/*
 * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Some portions Copyright (C) 2010-2013 Sourcefire, Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that: (1) source code distributions
 * retain the above copyright notice and this paragraph in its entirety, (2)
 * distributions including binary code include the above copyright notice and
 * this paragraph in its entirety in the documentation or other materials
 * provided with the distribution, and (3) all advertising materials mentioning
 * features or use of this software display the following acknowledgement:
 * ``This product includes software developed by the University of California,
 * Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors.'' Neither the name of
 * the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse
 * or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
 * written permission.
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 *  Optimization module for tcpdump intermediate representation.
 */
#ifndef lint
static const char rcsid[] =
    "@(#) $Header: //depot/firepower/daq-opensource/DAQ_2_0_7/sfbpf/sf_optimize.c#1 $ (LBL)";
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#ifdef WIN32
#include "win32-stdinc.h"
#else /* WIN32 */
#if HAVE_INTTYPES_H
#include <inttypes.h>
#elif HAVE_STDINT_H
#include <stdint.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_BITYPES_H
#include <sys/bitypes.h>
#endif
#include <sys/types.h>
#endif /* WIN32 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <memory.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include "sfbpf-int.h"

#include "gencode.h"

#ifdef BDEBUG
extern int dflag;
#endif

#if defined(MSDOS) && !defined(__DJGPP__)
extern int _w32_ffs(int mask);
#define ffs _w32_ffs
#endif

#if defined(WIN32) && defined (_MSC_VER)
int ffs(int mask);
#endif

/*
 * Represents a deleted instruction.
 */
#define NOP -1

/*
 * Register numbers for use-def values.
 * 0 through BPF_MEMWORDS-1 represent the corresponding scratch memory
 * location.  A_ATOM is the accumulator and X_ATOM is the index
 * register.
 */
#define A_ATOM BPF_MEMWORDS
#define X_ATOM (BPF_MEMWORDS+1)

/*
 * This define is used to represent *both* the accumulator and
 * x register in use-def computations.
 * Currently, the use-def code assumes only one definition per instruction.
 */
#define AX_ATOM N_ATOMS

/*
 * A flag to indicate that further optimization is needed.
 * Iterative passes are continued until a given pass yields no
 * branch movement.
 */
static int done;

/*
 * A block is marked if only if its mark equals the current mark.
 * Rather than traverse the code array, marking each item, 'cur_mark' is
 * incremented.  This automatically makes each element unmarked.
 */
static int cur_mark;
#define isMarked(p) ((p)->mark == cur_mark)
#define unMarkAll() cur_mark += 1
#define Mark(p) ((p)->mark = cur_mark)

static void opt_init(struct block *);
static void opt_cleanup(void);

static void make_marks(struct block *);
static void mark_code(struct block *);

static void intern_blocks(struct block *);

static int eq_slist(struct slist *, struct slist *);

static void find_levels_r(struct block *);

static void find_levels(struct block *);
static void find_dom(struct block *);
static void propedom(struct edge *);
static void find_edom(struct block *);
static void find_closure(struct block *);
static int atomuse(struct stmt *);
static int atomdef(struct stmt *);
static void compute_local_ud(struct block *);
static void find_ud(struct block *);
static void init_val(void);
static int F(int, int, int);
static inline void vstore(struct stmt *, int *, int, int);
static void opt_blk(struct block *, int);
static int use_conflict(struct block *, struct block *);
static void opt_j(struct edge *);
static void or_pullup(struct block *);
static void and_pullup(struct block *);
static void opt_blks(struct block *, int);
static inline void link_inedge(struct edge *, struct block *);
static void find_inedges(struct block *);
static void opt_root(struct block **);
static void opt_loop(struct block *, int);
static void fold_op(struct stmt *, int, int);
static inline struct slist *this_op(struct slist *);
static void opt_not(struct block *);
static void opt_peep(struct block *);
static void opt_stmt(struct stmt *, int[], int);
static void deadstmt(struct stmt *, struct stmt *[]);
static void opt_deadstores(struct block *);
static struct block *fold_edge(struct block *, struct edge *);
static inline int eq_blk(struct block *, struct block *);
static int slength(struct slist *);
static int count_blocks(struct block *);
static void number_blks_r(struct block *);
static int count_stmts(struct block *);
static int convert_code_r(struct block *);
#ifdef BDEBUG
static void opt_dump(struct block *);
#endif

static int n_blocks;
struct block **blocks;
static int n_edges;
struct edge **edges;

/*
 * A bit vector set representation of the dominators.
 * We round up the set size to the next power of two.
 */
static int nodewords;
static int edgewords;
struct block **levels;
bpf_u_int32 *space;
#define BITS_PER_WORD (8*sizeof(bpf_u_int32))
/*
 * True if a is in uset {p}
 */
#define SET_MEMBER(p, a) \
((p)[(unsigned)(a) / BITS_PER_WORD] & (1 << ((unsigned)(a) % BITS_PER_WORD)))

/*
 * Add 'a' to uset p.
 */
#define SET_INSERT(p, a) \
(p)[(unsigned)(a) / BITS_PER_WORD] |= (1 << ((unsigned)(a) % BITS_PER_WORD))

/*
 * Delete 'a' from uset p.
 */
#define SET_DELETE(p, a) \
(p)[(unsigned)(a) / BITS_PER_WORD] &= ~(1 << ((unsigned)(a) % BITS_PER_WORD))

/*
 * a := a intersect b
 */
#define SET_INTERSECT(a, b, n)\
{\
	register bpf_u_int32 *_x = a, *_y = b;\
	register int _n = n;\
	while (--_n >= 0) *_x++ &= *_y++;\
}

/*
 * a := a - b
 */
#define SET_SUBTRACT(a, b, n)\
{\
	register bpf_u_int32 *_x = a, *_y = b;\
	register int _n = n;\
	while (--_n >= 0) *_x++ &=~ *_y++;\
}

/*
 * a := a union b
 */
#define SET_UNION(a, b, n)\
{\
	register bpf_u_int32 *_x = a, *_y = b;\
	register int _n = n;\
	while (--_n >= 0) *_x++ |= *_y++;\
}

static uset all_dom_sets;
static uset all_closure_sets;
static uset all_edge_sets;

#ifndef MAX
#define MAX(a,b) ((a)>(b)?(a):(b))
#endif

static void find_levels_r(b)
     struct block *b;
{
    int level;

    if (isMarked(b))
        return;

    Mark(b);
    b->link = 0;

    if (JT(b))
    {
        find_levels_r(JT(b));
        find_levels_r(JF(b));
        level = MAX(JT(b)->level, JF(b)->level) + 1;
    }
    else
        level = 0;
    b->level = level;
    b->link = levels[level];
    levels[level] = b;
}

/*
 * Level graph.  The levels go from 0 at the leaves to
 * N_LEVELS at the root.  The levels[] array points to the
 * first node of the level list, whose elements are linked
 * with the 'link' field of the struct block.
 */
static void find_levels(root)
     struct block *root;
{
    memset((char *) levels, 0, n_blocks * sizeof(*levels));
    unMarkAll();
    find_levels_r(root);
}

/*
 * Find dominator relationships.
 * Assumes graph has been leveled.
 */
static void find_dom(root)
     struct block *root;
{
    int i;
    struct block *b;
    bpf_u_int32 *x;

    /*
     * Initialize sets to contain all nodes.
     */
    x = all_dom_sets;
    i = n_blocks * nodewords;
    while (--i >= 0)
        *x++ = ~0;
    /* Root starts off empty. */
    for (i = nodewords; --i >= 0;)
        root->dom[i] = 0;

    /* root->level is the highest level no found. */
    for (i = root->level; i >= 0; --i)
    {
        for (b = levels[i]; b; b = b->link)
        {
            SET_INSERT(b->dom, b->id);
            if (JT(b) == 0)
                continue;
            SET_INTERSECT(JT(b)->dom, b->dom, nodewords);
            SET_INTERSECT(JF(b)->dom, b->dom, nodewords);
        }
    }
}

static void propedom(ep)
     struct edge *ep;
{
    SET_INSERT(ep->edom, ep->id);
    if (ep->succ)
    {
        SET_INTERSECT(ep->succ->et.edom, ep->edom, edgewords);
        SET_INTERSECT(ep->succ->ef.edom, ep->edom, edgewords);
    }
}

/*
 * Compute edge dominators.
 * Assumes graph has been leveled and predecessors established.
 */
static void find_edom(root)
     struct block *root;
{
    int i;
    uset x;
    struct block *b;

    x = all_edge_sets;
    for (i = n_edges * edgewords; --i >= 0;)
        x[i] = ~0;

    /* root->level is the highest level no found. */
    memset(root->et.edom, 0, edgewords * sizeof(*(uset) 0));
    memset(root->ef.edom, 0, edgewords * sizeof(*(uset) 0));
    for (i = root->level; i >= 0; --i)
    {
        for (b = levels[i]; b != 0; b = b->link)
        {
            propedom(&b->et);
            propedom(&b->ef);
        }
    }
}

/*
 * Find the backwards transitive closure of the flow graph.  These sets
 * are backwards in the sense that we find the set of nodes that reach
 * a given node, not the set of nodes that can be reached by a node.
 *
 * Assumes graph has been leveled.
 */
static void find_closure(root)
     struct block *root;
{
    int i;
    struct block *b;

    /*
     * Initialize sets to contain no nodes.
     */
    memset((char *) all_closure_sets, 0, n_blocks * nodewords * sizeof(*all_closure_sets));

    /* root->level is the highest level no found. */
    for (i = root->level; i >= 0; --i)
    {
        for (b = levels[i]; b; b = b->link)
        {
            SET_INSERT(b->closure, b->id);
            if (JT(b) == 0)
                continue;
            SET_UNION(JT(b)->closure, b->closure, nodewords);
            SET_UNION(JF(b)->closure, b->closure, nodewords);
        }
    }
}

/*
 * Return the register number that is used by s.  If A and X are both
 * used, return AX_ATOM.  If no register is used, return -1.
 *
 * The implementation should probably change to an array access.
 */
static int atomuse(s)
     struct stmt *s;
{
    register int c = s->code;

    if (c == NOP)
        return -1;

    switch (BPF_CLASS(c))
    {

        case BPF_RET:
            return (BPF_RVAL(c) == BPF_A) ? A_ATOM : (BPF_RVAL(c) == BPF_X) ? X_ATOM : -1;

        case BPF_LD:
        case BPF_LDX:
            return (BPF_MODE(c) == BPF_IND) ? X_ATOM : (BPF_MODE(c) == BPF_MEM) ? s->k : -1;

        case BPF_ST:
            return A_ATOM;

        case BPF_STX:
            return X_ATOM;

        case BPF_JMP:
        case BPF_ALU:
            if (BPF_SRC(c) == BPF_X)
                return AX_ATOM;
            return A_ATOM;

        case BPF_MISC:
            return BPF_MISCOP(c) == BPF_TXA ? X_ATOM : A_ATOM;
    }
    abort();
    /* NOTREACHED */
}

/*
 * Return the register number that is defined by 's'.  We assume that
 * a single stmt cannot define more than one register.  If no register
 * is defined, return -1.
 *
 * The implementation should probably change to an array access.
 */
static int atomdef(s)
     struct stmt *s;
{
    if (s->code == NOP)
        return -1;

    switch (BPF_CLASS(s->code))
    {

        case BPF_LD:
        case BPF_ALU:
            return A_ATOM;

        case BPF_LDX:
            return X_ATOM;

        case BPF_ST:
        case BPF_STX:
            return s->k;

        case BPF_MISC:
            return BPF_MISCOP(s->code) == BPF_TAX ? X_ATOM : A_ATOM;
    }
    return -1;
}

/*
 * Compute the sets of registers used, defined, and killed by 'b'.
 *
 * "Used" means that a statement in 'b' uses the register before any
 * statement in 'b' defines it, i.e. it uses the value left in
 * that register by a predecessor block of this block.
 * "Defined" means that a statement in 'b' defines it.
 * "Killed" means that a statement in 'b' defines it before any
 * statement in 'b' uses it, i.e. it kills the value left in that
 * register by a predecessor block of this block.
 */
static void compute_local_ud(b)
     struct block *b;
{
    struct slist *s;
    atomset def = 0, use = 0, kill = 0;
    int atom;

    for (s = b->stmts; s; s = s->next)
    {
        if (s->s.code == NOP)
            continue;
        atom = atomuse(&s->s);
        if (atom >= 0)
        {
            if (atom == AX_ATOM)
            {
                if (!ATOMELEM(def, X_ATOM))
                    use |= ATOMMASK(X_ATOM);
                if (!ATOMELEM(def, A_ATOM))
                    use |= ATOMMASK(A_ATOM);
            }
            else if (atom < N_ATOMS)
            {
                if (!ATOMELEM(def, atom))
                    use |= ATOMMASK(atom);
            }
            else
                abort();
        }
        atom = atomdef(&s->s);
        if (atom >= 0)
        {
            if (!ATOMELEM(use, atom))
                kill |= ATOMMASK(atom);
            def |= ATOMMASK(atom);
        }
    }
    if (BPF_CLASS(b->s.code) == BPF_JMP)
    {
        /*
         * XXX - what about RET?
         */
        atom = atomuse(&b->s);
        if (atom >= 0)
        {
            if (atom == AX_ATOM)
            {
                if (!ATOMELEM(def, X_ATOM))
                    use |= ATOMMASK(X_ATOM);
                if (!ATOMELEM(def, A_ATOM))
                    use |= ATOMMASK(A_ATOM);
            }
            else if (atom < N_ATOMS)
            {
                if (!ATOMELEM(def, atom))
                    use |= ATOMMASK(atom);
            }
            else
                abort();
        }
    }

    b->def = def;
    b->kill = kill;
    b->in_use = use;
}

/*
 * Assume graph is already leveled.
 */
static void find_ud(root)
     struct block *root;
{
    int i, maxlevel;
    struct block *p;

    /*
     * root->level is the highest level no found;
     * count down from there.
     */
    maxlevel = root->level;
    for (i = maxlevel; i >= 0; --i)
        for (p = levels[i]; p; p = p->link)
        {
            compute_local_ud(p);
            p->out_use = 0;
        }

    for (i = 1; i <= maxlevel; ++i)
    {
        for (p = levels[i]; p; p = p->link)
        {
            p->out_use |= JT(p)->in_use | JF(p)->in_use;
            p->in_use |= p->out_use & ~p->kill;
        }
    }
}

/*
 * These data structures are used in a Cocke and Shwarz style
 * value numbering scheme.  Since the flowgraph is acyclic,
 * exit values can be propagated from a node's predecessors
 * provided it is uniquely defined.
 */
struct valnode
{
    int code;
    int v0, v1;
    int val;
    struct valnode *next;
};

#define MODULUS 213
static struct valnode *hashtbl[MODULUS];
static int curval;
static int maxval;

/* Integer constants mapped with the load immediate opcode. */
#define K(i) F(BPF_LD|BPF_IMM|BPF_W, i, 0L)

struct vmapinfo
{
    int is_const;
    bpf_int32 const_val;
};

struct vmapinfo *vmap;
struct valnode *vnode_base;
struct valnode *next_vnode;

static void init_val()
{
    curval = 0;
    next_vnode = vnode_base;
    memset((char *) vmap, 0, maxval * sizeof(*vmap));
    memset((char *) hashtbl, 0, sizeof hashtbl);
}

/* Because we really don't have an IR, this stuff is a little messy. */
static int F(code, v0, v1)
     int code;
     int v0, v1;
{
    u_int hash;
    int val;
    struct valnode *p;

    hash = (u_int) code ^ (v0 << 4) ^ (v1 << 8);
    hash %= MODULUS;

    for (p = hashtbl[hash]; p; p = p->next)
        if (p->code == code && p->v0 == v0 && p->v1 == v1)
            return p->val;

    val = ++curval;
    if (BPF_MODE(code) == BPF_IMM && (BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_LD || BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_LDX))
    {
        vmap[val].const_val = v0;
        vmap[val].is_const = 1;
    }
    p = next_vnode++;
    p->val = val;
    p->code = code;
    p->v0 = v0;
    p->v1 = v1;
    p->next = hashtbl[hash];
    hashtbl[hash] = p;

    return val;
}

static inline void vstore(s, valp, newval, alter)
     struct stmt *s;
     int *valp;
     int newval;
     int alter;
{
    if (alter && *valp == newval)
        s->code = NOP;
    else
        *valp = newval;
}

static void fold_op(s, v0, v1)
     struct stmt *s;
     int v0, v1;
{
    bpf_u_int32 a, b;

    a = vmap[v0].const_val;
    b = vmap[v1].const_val;

    switch (BPF_OP(s->code))
    {
        case BPF_ADD:
            a += b;
            break;

        case BPF_SUB:
            a -= b;
            break;

        case BPF_MUL:
            a *= b;
            break;

        case BPF_DIV:
            if (b == 0)
                bpf_error("division by zero");
            a /= b;
            break;

        case BPF_AND:
            a &= b;
            break;

        case BPF_OR:
            a |= b;
            break;

        case BPF_LSH:
            a <<= b;
            break;

        case BPF_RSH:
            a >>= b;
            break;

        case BPF_NEG:
            a = -a;
            break;

        default:
            abort();
    }
    s->k = a;
    s->code = BPF_LD | BPF_IMM;
    done = 0;
}

static inline struct slist *this_op(s)
     struct slist *s;
{
    while (s != 0 && s->s.code == NOP)
        s = s->next;
    return s;
}

static void opt_not(b)
     struct block *b;
{
    struct block *tmp = JT(b);

    JT(b) = JF(b);
    JF(b) = tmp;
}

static void opt_peep(b)
     struct block *b;
{
    struct slist *s;
    struct slist *next, *last;
    int val;

    s = b->stmts;
    if (s == 0)
        return;

    last = s;
    for ( /*empty */ ; /*empty */ ; s = next)
    {
        /*
         * Skip over nops.
         */
        s = this_op(s);
        if (s == 0)
            break;              /* nothing left in the block */

        /*
         * Find the next real instruction after that one
         * (skipping nops).
         */
        next = this_op(s->next);
        if (next == 0)
            break;              /* no next instruction */
        last = next;

        /*
         * st  M[k] --> st  M[k]
         * ldx M[k]     tax
         */
        if (s->s.code == BPF_ST && next->s.code == (BPF_LDX | BPF_MEM) && s->s.k == next->s.k)
        {
            done = 0;
            next->s.code = BPF_MISC | BPF_TAX;
        }
        /*
         * ld  #k   --> ldx  #k
         * tax          txa
         */
        if (s->s.code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM) && next->s.code == (BPF_MISC | BPF_TAX))
        {
            s->s.code = BPF_LDX | BPF_IMM;
            next->s.code = BPF_MISC | BPF_TXA;
            done = 0;
        }
        /*
         * This is an ugly special case, but it happens
         * when you say tcp[k] or udp[k] where k is a constant.
         */
        if (s->s.code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM))
        {
            struct slist *add, *tax, *ild;

            /*
             * Check that X isn't used on exit from this
             * block (which the optimizer might cause).
             * We know the code generator won't generate
             * any local dependencies.
             */
            if (ATOMELEM(b->out_use, X_ATOM))
                continue;

            /*
             * Check that the instruction following the ldi
             * is an addx, or it's an ldxms with an addx
             * following it (with 0 or more nops between the
             * ldxms and addx).
             */
            if (next->s.code != (BPF_LDX | BPF_MSH | BPF_B))
                add = next;
            else
                add = this_op(next->next);
            if (add == 0 || add->s.code != (BPF_ALU | BPF_ADD | BPF_X))
                continue;

            /*
             * Check that a tax follows that (with 0 or more
             * nops between them).
             */
            tax = this_op(add->next);
            if (tax == 0 || tax->s.code != (BPF_MISC | BPF_TAX))
                continue;

            /*
             * Check that an ild follows that (with 0 or more
             * nops between them).
             */
            ild = this_op(tax->next);
            if (ild == 0 || BPF_CLASS(ild->s.code) != BPF_LD || BPF_MODE(ild->s.code) != BPF_IND)
                continue;
            /*
             * We want to turn this sequence:
             *
             * (004) ldi     #0x2       {s}
             * (005) ldxms   [14]       {next}  -- optional
             * (006) addx           {add}
             * (007) tax            {tax}
             * (008) ild     [x+0]      {ild}
             *
             * into this sequence:
             *
             * (004) nop
             * (005) ldxms   [14]
             * (006) nop
             * (007) nop
             * (008) ild     [x+2]
             *
             * XXX We need to check that X is not
             * subsequently used, because we want to change
             * what'll be in it after this sequence.
             *
             * We know we can eliminate the accumulator
             * modifications earlier in the sequence since
             * it is defined by the last stmt of this sequence
             * (i.e., the last statement of the sequence loads
             * a value into the accumulator, so we can eliminate
             * earlier operations on the accumulator).
             */
            ild->s.k += s->s.k;
            s->s.code = NOP;
            add->s.code = NOP;
            tax->s.code = NOP;
            done = 0;
        }
    }
    /*
     * If the comparison at the end of a block is an equality
     * comparison against a constant, and nobody uses the value
     * we leave in the A register at the end of a block, and
     * the operation preceding the comparison is an arithmetic
     * operation, we can sometime optimize it away.
     */
    if (b->s.code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K) && !ATOMELEM(b->out_use, A_ATOM))
    {
        /*
         * We can optimize away certain subtractions of the
         * X register.
         */
        if (last->s.code == (BPF_ALU | BPF_SUB | BPF_X))
        {
            val = b->val[X_ATOM];
            if (vmap[val].is_const)
            {
                /*
                 * If we have a subtract to do a comparison,
                 * and the X register is a known constant,
                 * we can merge this value into the
                 * comparison:
                 *
                 * sub x  ->    nop
                 * jeq #y   jeq #(x+y)
                 */
                b->s.k += vmap[val].const_val;
                last->s.code = NOP;
                done = 0;
            }
            else if (b->s.k == 0)
            {
                /*
                 * If the X register isn't a constant,
                 * and the comparison in the test is
                 * against 0, we can compare with the
                 * X register, instead:
                 *
                 * sub x  ->    nop
                 * jeq #0   jeq x
                 */
                last->s.code = NOP;
                b->s.code = BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_X;
                done = 0;
            }
        }
        /*
         * Likewise, a constant subtract can be simplified:
         *
         * sub #x ->    nop
         * jeq #y ->    jeq #(x+y)
         */
        else if (last->s.code == (BPF_ALU | BPF_SUB | BPF_K))
        {
            last->s.code = NOP;
            b->s.k += last->s.k;
            done = 0;
        }
        /*
         * And, similarly, a constant AND can be simplified
         * if we're testing against 0, i.e.:
         *
         * and #k   nop
         * jeq #0  ->   jset #k
         */
        else if (last->s.code == (BPF_ALU | BPF_AND | BPF_K) && b->s.k == 0)
        {
            b->s.k = last->s.k;
            b->s.code = BPF_JMP | BPF_K | BPF_JSET;
            last->s.code = NOP;
            done = 0;
            opt_not(b);
        }
    }
    /*
     * jset #0        ->   never
     * jset #ffffffff ->   always
     */
    if (b->s.code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_K | BPF_JSET))
    {
        if (b->s.k == 0)
            JT(b) = JF(b);
        if (b->s.k == 0xffffffff)
            JF(b) = JT(b);
    }
    /*
     * If we're comparing against the index register, and the index
     * register is a known constant, we can just compare against that
     * constant.
     */
    val = b->val[X_ATOM];
    if (vmap[val].is_const && BPF_SRC(b->s.code) == BPF_X)
    {
        bpf_int32 v = vmap[val].const_val;
        b->s.code &= ~BPF_X;
        b->s.k = v;
    }
    /*
     * If the accumulator is a known constant, we can compute the
     * comparison result.
     */
    val = b->val[A_ATOM];
    if (vmap[val].is_const && BPF_SRC(b->s.code) == BPF_K)
    {
        bpf_int32 v = vmap[val].const_val;
        switch (BPF_OP(b->s.code))
        {

            case BPF_JEQ:
                v = v == b->s.k;
                break;

            case BPF_JGT:
                v = (unsigned) v > b->s.k;
                break;

            case BPF_JGE:
                v = (unsigned) v >= b->s.k;
                break;

            case BPF_JSET:
                v &= b->s.k;
                break;

            default:
                abort();
        }
        if (JF(b) != JT(b))
            done = 0;
        if (v)
            JF(b) = JT(b);
        else
            JT(b) = JF(b);
    }
}

/*
 * Compute the symbolic value of expression of 's', and update
 * anything it defines in the value table 'val'.  If 'alter' is true,
 * do various optimizations.  This code would be cleaner if symbolic
 * evaluation and code transformations weren't folded together.
 */
static void opt_stmt(s, val, alter)
     struct stmt *s;
     int val[];
     int alter;
{
    int op;
    int v;

    switch (s->code)
    {

        case BPF_LD | BPF_ABS | BPF_W:
        case BPF_LD | BPF_ABS | BPF_H:
        case BPF_LD | BPF_ABS | BPF_B:
            v = F(s->code, s->k, 0L);
            vstore(s, &val[A_ATOM], v, alter);
            break;

        case BPF_LD | BPF_IND | BPF_W:
        case BPF_LD | BPF_IND | BPF_H:
        case BPF_LD | BPF_IND | BPF_B:
            v = val[X_ATOM];
            if (alter && vmap[v].is_const)
            {
                s->code = BPF_LD | BPF_ABS | BPF_SIZE(s->code);
                s->k += vmap[v].const_val;
                v = F(s->code, s->k, 0L);
                done = 0;
            }
            else
                v = F(s->code, s->k, v);
            vstore(s, &val[A_ATOM], v, alter);
            break;

        case BPF_LD | BPF_LEN:
            v = F(s->code, 0L, 0L);
            vstore(s, &val[A_ATOM], v, alter);
            break;

        case BPF_LD | BPF_IMM:
            v = K(s->k);
            vstore(s, &val[A_ATOM], v, alter);
            break;

        case BPF_LDX | BPF_IMM:
            v = K(s->k);
            vstore(s, &val[X_ATOM], v, alter);
            break;

        case BPF_LDX | BPF_MSH | BPF_B:
            v = F(s->code, s->k, 0L);
            vstore(s, &val[X_ATOM], v, alter);
            break;

        case BPF_ALU | BPF_NEG:
            if (alter && vmap[val[A_ATOM]].is_const)
            {
                s->code = BPF_LD | BPF_IMM;
                s->k = -vmap[val[A_ATOM]].const_val;
                val[A_ATOM] = K(s->k);
            }
            else
                val[A_ATOM] = F(s->code, val[A_ATOM], 0L);
            break;

        case BPF_ALU | BPF_ADD | BPF_K:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_SUB | BPF_K:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_MUL | BPF_K:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_DIV | BPF_K:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_AND | BPF_K:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_OR | BPF_K:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_LSH | BPF_K:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_RSH | BPF_K:
            op = BPF_OP(s->code);
            if (alter)
            {
                if (s->k == 0)
                {
                    /* don't optimize away "sub #0"
                     * as it may be needed later to
                     * fixup the generated math code */
                    if (op == BPF_ADD || op == BPF_LSH || op == BPF_RSH || op == BPF_OR)
                    {
                        s->code = NOP;
                        break;
                    }
                    if (op == BPF_MUL || op == BPF_AND)
                    {
                        s->code = BPF_LD | BPF_IMM;
                        val[A_ATOM] = K(s->k);
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (vmap[val[A_ATOM]].is_const)
                {
                    fold_op(s, val[A_ATOM], K(s->k));
                    val[A_ATOM] = K(s->k);
                    break;
                }
            }
            val[A_ATOM] = F(s->code, val[A_ATOM], K(s->k));
            break;

        case BPF_ALU | BPF_ADD | BPF_X:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_SUB | BPF_X:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_MUL | BPF_X:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_DIV | BPF_X:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_AND | BPF_X:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_OR | BPF_X:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_LSH | BPF_X:
        case BPF_ALU | BPF_RSH | BPF_X:
            op = BPF_OP(s->code);
            if (alter && vmap[val[X_ATOM]].is_const)
            {
                if (vmap[val[A_ATOM]].is_const)
                {
                    fold_op(s, val[A_ATOM], val[X_ATOM]);
                    val[A_ATOM] = K(s->k);
                }
                else
                {
                    s->code = BPF_ALU | BPF_K | op;
                    s->k = vmap[val[X_ATOM]].const_val;
                    done = 0;
                    val[A_ATOM] = F(s->code, val[A_ATOM], K(s->k));
                }
                break;
            }
            /*
             * Check if we're doing something to an accumulator
             * that is 0, and simplify.  This may not seem like
             * much of a simplification but it could open up further
             * optimizations.
             * XXX We could also check for mul by 1, etc.
             */
            if (alter && vmap[val[A_ATOM]].is_const && vmap[val[A_ATOM]].const_val == 0)
            {
                if (op == BPF_ADD || op == BPF_OR)
                {
                    s->code = BPF_MISC | BPF_TXA;
                    vstore(s, &val[A_ATOM], val[X_ATOM], alter);
                    break;
                }
                else if (op == BPF_MUL || op == BPF_DIV || op == BPF_AND || op == BPF_LSH || op == BPF_RSH)
                {
                    s->code = BPF_LD | BPF_IMM;
                    s->k = 0;
                    vstore(s, &val[A_ATOM], K(s->k), alter);
                    break;
                }
                else if (op == BPF_NEG)
                {
                    s->code = NOP;
                    break;
                }
            }
            val[A_ATOM] = F(s->code, val[A_ATOM], val[X_ATOM]);
            break;

        case BPF_MISC | BPF_TXA:
            vstore(s, &val[A_ATOM], val[X_ATOM], alter);
            break;

        case BPF_LD | BPF_MEM:
            v = val[s->k];
            if (alter && vmap[v].is_const)
            {
                s->code = BPF_LD | BPF_IMM;
                s->k = vmap[v].const_val;
                done = 0;
            }
            vstore(s, &val[A_ATOM], v, alter);
            break;

        case BPF_MISC | BPF_TAX:
            vstore(s, &val[X_ATOM], val[A_ATOM], alter);
            break;

        case BPF_LDX | BPF_MEM:
            v = val[s->k];
            if (alter && vmap[v].is_const)
            {
                s->code = BPF_LDX | BPF_IMM;
                s->k = vmap[v].const_val;
                done = 0;
            }
            vstore(s, &val[X_ATOM], v, alter);
            break;

        case BPF_ST:
            vstore(s, &val[s->k], val[A_ATOM], alter);
            break;

        case BPF_STX:
            vstore(s, &val[s->k], val[X_ATOM], alter);
            break;
    }
}

static void deadstmt(s, last)
     register struct stmt *s;
     register struct stmt *last[];
{
    register int atom;

    atom = atomuse(s);
    if (atom >= 0)
    {
        if (atom == AX_ATOM)
        {
            last[X_ATOM] = 0;
            last[A_ATOM] = 0;
        }
        else
            last[atom] = 0;
    }
    atom = atomdef(s);
    if (atom >= 0)
    {
        if (last[atom])
        {
            done = 0;
            last[atom]->code = NOP;
        }
        last[atom] = s;
    }
}

static void opt_deadstores(b)
     register struct block *b;
{
    register struct slist *s;
    register int atom;
    struct stmt *last[N_ATOMS];

    memset((char *) last, 0, sizeof last);

    for (s = b->stmts; s != 0; s = s->next)
        deadstmt(&s->s, last);
    deadstmt(&b->s, last);

    for (atom = 0; atom < N_ATOMS; ++atom)
        if (last[atom] && !ATOMELEM(b->out_use, atom))
        {
            last[atom]->code = NOP;
            done = 0;
        }
}

static void opt_blk(b, do_stmts)
     struct block *b;
     int do_stmts;
{
    struct slist *s;
    struct edge *p;
    int i;
    bpf_int32 aval, xval;

#if 0
    for (s = b->stmts; s && s->next; s = s->next)
        if (BPF_CLASS(s->s.code) == BPF_JMP)
        {
            do_stmts = 0;
            break;
        }
#endif

    /*
     * Initialize the atom values.
     */
    p = b->in_edges;
    if (p == 0)
    {
        /*
         * We have no predecessors, so everything is undefined
         * upon entry to this block.
         */
        memset((char *) b->val, 0, sizeof(b->val));
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         * Inherit values from our predecessors.
         *
         * First, get the values from the predecessor along the
         * first edge leading to this node.
         */
        memcpy((char *) b->val, (char *) p->pred->val, sizeof(b->val));
        /*
         * Now look at all the other nodes leading to this node.
         * If, for the predecessor along that edge, a register
         * has a different value from the one we have (i.e.,
         * control paths are merging, and the merging paths
         * assign different values to that register), give the
         * register the undefined value of 0.
         */
        while ((p = p->next) != NULL)
        {
            for (i = 0; i < N_ATOMS; ++i)
                if (b->val[i] != p->pred->val[i])
                    b->val[i] = 0;
        }
    }
    aval = b->val[A_ATOM];
    xval = b->val[X_ATOM];
    for (s = b->stmts; s; s = s->next)
        opt_stmt(&s->s, b->val, do_stmts);

    /*
     * This is a special case: if we don't use anything from this
     * block, and we load the accumulator or index register with a
     * value that is already there, or if this block is a return,
     * eliminate all the statements.
     *
     * XXX - what if it does a store?
     *
     * XXX - why does it matter whether we use anything from this
     * block?  If the accumulator or index register doesn't change
     * its value, isn't that OK even if we use that value?
     *
     * XXX - if we load the accumulator with a different value,
     * and the block ends with a conditional branch, we obviously
     * can't eliminate it, as the branch depends on that value.
     * For the index register, the conditional branch only depends
     * on the index register value if the test is against the index
     * register value rather than a constant; if nothing uses the
     * value we put into the index register, and we're not testing
     * against the index register's value, and there aren't any
     * other problems that would keep us from eliminating this
     * block, can we eliminate it?
     */
    if (do_stmts &&
        ((b->out_use == 0 && aval != 0 && b->val[A_ATOM] == aval &&
          xval != 0 && b->val[X_ATOM] == xval) || BPF_CLASS(b->s.code) == BPF_RET))
    {
        if (b->stmts != 0)
        {
            b->stmts = 0;
            done = 0;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        opt_peep(b);
        opt_deadstores(b);
    }
    /*
     * Set up values for branch optimizer.
     */
    if (BPF_SRC(b->s.code) == BPF_K)
        b->oval = K(b->s.k);
    else
        b->oval = b->val[X_ATOM];
    b->et.code = b->s.code;
    b->ef.code = -b->s.code;
}

/*
 * Return true if any register that is used on exit from 'succ', has
 * an exit value that is different from the corresponding exit value
 * from 'b'.
 */
static int use_conflict(b, succ)
     struct block *b, *succ;
{
    int atom;
    atomset use = succ->out_use;

    if (use == 0)
        return 0;

    for (atom = 0; atom < N_ATOMS; ++atom)
        if (ATOMELEM(use, atom))
            if (b->val[atom] != succ->val[atom])
                return 1;
    return 0;
}

static struct block *fold_edge(child, ep)
     struct block *child;
     struct edge *ep;
{
    int sense;
    int aval0, aval1, oval0, oval1;
    int code = ep->code;

    if (code < 0)
    {
        code = -code;
        sense = 0;
    }
    else
        sense = 1;

    if (child->s.code != code)
        return 0;

    aval0 = child->val[A_ATOM];
    oval0 = child->oval;
    aval1 = ep->pred->val[A_ATOM];
    oval1 = ep->pred->oval;

    if (aval0 != aval1)
        return 0;

    if (oval0 == oval1)
        /*
         * The operands of the branch instructions are
         * identical, so the result is true if a true
         * branch was taken to get here, otherwise false.
         */
        return sense ? JT(child) : JF(child);

    if (sense && code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K))
        /*
         * At this point, we only know the comparison if we
         * came down the true branch, and it was an equality
         * comparison with a constant.
         *
         * I.e., if we came down the true branch, and the branch
         * was an equality comparison with a constant, we know the
         * accumulator contains that constant.  If we came down
         * the false branch, or the comparison wasn't with a
         * constant, we don't know what was in the accumulator.
         *
         * We rely on the fact that distinct constants have distinct
         * value numbers.
         */
        return JF(child);

    return 0;
}

static void opt_j(ep)
     struct edge *ep;
{
    register int i, k;
    register struct block *target;

    if (JT(ep->succ) == 0)
        return;

    if (JT(ep->succ) == JF(ep->succ))
    {
        /*
         * Common branch targets can be eliminated, provided
         * there is no data dependency.
         */
        if (!use_conflict(ep->pred, ep->succ->et.succ))
        {
            done = 0;
            ep->succ = JT(ep->succ);
        }
    }
    /*
     * For each edge dominator that matches the successor of this
     * edge, promote the edge successor to the its grandchild.
     *
     * XXX We violate the set abstraction here in favor a reasonably
     * efficient loop.
     */
  top:
    for (i = 0; i < edgewords; ++i)
    {
        register bpf_u_int32 x = ep->edom[i];

        while (x != 0)
        {
            k = ffs(x) - 1;
            x &= ~(1 << k);
            k += i * BITS_PER_WORD;

            target = fold_edge(ep->succ, edges[k]);
            /*
             * Check that there is no data dependency between
             * nodes that will be violated if we move the edge.
             */
            if (target != 0 && !use_conflict(ep->pred, target))
            {
                done = 0;
                ep->succ = target;
                if (JT(target) != 0)
                    /*
                     * Start over unless we hit a leaf.
                     */
                    goto top;
                return;
            }
        }
    }
}


static void or_pullup(b)
     struct block *b;
{
    int val, at_top;
    struct block *pull;
    struct block **diffp, **samep;
    struct edge *ep;

    ep = b->in_edges;
    if (ep == 0)
        return;

    /*
     * Make sure each predecessor loads the same value.
     * XXX why?
     */
    val = ep->pred->val[A_ATOM];
    for (ep = ep->next; ep != 0; ep = ep->next)
        if (val != ep->pred->val[A_ATOM])
            return;

    if (JT(b->in_edges->pred) == b)
        diffp = &JT(b->in_edges->pred);
    else
        diffp = &JF(b->in_edges->pred);

    at_top = 1;
    while (1)
    {
        if (*diffp == 0)
            return;

        if (JT(*diffp) != JT(b))
            return;

        if (!SET_MEMBER((*diffp)->dom, b->id))
            return;

        if ((*diffp)->val[A_ATOM] != val)
            break;

        diffp = &JF(*diffp);
        at_top = 0;
    }
    samep = &JF(*diffp);
    while (1)
    {
        if (*samep == 0)
            return;

        if (JT(*samep) != JT(b))
            return;

        if (!SET_MEMBER((*samep)->dom, b->id))
            return;

        if ((*samep)->val[A_ATOM] == val)
            break;

        /* XXX Need to check that there are no data dependencies
           between dp0 and dp1.  Currently, the code generator
           will not produce such dependencies. */
        samep = &JF(*samep);
    }
#ifdef notdef
    /* XXX This doesn't cover everything. */
    for (i = 0; i < N_ATOMS; ++i)
        if ((*samep)->val[i] != pred->val[i])
            return;
#endif
    /* Pull up the node. */
    pull = *samep;
    *samep = JF(pull);
    JF(pull) = *diffp;

    /*
     * At the top of the chain, each predecessor needs to point at the
     * pulled up node.  Inside the chain, there is only one predecessor
     * to worry about.
     */
    if (at_top)
    {
        for (ep = b->in_edges; ep != 0; ep = ep->next)
        {
            if (JT(ep->pred) == b)
                JT(ep->pred) = pull;
            else
                JF(ep->pred) = pull;
        }
    }
    else
        *diffp = pull;

    done = 0;
}

static void and_pullup(b)
     struct block *b;
{
    int val, at_top;
    struct block *pull;
    struct block **diffp, **samep;
    struct edge *ep;

    ep = b->in_edges;
    if (ep == 0)
        return;

    /*
     * Make sure each predecessor loads the same value.
     */
    val = ep->pred->val[A_ATOM];
    for (ep = ep->next; ep != 0; ep = ep->next)
        if (val != ep->pred->val[A_ATOM])
            return;

    if (JT(b->in_edges->pred) == b)
        diffp = &JT(b->in_edges->pred);
    else
        diffp = &JF(b->in_edges->pred);

    at_top = 1;
    while (1)
    {
        if (*diffp == 0)
            return;

        if (JF(*diffp) != JF(b))
            return;

        if (!SET_MEMBER((*diffp)->dom, b->id))
            return;

        if ((*diffp)->val[A_ATOM] != val)
            break;

        diffp = &JT(*diffp);
        at_top = 0;
    }
    samep = &JT(*diffp);
    while (1)
    {
        if (*samep == 0)
            return;

        if (JF(*samep) != JF(b))
            return;

        if (!SET_MEMBER((*samep)->dom, b->id))
            return;

        if ((*samep)->val[A_ATOM] == val)
            break;

        /* XXX Need to check that there are no data dependencies
           between diffp and samep.  Currently, the code generator
           will not produce such dependencies. */
        samep = &JT(*samep);
    }
#ifdef notdef
    /* XXX This doesn't cover everything. */
    for (i = 0; i < N_ATOMS; ++i)
        if ((*samep)->val[i] != pred->val[i])
            return;
#endif
    /* Pull up the node. */
    pull = *samep;
    *samep = JT(pull);
    JT(pull) = *diffp;

    /*
     * At the top of the chain, each predecessor needs to point at the
     * pulled up node.  Inside the chain, there is only one predecessor
     * to worry about.
     */
    if (at_top)
    {
        for (ep = b->in_edges; ep != 0; ep = ep->next)
        {
            if (JT(ep->pred) == b)
                JT(ep->pred) = pull;
            else
                JF(ep->pred) = pull;
        }
    }
    else
        *diffp = pull;

    done = 0;
}

static void opt_blks(root, do_stmts)
     struct block *root;
     int do_stmts;
{
    int i, maxlevel;
    struct block *p;

    init_val();
    maxlevel = root->level;

    find_inedges(root);
    for (i = maxlevel; i >= 0; --i)
        for (p = levels[i]; p; p = p->link)
            opt_blk(p, do_stmts);

    if (do_stmts)
        /*
         * No point trying to move branches; it can't possibly
         * make a difference at this point.
         */
        return;

    for (i = 1; i <= maxlevel; ++i)
    {
        for (p = levels[i]; p; p = p->link)
        {
            opt_j(&p->et);
            opt_j(&p->ef);
        }
    }

    find_inedges(root);
    for (i = 1; i <= maxlevel; ++i)
    {
        for (p = levels[i]; p; p = p->link)
        {
            or_pullup(p);
            and_pullup(p);
        }
    }
}

static inline void link_inedge(parent, child)
     struct edge *parent;
     struct block *child;
{
    parent->next = child->in_edges;
    child->in_edges = parent;
}

static void find_inedges(root)
     struct block *root;
{
    int i;
    struct block *b;

    for (i = 0; i < n_blocks; ++i)
        blocks[i]->in_edges = 0;

    /*
     * Traverse the graph, adding each edge to the predecessor
     * list of its successors.  Skip the leaves (i.e. level 0).
     */
    for (i = root->level; i > 0; --i)
    {
        for (b = levels[i]; b != 0; b = b->link)
        {
            link_inedge(&b->et, JT(b));
            link_inedge(&b->ef, JF(b));
        }
    }
}

static void opt_root(b)
     struct block **b;
{
    struct slist *tmp, *s;

    s = (*b)->stmts;
    (*b)->stmts = 0;
    while (BPF_CLASS((*b)->s.code) == BPF_JMP && JT(*b) == JF(*b))
        *b = JT(*b);

    tmp = (*b)->stmts;
    if (tmp != 0)
        sappend(s, tmp);
    (*b)->stmts = s;

    /*
     * If the root node is a return, then there is no
     * point executing any statements (since the bpf machine
     * has no side effects).
     */
    if (BPF_CLASS((*b)->s.code) == BPF_RET)
        (*b)->stmts = 0;
}

static void opt_loop(root, do_stmts)
     struct block *root;
     int do_stmts;
{

#ifdef BDEBUG
    if (dflag > 1)
    {
        printf("opt_loop(root, %d) begin\n", do_stmts);
        opt_dump(root);
    }
#endif
    do
    {
        done = 1;
        find_levels(root);
        find_dom(root);
        find_closure(root);
        find_ud(root);
        find_edom(root);
        opt_blks(root, do_stmts);
#ifdef BDEBUG
        if (dflag > 1)
        {
            printf("opt_loop(root, %d) bottom, done=%d\n", do_stmts, done);
            opt_dump(root);
        }
#endif
    } while (!done);
}

/*
 * Optimize the filter code in its dag representation.
 */
void bpf_optimize(rootp)
     struct block **rootp;
{
    struct block *root;

    root = *rootp;

    opt_init(root);
    opt_loop(root, 0);
    opt_loop(root, 1);
    intern_blocks(root);
#ifdef BDEBUG
    if (dflag > 1)
    {
        printf("after intern_blocks()\n");
        opt_dump(root);
    }
#endif
    opt_root(rootp);
#ifdef BDEBUG
    if (dflag > 1)
    {
        printf("after opt_root()\n");
        opt_dump(root);
    }
#endif
    opt_cleanup();
}

static void make_marks(p)
     struct block *p;
{
    if (!isMarked(p))
    {
        Mark(p);
        if (BPF_CLASS(p->s.code) != BPF_RET)
        {
            make_marks(JT(p));
            make_marks(JF(p));
        }
    }
}

/*
 * Mark code array such that isMarked(i) is true
 * only for nodes that are alive.
 */
static void mark_code(p)
     struct block *p;
{
    cur_mark += 1;
    make_marks(p);
}

/*
 * True iff the two stmt lists load the same value from the packet into
 * the accumulator.
 */
static int eq_slist(x, y)
     struct slist *x, *y;
{
    while (1)
    {
        while (x && x->s.code == NOP)
            x = x->next;
        while (y && y->s.code == NOP)
            y = y->next;
        if (x == 0)
            return y == 0;
        if (y == 0)
            return x == 0;
        if (x->s.code != y->s.code || x->s.k != y->s.k)
            return 0;
        x = x->next;
        y = y->next;
    }
}

static inline int eq_blk(b0, b1)
     struct block *b0, *b1;
{
    if (b0->s.code == b1->s.code &&
        b0->s.k == b1->s.k && b0->et.succ == b1->et.succ && b0->ef.succ == b1->ef.succ)
        return eq_slist(b0->stmts, b1->stmts);
    return 0;
}

static void intern_blocks(root)
     struct block *root;
{
    struct block *p;
    int i, j;
    int done1;                  /* don't shadow global */
  top:
    done1 = 1;
    for (i = 0; i < n_blocks; ++i)
        blocks[i]->link = 0;

    mark_code(root);

    for (i = n_blocks - 1; --i >= 0;)
    {
        if (!isMarked(blocks[i]))
            continue;
        for (j = i + 1; j < n_blocks; ++j)
        {
            if (!isMarked(blocks[j]))
                continue;
            if (eq_blk(blocks[i], blocks[j]))
            {
                blocks[i]->link = blocks[j]->link ? blocks[j]->link : blocks[j];
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    for (i = 0; i < n_blocks; ++i)
    {
        p = blocks[i];
        if (JT(p) == 0)
            continue;
        if (JT(p)->link)
        {
            done1 = 0;
            JT(p) = JT(p)->link;
        }
        if (JF(p)->link)
        {
            done1 = 0;
            JF(p) = JF(p)->link;
        }
    }
    if (!done1)
        goto top;
}

static void opt_cleanup()
{
    free((void *) vnode_base);
    free((void *) vmap);
    free((void *) edges);
    free((void *) space);
    free((void *) levels);
    free((void *) blocks);
}

/*
 * Return the number of stmts in 's'.
 */
static int slength(s)
     struct slist *s;
{
    int n = 0;

    for (; s; s = s->next)
        if (s->s.code != NOP)
            ++n;
    return n;
}

/*
 * Return the number of nodes reachable by 'p'.
 * All nodes should be initially unmarked.
 */
static int count_blocks(p)
     struct block *p;
{
    if (p == 0 || isMarked(p))
        return 0;
    Mark(p);
    return count_blocks(JT(p)) + count_blocks(JF(p)) + 1;
}

/*
 * Do a depth first search on the flow graph, numbering the
 * the basic blocks, and entering them into the 'blocks' array.`
 */
static void number_blks_r(p)
     struct block *p;
{
    int n;

    if (p == 0 || isMarked(p))
        return;

    Mark(p);
    n = n_blocks++;
    p->id = n;
    blocks[n] = p;

    number_blks_r(JT(p));
    number_blks_r(JF(p));
}

/*
 * Return the number of stmts in the flowgraph reachable by 'p'.
 * The nodes should be unmarked before calling.
 *
 * Note that "stmts" means "instructions", and that this includes
 *
 *	side-effect statements in 'p' (slength(p->stmts));
 *
 *	statements in the true branch from 'p' (count_stmts(JT(p)));
 *
 *	statements in the false branch from 'p' (count_stmts(JF(p)));
 *
 *	the conditional jump itself (1);
 *
 *	an extra long jump if the true branch requires it (p->longjt);
 *
 *	an extra long jump if the false branch requires it (p->longjf).
 */
static int count_stmts(p)
     struct block *p;
{
    int n;

    if (p == 0 || isMarked(p))
        return 0;
    Mark(p);
    n = count_stmts(JT(p)) + count_stmts(JF(p));
    return slength(p->stmts) + n + 1 + p->longjt + p->longjf;
}

/*
 * Allocate memory.  All allocation is done before optimization
 * is begun.  A linear bound on the size of all data structures is computed
 * from the total number of blocks and/or statements.
 */
static void opt_init(root)
     struct block *root;
{
    bpf_u_int32 *p;
    int i, n, max_stmts;

    /*
     * First, count the blocks, so we can malloc an array to map
     * block number to block.  Then, put the blocks into the array.
     */
    unMarkAll();
    n = count_blocks(root);
    blocks = (struct block **) calloc(n, sizeof(*blocks));
    if (blocks == NULL)
        bpf_error("malloc");
    unMarkAll();
    n_blocks = 0;
    number_blks_r(root);

    n_edges = 2 * n_blocks;
    edges = (struct edge **) calloc(n_edges, sizeof(*edges));
    if (edges == NULL)
        bpf_error("malloc");

    /*
     * The number of levels is bounded by the number of nodes.
     */
    levels = (struct block **) calloc(n_blocks, sizeof(*levels));
    if (levels == NULL)
        bpf_error("malloc");

    edgewords = n_edges / (8 * sizeof(bpf_u_int32)) + 1;
    nodewords = n_blocks / (8 * sizeof(bpf_u_int32)) + 1;

    /* XXX */
    space = (bpf_u_int32 *) malloc(2 * n_blocks * nodewords * sizeof(*space)
                                   + n_edges * edgewords * sizeof(*space));
    if (space == NULL)
        bpf_error("malloc");
    p = space;
    all_dom_sets = p;
    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
        blocks[i]->dom = p;
        p += nodewords;
    }
    all_closure_sets = p;
    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
        blocks[i]->closure = p;
        p += nodewords;
    }
    all_edge_sets = p;
    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
        register struct block *b = blocks[i];

        b->et.edom = p;
        p += edgewords;
        b->ef.edom = p;
        p += edgewords;
        b->et.id = i;
        edges[i] = &b->et;
        b->ef.id = n_blocks + i;
        edges[n_blocks + i] = &b->ef;
        b->et.pred = b;
        b->ef.pred = b;
    }
    max_stmts = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        max_stmts += slength(blocks[i]->stmts) + 1;
    /*
     * We allocate at most 3 value numbers per statement,
     * so this is an upper bound on the number of valnodes
     * we'll need.
     */
    maxval = 3 * max_stmts;
    vmap = (struct vmapinfo *) calloc(maxval, sizeof(*vmap));
    vnode_base = (struct valnode *) calloc(maxval, sizeof(*vnode_base));
    if (vmap == NULL || vnode_base == NULL)
        bpf_error("malloc");
}

/*
 * Some pointers used to convert the basic block form of the code,
 * into the array form that BPF requires.  'fstart' will point to
 * the malloc'd array while 'ftail' is used during the recursive traversal.
 */
static struct bpf_insn *fstart;
static struct bpf_insn *ftail;

#ifdef BDEBUG
int bids[1000];
#endif

/*
 * Returns true if successful.  Returns false if a branch has
 * an offset that is too large.  If so, we have marked that
 * branch so that on a subsequent iteration, it will be treated
 * properly.
 */
static int convert_code_r(p)
     struct block *p;
{
    struct bpf_insn *dst;
    struct slist *src;
    int slen;
    u_int off;
    int extrajmps;              /* number of extra jumps inserted */
    struct slist **offset = NULL;

    if (p == 0 || isMarked(p))
        return (1);
    Mark(p);

    if (convert_code_r(JF(p)) == 0)
        return (0);
    if (convert_code_r(JT(p)) == 0)
        return (0);

    slen = slength(p->stmts);
    dst = ftail -= (slen + 1 + p->longjt + p->longjf);
    /* inflate length by any extra jumps */

    p->offset = dst - fstart;

    /* generate offset[] for convenience  */
    if (slen)
    {
        offset = (struct slist **) calloc(slen, sizeof(struct slist *));
        if (!offset)
        {
            bpf_error("not enough core");
         /*NOTREACHED*/}
    }
    src = p->stmts;
    for (off = 0; off < slen && src; off++)
    {
#if 0
        printf("off=%d src=%x\n", off, src);
#endif
        offset[off] = src;
        src = src->next;
    }

    off = 0;
    for (src = p->stmts; src; src = src->next)
    {
        if (src->s.code == NOP)
            continue;
        dst->code = (u_short) src->s.code;
        dst->k = src->s.k;

        /* fill block-local relative jump */
        if (BPF_CLASS(src->s.code) != BPF_JMP || src->s.code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_JA))
        {
#if 0
            if (src->s.jt || src->s.jf)
            {
                bpf_error("illegal jmp destination");
             /*NOTREACHED*/}
#endif
            goto filled;
        }
        if (off == slen - 2)    /*??? */
            goto filled;

        {
            int i;
            int jt, jf;
            const char *ljerr = "%s for block-local relative jump: off=%d";

#if 0
            printf("code=%x off=%d %x %x\n", src->s.code, off, src->s.jt, src->s.jf);
#endif

            if (!src->s.jt || !src->s.jf)
            {
                bpf_error(ljerr, "no jmp destination", off);
             /*NOTREACHED*/}

            jt = jf = 0;
            for (i = 0; i < slen; i++)
            {
                if (offset[i] == src->s.jt)
                {
                    if (jt)
                    {
                        bpf_error(ljerr, "multiple matches", off);
                     /*NOTREACHED*/}

                    dst->jt = i - off - 1;
                    jt++;
                }
                if (offset[i] == src->s.jf)
                {
                    if (jf)
                    {
                        bpf_error(ljerr, "multiple matches", off);
                     /*NOTREACHED*/}
                    dst->jf = i - off - 1;
                    jf++;
                }
            }
            if (!jt || !jf)
            {
                bpf_error(ljerr, "no destination found", off);
             /*NOTREACHED*/}
        }
      filled:
        ++dst;
        ++off;
    }
    if (offset)
        free(offset);

#ifdef BDEBUG
    bids[dst - fstart] = p->id + 1;
#endif
    dst->code = (u_short) p->s.code;
    dst->k = p->s.k;
    if (JT(p))
    {
        extrajmps = 0;
        off = JT(p)->offset - (p->offset + slen) - 1;
        if (off >= 256)
        {
            /* offset too large for branch, must add a jump */
            if (p->longjt == 0)
            {
                /* mark this instruction and retry */
                p->longjt++;
                return (0);
            }
            /* branch if T to following jump */
            dst->jt = extrajmps;
            extrajmps++;
            dst[extrajmps].code = BPF_JMP | BPF_JA;
            dst[extrajmps].k = off - extrajmps;
        }
        else
            dst->jt = off;
        off = JF(p)->offset - (p->offset + slen) - 1;
        if (off >= 256)
        {
            /* offset too large for branch, must add a jump */
            if (p->longjf == 0)
            {
                /* mark this instruction and retry */
                p->longjf++;
                return (0);
            }
            /* branch if F to following jump */
            /* if two jumps are inserted, F goes to second one */
            dst->jf = extrajmps;
            extrajmps++;
            dst[extrajmps].code = BPF_JMP | BPF_JA;
            dst[extrajmps].k = off - extrajmps;
        }
        else
            dst->jf = off;
    }
    return (1);
}


/*
 * Convert flowgraph intermediate representation to the
 * BPF array representation.  Set *lenp to the number of instructions.
 *
 * This routine does *NOT* leak the memory pointed to by fp.  It *must
 * not* do free(fp) before returning fp; doing so would make no sense,
 * as the BPF array pointed to by the return value of icode_to_fcode()
 * must be valid - it's being returned for use in a bpf_program structure.
 *
 * If it appears that icode_to_fcode() is leaking, the problem is that
 * the program using pcap_compile() is failing to free the memory in
 * the BPF program when it's done - the leak is in the program, not in
 * the routine that happens to be allocating the memory.  (By analogy, if
 * a program calls fopen() without ever calling fclose() on the FILE *,
 * it will leak the FILE structure; the leak is not in fopen(), it's in
 * the program.)  Change the program to use pcap_freecode() when it's
 * done with the filter program.  See the pcap man page.
 */
struct bpf_insn *icode_to_fcode(root, lenp)
     struct block *root;
     int *lenp;
{
    int n;
    struct bpf_insn *fp;

    /*
     * Loop doing convert_code_r() until no branches remain
     * with too-large offsets.
     */
    while (1)
    {
        unMarkAll();
        n = *lenp = count_stmts(root);

        fp = (struct bpf_insn *) malloc(sizeof(*fp) * n);
        if (fp == NULL)
            bpf_error("malloc");
        memset((char *) fp, 0, sizeof(*fp) * n);
        fstart = fp;
        ftail = fp + n;

        unMarkAll();
        if (convert_code_r(root))
            break;
        free(fp);
    }

    return fp;
}

#ifdef BDEBUG
static void opt_dump(root)
     struct block *root;
{
    struct bpf_program f;

    memset(bids, 0, sizeof bids);
    f.bf_insns = icode_to_fcode(root, &f.bf_len);
    bpf_dump(&f, 1);
    putchar('\n');
    free((char *) f.bf_insns);
}
#endif
