@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Display, Search, Registers, Top
@chapter Controlling the Display

  Since only part of a large buffer fits in the window, Emacs tries to show
the part that is likely to be interesting.  The display control commands
allow you to specify which part of the text you want to see.

@table @kbd
@item C-l
Clear screen and redisplay, scrolling the selected window to center
point vertically within it (@code{recenter}).
@item C-v
Scroll forward (a windowful or a specified number of lines) (@code{scroll-up}).
@item @key{NEXT}
Likewise, scroll forward.
@item M-v
Scroll backward (@code{scroll-down}).
@item @key{PRIOR}
Likewise, scroll backward.
@item @var{arg} C-l
Scroll so point is on screen line @var{arg} (@code{recenter}).
@item C-x <
Scroll text in current window to the left (@code{scroll-left}).
@item C-x >
Scroll to the right (@code{scroll-right}).
@item C-x $
Make deeply indented lines invisible (@code{set-selective-display}).
@end table

  The names of all scroll commands are based on the direction that the text
moves in the window.  Thus, the command to scrolling forward is called
@code{scroll-up}, since the text moves up.

@menu
* Scrolling::	           Moving text up and down in a window.
* Horizontal Scrolling::   Moving text left and right in a window.
* Selective Display::      Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
* European Display::	   Displaying (and entering) European characters.
* Follow Mode::            Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
* Optional Mode Line::     Optional mode line display features.
* Display Vars::           Information on variables for customizing display.
@end menu

@node Scrolling
@section Scrolling

  If a buffer contains text that is too large to fit entirely within a
window that is displaying the buffer, Emacs shows a contiguous portion of
the text.  The portion shown always contains point.

@cindex scrolling
  @dfn{Scrolling} means moving text up or down in the window so that
different parts of the text are visible.  Scrolling forward means that text
moves up, and new text appears at the bottom.  Scrolling backward moves
text down and new text appears at the top.

  Scrolling happens automatically if you move point past the bottom or top
of the window.  You can also explicitly request scrolling with the commands
in this section.

@ifinfo
@table @kbd
@item C-l
Clear screen and redisplay, scrolling the selected window to center
point vertically within it (@code{recenter}).
@item C-v
Scroll forward (a windowful or a specified number of lines) (@code{scroll-up}).
@item @key{NEXT}
Likewise, scroll forward.
@item M-v
Scroll backward (@code{scroll-down}).
@item @key{PRIOR}
Likewise, scroll backward.
@item @var{arg} C-l
Scroll so point is on line @var{arg} (@code{recenter}).
@item C-M-l
Scroll heuristically to bring useful information onto the screen
(@code{reposition-window}).
@end table
@end ifinfo

@kindex C-l
@findex recenter
  The most basic scrolling command is @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) with
no argument.  It clears the entire screen and redisplays all windows.
In addition, it scrolls the selected window so that point is halfway
down from the top of the window.

@kindex C-v
@kindex M-v
@kindex @key{NEXT}
@kindex @key{PRIOR}
@findex scroll-up
@findex scroll-down
  The scrolling commands @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v} let you move all the text
in the window up or down a few lines.  @kbd{C-v} (@code{scroll-up}) with an
argument shows you that many more lines at the bottom of the window, moving
the text and point up together as @kbd{C-l} might.  @kbd{C-v} with a
negative argument shows you more lines at the top of the window.
@kbd{M-v} (@code{scroll-down}) is like @kbd{C-v}, but moves in the
opposite direction.  The function keys @key{NEXT} and @key{PRIOR} are
equivalent to @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v}.

@vindex next-screen-context-lines
  To read the buffer a windowful at a time, use @kbd{C-v} with no argument.
It takes the last two lines at the bottom of the window and puts them at
the top, followed by nearly a whole windowful of lines not previously
visible.  If point was in the text scrolled off the top, it moves to the
new top of the window.  @kbd{M-v} with no argument moves backward with
overlap similarly.  The number of lines of overlap across a @kbd{C-v} or
@kbd{M-v} is controlled by the variable @code{next-screen-context-lines}; by
default, it is two.

  Another way to do scrolling is with @kbd{C-l} with a numeric argument.
@kbd{C-l} does not clear the screen when given an argument; it only scrolls
the selected window.  With a positive argument @var{n}, it repositions text
to put point @var{n} lines down from the top.  An argument of zero puts
point on the very top line.  Point does not move with respect to the text;
rather, the text and point move rigidly on the screen.  @kbd{C-l} with a
negative argument puts point that many lines from the bottom of the window.
For example, @kbd{C-u - 1 C-l} puts point on the bottom line, and @kbd{C-u
- 5 C-l} puts it five lines from the bottom.  Just @kbd{C-u} as argument,
as in @kbd{C-u C-l}, scrolls point to the center of the screen.

@kindex C-M-l
@findex reposition-window
  The @kbd{C-M-l} command (@code{reposition-window}) scrolls the current
window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto
the screen.  For example, in a Lisp file, this command tries to get the
entire current defun onto the screen if possible.

@vindex scroll-step
  Scrolling happens automatically if point has moved out of the visible
portion of the text when it is time to display.  Usually the scrolling is
done so as to put point vertically centered within the window.  However, if
the variable @code{scroll-step} has a nonzero value, an attempt is made to
scroll the buffer by that many lines; if that is enough to bring point back
into visibility, that is what is done.

@node Horizontal Scrolling
@section Horizontal Scrolling

@ifinfo
@table @kbd
@item C-x <
Scroll text in current window to the left (@code{scroll-left}).
@item C-x >
Scroll to the right (@code{scroll-right}).
@end table
@end ifinfo

@kindex C-x <
@kindex C-x >
@findex scroll-left
@findex scroll-right
@cindex horizontal scrolling
  The text in a window can also be scrolled horizontally.  This means that
each line of text is shifted sideways in the window, and one or more
characters at the beginning of each line are not displayed at all.  When a
window has been scrolled horizontally in this way, text lines are truncated
rather than continued (@pxref{Continuation Lines}), with a @samp{$} appearing
in the first column when there is text truncated to the left, and in the
last column when there is text truncated to the right.

  The command @kbd{C-x <} (@code{scroll-left}) scrolls the selected
window to the left by @var{n} columns with argument @var{n}.  This moves
part of the beginning of each line off the left edge of the window.
With no argument, it scrolls by almost the full width of the window (two
columns less, to be precise).

  @kbd{C-x >} (@code{scroll-right}) scrolls similarly to the right.  The
window cannot be scrolled any farther to the right once it is displayed
normally (with each line starting at the window's left margin);
attempting to do so has no effect.  This means that you don't have to
calculate the argument precisely for @w{@kbd{C-x >}}; any sufficiently large
argument will restore normally display.

@node Selective Display
@section Selective Display
@findex set-selective-display
@kindex C-x $

  Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain number
of columns (you specify how many columns).  You can use this to get an
overview of a part of a program.

  To hide lines, type @kbd{C-x $} (@code{set-selective-display}) with a
numeric argument @var{n}.  Then lines with at least @var{n} columns of
indentation disappear from the screen.  The only indication of their
presence is that three dots (@samp{@dots{}}) appear at the end of each
visible line that is followed by one or more hidden ones.

  The commands @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} move across the hidden lines as
if they were not there.

  The hidden lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing
commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of the
hidden text.  When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the
previous line, after the three dots.  If point is at the end of the
visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before
the three dots.

  To make all lines visible again, type @kbd{C-x $} with no argument.

@vindex selective-display-ellipses
  If you set the variable @code{selective-display-ellipses} to
@code{nil}, the three dots do not appear at the end of a line that
precedes hidden lines.  Then there is no visible indication of the
hidden lines.  This variable becomes local automatically when set.

@node European Display
@section European Character Set Display

@cindex European character set
@cindex accented characters
@cindex ISO Latin-1 character set
@findex standard-display-european
  Some European languages use accented letters and other special
symbols.  The ISO 8859 Latin-1 character set defines character codes for
many European languages in the range 160 to 255.

@cindex @code{iso-syntax} library
  Emacs can display those characters according to Latin-1, provided the
terminal or font in use supports them.  The @kbd{M-x
standard-display-european} command toggles European character display
mode.  With a numeric argument, @kbd{M-x standard-display-european}
enables European character display if and only if the argument is
positive.  Load the library @code{iso-syntax} to specify the correct
syntactic properties and case conversion table for the Latin-1 character
set.

@cindex @code{iso-ascii} library
  If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character
set, Emacs can display these characters as ASCII sequences which at
least give you a clear idea of what the characters are.  To do this,
load the library @code{iso-ascii}.

  Some operating systems let you specify the language you are using by
setting a locale.  Emacs handles one common special case of this: if
your locale name for character types contains the string @samp{8859-1}
or @samp{88591}, Emacs automatically enables European character display
mode and its syntax.

  There are three different ways you can enter Latin-1 characters:

@itemize @bullet
@item
If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 and up, representing
ISO Latin-1 characters, execute the following expression to enable Emacs
to understand them:

@example
(set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode))
                (nth 1 (current-input-mode))
                0)
@end example

@kindex C-x 8
@cindex @code{iso-transl} library
@item
You can load the library @code{iso-transl} to turn the key @kbd{C-x 8}
into a ``compose character'' prefix for entry of the extra ISO Latin-1
printing characters.  @kbd{C-x 8} is good for insertion (in the
minibuffer as well as other buffers), for searching, and in any other
context where a key sequence is allowed.  The @key{ALT} modifier key, if
you have one, serves the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}; use @key{ALT}
together with an accent character to modify the following letter.

@cindex ISO Accents mode
@findex iso-accents-mode
@item
You can use ISO Accents mode.  This minor mode is convenient if you
enter non-ASCII ISO Latin-1 characters often.  When this minor mode is
enabled, the characters @samp{`}, @samp{'}, @samp{"}, @samp{^}, @samp{/}
and @samp{~} modify the following letter by adding the corresponding
diacritical mark to it, if possible.  To enable or disable ISO Accents
mode, use the command @kbd{M-x iso-accents-mode}.  This command affects
only the current buffer.

To enter one of those six special characters while in ISO Accents mode,
type the character, followed by a space.  Some of those characters have
a corresponding ``dead key'' accent character in the ISO Latin-1
character set; to enter that character, type the corresponding ASCII
character twice.  For example, @kbd{''} enters the Latin-1 character
acute-accent (character code 0264).

ISO Accents mode input is available whenever a key sequence is expected:
for ordinary insertion, for searching, for the minibuffer, and for
certain command arguments.

In addition to the accented letters, you can use these special sequences
in ISO Accents mode to enter certain other ISO Latin-1 characters:

@table @kbd
@item /A
@samp{A} with ring.
@item ~C
@samp{C} with cedilla.
@item ~D
@samp{D} with stroke.
@item /E
@samp{AE} ligature.
@item /a
@samp{a} with ring.
@item ~c
@samp{c} with cedilla.
@item ~d
@samp{d} with stroke.
@item /e
@samp{ae} ligature.
@item "s
German sharp @samp{s}.
@item ~<
Left guillemot.
@item ~>
Right guillemot.
@item ~!
Inverted exclamation mark.
@item ~?
Inverted question mark.
@end table
@end itemize

@node Follow Mode
@section Follow Mode
@cindex Follow mode

  @dfn{Follow mode} is a minor mode which makes two windows showing the
same buffer scroll as one tall ``virtual window.''  To use Follow mode,
go to a frame with just one window, split it into two side-by-side
windows using @kbd{C-x 3}, and then type @kbd{M-x follow-mode}.  From
then on, you can edit the buffer in either of the two windows, or scroll
either one; the other window follows it.

  To turn off Follow mode, type @kbd{M-x follow-mode} a second time.

@node Optional Mode Line
@section Optional Mode Line Features

@cindex Line Number mode
@cindex mode, Line Number
@findex line-number-mode
  The current line number of point appears in the mode line when Line
Number mode is enabled.  Use the command @kbd{M-x line-number-mode} to
turn this mode on and off; normally it is on.  The line number appears
before the buffer percentage @var{pos}, with the letter @samp{L} to
indicate what it is.  @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information about
minor modes and about how to use this command.

@vindex line-number-display-limit
  If the buffer is very large (larger than the value of
@code{line-number-display-limit}), then the line number doesn't appear.
Emacs doesn't compute the line number when the buffer is large, because
that would be too slow.  If you have narrowed the buffer
(@pxref{Narrowing}), the displayed line number is relative to the
accessible portion of the buffer.

@cindex Column Number mode
@cindex mode, Column Number
@findex column-number-mode
  You can also display the current column number by turning on Column
Number mode.  It displays the current column number preceded by the
letter @samp{C}.  Type @kbd{M-x column-number-mode} to toggle this mode.

@findex display-time
@cindex time (on mode line)
  Emacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode
lines.  To enable this feature, type @kbd{M-x display-time}.  The
information added to the mode line usually appears after the buffer
name, before the mode names and their parentheses.  It looks like this:

@example
@var{hh}:@var{mm}pm @var{l.ll}
@end example

@noindent
Here @var{hh} and @var{mm} are the hour and minute, followed always by
@samp{am} or @samp{pm}.  @var{l.ll} is the average number of running
processes in the whole system recently.  (Some fields may be missing if
your operating system cannot support them.)

@cindex mail (on mode line)
  The word @samp{Mail} appears after the load level if there is mail
for you that you have not read yet.

@node Display Vars
@section Variables Controlling Display

  This section contains information for customization only.  Beginning
users should skip it.

@vindex mode-line-inverse-video
  The variable @code{mode-line-inverse-video} controls whether the mode
line is displayed in inverse video (assuming the terminal supports it);
@code{nil} means don't do so.  @xref{Mode Line}.  If you specify the
foreground color for the @code{modeline} face, and
@code{mode-line-inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, then the default
background color for that face is the usual foreground color.
@xref{Faces}.

@vindex inverse-video
  If the variable @code{inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts
to invert all the lines of the display from what they normally are.

@vindex visible-bell
  If the variable @code{visible-bell} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts
to make the whole screen blink when it would normally make an audible bell
sound.  This variable has no effect if your terminal does not have a way
to make the screen blink.@refill

@vindex no-redraw-on-reenter
  When you reenter Emacs after suspending, Emacs normally clears the
screen and redraws the entire display.  On some terminals with more than
one page of memory, it is possible to arrange the termcap entry so that
the @samp{ti} and @samp{te} strings (output to the terminal when Emacs
is entered and exited, respectively) switch between pages of memory so
as to use one page for Emacs and another page for other output.  Then
you might want to set the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}
non-@code{nil}; this tells Emacs to assume, when resumed, that the
screen page it is using still contains what Emacs last wrote there.

@vindex echo-keystrokes
  The variable @code{echo-keystrokes} controls the echoing of multi-character
keys; its value is the number of seconds of pause required to cause echoing
to start, or zero meaning don't echo at all.  @xref{Echo Area}.

@vindex ctl-arrow
  If the variable @code{ctl-arrow} is @code{nil}, control characters in
the buffer are displayed with octal escape sequences, all except newline
and tab.  Altering the value of @code{ctl-arrow} makes it local to the
current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect.  The
default is initially @code{t}.  @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables,
elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.

@vindex tab-width
  Normally, a tab character in the buffer is displayed as whitespace which
extends to the next display tab stop position, and display tab stops come
at intervals equal to eight spaces.  The number of spaces per tab is
controlled by the variable @code{tab-width}, which is made local by
changing it, just like @code{ctl-arrow}.  Note that how the tab character
in the buffer is displayed has nothing to do with the definition of
@key{TAB} as a command.  The variable @code{tab-width} must have an
integer value between 1 and 1000, inclusive.

@c @vindex truncate-lines  @c No index entry here, because we have one
@c in the continuation section.
  If the variable @code{truncate-lines} is non-@code{nil}, then each
line of text gets just one screen line for display; if the text line is
too long, display shows only the part that fits.  If
@code{truncate-lines} is @code{nil}, then long text lines display as
more than one screen line, enough to show the whole text of the line.
@xref{Continuation Lines}.  Altering the value of @code{truncate-lines}
makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value
is in effect.  The default is initially @code{nil}.

@c @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows  @c Idx entry is in Split Windows.
  If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is
non-@code{nil}, it forces truncation rather than continuation in any
window less than the full width of the screen or frame, regardless of
the value of @code{truncate-lines}.  For information about side-by-side
windows, see @ref{Split Window}.  See also @ref{Display,, Display,
elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.

@vindex baud-rate
  The variable @code{baud-rate} holds the the output speed of the
terminal, as far as Emacs knows.  Setting this variable does not change
the speed of actual data transmission, but the value is used for
calculations such as padding.  It also affects decisions about whether
to scroll part of the screen or redraw it instead---even when using a
window system.  (We designed it this way, despite the fact that a window
system has no true ``output speed'', to give you a way to tune these
decisions.)
