GD::SecurityImage(3p)

NAME
GD::SecurityImage

VERSION
version 1.75

SYNOPSIS
   use GD::SecurityImage;

   # Create a normal image
   my $image = GD::SecurityImage->new(
                  width   => 80,
                  height  => 30,
                  lines   => 10,
                  gd_font => 'giant',
               );
      $image->random( $your_random_str );
      $image->create( normal => 'rect' );
   my($image_data, $mime_type, $random_number) = $image->out;

or

   # use external ttf font
   my $image = GD::SecurityImage->new(
                  width    => 100,
                  height   => 40,
                  lines    => 10,
                  font     => "/absolute/path/to/your.ttf",
                  scramble => 1,
               );
      $image->random( $your_random_str );
      $image->create( ttf => 'default' );
      $image->particle;
   my($image_data, $mime_type, $random_number) = $image->out;

or you can just say (most of the public methods can be chained)

   my($image, $type, $rnd) = GD::SecurityImage->new->random->create->particle->out;

to create a security image with the default settings. But that may not be useful. If you "require" the module, you must import it:

   require GD::SecurityImage;
   GD::SecurityImage->import;

The module also supports "Image::Magick", but the default interface uses the "GD" module. To enable "Image::Magick" support, you must call the module with the "use_magick" option:

   use GD::SecurityImage use_magick => 1;

If you "require" the module, you must import it:

   require GD::SecurityImage;
   GD::SecurityImage->import(use_magick => 1);

The module does not export anything actually. But "import" loads the necessary sub modules. If you don' t "import", the required modules will not be loaded and probably, you'll die().

DESCRIPTION
The (so called) "Security Images" are so popular. Most internet software use these in their registration screens to block robot programs (which may register tons of fake member accounts). Security images are basicaly, graphical CAPTCHAs (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart). This module gives you a basic interface to create such an image. The final output is the actual graphic data, the mime type of the graphic and the created random string. The module also has some "styles" that are used to create the background (or foreground) of the image.

If you are an "Authen::Captcha" user, see GD::SecurityImage::AC for migration from "Authen::Captcha" to "GD::SecurityImage".

This module is just an image generator. Not a captcha handler. The validation of the generated graphic is left to your programming taste. But there are some captcha handlers for several Perl FrameWorks. If you are an user of one of these frameworks, see "GD::SecurityImage Implementations" in "SEE ALSO" section for information.

NAME
GD::SecurityImage - Security image (captcha) generator.

COLOR PARAMETERS
This module can use both RGB and HEX values as the color parameters. HEX values are recommended, since they are widely used and recognised.

   $color  = '#80C0F0';     # HEX
   $color2 = [15, 100, 75]; # RGB
   $i->create($meth, $style, $color, $color2)

   $i->create(ttf => 'box', '#80C0F0', '#0F644B')

RGB values must be passed as an array reference including the three Red, Green and Blue values.

Color conversion is transparent to the user. You can use hex values under both "GD" and "Image::Magick". They' ll be automagically converted to RGB if you are under "GD".

METHODS

  new
The constructor. new() method takes several arguments. These arguments are listed below.

width
    The width of the image (in pixels).

height
    The height of the image (in pixels).

ptsize
    Numerical value. The point size of the ttf character. Only necessarry if you want to use a ttf font in the image.

lines
    The number of lines that you' ll see in the background of the image. The alignment of lines can be vertical, horizontal or angled or all of them. If you increase this parameter' s value, the image will be more cryptic.

font
    The absolute path to your TrueType (.ttf) font file. Be aware that relative font paths are not recognized due to problems in the "libgd" library.

    If you are sure that you've set this parameter to a correct value and you get warnings or you get an empty image, be sure that your path does not include spaces in it. It looks like libgd also have problems with this kind of paths (eg: '/Documents and Settings/user' under Windows).

    Set this parameter if you want to use ttf in your image.

gd_font
    If you want to use the default interface, set this parameter. The recognized values are "Small", "Large", "MediumBold", "Tiny", "Giant". The names are case-insensitive; you can pass lower-cased parameters.

bgcolor
    The background color of the image.

send_ctobg
    If has a true value, the random security code will be displayed in the background and the lines will pass over it. (send_ctobg = send code to background)

frame
    If has a true value, a frame will be added around the image. This option is enabled by default.

scramble
    If set, the characters will be scrambled. If you enable this option, be sure to use a wider image, since the characters will be separated with three spaces.

angle
    Sets the angle for scrambled/normal characters. Beware that, if you pass an "angle" parameter, the characters in your random string will have a fixed angle. If you do not set an "angle" parameter, the angle(s) will be random.

    When the scramble option is not enabled, this parameter still controls the angle of the text. But, since the text will be centered inside the image, using this parameter without scramble option will require a taller image. Clipping will occur with smaller height values.

    Unlike the GD interface, "angle" is in "degree"s and can take values between 0 and 360.

thickness
    Sets the line drawing width. Can take numerical values. Default values are 1 for GD and 0.6 for Image:Magick.

rndmax
    The minimum length of the random string. Default value is 6.

rnd_data
    Default character set used to create the random string is 0..9. But, if you want to use letters also, you can set this parameter. This parameter takes an array reference as the value.

    Not necessary and will not be used if you pass your own random string.

  random
Creates the random security string or sets the random string to the value you have passed. If you pass your own random string, be aware that it must be at least six (defined in "rndmax") characters long.

  random_str
Returns the random string. Must be called after random().

  create
This method creates the actual image. It takes four arguments, but none are mandatory.

   $image->create($method, $style, $text_color, $line_color);

$method can be "normal" or "ttf".

$style can be one of the following:

default
    The default style. Draws horizontal, vertical and angular lines.

rect
    Draws horizontal and vertical lines

box Draws two filled rectangles.

    The "lines" option passed to new, controls the size of the inner rectangle for this style. If you increase the "lines", you'll get a smaller internal rectangle. Using smaller values like 5 can be better.

circle
    Draws circles.

ellipse
    Draws ellipses.

ec  This is the combination of ellipse and circle styles. Draws both ellipses and circles.

blank
    Draws nothing. See "OTHER USES".

You can use this code to get all available style names:

   my @styles = grep {s/^style_//} keys %GD::SecurityImage::Styles::;

The last two arguments ($text_color and $line_color) are the colors used in the image (text and line color -- respectively):

   $image->create($method, $style, [0,0,0], [200,200,200]);
   $image->create($method, $style, '#000000', '#c8c8c8');

  particle
Must be called after create.

Adds random dots to the image. They'll cover all over the surface. Accepts two parameters; the density (number) of the particles and the maximum number of dots around the main dot.

   $image->particle($density, $maxdots);

Default value of $density is dependent on your image' s width or height value. The greater value of width and height is taken and multiplied by twenty. So; if your width is 200 and height is 70, $density is "200 * 20 = 4000" (unless you pass your own value). The default value of $density can be too much for smaller images.

$maxdots defines the maximum number of dots near the default dot. Default value is 1. If you set it to 4, The selected pixel and 3 other pixels near it will be used and colored.

The color of the particles are the same as the color of your text (defined in create).

  info_text
This method must be called after create. If you call it early, you'll die. "info_text" adds an extra text to the generated image. You can also put a strip under the text. The purpose of this method is to display additional information on the image. Copyright information can be an example for that.

   $image->info_text(
      x      => 'right',
      y      => 'up',
      gd     => 1,
      strip  => 1,
      color  => '#000000',
      scolor => '#FFFFFF',
      text   => 'Generated by GD::SecurityImage',
   );

Options:

x   Controls the horizontal location of the information text. Can be either "left" or "right".

y   Controls the vertical location of the information text. Can be either "up" or "down".

strip
    If has a true value, a strip will be added to the background of the information text.

gd  This option can only be used under "GD". Has no effect under Image::Magick. If has a true value, the standard GD font "Tiny" will be used for the information text.

    If this option is not present or has a false value, the TTF font parameter passed to "new" will be used instead.

ptsize
    The ptsize value of the information text to be used with the TTF font. TTF font parameter can not be set with info_text(). The value passed to new() will be used instead.

color
    The color of the information text.

scolor
    The color of the strip.

text
    This parameter controls the displayed text. If you want to display long texts, be sure to adjust the image, or clipping will occur.

  out
This method finally returns the created image, the mime type of the image and the random number(s) generated.

The returned mime type is "png" or "gif" or "jpeg" for "GD" and "gif" for "Image::Magick" (if you do not "force" some other format).

"out" method accepts arguments:

   @data = $image->out(%args);

force
    You can set the output format with the "force" parameter:

       @data = $image->out(force => 'png');

    If "png" is supported by the interface (via "GD" or "Image::Magick"); you'll get a png image, if the interface does not support this format, out() method will use it's default configuration.

compress
    And with the "compress" parameter, you can define the compression for "png" and quality for "jpeg":

       @data = $image->out(force => 'png' , compress => 1);
       @data = $image->out(force => 'jpeg', compress => 100);

    When you use "compress" with "png" format, the value of "compress" is ignored and it is only checked if it has a true value. With "png" the compression will always be 9 (maximum compression). eg:

       @data = $image->out(force => 'png' , compress => 1);
       @data = $image->out(force => 'png' , compress => 3);
       @data = $image->out(force => 'png' , compress => 5);
       @data = $image->out(force => 'png' , compress => 1500);

    All will default to 9. But this will disable compression:

       @data = $image->out(force => 'png' , compress => 0);

    But the behaviour changes if the format is "jpeg"; the value of "compress" will be used for "jpeg" quality; which is in the range 1..100.

    Compression and quality operations are disabled by default.

  raw
Depending on your usage of the module; returns the raw "GD::Image" object:

   my $gd = $image->raw;
   print $gd->png;

or the raw "Image::Magick" object:

   my $magick = $image->raw;
   $magick->Write("gif:-");

Can be useful, if you want to modify the graphic yourself. If you want to get an image type see the "force" option in "out".

  gdbox_empty
See "path bug" in "GD bug" for usage and other information on this method.

  add_strip

  cconvert

  gdf

  h2r

  is_hex

  r2h

  random_angle

UTILITY METHODS

  backends
Returns a list of available GD::SecurityImage back-ends.

   my @be = GD::SecurityImage->backends;

or

   my @be = $image->backends;

If called in a void context, prints a verbose list of available GD::SecurityImage back-ends:

   Available back-ends in GD::SecurityImage v1.55 are:
           GD
           Magick

   Search directories:
              /some/@INC/dir/containing/GDSI

you can see the output with this command:

   perl -MGD::SecurityImage -e 'GD::SecurityImage->backends'

or under windows:

   perl -MGD::SecurityImage -e "GD::SecurityImage->backends"

EXAMPLES
See the tests in the distribution. Also see the demo program "eg/demo.pl" for an "Apache::Session" implementation of "GD::SecurityImage".

Download the distribution from a CPAN mirror near you, if you don't have the files.

Running the test suite will also create some sample images.

  OTHER USE CASES
"GD::SecurityImage" drawing capabilities can also be used for counter image generation or displaying arbitrary messages:

   use CGI qw(header);
   use GD::SecurityImage 1.64; # we need the "blank" style

   my $font  = "StayPuft.ttf";
   my $rnd   = "10.257"; # counter data

   my $image = GD::SecurityImage->new(
      width  =>   140,
      height =>    75,
      ptsize =>    30,
      rndmax =>     1, # keeping this low helps to display short strings
      frame  =>     0, # disable borders
      font   => $font,
   );

   $image->random( $rnd );
   # use the blank style, so that nothing will be drawn
   # to distort the image.
   $image->create( ttf => 'blank', '#CC8A00' );
   $image->info_text(
      text   => 'You are visitor number',
      ptsize => 10,
      strip  =>  0,
      color  => '#0094CC',
   );
   $image->info_text(
      text   => '( c ) 2 0 0 7   m y s i t e',
      ptsize => 10,
      strip  =>  0,
      color  => '#d7d7d7',
      y      => 'down',
   );

   my($data, $mime, $random) = $image->out;

   binmode STDOUT;
   print header -type => "image/$mime";
   print $data;

ERROR HANDLING
"die" is called in some methods if something fails. You may need to "eval" your code to catch exceptions.

TIPS
If you look at the demo program (not just look at it, try to run it) you'll see that the random code changes after every request (successful or not). If you do not change the random code after a failed request and display the random code inside HTML (like "Wrong! It must be <random>"), then you are doing a logical mistake, since the user (or robot) can now copy & paste the random code into your validator without looking at the security image and will pass the test. Just don't do that. Random code must change after every validation.

If you want to be a little more strict, you can also add a timeout key to the session (this feature currently does not exits in the demo) and expire the related random code after the timeout. Since robots can call the image generator directly (without requiring the HTML form), they can examine the image for a while without changing it. A timeout implemetation may prevent this.

BUGS
See the "SUPPORT" section if you have a bug or request to report.

  GD bug
path bug

libgd and GD.pm don't like relative paths and paths that have spaces in them. If you pass a font path that is not an exact path or a path that have a space in it, you may get an empty image.

To check if the module failed to find the ttf font (when using "GD"), a new method added: gdbox_empty(). It must be called after create():

   $image->create;
   die "Error loading ttf font for GD: $@" if $image->gdbox_empty;

gdbox_empty() always returns false, if you are using "Image::Magick".

COMMON ERRORS

  Wrong GD installation
I got some error reports saying that GD::SecurityImage dies with this error:

   Can't locate object method "new" via package "GD::Image"
   (perhaps you forgot to load "GD::Image"?) at ...

This is due to a wrong installation of the GD module. GD includes "XS" code and it needs to be compiled. You can't just copy/paste the GD.pm and expect it to work. It will not. If you are under Windows and don't have a C compiler, you have to add new repositories to install GD, since ActiveState' s own repositories don't include GD. Randy Kobes and J-L Morel have ppm repositories for both 5.6.x and 5.8.x and they both have GD:

   http://www.bribes.org/perl/ppmdir.html
   http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/

bribes.org also has a GD::SecurityImage ppd, so you can just install GD::SecurityImage from that repository.

  libgd errors
There are some issues related to wrong/incomplete compiling of libgd and old/new version conflicts.

libgd without TTF support

If your libgd is compiled without TTF support, you'll get an empty image. The lines will be drawn, but there will be no text. You can check it with "gdbox_empty" method.

GIF - Old libgd or libgd without GIF support enabled

If your GD has a "gif" method, but you get empty images with gif() method, you have to update your libgd or compile it with GIF enabled.

You can test if "gif" is working from the command line:

   perl -MGD -e '$_=GD::Image->new;$_->colorAllocate(0,0,0);print$_->gif'

or under windows:

   perl -MGD -e "$_=GD::Image->new;$_->colorAllocate(0,0,0);print$_->gif"

Conclusions:

•   If it dies, your GD is very old.

•   If it prints nothing, your libgd was compiled without GIF enabled (upgrade or re-compile).

•   If it prints out a junk that starts with 'GIF87a', everything is OK.

CAVEAT EMPTOR

•   Using the default library "GD" is a better choice. Since it is faster and does not use that much memory, while "Image::Magick" is slower and uses more memory.

•   The internal random code generator is used only for demonstration purposes for this module. It may not be effective. You must supply your own random code and use this module to display it.

SEE ALSO

  Other CAPTCHA Implementations & Perl Modules

•   GD, Image::Magick

•   ImagePwd, Authen::Captcha.

•   "ImageCode" Perl Module (commercial): <http://www.progland.com/ImageCode.html>.

•   The CAPTCHA project: <http://www.captcha.net/>.

•   A definition of CAPTCHA (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia): <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captcha>.

•   WebService::CaptchasDotNet: A Perl interface to http://captchas.net free captcha service. captchas.net also offers audio captchas.

  GD::SecurityImage Implementations

•   GD::SecurityImage::AC: "Authen::Captcha" drop-in replacement module.

•   Sledge::Plugin::Captcha

•   Catalyst::Plugin::Captcha

•   CGI::Application::Plugin::CAPTCHA

•   Angerwhale::Controller::Captcha

AUTHOR
Burak Gursoy <burak@cpan.org>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2004 by Burak Gursoy.

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.