.. highlight:: none

.. _topics-commands:

=================
Command line tool
=================

Scrapy is controlled through the ``scrapy`` command-line tool, to be referred to
here as the "Scrapy tool" to differentiate it from the sub-commands, which we
just call "commands" or "Scrapy commands".

The Scrapy tool provides several commands, for multiple purposes, and each one
accepts a different set of arguments and options.

(The ``scrapy deploy`` command has been removed in 1.0 in favor of the
standalone ``scrapyd-deploy``. See `Deploying your project`_.)

.. _topics-config-settings:

Configuration settings
======================

Scrapy will look for configuration parameters in ini-style ``scrapy.cfg`` files
in standard locations:

1. ``/etc/scrapy.cfg`` or ``c:\scrapy\scrapy.cfg`` (system-wide),
2. ``~/.config/scrapy.cfg`` (``$XDG_CONFIG_HOME``) and ``~/.scrapy.cfg`` (``$HOME``)
   for global (user-wide) settings, and
3. ``scrapy.cfg`` inside a Scrapy project's root (see next section).

Settings from these files are merged in the listed order of preference:
user-defined values have higher priority than system-wide defaults
and project-wide settings will override all others, when defined.

Scrapy also understands, and can be configured through, a number of environment
variables. Currently these are:

* ``SCRAPY_SETTINGS_MODULE`` (see :ref:`topics-settings-module-envvar`)
* ``SCRAPY_PROJECT`` (see :ref:`topics-project-envvar`)
* ``SCRAPY_PYTHON_SHELL`` (see :ref:`topics-shell`)

.. _topics-project-structure:

Default structure of Scrapy projects
====================================

Before delving into the command-line tool and its sub-commands, let's first
understand the directory structure of a Scrapy project.

Though it can be modified, all Scrapy projects have the same file
structure by default, similar to this::

   scrapy.cfg
   myproject/
       __init__.py
       items.py
       middlewares.py
       pipelines.py
       settings.py
       spiders/
           __init__.py
           spider1.py
           spider2.py
           ...

The directory where the ``scrapy.cfg`` file resides is known as the *project
root directory*. That file contains the name of the python module that defines
the project settings. Here is an example:

.. code-block:: ini

    [settings]
    default = myproject.settings

.. _topics-project-envvar:

Sharing the root directory between projects
===========================================

A project root directory, the one that contains the ``scrapy.cfg``, may be
shared by multiple Scrapy projects, each with its own settings module.

In that case, you must define one or more aliases for those settings modules
under ``[settings]`` in your ``scrapy.cfg`` file:

.. code-block:: ini

    [settings]
    default = myproject1.settings
    project1 = myproject1.settings
    project2 = myproject2.settings

By default, the ``scrapy`` command-line tool will use the ``default`` settings.
Use the ``SCRAPY_PROJECT`` environment variable to specify a different project
for ``scrapy`` to use::

    $ scrapy settings --get BOT_NAME
    Project 1 Bot
    $ export SCRAPY_PROJECT=project2
    $ scrapy settings --get BOT_NAME
    Project 2 Bot


Using the ``scrapy`` tool
=========================

You can start by running the Scrapy tool with no arguments and it will print
some usage help and the available commands::

    Scrapy X.Y - no active project

    Usage:
      scrapy <command> [options] [args]

    Available commands:
      crawl         Run a spider
      fetch         Fetch a URL using the Scrapy downloader
    [...]

The first line will print the currently active project if you're inside a
Scrapy project. In this example it was run from outside a project. If run from inside
a project it would have printed something like this::

    Scrapy X.Y - project: myproject

    Usage:
      scrapy <command> [options] [args]

    [...]

Creating projects
-----------------

The first thing you typically do with the ``scrapy`` tool is create your Scrapy
project::

    scrapy startproject myproject [project_dir]

That will create a Scrapy project under the ``project_dir`` directory.
If ``project_dir`` wasn't specified, ``project_dir`` will be the same as ``myproject``.

Next, you go inside the new project directory::

    cd project_dir

And you're ready to use the ``scrapy`` command to manage and control your
project from there.

Controlling projects
--------------------

You use the ``scrapy`` tool from inside your projects to control and manage
them.

For example, to create a new spider::

    scrapy genspider mydomain mydomain.com

Some Scrapy commands (like :command:`crawl`) must be run from inside a Scrapy
project. See the :ref:`commands reference <topics-commands-ref>` below for more
information on which commands must be run from inside projects, and which not.

Also keep in mind that some commands may have slightly different behaviours
when running them from inside projects. For example, the fetch command will use
spider-overridden behaviours (such as the ``custom_settings`` attribute to
override settings) if the url being fetched is associated with some specific
spider. This is intentional, as the ``fetch`` command is meant to be used to
check how spiders are downloading pages.

.. _topics-commands-ref:

Available tool commands
=======================

This section contains a list of the available built-in commands with a
description and some usage examples. Remember, you can always get more info
about each command by running::

    scrapy <command> -h

And you can see all available commands with::

    scrapy -h

There are two kinds of commands, those that only work from inside a Scrapy
project (Project-specific commands) and those that also work without an active
Scrapy project (Global commands), though they may behave slightly differently
when run from inside a project (as they would use the project overridden
settings).

Global commands:

* :command:`startproject`
* :command:`genspider`
* :command:`settings`
* :command:`runspider`
* :command:`shell`
* :command:`fetch`
* :command:`view`
* :command:`version`

Project-only commands:

* :command:`crawl`
* :command:`check`
* :command:`list`
* :command:`edit`
* :command:`parse`
* :command:`bench`

.. command:: startproject

startproject
------------

* Syntax: ``scrapy startproject <project_name> [project_dir]``
* Requires project: *no*

Creates a new Scrapy project named ``project_name``, under the ``project_dir``
directory.
If ``project_dir`` wasn't specified, ``project_dir`` will be the same as ``project_name``.

Usage example::

    $ scrapy startproject myproject

.. command:: genspider

genspider
---------

* Syntax: ``scrapy genspider [-t template] <name> <domain or URL>``
* Requires project: *no*

Creates a new spider in the current folder or in the current project's ``spiders`` folder, if called from inside a project. The ``<name>`` parameter is set as the spider's ``name``, while ``<domain or URL>`` is used to generate the ``allowed_domains`` and ``start_urls`` spider's attributes.

Usage example::

    $ scrapy genspider -l
    Available templates:
      basic
      crawl
      csvfeed
      xmlfeed

    $ scrapy genspider example example.com
    Created spider 'example' using template 'basic'

    $ scrapy genspider -t crawl scrapyorg scrapy.org
    Created spider 'scrapyorg' using template 'crawl'

This is just a convenient shortcut command for creating spiders based on
pre-defined templates, but certainly not the only way to create spiders. You
can just create the spider source code files yourself, instead of using this
command.

.. command:: crawl

crawl
-----

* Syntax: ``scrapy crawl <spider>``
* Requires project: *yes*

Start crawling using a spider.

Supported options:

* ``-h, --help``: show a help message and exit

* ``-a NAME=VALUE``: set a spider argument (may be repeated)

* ``--output FILE`` or ``-o FILE``: append scraped items to the end of FILE (use - for stdout). To define the output format, set a colon at the end of the output URI (i.e. ``-o FILE:FORMAT``)

* ``--overwrite-output FILE`` or ``-O FILE``: dump scraped items into FILE, overwriting any existing file. To define the output format, set a colon at the end of the output URI (i.e. ``-O FILE:FORMAT``)

Usage examples::

    $ scrapy crawl myspider
    [ ... myspider starts crawling ... ]

    $ scrapy crawl -o myfile:csv myspider
    [ ... myspider starts crawling and appends the result to the file myfile in csv format ... ]

    $ scrapy crawl -O myfile:json myspider
    [ ... myspider starts crawling and saves the result in myfile in json format overwriting the original content... ]

.. command:: check

check
-----

* Syntax: ``scrapy check [-l] <spider>``
* Requires project: *yes*

Run contract checks.

.. skip: start

Usage examples::

    $ scrapy check -l
    first_spider
      * parse
      * parse_item
    second_spider
      * parse
      * parse_item

    $ scrapy check
    [FAILED] first_spider:parse_item
    >>> 'RetailPricex' field is missing

    [FAILED] first_spider:parse
    >>> Returned 92 requests, expected 0..4

.. skip: end

.. command:: list

list
----

* Syntax: ``scrapy list``
* Requires project: *yes*

List all available spiders in the current project. The output is one spider per
line.

Usage example::

    $ scrapy list
    spider1
    spider2

.. command:: edit

edit
----

* Syntax: ``scrapy edit <spider>``
* Requires project: *yes*

Edit the given spider using the editor defined in the ``EDITOR`` environment
variable or (if unset) the :setting:`EDITOR` setting.

This command is provided only as a convenient shortcut for the most common
case, the developer is of course free to choose any tool or IDE to write and
debug spiders.

Usage example::

    $ scrapy edit spider1

.. command:: fetch

fetch
-----

* Syntax: ``scrapy fetch <url>``
* Requires project: *no*

Downloads the given URL using the Scrapy downloader and writes the contents to
standard output.

The interesting thing about this command is that it fetches the page the way the
spider would download it. For example, if the spider has a ``USER_AGENT``
attribute which overrides the User Agent, it will use that one.

So this command can be used to "see" how your spider would fetch a certain page.

If used outside a project, no particular per-spider behaviour would be applied
and it will just use the default Scrapy downloader settings.

Supported options:

* ``--spider=SPIDER``: bypass spider autodetection and force use of specific spider

* ``--headers``: print the response's HTTP headers instead of the response's body

* ``--no-redirect``: do not follow HTTP 3xx redirects (default is to follow them)

Usage examples::

    $ scrapy fetch --nolog http://www.example.com/some/page.html
    [ ... html content here ... ]

    $ scrapy fetch --nolog --headers http://www.example.com/
    {'Accept-Ranges': ['bytes'],
     'Age': ['1263   '],
     'Connection': ['close     '],
     'Content-Length': ['596'],
     'Content-Type': ['text/html; charset=UTF-8'],
     'Date': ['Wed, 18 Aug 2010 23:59:46 GMT'],
     'Etag': ['"573c1-254-48c9c87349680"'],
     'Last-Modified': ['Fri, 30 Jul 2010 15:30:18 GMT'],
     'Server': ['Apache/2.2.3 (CentOS)']}

.. command:: view

view
----

* Syntax: ``scrapy view <url>``
* Requires project: *no*

Opens the given URL in a browser, as your Scrapy spider would "see" it.
Sometimes spiders see pages differently from regular users, so this can be used
to check what the spider "sees" and confirm it's what you expect.

Supported options:

* ``--spider=SPIDER``: bypass spider autodetection and force use of specific spider

* ``--no-redirect``: do not follow HTTP 3xx redirects (default is to follow them)

Usage example::

    $ scrapy view http://www.example.com/some/page.html
    [ ... browser starts ... ]

.. command:: shell

shell
-----

* Syntax: ``scrapy shell [url]``
* Requires project: *no*

Starts the Scrapy shell for the given URL (if given) or empty if no URL is
given. Also supports UNIX-style local file paths, either relative with
``./`` or ``../`` prefixes or absolute file paths.
See :ref:`topics-shell` for more info.

Supported options:

* ``--spider=SPIDER``: bypass spider autodetection and force use of specific spider

* ``-c code``: evaluate the code in the shell, print the result and exit

* ``--no-redirect``: do not follow HTTP 3xx redirects (default is to follow them);
  this only affects the URL you may pass as argument on the command line;
  once you are inside the shell, ``fetch(url)`` will still follow HTTP redirects by default.

Usage example::

    $ scrapy shell http://www.example.com/some/page.html
    [ ... scrapy shell starts ... ]

    $ scrapy shell --nolog http://www.example.com/ -c '(response.status, response.url)'
    (200, 'http://www.example.com/')

    # shell follows HTTP redirects by default
    $ scrapy shell --nolog http://httpbin.org/redirect-to?url=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F -c '(response.status, response.url)'
    (200, 'http://example.com/')

    # you can disable this with --no-redirect
    # (only for the URL passed as command line argument)
    $ scrapy shell --no-redirect --nolog http://httpbin.org/redirect-to?url=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F -c '(response.status, response.url)'
    (302, 'http://httpbin.org/redirect-to?url=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F')


.. command:: parse

parse
-----

* Syntax: ``scrapy parse <url> [options]``
* Requires project: *yes*

Fetches the given URL and parses it with the spider that handles it, using the
method passed with the ``--callback`` option, or ``parse`` if not given.

Supported options:

* ``--spider=SPIDER``: bypass spider autodetection and force use of specific spider

* ``--a NAME=VALUE``: set spider argument (may be repeated)

* ``--callback`` or ``-c``: spider method to use as callback for parsing the
  response

* ``--meta`` or ``-m``: additional request meta that will be passed to the callback
  request. This must be a valid json string. Example: --meta='{"foo" : "bar"}'

* ``--cbkwargs``: additional keyword arguments that will be passed to the callback.
  This must be a valid json string. Example: --cbkwargs='{"foo" : "bar"}'

* ``--pipelines``: process items through pipelines

* ``--rules`` or ``-r``: use :class:`~scrapy.spiders.CrawlSpider`
  rules to discover the callback (i.e. spider method) to use for parsing the
  response

* ``--noitems``: don't show scraped items

* ``--nolinks``: don't show extracted links

* ``--nocolour``: avoid using pygments to colorize the output

* ``--depth`` or ``-d``: depth level for which the requests should be followed
  recursively (default: 1)

* ``--verbose`` or ``-v``: display information for each depth level

* ``--output`` or ``-o``: dump scraped items to a file

.. skip: start

Usage example::

    $ scrapy parse http://www.example.com/ -c parse_item
    [ ... scrapy log lines crawling example.com spider ... ]

    >>> STATUS DEPTH LEVEL 1 <<<
    # Scraped Items  ------------------------------------------------------------
    [{'name': 'Example item',
     'category': 'Furniture',
     'length': '12 cm'}]

    # Requests  -----------------------------------------------------------------
    []

.. skip: end


.. command:: settings

settings
--------

* Syntax: ``scrapy settings [options]``
* Requires project: *no*

Get the value of a Scrapy setting.

If used inside a project it'll show the project setting value, otherwise it'll
show the default Scrapy value for that setting.

Example usage::

    $ scrapy settings --get BOT_NAME
    scrapybot
    $ scrapy settings --get DOWNLOAD_DELAY
    0

.. command:: runspider

runspider
---------

* Syntax: ``scrapy runspider <spider_file.py>``
* Requires project: *no*

Run a spider self-contained in a Python file, without having to create a
project.

Example usage::

    $ scrapy runspider myspider.py
    [ ... spider starts crawling ... ]

.. command:: version

version
-------

* Syntax: ``scrapy version [-v]``
* Requires project: *no*

Prints the Scrapy version. If used with ``-v`` it also prints Python, Twisted
and Platform info, which is useful for bug reports.

.. command:: bench

bench
-----

* Syntax: ``scrapy bench``
* Requires project: *no*

Run a quick benchmark test. :ref:`benchmarking`.

.. _topics-commands-crawlerprocess:

Commands that run a crawl
=========================

Many commands need to run a crawl of some kind, running either a user-provided
spider or a special internal one:

* :command:`bench`
* :command:`check`
* :command:`crawl`
* :command:`fetch`
* :command:`parse`
* :command:`runspider`
* :command:`shell`
* :command:`view`

They use an internal instance of :class:`scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess` or
:class:`scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess` for this. In most cases this detail
shouldn't matter to the user running the command, but when the user :ref:`needs
a non-default Twisted reactor <disable-asyncio>`, it may be important.

Scrapy decides which of these two classes to use based on the value of the
:setting:`TWISTED_REACTOR` setting. If the setting value is the default one
(``'twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor'``),
:class:`~scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess` will be used, otherwise
:class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess` will be used. The :ref:`spider settings
<spider-settings>` are not taken into account when doing this, as they are
loaded after this decision is made. This may cause an error if the
project-level setting is set to :ref:`the asyncio reactor <install-asyncio>`
(:ref:`explicitly <project-settings>` or :ref:`by using the Scrapy default
<default-settings>`) and :ref:`the setting of the spider being run
<spider-settings>` is set to :ref:`a different one <disable-asyncio>`, because
:class:`~scrapy.crawler.AsyncCrawlerProcess` only supports the asyncio reactor.
In this case you should set the :setting:`FORCE_CRAWLER_PROCESS` setting to
``True`` (at the project level or via the command line) so that Scrapy uses
:class:`~scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess` which supports all reactors.

Custom project commands
=======================

You can also add your custom project commands by using the
:setting:`COMMANDS_MODULE` setting. See the Scrapy commands in
`scrapy/commands`_ for examples on how to implement your commands.

.. _scrapy/commands: https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/tree/master/scrapy/commands
.. setting:: COMMANDS_MODULE

COMMANDS_MODULE
---------------

Default: ``''`` (empty string)

A module to use for looking up custom Scrapy commands. This is used to add custom
commands for your Scrapy project.

Example:

.. code-block:: python

    COMMANDS_MODULE = "mybot.commands"

.. _Deploying your project: https://scrapyd.readthedocs.io/en/latest/deploy.html

Register commands via setup.py entry points
-------------------------------------------

You can also add Scrapy commands from an external library by adding a
``scrapy.commands`` section in the entry points of the library ``setup.py``
file.

The following example adds ``my_command`` command:

.. skip: next

.. code-block:: python

  from setuptools import setup, find_packages

  setup(
      name="scrapy-mymodule",
      entry_points={
          "scrapy.commands": [
              "my_command=my_scrapy_module.commands:MyCommand",
          ],
      },
  )
