]> Okta

aaron@parecki.com

Independent

public@karlmcguinness.com

Ping Identity

bcampbell@pingidentity.com

Security Web Authorization Protocol cross-domain authorization authz assertion enterprise This specification provides a mechanism for an application to use an identity assertion to obtain an access token for a third-party API by coordinating through an identity provider that the downstream Resource Authorization Server already trusts for single sign-on (SSO), using Token Exchange and JWT Profile for OAuth 2.0 Authorization Grants . About This Document The latest revision of this draft can be found at . Status information for this document may be found at . Discussion of this document takes place on the Web Authorization Protocol Working Group mailing list (), which is archived at . Subscribe at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction In many deployments, applications are configured for single sign-on to a common identity provider (IdP) using OpenID Connect or SAML. This enables users to access multiple applications using a single account at the IdP, and enables the operator of that IdP to manage which users can access which applications and enforce policy for access to those applications. Enterprise workforce identity providers are one common example, but the same trust pattern can also arise in customer identity, platform identity, and other federated application ecosystems. When one application wants to access a user's data at another application, it will start an interactive OAuth flow to obtain an access token for the application on behalf of the user. This OAuth flow enables a direct app-to-app connection between the two apps, and is not visible to the IdP used to log in to each app. This specification enables this access to be mediated by the IdP that the downstream Resource Authorization Server already trusts for SSO and subject resolution, similar to how the IdP manages single sign-on to individual applications. This mechanism is informally referred to as "cross app access", often abbreviated "XAA". The draft specification "Identity Chaining Across Trust Domains" defines how to request a JWT Authorization Grant from an Authorization Server and exchange it for an Access Token at another Authorization Server in a different trust domain. The specification combines OAuth 2.0 Token Exchange and JSON Web Token (JWT) Profile for OAuth 2.0 Client Authentication and Authorization Grants . The draft supports multiple different use cases by leaving many details of the token exchange request and JWT authorization grant unspecified. This specification defines the additional details necessary to support interoperable implementations when two applications are configured such that the downstream Resource Authorization Server trusts the same IdP for SSO and subject resolution. In particular, this specification uses an Identity Assertion as the input to the token exchange request (as opposed to other types of tokens). This way, the same IdP that is trusted by the Resource Authorization Server for SSO can be extended to broker access to APIs. The Resource Authorization Server still determines whether to honor the ID-JAG, what scopes or authorization details to allow, and what access token to issue under its own policy.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Roles

Client

The application that wants to obtain an OAuth 2.0 access token on behalf of a signed-in user to an external/3rd party application's API (Resource Server below). In , this is the Client in trust domain A. The application has a direct relationship with the IdP Authorization Server for single sign-on as a Relying Party and another independent OAuth 2.0 client relationship with the Resource Authorization Server in trust domain B.

IdP Authorization Server (IdP)

An OpenID Connect Provider (OP) or SAML 2.0 Identity Provider that issues Identity Assertions for single sign-on and cross-domain authorization grants for a set of trusted applications in an application ecosystem. In this specification, the IdP is the issuer that the Resource Authorization Server already trusts for SSO and subject resolution for the target user accounts. In , this is the Authorization Server in trust domain A, which is also trusted by the Resource Authorization Server in trust domain B.

Resource Authorization Server (AS)

Issues OAuth 2.0 access tokens for protected resources provided by the Resource Server. In , this is the Authorization Server in trust domain B, and trusts cross-domain authorization grants from the IdP Authorization Server.

Resource Server (RS)

Hosts protected resources and validates access tokens issued by the Resource Authorization Server. In , this is the Protected Resource in trust domain B. The Resource Server has no direct trust relationship with the IdP Authorization Server. Instead, it validates access tokens issued by its trusted Resource Authorization Server to determine who should have access to resources.

Terms The following terms are used in this document: Common OAuth and token processing terms such as client, authorization server, resource server, resource owner, access token, refresh token, token, grant, assertion, subject_token, subject_token_type, actor_token, and actor_token_type are used as defined in OAuth 2.0 , JSON Web Token (JWT) , JSON Web Token (JWT) Profile for OAuth 2.0 Client Authentication and Authorization Grants , OAuth 2.0 Token Exchange , and OAuth 2.0 Authorization Server Metadata , unless otherwise specified by this document. OpenID Connect terms such as end-user, Relying Party, OpenID Provider, ID Token, subject identifier, and pairwise subject identifier are used as defined in OpenID Connect Core 1.0 , unless otherwise specified by this document.

Identity Assertion

A security token issued by the IdP Authorization Server that conveys claims about the End-User and can be used as the subject_token input to Token Exchange. In this specification, the Identity Assertion is typically an OpenID Connect ID Token or a SAML 2.0 assertion.

Trust Domain

A deployment-specific security and administrative boundary within which a set of entities, identifiers, credentials, and policy decisions are mutually trusted according to established trust relationships. In this specification, the IdP Authorization Server operates in trust domain A, while the Resource Authorization Server and Resource Server operate in trust domain B.

Cross-Domain

Involving two or more trust domains where an assertion, grant, or authorization decision produced in one trust domain is relied upon in another. In this specification, the IdP Authorization Server operates in trust domain A, while the Resource Authorization Server and Resource Server operate in trust domain B.

Subject Resolution

The process by which the Resource Authorization Server determines which local subject represents the End-User identified by the ID-JAG. Subject resolution can use stable identifiers and other trusted claims in the ID-JAG, such as iss, sub, tenant, aud_sub, email, or deployment-specific claims, and can include JIT provisioning when permitted by policy.

JIT provisioning

The process by which the Resource Authorization Server or a relying service creates a new local account or subject record, or updates an existing one, using trusted identity claims presented during the transaction rather than requiring separate pre-provisioning. In this specification, JIT provisioning may occur as part of subject resolution when permitted by policy.

Tenant

A deployment-specific administrative, organizational, or customer boundary within an issuer or relying service that scopes subjects, clients, policy, and other identifiers. In single-tenant deployments, the issuer may uniquely identify the tenant context; in multi-tenant deployments, the tenant context may need to be conveyed explicitly, for example by the tenant or aud_tenant claim.

Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant The Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant (ID-JAG) is a profile of the JWT Authorization Grant that grants a client delegated access to a resource in another trust domain on behalf of a user without a direct user-approval step at the authorization server. In addition to traditional OAuth scope-based authorization, this specification can be extended with Rich Authorization Requests (RAR) , allowing clients to request limited authorization using structured authorization details. An ID-JAG is issued and signed by an IdP Authorization Server similar to an ID Token , and contains claims about an End-User. Instead of being issued for a Client (Relying Party in ) as the intended audience for the assertion, it is instead issued with an audience of an Authorization Server in another trust domain (Resource Authorization Server). It replaces the need for the client to obtain an authorization code from the Resource Authorization Server to delegate access to the client, and instead uses the IdP Authorization Server that is trusted by the Resource Authorization Server for SSO and subject resolution to delegate access to the client. The Resource Authorization Server still applies local policy when deciding whether to honor the ID-JAG and what access token to issue. As described in , ID Tokens are only intended to be processed by the Relying Party (indicated by the ID Token audience) or the Issuer (e.g. for revocation), and not by other actors in a different trust domain such as an Authorization Server.

ID-JAG Claims The following claims are used within the Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant:

iss:

REQUIRED - The issuer identifier of the IdP Authorization Server as defined in .

sub:

REQUIRED - Subject Identifier. An identifier within the IdP Authorization Server for the End-User, which is intended to be consumed by the Client as defined in . The identifier MUST be the same as the subject identifier used in an Identity Assertion for the Resource Authorization Server as a Relying Party for Single Sign-On (SSO). A public subject identifier MUST be unique when scoped with issuer (iss+sub) for a single-tenant issuer and MUST be unique when scoped with issuer and tenant (iss+tenant+sub) for multi-tenant issuer. See for additional considerations.

aud:

REQUIRED - The issuer identifier of the Resource Authorization Server as defined in .

client_id:

REQUIRED - The client identifier of the OAuth 2.0 client at the Resource Authorization Server that will act on behalf of the resource owner (sub). This identifier MAY be different that client identifier of the OAuth 2.0 client requesting an ID-JAG from the IdP as it represents and independent client relationship to another Authorization Server in a different trust domain. See for additional considerations.

jti:

REQUIRED - Unique ID of this JWT as defined in .

exp:

REQUIRED - as defined in .

iat:

REQUIRED - as defined in .

resource:

OPTIONAL - The Resource Identifier () of the Resource Server (either a single URI or an array of URIs).

scope:

OPTIONAL - a JSON string containing a space-separated list of scopes associated with the token, in the format described in .

authorization_details:

OPTIONAL - A JSON array of authorization detail objects as defined in . This claim enables Rich Authorization Requests (RAR) support, allowing structured authorization requests beyond simple scope strings.

act:

OPTIONAL - Actor claim as defined in . When present, this claim identifies the actor that is acting on behalf of the subject (sub).

tenant:

OPTIONAL - JSON string that represents the tenant identifier for a multi-tenant issuer as defined in

auth_time:

OPTIONAL - Time when End-User authenticated as defined in .

acr:

OPTIONAL - Authentication Context Class Reference that was satisfied when authenticating the End-User as defined in .

amr:

OPTIONAL - Identifiers for authentication methods used when authenticating the End-User as defined in .

aud_tenant:

OPTIONAL - A JSON string that represents a Resource Authorization Server tenant identifier. This claim is only included when the Resource Authorization Server is multi-tenant and the IdP knows the tenant identifier. When aud_tenant is present, the aud_sub claim represents the identifier the Resource Authorization Server has for the account within the context of that specific Resource Authorization Server tenant. The combination of aud + aud_tenant and aud_sub MUST be unique within the Resource Authorization Server.

aud_sub:

OPTIONAL - The Resource Authorization Server's identifier for the End-User as defined in .

email:

OPTIONAL - End-User's e-mail address as defined in Section 5.1 of .

The typ of the JWT indicated in the JWT header MUST be oauth-id-jag+jwt. Using typed JWTs is a recommendation of the JSON Web Token Best Current Practices as described in . A non-normative example JWT with expanded header and payload claims is below: The ID-JAG may contain additional authentication, identity, or authorization claims that are valid for an ID Token as the grant functions as both an Identity Assertion and authorization delegation for the Resource Authorization Server. It is RECOMMENDED that the ID-JAG contain an email and/or aud_sub claim. The Resource Authorization Server MAY use these claims for subject resolution, including JIT provisioning, for example when the user has not yet SSO'd into the Resource Authorization Server. Additional Resource Authorization Server specific identity claims MAY be needed for subject resolution.

Cross-Domain Access

Overview The example flow is for an enterprise acme, which uses a multi-tenant wiki app and chat app from different vendors, both of which are integrated into the enterprise's multi-tenant Identity Provider using OpenID Connect. Enterprise is a common deployment shape for this profile, but it is not the only one. The same pattern applies anywhere the Resource Authorization Server already trusts the issuing IdP for SSO and subject resolution.

Role	App URL	Tenant URL	Description
Client	https://wiki.example	https://acme.wiki.example	Wiki app that embeds content from one or more resource servers
Resource Authorization Server	https://chat.example	https://acme.chat.example	Authorization Server for an chat and communication app
Identity Provider Authorization Server	https://idp.example	https://acme.idp.example	Enterprise Identity Provider
Resource Server	https://api.chat.example	https://api.chat.example	Public API for the chat and communications app

Sequence Diagram | | | | 1 User SSO | | | | | | | | ID Token & | | | | Refresh Token (Opt)| | | | <- - - - - - - - - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 Token Exchange | | | | (Identity Assertion| | | | or Refresh Token) | | | | ----------------> | | | | | | | | ID-JAG | | | | <- - - - - - - - | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 Present ID-JAG | | | | -------------------+----------------> | | | | | | | Access Token | | | | <- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 Resource Request with Access Token | | | ------------------------------------------------------> | | | | | | | | | | | | | ]]>

1. User authenticates with the IdP Authorization Server, the Client obtains an Identity Assertion (e.g. OpenID Connect ID Token or SAML 2.0 Assertion) for the user and optionally a Refresh Token (when using OpenID Connect) and signs the user in
2. Client uses the Identity Assertion or a previously issued Refresh Token from the IdP to request an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant for the Resource Authorization Server from the IdP Authorization Server
3. Client exchanges the Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant for an Access Token at the Resource Authorization Server's token endpoint
4. Client makes an API request to the Resource Server with the Access Token

This specification is constrained to deployments where the Client has a Relying Party relationship with the IdP Authorization Server for SSO, and the Resource Authorization Server independently trusts that same IdP Authorization Server for SSO and subject resolution for the user represented in the ID-JAG. The IdP Authorization Server provides the trusted identity context that allows the Resource Authorization Server to evaluate the ID-JAG. The Resource Authorization Server not only delegates user authentication to that IdP, but also relies on the IdP-issued grant as input to delegated authorization for the scopes, resources, and authorization details conveyed in the ID-JAG. The Resource Authorization Server does not need to obtain user consent directly from the resource owner again at the token exchange step. The Resource Authorization Server still applies local policy to decide whether to honor the grant, whether to narrow or reject the requested access, and what access token to issue. A deployment MAY trust more than one IdP Authorization Server for this purpose, but for each trusted issuer the Resource Authorization Server MUST be configured to recognize that issuer, resolve identities asserted by that issuer to the appropriate local account or principal, and associate the ID-JAG with the correct client relationship.

User Authentication The Client initiates an authentication request with the IdP Authorization Server using OpenID Connect or SAML. The following is an example using OpenID Connect The user authenticates with the IdP, and is redirected back to the Client with an authorization code, which it can then exchange for an ID Token and optionally a Refresh Token when offline_access scope is requested per . Note: The IdP Authorization Server may enforce security controls such as multi-factor authentication before granting the user access to the Client.

Token Exchange The Client makes a Token Exchange request to the IdP Authorization Server's Token Endpoint with the following parameters:

requested_token_type:

REQUIRED - The value urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:id-jag indicates that an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant is being requested.

audience:

REQUIRED - The identifier of the Resource Authorization Server in another trust domain as the intended audience for the ID-JAG. IdP Authorization Servers MUST support the issuer identifier of the Resource Authorization Server as defined in . IdP Authorization Servers MAY also support implementation-specific audience values, such as URNs, that identify pre-established trust relationships with Resource Authorization Servers. When such a value is used, the IdP Authorization Server resolves it to the corresponding Resource Authorization Server identifier and issues the ID-JAG with that identifier in the aud claim.

resource:

OPTIONAL - The Resource Identifier of the Resource Server as defined in .

scope:

OPTIONAL - The space-separated list of scopes at the Resource Server that is being requested.

authorization_details:

OPTIONAL - A JSON string containing a JSON array of authorization detail objects as defined in . This parameter enables Rich Authorization Requests (RAR) support, allowing structured authorization requests beyond simple scope strings.

subject_token:

REQUIRED - Either the Identity Assertion (e.g. the OpenID Connect ID Token or SAML 2.0 Assertion) for the target resource owner, or a Refresh Token previously issued by the IdP Authorization Server for that resource owner. Implementations of this specification MUST accept Identity Assertions. They MAY additionally accept Refresh Tokens to allow the client to obtain a new ID-JAG without performing a new single sign-on round trip when the Identity Assertion has expired.

subject_token_type:

REQUIRED - An identifier, as described in , that indicates the type of the security token in the subject_token parameter. For an OpenID Connect ID Token: urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:id_token, for a SAML 2.0 Assertion: urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:saml2, and for a Refresh Token (when supported): urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:refresh_token.

When a Refresh Token is used as the subject token, the client still requests requested_token_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:id-jag; this allows the client to refresh an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant without fetching a new Identity Assertion from the user-facing SSO flow.

actor_token:

OPTIONAL - A security token that identifies the actor, as described in .

actor_token_type:

REQUIRED when actor_token is present, as described in - An identifier, as described in , that indicates the type of the security token in the actor_token parameter.

This specification does not define normative processing requirements for actor_token or whether an act claim is included in the issued ID-JAG. Future profiles or extensions MAY define how actor_token is validated, how it influences policy evaluation, and whether it results in an act claim in the issued ID-JAG. This specification profiles the audience and resource parameters of OAuth 2.0 Token Exchange for interoperable use with ID-JAG. In this profile, audience identifies the Resource Authorization Server to which the ID-JAG is issued, and resource identifies the protected resource for which access is requested. This profile uses audience for the Resource Authorization Server rather than defining a new parameter. The ID-JAG is issued by the IdP Authorization Server for processing by the Resource Authorization Server, and the Resource Authorization Server validates the aud claim to determine whether the ID-JAG was issued for it. The resource parameter continues to identify the protected resource, as defined in . This convention provides a single interoperable interpretation of audience and resource, including deployments in which one Resource Authorization Server governs multiple protected resources or tenant-specific resources. For example, if a SaaS provider operates a Resource Authorization Server at https://authorization-server.saas-tool.example/ and protected resources at https://api.saas-tool.example/files and https://api.saas-tool.example/messages, a client requesting access to the Files API uses: If a Resource Authorization Server at https://login.saas-tool.example/ governs tenant-specific resources such as https://api.saas-tool.example/acme/ and https://api.saas-tool.example/fabrikam/, the audience value remains the Resource Authorization Server identifier and the resource value distinguishes the protected resource. For example: and: If the IdP Authorization Server supports an implementation-specific audience value such as urn:example:idp:saas-tool for that same Resource Authorization Server, the client MAY send: In that case, the IdP Authorization Server resolves the requested audience value to https://authorization-server.saas-tool.example/ and issues the ID-JAG with aud set to https://authorization-server.saas-tool.example/. Client authentication to the Resource Authorization Server is done using the standard mechanisms provided by OAuth 2.0. defines password-based authentication of the client (client_id and client_secret), however, client authentication is extensible and other mechanisms are possible. For example, defines client authentication using bearer JSON Web Tokens using client_assertion and client_assertion_type.

Example: Token Exchange using ID Token This example uses an ID Token as the subject_token and a JWT Bearer Assertion for client authentication (tokens truncated for brevity):

Example: Token Exchange using Refresh Token This non-normative example shows using a Refresh Token as the subject_token (when supported by the IdP Authorization Server) to obtain an ID-JAG without acquiring a new Identity Assertion:

Processing Rules The IdP MUST validate the subject token:

• If the subject token is an Identity Assertion, the IdP MUST validate the assertion and MUST validate that the audience of the assertion (e.g. the aud claim of the ID Token or SAML Audience) matches the client_id of the client authentication of the request.
• If the subject token is a Refresh Token, the IdP MUST validate it the same way it would for a standard refresh_token grant at the token endpoint: the token is issued by the IdP, bound to the authenticated client, unexpired, not revoked, and the requested scopes and audience remain within the authorization context of the Refresh Token.
• If the subject token is a Refresh Token, the IdP Authorization Server SHOULD retrieve or assemble the subject's claims needed for the ID-JAG in the same way it would when issuing a new Identity Assertion during a token request, so that the resulting ID-JAG reflects current subject attributes and policy.

If an actor_token is present, any processing of it is outside the scope of this specification. Future profiles or extensions MAY define validation requirements, policy evaluation rules, and issued token content related to actor_token. The IdP Authorization Server evaluates administrator-defined policy for the token exchange request and determines if the client should be granted access to act on behalf of the subject for the target audience, resources, scopes, and authorization details. When processing the request:

• If resource is present, the IdP MUST process it according to and evaluate policy to determine the granted resources. The granted resources MAY be a subset of the requested resources based on policy.
• If scope is present, the IdP MUST process it according to and evaluate policy to determine the granted scopes. The granted scopes MAY be a subset of the requested scopes based on policy.
• If authorization_details is present, the IdP MUST parse it as a JSON array and process each authorization detail object according to . The IdP evaluates policy for each authorization detail and determines which authorization details to include in the issued ID-JAG. The IdP MAY modify, filter, or omit authorization details based on policy.
• If both resource and authorization_details are present, the IdP MUST process both. The IdP SHOULD ensure consistency between the resource identifiers and authorization details, as they may represent overlapping authorization requests. The IdP MAY derive resource identifiers from authorization details or vice versa, or process them independently based on policy.
• If both scope and authorization_details are present, the IdP MUST process both. The IdP SHOULD ensure consistency between the scopes and authorization details, as they may represent overlapping authorization requests. The IdP MAY derive scopes from authorization details or vice versa, or process them independently based on policy.
• The IdP MUST include the granted resource (if any), scope (if any), and authorization_details (if any) in the issued ID-JAG. If the IdP modifies the requested resources, scopes, or authorization details, it MUST reflect the granted values in the ID-JAG.

The IdP may also introspect the authentication context described in the SSO assertion to determine if step-up authentication is required.

Response If access is granted, the IdP creates a signed Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant () and returns it in the token exchange response defined in :

issued_token_type:

REQUIRED - urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:id-jag

access_token:

REQUIRED - The Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant. (Note: Token Exchange requires the access_token response parameter for historical reasons, even though this is not an OAuth access token.)

token_type:

REQUIRED - N_A (because this is not an OAuth access token.)

scope:

OPTIONAL if the scope of the issued token is identical to the scope requested by the client; otherwise, it is REQUIRED. Various policies in the IdP may result in different scopes being issued from the scopes the application requested.

authorization_details:

OPTIONAL - A JSON array of authorization detail objects as defined in . This parameter MUST be included if the client requested authorization details and the IdP granted authorization details that differ from what was requested, or if the IdP modified the authorization details.

expires_in:

RECOMMENDED - The lifetime in seconds of the authorization grant.

refresh_token:

OPTIONAL according to . In the context of this specification, this parameter SHOULD NOT be used.

Issued Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant The following is a non-normative example of the issued token

Example with Rich Authorization Requests (RAR) The following is a non-normative example demonstrating the use of Rich Authorization Requests (RAR) with ID-JAG: Token Exchange Request with authorization_details: Token Exchange Response: Issued Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant with authorization_details: Access Token Request: Access Token Response:

Error Response On an error condition, the IdP returns an OAuth 2.0 Token Error response as defined in , e.g:

Access Token Request The Client makes an access token request to the Resource Authorization Server's token endpoint using the previously obtained Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant as a JWT Bearer Assertion as defined by .

grant_type:

REQUIRED - The value of grant_type is urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer

assertion:

REQUIRED - The Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant obtained in the previous token exchange step

The Client authenticates with its credentials as registered with the Resource Authorization Server. For example:

Processing Rules All of applies, in addition to the following processing rules:

• Validate the JWT typ is oauth-id-jag+jwt (per )
• The Resource Authorization Server MUST validate the aud (audience) claim of the ID-JAG. The aud claim MUST contain the issuer identifier of the Resource Authorization Server as defined in . The aud claim MAY be a string containing a single issuer identifier, or an array containing a single issuer identifier. If the aud claim is an array, it MUST contain exactly one element, and that element MUST be the issuer identifier of the Resource Authorization Server. If the aud claim does not match the Resource Authorization Server's issuer identifier, the Resource Authorization Server MUST reject the JWT with an invalid_grant error as defined in . This validation prevents audience injection attacks and ensures the ID-JAG was intended for this specific Resource Authorization Server.
• The client_id claim MUST identify the same client as the client authentication in the request. The Resource Authorization Server MUST validate that the client_id claim in the ID-JAG matches the authenticated client making the request. If they do not match, the Resource Authorization Server MUST reject the request with an invalid_grant error. This client continuity requirement preserves the OAuth client binding across the exchange, but it does not by itself identify or authenticate any actor represented in an act claim.

When processing authorization information from the ID-JAG:

• If the resource claim is present, the Resource Authorization Server MUST process it according to . The Resource Authorization Server evaluates the resource identifiers and determines which resources to grant access to based on policy. The granted resources MAY be a subset of the resources in the ID-JAG issued by the IdP Authorization Server.
• If the scope claim is present, the Resource Authorization Server MUST process it according to . The Resource Authorization Server evaluates the scopes and determines which scopes to grant in the access token based on policy. The granted scopes MAY be a subset of the scopes in the ID-JAG issued by the IdP Authorization Server.
• If the authorization_details claim is present, the Resource Authorization Server MUST parse it as a JSON array and process each authorization detail object according to . The Resource Authorization Server evaluates policy for each authorization detail and determines which authorization details to grant. The Resource Authorization Server MAY modify, filter, or omit authorization details based on policy.
• If both resource and authorization_details claims are present, the Resource Authorization Server MUST process both. The Resource Authorization Server SHOULD ensure consistency between the resource identifiers and authorization details when issuing the access token. The Resource Authorization Server MAY derive resource identifiers from authorization details or vice versa, or process them independently based on policy.
• If both scope and authorization_details claims are present, the Resource Authorization Server MUST process both. The Resource Authorization Server SHOULD ensure consistency between the scopes and authorization details when issuing the access token. The Resource Authorization Server MAY derive scopes from authorization details or vice versa, or process them independently based on policy.
• The Resource Authorization Server MUST include the granted resource (if any), scope (if any), and authorization_details (if any) in the access token response. The response format follows for resource, for scope, and for authorization_details.

Response The Resource Authorization Server's token endpoint responds with an OAuth 2.0 Token Response, e.g.:

Refresh Token The Resource Authorization Server SHOULD NOT return a Refresh Token when an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization is exchanged for an Access Token per . When the access token has expired, clients MAY re-submit the original Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant to obtain a new Access Token. The ID-JAG replaces the use of Refresh Token for the Resource Authorization Server. If the ID-JAG has expired, the Client SHOULD request a new ID-JAG from the IdP Authorization Server before presenting it to the Resource Authorization Sever using the original Identity Assertion from the IdP (e.g ID Token) If the ID Token is expired, the Client MAY use the Refresh Token obtained from the IdP during SSO to obtain a new ID Token which it can exchange for a new ID-JAG. If the Client is unable to obtain a new Identity Assertion with a Refresh Token then it SHOULD re-authenticate the user by redirecting to the IdP. If the IdP Authorization Server supports Refresh Tokens as a subject_token in Token Exchange, the client can skip renewing the Identity Assertion and directly request a new ID-JAG by presenting the Refresh Token (see ).

SAML 2.0 Identity Assertion Interopability Clients using SAML 2.0 for SSO with the IdP Authorization Server can obtain an ID-JAG without changing their SSO protocol to OpenID Connect by first exchanging the SAML 2.0 assertion for a Refresh Token using Token Exchange. This enables protocol transition to OAuth and allows the client to later use the Refresh Token as a subject_token to obtain an ID-JAG without prompting the user for a new Identity Assertion. The OpenID Connect scopes openid offline_access SHOULD be requested (additional scopes are allowed) when requesting a Refresh Token from the IdP Authorization Server. The IdP Authorization Server MUST map the SAML Audience to a Client ID and ensure the client's authentication matches that mapping before issuing the Refresh Token. The following non-normative example shows a SAML 2.0 assertion where the Audience value (from AudienceRestriction) corresponds to the Service Provider Entity ID (SPAuthority / SPEntityID) and MUST be mapped to the OAuth Client ID that the IdP Authorization Server associates with that SAML SP registration. https://idp.example.com/ alice@example.com https://client.example.com/sp-entity-id Alice urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:PasswordProtectedTransport ]]> When this assertion is used as the subject_token in Token Exchange, the IdP Authorization Server MUST verify that the Audience / SPEntityID maps to the OAuth Client ID that is authenticated for the token request. This prevents a client from presenting an assertion issued for a different SAML SP.

Cross-Domain Client ID Handling There are three separate OAuth/OpenID Connect/SAML relationships involved in this flow:

• Client to IdP Authorization Server (OpenID Connect or SAML)
• Client to Resource Authorization Server (OAuth)
• Resource Authorization Server to IdP Authorization Server (OpenID Connect or SAML)

Each relationship is typically represented by independent client registrations between each party. For example, the IdP Authorization Server typically issues a Client ID for both the Client and Resource Authorization Server to use for single sign-on with OpenID Connect as a Relying Party. Similarly, the Resource Authorization Server typically issues a Client ID for the Client to use for API access to the Resource Server. The Client may choose to use different client credentials with each registration. In this flow, the IdP Authorization Server accepts a Token Exchange request from the Client, and issues an ID-JAG that will be consumed by the Resource Authorization Server. This means the IdP Authorization Server needs to know about the relationship between the Client and the Resource Authorization Server, in order to include a client_id claim in the ID-JAG that will be recognized by the Resource Authorization Server. This can be handled by the IdP Authorization Server maintaining a record of each client_id used between Clients and Resource Authorization Servers, which will need to be obtained by out-of-band mechanisms. The Client still needs to authenticate using its registered credential with the Resource Authorization Server when presenting the ID-JAG for the mapped client_id. Requiring a confidential client helps to prevent the IdP Authorization Server from delegating access to any of the valid clients for the Resource Authorization Server. Note: The IdP Authorization Server is also responsible for mapping subject identifiers across Clients and trust domains in the ID-JAG. The same user may have a pairwise subject identifier issued in an ID Token for SSO to the Client and another with SSO to the Resource Authorization Server as a Relying Party. The Resource Authorization Server needs consistent subject identifiers for subject resolution across both SSO and API access. The IdP Authorization Server needs to ensure that the subject identifier issued in the ID-JAG is the same identifier for the user that it would have included in an ID Token intended for the Resource Authorization Server. Alternatively, if clients use "Client ID Metadata Document" as their client identifiers, this acts as a shared global namespace of Client IDs and removes the need for the IdP Authorization Server to maintain a mapping of each client registration.

Tenant Relationships with Issuer and Client ID In multi-tenant deployments, the relationship between tenants, issuers, and client identifiers is critical for proper identity and authorization management. This section explains how these components relate to each other in the context of Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grants.

Issuer and Tenant Relationship An Authorization Server may operate as either a single-tenant or multi-tenant issuer:

• Single-tenant issuer: The issuer identifier (iss) uniquely identifies both the Authorization Server and the tenant. All clients and users belong to a single tenant context. The issuer identifier alone is sufficient to identify the tenant.
• Multi-tenant issuer: The issuer identifier (iss) identifies the Authorization Server, but multiple tenants may be hosted by the same issuer. In this case, the tenant identifier (tenant) claim is used in conjunction with the issuer identifier to uniquely identify the tenant context. The combination of iss + tenant uniquely identifies the tenant.

When an IdP Authorization Server issues an ID-JAG, it MUST include the tenant claim if the issuer is multi-tenant and the tenant context is relevant for the Resource Authorization Server. The IdP MUST determine the appropriate tenant identifier based on the subject's tenant membership and the target Resource Authorization Server's tenant requirements.

Client ID and Tenant Relationship The relationship between client_id and tenant depends on the deployment model:

• Tenant-scoped client identifiers: In some deployments, the client_id is unique only within a tenant context. The same client_id value may exist in different tenants, and the combination of tenant + client_id (or iss + tenant + client_id for multi-tenant issuers) uniquely identifies the client registration.
• Global client identifiers: In other deployments, the client_id is globally unique across all tenants. The client_id alone uniquely identifies the client, regardless of tenant context.

The IdP Authorization Server MUST understand the client identifier model used by the Resource Authorization Server when including the client_id claim in an ID-JAG. For tenant-scoped client identifiers, the IdP MUST ensure that the client_id included in the ID-JAG is valid within the tenant context indicated by the tenant claim (if present) or the issuer's tenant context.

Subject Identifier Uniqueness with Tenants As specified in , subject identifiers (sub) have different uniqueness requirements based on tenant configuration:

• For single-tenant issuers: The subject identifier MUST be unique when scoped with issuer (iss + sub).
• For multi-tenant issuers: The subject identifier MUST be unique when scoped with issuer and tenant (iss + tenant + sub).

The IdP Authorization Server MUST ensure that the sub claim in the ID-JAG follows the appropriate uniqueness rules for the target Resource Authorization Server. When the Resource Authorization Server is multi-tenant, the IdP MUST include the tenant claim in the ID-JAG to ensure proper subject identifier scoping.

Tenant Context in Token Exchange When a Client requests an ID-JAG via Token Exchange, the IdP Authorization Server determines the tenant context from:

1. The subject token (e.g., ID Token or SAML assertion) used in the token exchange request, which may contain tenant information
2. The authenticated client's tenant membership
3. The target Resource Authorization Server's tenant requirements

The IdP MUST evaluate policy to determine if the requested audience (Resource Authorization Server) requires tenant information, and if so, which tenant identifier to include in the issued ID-JAG. The tenant identifier in the ID-JAG MUST match the tenant context that the Resource Authorization Server expects for the specified client_id and sub.

Authorization Server Metadata An IdP Authorization Server can advertise the identity chaining token types it can issue in its OAuth Authorization Server Metadata . Identity and Authorization Chaining Across Domains defines the identity_chaining_requested_token_types_supported metadata parameter for this purpose. To advertise support for issuing an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant via Token Exchange, the IdP Authorization Server SHOULD include the following value in identity_chaining_requested_token_types_supported: urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:id-jag A Resource Authorization Server can advertise support for authorization grant profiles in its OAuth Authorization Server Metadata using the authorization_grant_profiles_supported metadata parameter. The value of authorization_grant_profiles_supported MUST be a JSON array of strings. Each string MUST identify a supported authorization grant profile. Inclusion of a profile identifier in authorization_grant_profiles_supported indicates only that the Resource Authorization Server implements the processing rules for that profile. It does not indicate that any particular issuer, tenant, client, subject, audience, or authorization request will be accepted. To advertise support for the Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant profile, the Resource Authorization Server SHOULD include the following value in the authorization_grant_profiles_supported property: urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-profile:id-jag A Resource Authorization Server that includes urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-profile:id-jag in authorization_grant_profiles_supported for this specification MUST also include urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer in grant_types_supported. These metadata parameters are complementary. identity_chaining_requested_token_types_supported indicates which token types an IdP Authorization Server can issue for identity chaining, while authorization_grant_profiles_supported indicates which authorization grant profiles a Resource Authorization Server can process.

Security Considerations

Client Authentication This specification SHOULD only be supported for confidential clients. Public clients SHOULD use the existing authorization code grant and redirect the user to the Resource Authorization Server with an OAuth 2.0 Authorization Request where the user can interactively consent to the access delegation.

Step-Up Authentication In the initial token exchange request, the IdP may require step-up authentication for the subject if the authentication context in the subject's assertion does not meet policy requirements. An insufficient_user_authentication OAuth error response may be returned to convey the authentication requirements back to the client similar to OAuth 2.0 Step-up Authentication Challenge Protocol . The Client would need to redirect the user back to the IdP to obtain a new assertion that meets the requirements and retry the token exchange. TBD: It may make more sense to request the Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant in the authorization request if using OpenID Connect for SSO when performing a step-up to skip the need for additional token exchange round-trip.

Cross-Domain Use This specification is intended for cross-domain uses where the Client, Resource Authorization Server, and IdP are in different trust domains. In particular, the IdP MUST NOT issue access tokens in response to an ID-JAG it issued itself. Doing so could lead to unintentional broadening of the scope of authorization. An ID-JAG is specific to the trust relationship between the issuing IdP Authorization Server and the Resource Authorization Server identified by the aud claim. When a deployment involves additional downstream hops, the same ID-JAG MUST NOT be reused as the authorization grant for a different downstream Resource Authorization Server. For each subsequent hop, a new ID-JAG MAY be issued by the IdP Authorization Server trusted by that downstream Resource Authorization Server for SSO and subject resolution, or other mechanisms MAY be used.

Metadata Disclosure Advertising issuer-specific trust relationships in publicly accessible metadata can disclose federation topology, business relationships, tenant configuration, or other deployment-sensitive information. Resource Authorization Servers MUST NOT use authorization_grant_profiles_supported to disclose issuer allow lists or other profile-specific trust relationships. Resource Authorization Servers MAY provide a protected discovery mechanism by which an authenticated client can determine whether an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant from a particular issuer would be accepted for that client. If such a mechanism is provided, the Resource Authorization Server MUST require client authentication before disclosing issuer-specific acceptance information. The response MUST be specific to the authenticated client and MAY also be scoped by tenant, resource, or other local policy context.

Actor Delegation Extensions This specification allows Token Exchange requests for ID-JAG to carry actor_token, but it does not define normative processing requirements for it. Future profiles or extensions can define how actor_token is validated, authorized, and reflected in the issued ID-JAG, including whether an act claim is included. Profiles or extensions that define use of actor_token need to consider delegation risks. In particular, a client could attempt to combine a valid subject_token with an unrelated or less-trusted actor_token to obtain an ID-JAG that overstates the actor's authority. Such profiles or extensions should define how actor_token is validated, how the relationship between the authenticated client, subject, and actor is authorized, how any resulting act claim is derived, and how unnecessary disclosure of actor identity or attributes is minimized across trust domains. When such profiles or extensions use an act claim, they should preserve the distinction between the actor identified by act and the resource owner identified by sub. The authenticated client identity is also not a substitute for actor identity.

Sender Constraining Tokens

Proof-of-Possession Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant may support key binding to enable sender-constrained tokens as described in and . This provides additional security by binding tokens to a specific cryptographic key, preventing reuse by parties that do not have access to the private key. Proof-of-possession is demonstrated by the client presenting a DPoP proof JWT (as defined in ) in a DPoP HTTP header. The DPoP proof demonstrates that the client possesses the private key corresponding to a public key. This public key can be bound to tokens, ensuring that only the holder of the private key can use those tokens. The cnf (confirmation) claim, as defined in , is used to bind a public key to a JWT. When an ID-JAG contains a cnf claim with a jkt property as defined in , it indicates that the ID-JAG is bound to that specific key (identified by its JWK SHA-256 Thumbprint), and proof of possession of the corresponding private key MUST be demonstrated when using the ID-JAG. The following sections describe the processing rules for proof-of-possession at two stages: during the Token Exchange (when requesting an ID-JAG from the IdP) and during the ID-JAG exchange (when exchanging the ID-JAG for an access token at the Resource Authorization Server).

Proof-of-Possession During Token Exchange When a client requests an ID-JAG from the IdP Authorization Server via Token Exchange, the client MAY include a DPoP proof in the request. This demonstrates possession of a key that can be bound to the ID-JAG. The client generates a key pair and includes a DPoP proof JWT in the DPoP header of the Token Exchange request: The IdP Authorization Server processes the request as follows:

1. If a DPoP proof is present, the IdP MUST validate it according to . The htm claim MUST be POST, and the htu claim MUST match the token endpoint URL.
2. If the DPoP proof is valid, the IdP MUST include a cnf claim in the issued ID-JAG containing a jkt property with the JWK SHA-256 Thumbprint computed from the DPoP proof's jwk header parameter as defined in . This enables the Resource Authorization Server to validate the key binding for the ID-JAG using simple string comparison of the JWK SHA-256 Thumbprint.

The cnf claim format follows :

1. The token exchange response does not explicitly indicate whether key binding was successfully performed by the IdP. The token_type response parameter for an ID-JAG is always N_A per . The client SHOULD inspect the ID-JAG to determine if a cnf claim is present and whether it represents the same key as the DPoP proof. This enables the client to detect if the IdP successfully processed the DPoP proof in the token exchange request and bound the issued ID-JAG, preventing the IdP from silently ignoring the DPoP proof and mitigating downgrade attacks.
2. If no DPoP proof is presented, the IdP issues an ID-JAG without a cnf claim.

Proof-of-Possession During ID-JAG Exchange When a client exchanges an ID-JAG for an access token at the Resource Authorization Server, the processing rules depend on whether the ID-JAG contains a cnf claim and whether the client presents a DPoP proof.

ID-JAG Contains cnf Claim and DPoP Proof is Presented If the ID-JAG contains a cnf claim and the client presents a DPoP proof, the Resource Authorization Server MUST:

1. Validate the DPoP proof according to .
2. Extract the JWK SHA-256 Thumbprint from the DPoP proof by computing the thumbprint of the jwk header parameter in the DPoP proof according to .
3. Extract the JWK SHA-256 Thumbprint from the jkt property of the cnf claim in the ID-JAG.
4. Compare the two thumbprints. They MUST match exactly. If they do not match, the request MUST fail with an invalid_grant error.
5. If the thumbprints match, the Resource Authorization Server MAY issue a sender-constrained access token (e.g., a DPoP-bound token) per the Resource Server configuration. The issued access token SHOULD be bound to the same key.

Example request: Example successful response with DPoP-bound token:

ID-JAG Contains cnf Claim but DPoP Proof is Not Presented If the ID-JAG contains a cnf claim but the client does not present a DPoP proof, the Resource Authorization Server MUST reject the request with an invalid_grant error, as the ID-JAG requires proof of possession. Example error response:

ID-JAG Does Not Contain cnf Claim and DPoP Proof is Presented If the ID-JAG does not contain a cnf claim but the client presents a DPoP proof, the Resource Authorization Server:

1. MUST validate the DPoP proof according to .
2. MAY issue a sender-constrained access token (e.g., a DPoP-bound token) per the Resource Server configuration at the Authorization Server, binding the access token to the key demonstrated in the DPoP proof.
3. The access token response will indicate the token type (e.g., DPoP for DPoP-bound tokens, or Bearer for unconstrained tokens).

ID-JAG Does Not Contain cnf Claim and DPoP Proof is Not Presented If the ID-JAG does not contain a cnf claim and the client does not present a DPoP proof:

1. The Resource Authorization Server MAY issue an unconstrained Bearer token.
2. However, if the Resource Server configuration at the Authorization Server requires constrained tokens for that Resource Server, the request MUST fail with an invalid_grant error.

Example error response when constrained tokens are required:

IANA Considerations

Media Types This section registers oauth-id-jag+jwt, a new media type in the "Media Types" registry in the manner described in . It can be used to indicate that the content is an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant.

OAuth URI Registration This section registers urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:id-jag in the "OAuth URI" subregistry of the "OAuth Parameters" registry .

• URN: urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:id-jag
• Common Name: Token type URI for an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant
• Change Controller: IETF
• Specification Document: This document

This section registers urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-profile:id-jag in the "OAuth URI" subregistry of the "OAuth Parameters" registry .

• URN: urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-profile:id-jag
• Common Name: Authorization grant profile identifier for an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant
• Change Controller: IETF
• Specification Document: This document

OAuth Authorization Server Metadata Registration This section registers authorization_grant_profiles_supported in the "OAuth Authorization Server Metadata" registry of the "OAuth Parameters" registry .

• Metadata Name: authorization_grant_profiles_supported
• Metadata Description: JSON array of supported authorization grant profile identifiers
• Change Controller: IETF
• Specification Document: This document

JSON Web Token Claims Registration This section registers the following claims in the "JSON Web Token Claims" subregistry of the "JSON Web Token (JWT)" registry . The "JSON Web Token Claims" subregistry was established by .

• Claim Name: resource
• Claim Description: Resource
• Change Controller: IETF
• Specification Document(s):
• Claim Name: aud_tenant
• Claim Description: Resource Authorization Server tenant identifier
• Change Controller: IETF
• Specification Document(s):

References Normative References The OAuth 2.0 authorization framework enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to an HTTP service, either on behalf of a resource owner by orchestrating an approval interaction between the resource owner and the HTTP service, or by allowing the third-party application to obtain access on its own behalf. This specification replaces and obsoletes the OAuth 1.0 protocol described in RFC 5849. [STANDARDS-TRACK] JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted. This specification provides a framework for the use of assertions with OAuth 2.0 in the form of a new client authentication mechanism and a new authorization grant type. Mechanisms are specified for transporting assertions during interactions with a token endpoint; general processing rules are also specified. The intent of this specification is to provide a common framework for OAuth 2.0 to interwork with other identity systems using assertions and to provide alternative client authentication mechanisms. Note that this specification only defines abstract message flows and processing rules. In order to be implementable, companion specifications are necessary to provide the corresponding concrete instantiations. This specification defines the use of a JSON Web Token (JWT) Bearer Token as a means for requesting an OAuth 2.0 access token as well as for client authentication. This specification defines a protocol for an HTTP- and JSON-based Security Token Service (STS) by defining how to request and obtain security tokens from OAuth 2.0 authorization servers, including security tokens employing impersonation and delegation. This document specifies an extension to the OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework defining request parameters that enable a client to explicitly signal to an authorization server about the identity of the protected resource(s) to which it is requesting access. JSON Web Tokens, also known as JWTs, are URL-safe JSON-based security tokens that contain a set of claims that can be signed and/or encrypted. JWTs are being widely used and deployed as a simple security token format in numerous protocols and applications, both in the area of digital identity and in other application areas. This Best Current Practices document updates RFC 7519 to provide actionable guidance leading to secure implementation and deployment of JWTs. This specification describes how to declare in a JSON Web Token (JWT) that the presenter of the JWT possesses a particular proof-of- possession key and how the recipient can cryptographically confirm proof of possession of the key by the presenter. Being able to prove possession of a key is also sometimes described as the presenter being a holder-of-key. This specification defines a method for computing a hash value over a JSON Web Key (JWK). It defines which fields in a JWK are used in the hash computation, the method of creating a canonical form for those fields, and how to convert the resulting Unicode string into a byte sequence to be hashed. The resulting hash value can be used for identifying or selecting the key represented by the JWK that is the subject of the thumbprint. This document describes a mechanism for sender-constraining OAuth 2.0 tokens via a proof-of-possession mechanism on the application level. This mechanism allows for the detection of replay attacks with access and refresh tokens. This document specifies a new parameter authorization_details that is used to carry fine-grained authorization data in OAuth messages. Defakto Security Defakto Security MITRE NSA-CCSS Ping Identity This specification defines a mechanism to preserve identity and authorization information across trust domains that use the OAuth 2.0 Framework. Discussion Venues This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. Discussion of this document takes place on the Web Authorization Protocol Working Group mailing list (oauth@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/oauth/. Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/oauth-wg/oauth-identity-chaining. Self-Issued Consulting Ping Identity Disney Okta This document updates RFC7521, RFC7522, RFC7523 and RFC9126 with respect to the treatment of audience values in OAuth 2.0 Client Assertion Authentication and Assertion-based Authorization Grants to address a security vulnerability identified in the previous requirements for those audience values in multiple OAuth 2.0 specifications. IANA IANA IANA This document defines procedures for the specification and registration of media types for use in HTTP, MIME, and other Internet protocols. This memo documents an Internet Best Current Practice. This second document defines the general structure of the MIME media typing system and defines an initial set of media types. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This specification defines a metadata format that an OAuth 2.0 client can use to obtain the information needed to interact with an OAuth 2.0 authorization server, including its endpoint locations and authorization server capabilities. Okta This specification defines a new OAuth 2.0 authorization grant type that uses a JSON Web Token (JWT) assertion to request an access token that is bound to a specific key using the Demonstration of Proof-of- Possession (DPoP) mechanism. This provides a higher level of security than a simple bearer token, as the client must prove possession of the key to use the access token. In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. Informative References It is not uncommon for resource servers to require different authentication strengths or recentness according to the characteristics of a request. This document introduces a mechanism that resource servers can use to signal to a client that the authentication event associated with the access token of the current request does not meet its authentication requirements and, further, how to meet them. This document also codifies a mechanism for a client to request that an authorization server achieve a specific authentication strength or recentness when processing an authorization request. This specification defines a metadata format that an OAuth 2.0 client or authorization server can use to obtain the information needed to interact with an OAuth 2.0 protected resource. Okta This specification defines a mechanism through which an OAuth client can identify itself to authorization servers, without prior dynamic client registration or other existing registration. This is through the usage of a URL as a client_id in an OAuth flow, where the URL refers to a document containing the necessary client metadata, enabling the authorization server to fetch the metadata about the client as needed.

Use Cases The following use cases are illustrative and not exhaustive. Enterprise workforce identity is a common deployment context, but this profile can also apply where the IdP Authorization Server trusted by the Resource Authorization Server for SSO and subject resolution is a CIAM layer, platform identity system, or other application-domain identity provider.

Enterprise Deployment Enterprises often have hundreds of SaaS applications. SaaS applications often have integrations to other SaaS applications that are critical to the application experience and jobs to be done. When a SaaS app needs to request an access token on behalf of a user to a 3rd party SaaS integration's API, the end-user typically needs to complete an interactive delegated OAuth 2.0 flow, as the SaaS application is not in the same security or policy domain as the 3rd party SaaS integration. It is industry best practice for an enterprise to connect their ecosystem of SaaS applications to their Identity Provider (IdP) to centralize identity and access management capabilities for the organization. End-users get a better experience (SSO) and administrators get better security outcomes such multi-factor authentication and zero-trust. SaaS applications today enable the administrator to establish trust with an IdP for user authentication. This specification can be used to extend the SSO relationship of multiple SaaS applications to include API access between these applications as well. This specification enables federation for Authorization Servers across policy or administrative boundaries. The same enterprise IdP that is trusted by applications for SSO can be extended to broker access to APIs. This enables the enterprise to centralize more access decisions across their SaaS ecosystem and provides better end-user experience for users that need to connect multiple applications via OAuth 2.0.

Preconditions

• The Client has a registered OAuth 2.0 Client with the IdP Authorization Server
• The Client has a registered OAuth 2.0 Client with the Resource Authorization Server
• Enterprise has established a trust relationship between their IdP and the Client for SSO and Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant
• Enterprise has established a trust relationship between their IdP and the Resource Authorization Server for SSO and Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant
• Enterprise has granted the Client permission to act on behalf of users for the Resource Authorization Server with a set of scopes

Customer Identity for Developer SaaS Components In deployments where the shared identity layer serves customer-facing applications, the IdP is a Customer Identity and Access Management (CIAM) platform that signs end-users into a customer-facing application or suite of first-party applications rather than a workforce IdP used to sign employees into internal or SaaS productivity tools. These customer applications often embed or depend on third-party developer SaaS components such as communications, analytics, fraud detection, document processing, support tooling, or logging and observability services. A first-party application may need to request an access token on behalf of the signed-in customer so that these components can be invoked seamlessly as part of the product experience, without interrupting the customer with separate delegated OAuth authorization prompts for each downstream service. This specification can be used in these deployments when the CIAM platform serves as the common identity layer trusted by the first-party applications and by the authorization servers for the third-party developer SaaS components. In that model, the CIAM platform can broker an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant that allows the component provider to issue an access token scoped to the customer and to the specific component APIs needed by the first-party application.

Preconditions

Deployment and Client Preconditions

• The first-party application has a registered OAuth 2.0 Client with the CIAM IdP Authorization Server
• The first-party application has a registered OAuth 2.0 Client with the Resource Authorization Server for the developer SaaS component
• The Resource Authorization Server is able to map the customer identity conveyed by the CIAM platform to the corresponding account, tenant, or subject established through JIT provisioning at the developer SaaS component

Trust Relationship Preconditions

• The organization operating the customer application has established a trust relationship between its CIAM platform and the first-party application for customer sign-in and issuance of identity assertions
• The organization operating the customer application and the developer SaaS provider have established a trust relationship between the CIAM platform and the Resource Authorization Server for Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant
• The organization operating the customer application has granted the first-party application permission to act on behalf of signed-in customers for the developer SaaS component with a defined set of scopes

Email and Calendaring Applications Email clients can be used with arbitrary email servers, and cannot require pre-established relationships between each email client and each email server. When an email client uses OAuth to obtain an access token to an email server, this provides the security benefit of being able to use strong multi-factor authentication methods provided by the email server's authorization server, but does require that the user go through a web-based flow to log in to the email client. However, this web-based flow is often seen as disruptive to the user experience when initiated from a desktop or mobile native application, and so is often attempted to be minimized as much as possible. When the email client needs access to a separate API, such as a third-party calendaring application, traditionally this would require that the email client go through another web-based OAuth redirect flow to obtain authorization and ultimately an access token. To streamline the user experience, this specification can be used to enable the email client to use the Identity Assertion to obtain an access token for the third-party calendaring application without any user interaction.

Preconditions

• The Client does not have a pre-registered OAuth 2.0 client at the IdP Authorization Server or the Resource Authorization Server
• The Client has obtained an Identity Assertion (e.g. ID Token) from the IdP Authorization Server
• The Resource Authorization Server is configured to allow the Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant from unregistered clients

AI Agent using External Tools AI agents are designed to perform complex tasks on behalf of users, often requiring integration with external tools provided by SaaS applications, internal services, or enterprise data sources. When accessing these systems, the agent often operates on behalf of the end user, and its actions are constrained by the user's identity, role, and permissions. In agentic systems, the relevant IdP for a given ID-JAG hop is the IdP Authorization Server the downstream Resource Authorization Server already trusts for SSO and subject resolution at that boundary. That may be an enterprise workforce IdP, a CIAM or product identity layer, or an internal platform IdP depending on the deployment.

Preconditions

Deployment and Client Preconditions

• The Enterprise IdP at idp.cyberdyne-corp.example authenticates the enterprise's users, issues identity assertions, and is the IdP Authorization Server trusted by the External Tool Resource Authorization Server for SSO and subject resolution for this hop
• The External Tool API (resource server) at api.saas-tool.example and its authorization server at authorization-server.saas-tool.example are operated by a SaaS tool vendor, in a different trust domain from the enterprise IdP
• The AI Agent is an OAuth 2.0 client with client ID https://ai-agent-app.example/
• The Enterprise IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) recognizes the AI Agent (https://ai-agent-app.example/) as a trusted client, either through static registration or dynamic discovery via
• The External Tool Resource Authorization Server (authorization-server.saas-tool.example) recognizes the AI Agent (https://ai-agent-app.example/) as a trusted client, either through static registration or dynamic discovery via

• Note: This example uses a URL as the client ID, following the Client Identity Metadata Document pattern to allow servers to dynamically discover client metadata. Alternatively, clients may be statically registered at the IdP and authorization server and given static opaque client IDs, with metadata configured directly in the IdP and Authorization Server.

Trust Relationship Preconditions

• The enterprise has established a trust relationship between their IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) and the AI Agent for SSO
• The enterprise has established a trust relationship between their IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) and the External Tool Resource Authorization Server (authorization-server.saas-tool.example) for SSO and Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant
• The enterprise has granted the AI Agent permission to act on behalf of users for the External Tool Resource Authorization Server with a specific set of scopes

Example Sequence The steps below describe the sequence of the AI Agent obtaining an access token using an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant ().

AI Agent establishes a User Identity with Enterprise IdP AI Agent (https://ai-agent-app.example/) discovers the Enterprise IdP's (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) OpenID Connect Provider configuration based on a configured issuer that was previously established.

• Note: IdP discovery where an agent discovers which IdP the agent should use to authenticate a given user is out of scope of this specification.

AI Agent discovers all necessary endpoints for authentication as well as support for the identity chaining requested token type urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:id-jag

IdP Authorization Request (with PKCE) AI Agent (https://ai-agent-app.example/) generates a PKCE code_verifier and a code_challenge (usually a SHA256 hash of the verifier, base64url-encoded) and redirects the end-user to the Enterprise IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) with an authorization request

User authenticates and authorizes AI Agent Enterprise IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) authenticates the end-user and redirects back to the AI Agent's registered redirect URI with an authorization code: AI Agent (https://ai-agent-app.example/) exchanges the code and PKCE code_verifier to obtain an ID Token and Access Token for the IdP's UserInfo endpoint AI Agent validates the ID Token using the published JWKS for the Enterprise IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) AI Agent now has an identity binding for context

AI Agent calls External Tool AI Agent (https://ai-agent-app.example/) calls the External Tool API (Resource Server) at api.saas-tool.example without a valid access token and is issued an authentication challenge per Protected Resource Metadata .

• Note: How agents discover available external tools is out of scope of this specification

AI Agent fetches the External Tool API's OAuth 2.0 Protected Resource Metadata per to dynamically discover an authorization server that can issue an access token for the resource. AI Agent discovers the External Tool Resource Authorization Server (authorization-server.saas-tool.example) configuration per AI Agent has learned all necessary endpoints and supported capabilities to obtain an access token for the external tool. If the urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-profile:id-jag authorization grant profile is supported, the AI Agent can first attempt to silently obtain an access token using an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant from the IdP Authorization Server trusted by the External Tool Resource Authorization Server for SSO, otherwise it can fallback to interactively obtaining a standard authorization_code from the External Tool Resource Authorization Server.

AI Agent obtains an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant for External Tool from the Enterprise IdP AI Agent (https://ai-agent-app.example/) makes an Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant Token Exchange request to the Enterprise IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) using the ID Token obtained when establishing an identity binding context, along with scopes and the resource identifier for the External Tool API (api.saas-tool.example) that was returned in the external tool's OAuth 2.0 Protected Resource Metadata If access is granted, the Enterprise IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) creates a signed Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant and returns it in the token exchange response defined in : Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant claims:

AI Agent obtains an Access Token for External Tool AI Agent (https://ai-agent-app.example/) makes a token request to the External Tool Resource Authorization Server (authorization-server.saas-tool.example) token endpoint using the Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant obtained from the Enterprise IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example) as a JWT Assertion as defined by .

• Note: How the AI Agent registers with the External Tool Resource Authorization Server (e.g static or dynamic client registration), and whether or not it has credentials, is out-of-scope of this specification

External Tool Resource Authorization Server (authorization-server.saas-tool.example) validates the Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant using the published JWKS for the trusted Enterprise IdP (idp.cyberdyne-corp.example)

AI Agent makes an authorized External Tool request AI Agent (https://ai-agent-app.example/) calls the External Tool API (Resource Server) at api.saas-tool.example with a valid access token

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the following people for their contributions and reviews of this specification: Kamron Batmanghelich, Sofia Desenberg, Meghna Dubey, George Fletcher, Bingrong He, Pieter Kasselman, Kai Lehmann, Dean H. Saxe, Filip Skokan, Phil Whipps.

Document History [[ To be removed from the final specification ]] -03

• Added a section defining terms used in the document
• Updated language to be less specific to "enterprise" and more about the relationships between the IdP and Resource Authorization Server
• Clarified the use of the resource and audience parameters in the token exchange request
• Removed language discouraging the use of the actor_token in the token exchange request
• Added a new AS metadata parameter authorization_grant_profiles_supported to enable a Resource Authorization Server to publish support for this profile

-02

• Added reference and examples of a RAR authorization_details object in the Token Exchange and ID-JAG
• Added refresh token as an optional subject token input to the Token Exchange for SAML interop
• Described how to use DPoP with the ID-JAG exchange
• Added aud_tenant and aud_sub claims to ID-JAG to support multi-tenant systems

-01

• Moved ID-JAG definition to document root instead of nested under Token Exchange
• Added proposed OpenID Connect tenant claim
• Added authentication claims from ID Token
• Adopted standard OAuth 2.0 role names instead of Resource App or Resource App's Authorization Server
• Updated sequence diagram
• Updated all inconsistent references of ID-JAG to "Identity Assertion JWT Authorization Grant"
• Updated section references with more specific links
• Added reference to scope parameter in ID-JAG processing rules
• Added a section discussing client ID mapping and reference to Client ID Metadata Document
• Added recommendations for refresh tokens

-00

• Initial revision as adopted working group draft