# Net::Daemon - Perl extension for portable daemons

- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION

- Constructors
- Command Line Parsing
- Config File
- Access control
- Event logging
- Flow of control
- Error Handling

- MULTITHREADING CONSIDERATIONS
- EXAMPLE
- KNOWN PROBLEMS
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
- SEE ALSO

# NAME

Net::Daemon - Perl extension for portable daemons

# SYNOPSIS

      # Create a subclass of Net::Daemon
      require Net::Daemon;
      package MyDaemon;
      @MyDaemon::ISA = qw(Net::Daemon);

      sub Run ($) {
        # This function does the real work; it is invoked whenever a
        # new connection is made.
      }

# DESCRIPTION

Net::Daemon is an abstract base class for implementing portable server applications in a very simple way. The module is designed for Perl 5.005 and threads, but can work with `fork()` and Perl 5.004.

The Net::Daemon class offers methods for the most common tasks a daemon needs: Starting up, logging, accepting clients, authorization, restricting its own environment for security and doing the true work. You only have to override those methods that aren't appropriate for you, but typically inheriting will safe you a lot of work anyways.

## Constructors

      $server = Net::Daemon->new($attr, $options);

      $connection = $server->Clone($socket);

Two constructors are available: The new method is called upon startup and creates an object that will basically act as an anchor over the complete program. It supports command line parsing via Getopt::Long (3).

Arguments of new are $attr, an hash ref of attributes (see below) and $options an array ref of options, typically command line arguments (for example \@ARGV) that will be passed to Getopt::Long::GetOptions.

The second constructor is Clone: It is called whenever a client connects. It receives the main server object as input and returns a new object. This new object will be passed to the methods that finally do the true work of communicating with the client. Communication occurs over the socket $socket, Clone's argument.

Possible object attributes and the corresponding command line arguments are:

catchint (--nocatchint)

  On some systems, in particular Solaris, the functions `accept()`, `read()` and so on are not safe against interrupts by signals. For example, if the user raises a USR1 signal (as typically used to reread config files), then the function returns an error EINTR. If the catchint option is on (by default it is, use --nocatchint to turn this off), then the package will ignore EINTR errors whereever possible.

chroot (--chroot=dir)

  (UNIX only) After doing a `bind()`, change root directory to the given directory by doing a `chroot()`. This is usefull for security operations, but it restricts programming a lot. For example, you typically have to load external Perl extensions before doing a `chroot()`, or you need to create hard links to Unix sockets. This is typically done in the config file, see the --configfile option. See also the --group and --user options.

  If you don't know `chroot()`, think of an FTP server where you can see a certain directory tree only after logging in.

clients

  An array ref with a list of clients. Clients are hash refs, the attributes accept (0 for denying access and 1 for permitting) and mask, a Perl regular expression for the clients IP number or its host name. See Access control below.

configfile (--configfile=file)

  Net::Daemon supports the use of config files. These files are assumed to contain a single hash ref that overrides the arguments of the new method. However, command line arguments in turn take precedence over the config file. See the Config File section below for details on the config file.

debug (--debug)

  Turn debugging mode on. Mainly this asserts that logging messages of level "debug" are created.

facility (--facility=mode)

  (UNIX only) Facility to use for Sys::Syslog (3). The default is daemon.

group (--group=gid)

  After doing a `bind()`, change the real and effective GID to the given. This is usefull, if you want your server to bind to a privileged port (<1024), but don't want the server to execute as root. See also the --user option.

  GID's can be passed as group names or numeric values.

localaddr (--localaddr=ip)

  By default a daemon is listening to any IP number that a machine has. This attribute allows to restrict the server to the given IP number.

localpath (--localpath=path)

  If you want to restrict your server to local services only, you'll prefer using Unix sockets, if available. In that case you can use this option for setting the path of the Unix socket being created. This option implies --proto=unix.

localport (--localport=port)

  This attribute sets the port on which the daemon is listening. It must be given somehow, as there's no default.

logfile (--logfile=file)

  By default logging messages will be written to the syslog (Unix) or to the event log (Windows NT). On other operating systems you need to specify a log file. The special value "STDERR" forces logging to stderr.

loop-child (--loop-child)

  This option forces creation of a new child for loops. (See the loop-timeout option.) By default the loops are serialized.

loop-timeout (--loop-timeout=secs)

  Some servers need to take an action from time to time. For example the Net::Daemon::Spooler attempts to empty its spooling queue every 5 minutes. If this option is set to a positive value (zero being the default), then the server will call its Loop method every "loop-timeout" seconds.

  Don't trust too much on the precision of the interval: It depends on a number of factors, in particular the execution time of the `Loop()` method. The loop is implemented by using the select function. If you need an exact interval, you should better try to use the `alarm()` function and a signal handler. (And don't forget to look at the catchint option!)

  It is recommended to use the loop-child option in conjunction with loop-timeout.

mode (--mode=modename)

  The Net::Daemon server can run in three different modes, depending on the environment.

  If you are running Perl 5.005 and did compile it for threads, then the server will create a new thread for each connection. The thread will execute the server's `Run()` method and then terminate. This mode is the default, you can force it with "--mode=ithreads" or "--mode=threads".

  If threads are not available, but you have a working `fork()`, then the server will behave similar by creating a new process for each connection. This mode will be used automatically in the absence of threads or if you use the "--mode=fork" option.

  Finally there's a single-connection mode: If the server has accepted a connection, he will enter the `Run()` method. No other connections are accepted until the `Run()` method returns. This operation mode is useful if you have neither threads nor `fork()`, for example on the Macintosh. For debugging purposes you can force this mode with "--mode=single".

  When running in mode single, you can still handle multiple clients at a time by preforking multiple child processes. The number of childs is configured with the option "--childs".

childs

  Use this parameter to let Net::Daemon run in prefork mode, which means it forks the number of childs processes you give with this parameter, and all child handle connections concurrently. The difference to fork mode is, that the child processes continue to run after a connection has terminated and are able to accept a new connection. This is useful for caching inside the childs process (e.g. DBI::ProxyServer connect_cached attribute)

options

  Array ref of Command line options that have been passed to the server object via the new method.

parent

  When creating an object with Clone the original object becomes the parent of the new object. Objects created with new usually don't have a parent, thus this attribute is not set.

pidfile (--pidfile=file)

  (UNIX only) If this option is present, a PID file will be created at the given location.

proto (--proto=proto)

  The transport layer to use, by default tcp or unix for a Unix socket. It is not yet possible to combine both.

socket

  The socket that is connected to the client; passed as $client argument to the Clone method. If the server object was created with new, this attribute can be undef, as long as the Bind method isn't called. Sockets are assumed to be IO::Socket objects.

user (--user=uid)

  After doing a `bind()`, change the real and effective UID to the given. This is usefull, if you want your server to bind to a privileged port (<1024), but don't want the server to execute as root. See also the --group and the --chroot options.

  UID's can be passed as group names or numeric values.

version (--version)

  Supresses startup of the server; instead the version string will be printed and the program exits immediately.

Note that most of these attributes (facility, mode, localaddr, localport, pidfile, version) are meaningfull only at startup. If you set them later, they will be simply ignored. As almost all attributes have appropriate defaults, you will typically use the localport attribute only.

## Command Line Parsing

      my $optionsAvailable = Net::Daemon->Options();

      print Net::Daemon->Version(), "\n";

      Net::Daemon->Usage();

The Options method returns a hash ref of possible command line options. The keys are option names, the values are again hash refs with the following keys:

template

  An option template that can be passed to Getopt::Long::GetOptions.

description

  A description of this option, as used in Usage

The Usage method prints a list of all possible options and returns. It uses the Version method for printing program name and version.

## Config File

If the config file option is set in the command line options or in the in the "new" args, then the method

      $server->ReadConfigFile($file, $options, $args)

is invoked. By default the config file is expected to contain Perl source that returns a hash ref of options. These options override the "new" args and will in turn be overwritten by the command line options, as present in the $options hash ref.

A typical config file might look as follows, we use the DBI::ProxyServer as an example:

        # Load external modules; this is not required unless you use
        # the chroot() option.
        #require DBD::mysql;
        #require DBD::CSV;

        {
            # 'chroot' => '/var/dbiproxy',
            'facility' => 'daemon',
            'pidfile' => '/var/dbiproxy/dbiproxy.pid',
            'user' => 'nobody',
            'group' => 'nobody',
            'localport' => '1003',
            'mode' => 'fork'

            # Access control
            'clients' => [
                # Accept the local
                {
                    'mask' => '^192\.168\.1\.\d+$',
                    'accept' => 1
                },
                # Accept myhost.company.com
                {
                    'mask' => '^myhost\.company\.com$',
                    'accept' => 1
                }
                # Deny everything else
                {
                    'mask' => '.*',
                    'accept' => 0
                }
            ]
                }

## Access control

The Net::Daemon package supports a host based access control scheme. By default access is open for anyone. However, if you create an attribute $self->{'clients'}, typically in the config file, then access control is disabled by default. For any connection the client list is processed: The clients attribute is an array ref to a list of hash refs. Any of the hash refs may contain arbitrary attributes, including the following:

mask

  A Perl regular expression that has to match the clients IP number or its host name. The list is processed from the left to the right, whenever a 'mask' attribute matches, then the related hash ref is choosen as client and processing the client list stops.

accept

  This may be set to true or false (default when omitting the attribute), the former means accepting the client.

## Event logging

      $server->Log($level, $format, @args);
      $server->Debug($format, @args);
      $server->Error($format, @args);
      $server->Fatal($format, @args);

The Log method is an interface to Sys::Syslog (3) or Win32::EventLog (3). It's arguments are $level, a syslog level like debug, notice or err, a format string in the style of printf and the format strings arguments.

The Debug and Error methods are shorthands for calling Log with a level of debug and err, respectively. The Fatal method is like Error, except it additionally throws the given message as exception.

See the Net::Daemon::Log(3) manpage for details.

## Flow of control

      $server->Bind();
      # The following inside Bind():
      if ($connection->Accept()) {
          $connection->Run();
      } else {
          $connection->Log('err', 'Connection refused');
      }

The Bind method is called by the application when the server should start. Typically this can be done right after creating the server object $server. Bind usually never returns, except in case of errors.

When a client connects, the server uses Clone to derive a connection object $connection from the server object. A new thread or process is created that uses the connection object to call your classes Accept method. This method is intended for host authorization and should return either FALSE (refuse the client) or TRUE (accept the client).

If the client is accepted, the Run method is called which does the true work. The connection is closed when Run returns and the corresponding thread or process exits.

## Error Handling

All methods are supposed to throw Perl exceptions in case of errors.

# MULTITHREADING CONSIDERATIONS

All methods are working with lexically scoped data and handle data only, the exception being the OpenLog method which is invoked before threading starts. Thus you are safe as long as you don't share handles between threads. I strongly recommend that your application behaves similar. (This doesn't apply to mode 'ithreads'.)

# EXAMPLE

As an example we'll write a simple calculator server. After connecting to this server you may type expressions, one per line. The server evaluates the expressions and prints the result. (Note this is an example, in real life we'd never implement such a security hole. :-)

For the purpose of example we add a command line option --base that takes 'hex', 'oct' or 'dec' as values: The servers output will use the given base.

      # -*- perl -*-
      #
      # Calculator server
      #
      require 5.004;
      use strict;

      require Net::Daemon;

      package Calculator;

      use vars qw($VERSION @ISA);
      $VERSION = '0.01';
      @ISA = qw(Net::Daemon); # to inherit from Net::Daemon

      sub Version ($) { 'Calculator Example Server, 0.01'; }

      # Add a command line option "--base"
      sub Options ($) {
          my($self) = @_;
          my($options) = $self->SUPER::Options();
          $options->{'base'} = { 'template' => 'base=s',
                                 'description' => '--base                  '
                                        . 'dec (default), hex or oct'
                                  };
          $options;
      }

      # Treat command line option in the constructor
      sub new ($$;$) {
          my($class, $attr, $args) = @_;
          my($self) = $class->SUPER::new($attr, $args);
          if ($self->{'parent'}) {
              # Called via Clone()
              $self->{'base'} = $self->{'parent'}->{'base'};
          } else {
              # Initial call
              if ($self->{'options'}  &&  $self->{'options'}->{'base'}) {
                  $self->{'base'} = $self->{'options'}->{'base'}
              }
          }
          if (!$self->{'base'}) {
              $self->{'base'} = 'dec';
          }
          $self;
      }

      sub Run ($) {
          my($self) = @_;
          my($line, $sock);
          $sock = $self->{'socket'};
          while (1) {
              if (!defined($line = $sock->getline())) {
                  if ($sock->error()) {
                      $self->Error("Client connection error %s",
                                   $sock->error());
                  }
                  $sock->close();
                  return;
              }
              $line =~ s/\s+$//; # Remove CRLF
              my($result) = eval $line;
              my($rc);
              if ($self->{'base'} eq 'hex') {
                  $rc = printf $sock ("%x\n", $result);
              } elsif ($self->{'base'} eq 'oct') {
                  $rc = printf $sock ("%o\n", $result);
              } else {
                  $rc = printf $sock ("%d\n", $result);
              }
              if (!$rc) {
                  $self->Error("Client connection error %s",
                               $sock->error());
                  $sock->close();
                  return;
              }
          }
      }

      package main;

      my $server = Calculator->new({'pidfile' => 'none',
                                    'localport' => 2000}, \@ARGV);
      $server->Bind();

# KNOWN PROBLEMS

Most, or even any, known problems are related to the Sys::Syslog module which is by default used for logging events under Unix. I'll quote some examples:

Usage: Sys::Syslog::_PATH_LOG at ...

  This problem is treated in perl bug 20000712.003. A workaround is changing line 277 of Syslog.pm to

        my $syslog = &_PATH_LOG() || croak "_PATH_LOG not found in syslog.ph";

# AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

      Net::Daemon is Copyright (C) 1998, Jochen Wiedmann
                                         Am Eisteich 9
                                         72555 Metzingen
                                         Germany

                                         Phone: +49 7123 14887
                                         Email: joe@ispsoft.de

      All rights reserved.

      You may distribute this package under the terms of either the GNU
      General Public License or the Artistic License, as specified in the
      Perl README file.

# SEE ALSO

the RPC::pServer(3) manpage, the Netserver::Generic(3) manpage, the Net::Daemon::Log(3) manpage, the Net::Daemon::Test(3) manpage