation of sweet and umami tastes.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт[вА0А0АаАВMcd13954, 7tmA_OR, olfactory receptors, member of the class A family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. Olfactory receptors (ORs) play a central role in olfaction, the sense of smell. ORs belong to the class A rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors and constitute the largest multigene family in mammals of approximately 1,000 genes. More than 60% of human ORs are non-functional pseudogenes compared to only 20% in mouse. Each OR can recognize structurally similar odorants, and a single odorant can be detected by several ORs. Binding of an odorant to the olfactory receptor induces a conformational change that leads to the activation of the olfactory-specific G protein (Golf). The G protein (Golf and/or Gs) in turn stimulates adenylate cyclase to make cAMP. The cAMP opens cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, which allow the influx of calcium and sodium ions, resulting in depolarization of the olfactory receptor neuron and triggering an action potential which transmits this information to the brain. A consensus nomenclature system based on evolutionary divergence is used here to classify the olfactory receptor family. The nomenclature begins with the root name OR, followed by an integer representing a family, a letter denoting a subfamily, and an integer representing the individual gene within the subfamily.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаАт\вА0А0АаАВ,cd13956, PT_UbiA, UbiA family of prenyltransferases (PTases). Many characterized members of the UbiA prenyltransferase family are aromatic prenyltransferases and play an important role in the biosynthesis of heme, chlorophyll, vitamin E, and vitamin K. They contain two copies of a motif similar to the active site DxxD motif of trans-prenyltransferases and are potentially related. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВ5cd13957, PT_UbiA_Cox10, Protoheme IX farnesyltransferase. Protoheme IX farnesyltransferase (also called heme O synthase, heme A:farnesyltransferase, cytochrome c oxidase subunit X [Cox10]) converts heme B (protoheme IX) to heme O by substitution of the vinyl group on carbon 2 of the heme B porphyrin ring with a hydroxyethyl farnesyl side group. It is localized at the mitochondrial inner membrane. Eukaryotic Cox10 is important for the maturation of the heme A prosthetic group of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, that catalyzes the electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВ#cd13958, PT_UbiA_chlorophyll, Bacteriochlorophyll/chlorophyll synthetase. Chlorophyll synthase catalyzes the last step of chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis, the addition of the tetraprenyl (phytyl or geranylgeranyl) side chain. In plant chloroplast, the chlorophyll synthase is located in thylakoid membrane and has been shown to also have a regulatory or channeling function. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВ▒cd13959, PT_UbiA_COQ2, 4-Hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase. 4-Hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase, also known as Coq2, catalyzes the prenylation of p-hydroxybenzoate with an all-trans polyprenyl group, an important step in ubiquinone (CoQ) biosynthesis. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВ!cd13960, PT_UbiA_HPT1, Tocopherol phytyltransferase. Tocopherol polyprenyltransferase (TPT1), also known as homogentisate phytyltransferase 1 (HPT1), tocopherol phytyltransferase, or VTE2, catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the tocopherol forms of vitamin E, which involves the prenylation of homogentisate using phytyl diphosphate (PDP) as the prenyl donor. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВcd13961, PT_UbiA_DGGGPS, Geranylgeranylglycerol-phosphate geranylgeranyltransferase. Digeranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase (DGGGPS) transfers a geranylgeranyl group from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to (S)-3-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate to form (S)-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate, as part of the isoprenoid ether lipid biosynthesis. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВХcd13962, PT_UbiA_UBIAD1, 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase. Human UBIAD1 is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of MK-4. Menaquinones (MKs, also called bacterial forms) are one of the two forms of natural vitamin K, the other being the plant form, phylloquinone (PK). All forms of vitamin K have a 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione; K3) ring structure in common. At the 3-position of the ring, PK has a phytyl side chain while MKs have several repeating prenyl units. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВjcd13963, PT_UbiA_2, UbiA family of prenyltransferases (PTases), Unknown subgroup. Many characterized members of the UbiA prenyltransferase family are aromatic prenyltransferases and play an important role in the biosynthesis of heme, chlorophyll, vitamin E, and vitamin K. They contain two copies of a motif similar to the active site DxxD motif of trans-prenyltransferases and are potentially related. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways. The function of this subgroup is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВjcd13964, PT_UbiA_1, UbiA family of prenyltransferases (PTases), Unknown subgroup. Many characterized members of the UbiA prenyltransferase family are aromatic prenyltransferases and play an important role in the biosynthesis of heme, chlorophyll, vitamin E, and vitamin K. They contain two copies of a motif similar to the active site DxxD motif of trans-prenyltransferases and are potentially related. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways. The function of this subgroup is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°вА0А0АаАВjcd13965, PT_UbiA_3, UbiA family of prenyltransferases (PTases), Unknown subgroup. Many characterized members of the UbiA prenyltransferase family are aromatic prenyltransferases and play an important role in the biosynthesis of heme, chlorophyll, vitamin E, and vitamin K. They contain two copies of a motif similar to the active site DxxD motif of trans-prenyltransferases and are potentially related. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways. The function of this subgroup is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА° вА0А0АаАВjcd13966, PT_UbiA_4, UbiA family of prenyltransferases (PTases), Unknown subgroup. Many characterized members of the UbiA prenyltransferase family are aromatic prenyltransferases and play an important role in the biosynthesis of heme, chlorophyll, vitamin E, and vitamin K. They contain two copies of a motif similar to the active site DxxD motif of trans-prenyltransferases and are potentially related. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways. The function of this subgroup is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°!вА0А0АаАВjcd13967, PT_UbiA_5, UbiA family of prenyltransferases (PTases), Unknown subgroup. Many characterized members of the UbiA prenyltransferase family are aromatic prenyltransferases and play an important role in the biosynthesis of heme, chlorophyll, vitamin E, and vitamin K. They contain two copies of a motif similar to the active site DxxD motif of trans-prenyltransferases and are potentially related. Prenyltransferases (PTs) catalyze the regioselective transfer of prenyl moieties onto a wide variety of substrates and play an important role in many biosynthetic pathways. The function of this subgroup is unknown.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА°"вА0А0АаАВJcd13968, PKc_like, Catalytic domain of the Protein Kinase superfamily. The PK superfamily contains the large family of typical PKs that includes serine/threonine kinases (STKs), protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), and dual-specificity PKs that phosphorylate both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues of target proteins, as well as pseudokinases that lack crucial residues for catalytic activity and/or ATP binding. It also includes phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferases (APHs), choline kinase (ChoK), Actin-Fragmin Kinase (AFK), and the atypical RIO and Abc1p-like protein kinases. These proteins catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to their target substrates; these include serine/threonine/tyrosine residues in proteins for typical or atypical PKs, the 3-hydroxyl of the inositol ring of D-myo-phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) or its derivatives for PI3Ks, the 4-hydroxyl of PtdIns for PI4Ks, and other small molecule substrates for APH/ChoK and similar proteins such as aminoglycosides, macrolides, choline, ethanolamine, and homoserine.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВНcd13969, ADCK1-like, aarF domain containing kinase 1 and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of uncharacterized ABC1 kinase-like proteins including the human protein called aarF domain containing kinase 1 (ADCK1). Eukaryotes contain at least three ABC1-like proteins: in humans, these are ADCK3 and the putative protein kinases named ADCK1 and ADCK2. Yeast Abc1p and its human homolog ADCK3 are atypical protein kinases required for the biosynthesis of Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or Q), which is an essential lipid component in respiratory electron and proton transport. In algae and higher plants, ABC1 kinases have proliferated to more than 15 subfamilies, most of which are located in plastids or mitochondria. Plant subfamilies 14 and 15 (ABC1K14-15) belong to the same group of ABC1 kinases as human ADCK1. ABC1 kinases are not related to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВ[cd13970, ABC1_ADCK3, Activator of bc1 complex (ABC1) kinases, also called aarF domain containing kinase 3. This subfamily is composed of the atypical yeast protein kinase Abc1p, its human homolog ADCK3 (also called CABC1), and similar proteins. Abc1p (also called Coq8p) is required for the biosynthesis of Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or Q), which is an essential lipid component in respiratory electron and proton transport. It is necessary for the formation of a multi-subunit Q-biosynthetic complex and may also function in the regulation of Q synthesis. Human ADCK3 is able to rescue defects in Q synthesis and the phosphorylation state of Coq proteins in yeast Abc1 (or Coq8) mutants. Mutations in ADCK3 cause progressive cerebellar ataxia and atrophy due to Q10 deficiency. In algae and higher plants, ABC1 kinases have proliferated to more than 15 subfamilies, most of which are located in plastids or mitochondria. Subfamily 13 (ABC1K13) of plant ABC1 kinases belongs in this subfamily with yeast Abc1p and human ADCK3. ABC1 kinases are not related to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВБcd13971, ADCK2-like, aarF domain containing kinase 2 and similar proteins. This subfamily is composed of uncharacterized ABC1 kinase-like proteins including the human protein called aarF domain containing kinase 2 (ADCK2). Eukaryotes contain at least three ABC1-like proteins; in humans, these are ADCK3 and the putative protein kinases named ADCK1 and ADCK2. Yeast Abc1p and its human homolog ADCK3 are atypical protein kinases required for the biosynthesis of Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or Q), which is an essential lipid component in respiratory electron and proton transport. In algae and higher plants, ABC1 kinases have proliferated to more than 15 subfamilies, most of which are located in plastids or mitochondria. Plant subfamily 10 (ABC1K10) belong to the same group of ABC1 kinases as human ADCK2. ABC1 kinases are not related to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporter family.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВтcd13972, UbiB, Ubiquinone biosynthetic protein UbiB. UbiB is the prokaryotic homolog of yeast Abc1p and human ADCK3 (aarF domain containing kinase 3). It is required for the biosynthesis of Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or Q), which is an essential lipid component in respiratory electron and proton transport. It is required in the first monooxygenase step in Q biosynthesis. Mutant strains with disrupted ubiB genes lack Q and accumulate octaprenylphenol, a Q biosynthetic intermediate.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВЩcd13973, PK_MviN-like, Pseudokinase domain of the peptidoglycan biosynthetic protein MviN. The pseudokinase domain shows similarity to protein kinases but lacks crucial residues for catalytic activity. This family is composed of the mycobacterial protein MviN and similar proteins. MviN is an integral membrane protein that is essential for growth and is required for cell wall integrity and peptidogylcan (PG) biosynthesis. It comprises of 14 predicted transmembrane (TM) helices at the N-terminus, followed by an intracellular pseudokinase domain linked through a single TM helix to a carbohydrate binding extracellular domain. Phosphorylation of the MviN pseudokinase domain by the PG-sensitive serine/threonine protein kinase PknB recruits a forkhead associated (FHA) domain protein FhaA, which modulates local PG synthesis at cell poles and the septum. The MviN pseudokinase forms a canonical receptor kinase dimer.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВ6cd13974, STKc_SHIK, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinase, SINK-homologous inhibitory kinase. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. SHIK, also referred to as STK40 or LYK4, is a cytoplasmic and nuclear protein that is involved in the negative regulation of NF-kappaB- and p53-mediated transcription. It was identified as a protein related to SINK, a p65-interacting protein that inhibits p65 phosphorylation by the catalytic subunit of PKA, thereby inhibiting transcriptional competence of NF-kappaB. The SHIK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВэcd13975, PKc_Dusty, Catalytic domain of the Dual-specificity Protein Kinase, Dusty. Dual-specificity PKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine as well as tyrosine residues on protein substrates. Dusty protein kinase is also called Receptor-interacting protein kinase 5 (RIPK5 or RIP5) or RIP-homologous kinase. It is widely distributed in the central nervous system, and may be involved in inducing both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death. The Dusty subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein serine/threonine PKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВЯcd13976, PK_TRB, Pseudokinase domain of Tribbles Homolog proteins. The pseudokinase domain shows similarity to protein kinases but lacks crucial residues for catalytic activity. Tribbles Homolog (TRB) proteins interact with many proteins involved in signaling pathways. They play scaffold-like regulatory functions and affect many cellular processes such as mitosis, apoptosis, differentiation, and gene expression. TRB proteins bind to the middle kinase in mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades, MAPK kinases. They regulate the activity of MAPK kinases, and thus, affect MAPK signaling. In Drosophila, Tribbles regulates String, the ortholog of mammalian Cdc25, during morphogenesis. String is implicated in the progression of mitosis during embryonic development. Vertebrates contain three TRB proteins encoded by three separate genes: Tribbles-1 (TRB1 or TRIB1), Tribbles-2 (TRB2 or TRIB2), and Tribbles-3 (TRB3 or TRIB3). The TRB subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of serine/threonine kinases, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВжcd13977, STKc_PDIK1L, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinase, PDLIM1 interacting kinase 1 like. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. PDIK1L is also called STK35 or CLIK-1. It is predominantly a nuclear protein which is capable of autophosphorylation. Through its interaction with the PDZ-LIM protein CLP-36, it is localized to actin stress fibers. The PDIK1L subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K).бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"вА0А0АаАВ╨cd13978, STKc_RIP, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinase, Receptor Interacting Protein. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. RIP kinases serve as essential sensors of cellular stress. They are involved in regulating NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling, and are implicated in mediating cellular processes such as apoptosis, necroptosis, differentiation, and survival. RIP kinases contain a homologous N-terminal kinase domain and varying C-terminal domains. Higher vertebrates contain multiple RIP kinases, with mammals harboring at least five members. RIP1 and RIP2 harbor C-terminal domains from the Death domain (DD) superfamily while RIP4 contains ankyrin (ANK) repeats. RIP3 contain a RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) that facilitates binding to RIP1. RIP1 and RIP3 are important in apoptosis and necroptosis, while RIP2 and RIP4 play roles in keratinocyte differentiation and inflammatory immune responses. The RIP subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА" вА0А0АаАВcd13979, STKc_Mos, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinase, Oocyte maturation factor Mos. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Mos (or c-Mos) is a germ-cell specific kinase that plays roles in both the release of primary arrest and the induction of secondary arrest in oocytes. It is expressed towards the end of meiosis I and is quickly degraded upon fertilization. It is a component of the cytostatic factor (CSF), which is responsible for metaphase II arrest. In addition, Mos activates a phoshorylation cascade that leads to the activation of the p34 subunit of MPF (mitosis-promoting factor or maturation promoting factor), a cyclin-dependent kinase that is responsible for the release of primary arrest in meiosis I. The Mos subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"!вА0А0АаАВAcd13980, STKc_Vps15, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinase, Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 15. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. Vps15 is a large protein consisting of an N-terminal kinase domain, a C-terminal WD-repeat containing domain, and an intermediate bridge domain that contain HEAT repeats. The kinase domain is necessary for the signaling functions of Vps15. Human Vps15 was previously called p150. It associates and regulates Vps34, also called Class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-myo-phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). Vps34 is the only PI3K present in yeast. It plays an important role in the regulation of protein and vesicular trafficking and sorting, autophagy, trimeric G-protein signaling, and phagocytosis. The Vps15 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and PI3K.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА""вА0А0АаАВ]cd13981, STKc_Bub1_BubR1, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinases, Spindle assembly checkpoint proteins Bub1 and BubR1. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. This subfamily is composed of Bub1 (Budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1), BubR1, and similar proteins. They contain an N-terminal Bub1/Mad3 homology domain essential for Cdc20 binding and a C-terminal kinase domain. Bub1 and BubR1 are involved in SAC, a surveillance system that delays metaphase to anaphase transition by blocking the activity of APC/C (the anaphase promoting complex) until all chromosomes achieve proper attachments to the mitotic spindle, to avoid chromosome missegregation. Impaired SAC leads to genomic instabilities and tumor development. Bub1 and BubR1 facilitate the localization of SAC proteins to kinetochores and regulate kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments. Repression studies of Bub1 and BubR1 show that they exert an additive effect in misalignment phenotypes and may function cooperatively or in parallel pathways in regulating K-MT attachments. The Bub1/BubR1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"#вА0А0АаАВШcd13982, STKc_IRE1, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinase, Inositol-requiring protein 1. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. IRE1, also called Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-nucleus signaling protein (or ERN), is an ER-localized type I transmembrane protein with kinase and endoribonuclease domains in the cytoplasmic side. It acts as an ER stress sensor and is the oldest and most conserved component of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in eukaryotes. The UPR is activated when protein misfolding is detected in the ER in order to decrease the synthesis of new proteins and increase the capacity of the ER to cope with the stress. During ER stress, IRE1 dimerizes and forms oligomers, allowing the kinase domain to undergo trans-autophosphorylation. This leads to a conformational change that stimulates its endoribonuclease activity and results in the cleavage of its mRNA substrate, HAC1 in yeast and XBP1 in metazoans, promoting a splicing event that enables translation into a transcription factor which activates the UPR. Mammals contain two IRE1 proteins, IRE1alpha (or ERN1) and IRE1beta (or ERN2). The Ire1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"$вА0А0АаАВ┐cd13983, STKc_WNK, Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine kinase, With No Lysine (WNK) kinase. STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. WNKs comprise a subfamily of STKs with an unusual placement of a catalytic lysine relative to all other protein kinases. They are critical in regulating ion balance and are thus, important components in the control of blood pressure. They are also involved in cell signaling, survival, proliferation, and organ development. WNKs are activated by hyperosmotic or low-chloride hypotonic stress and they function upstream of SPAK and OSR1 kinases, which regulate the activity of cation-chloride cotransporters through direct interaction and phosphorylation. There are four vertebrate WNKs which show varying expression patterns. WNK1 and WNK2 are widely expressed while WNK3 and WNK4 show a more restricted expression pattern. Because mutations in human WNK1 and WNK4 cause PseudoHypoAldosteronism type II (PHAII), characterized by hypertension (due to increased sodium reabsorption) and hyperkalemia (due to impaired renal potassium secretion), there are more studies conducted on these two proteins, compared to WNK2 and WNK3. The WNK subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"%вА0А0АаАВжcd13984, PK_NRBP1_like, Pseudokinase domain of Nuclear Receptor Binding Protein 1 and similar proteins. The pseudokinase domain shows similarity to protein kinases but lacks crucial residues for catalytic activity and/or ATP binding. This subfamily is composed of NRBP1, also called MLF1-adaptor molecule (MADM), and MADML. NRBP1 was originally named based on the presence of nuclear binding and localization motifs prior to functional analyses. It is expressed ubiquitously and is found to localize in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus. NRBP1 is an adaptor protein that interacts with myeloid leukemia factor 1 (MLF1), an oncogene that enhances myeloid development of hematopoietic cells. It also interacts with the small GTPase Rac3. NRBP1 may also be involved in Golgi to ER trafficking. MADML (for MADM-Like) has been shown to be expressed throughout development in Xenopus laevis with highest expression found in the developing lens and retina. The NRBP1-like subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of serine/threonine kinases, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase.бА0АкА0АаАCDDбАаА"&вА